Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1
5
08
~
1
5
18
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1
5
08
-
1
5
18
1508
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Theoreti
ca
l
and
expe
riment
al anal
ysis of p
hotov
oltaic
mod
ule
charact
eristi
cs unde
r differ
ent p
artial
shading
conditio
ns
Ali
Hussein
N
uma
n
,
Z
ah
r
aa Sa
lm
an D
awood
,
Hashi
m
A.
Hussein
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
trom
e
cha
ni
cal
Eng
ine
er
ing, Unive
rsity
of Technology,
B
aghd
ad,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
6
,
201
9
Re
vised
Dec
2
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Fe
b
16
, 20
20
Rec
en
tl
y,
th
e
re
newa
ble
en
erg
y
resourc
es
h
ave
gai
ned
mor
e
att
ent
ion
in
th
e
el
e
ct
ri
ci
ty
se
ct
o
r
as
promi
sing
te
chno
logy
to
t
ac
kl
e
the
d
eple
ti
on
in
th
e
tra
ditiona
l
ene
r
gy
resourc
es.
Solar
energy
gro
ws
rap
idl
y
due
to
i
ts
vas
t
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Th
e
p
erf
orm
ance
of
Photovol
ta
i
c
(PV
)
sys
te
m
is
aff
ecte
d
by
par
tial
shading
tha
t
resul
ts
fro
m
bu
i
ldi
ng
,
cl
o
uds,
and
f
al
l
en
le
av
es.
Thi
s
pape
r
inve
stig
ates
the
or
et
i
cally
and
exp
erime
nt
al
ly
the
i
mpa
c
ts
of
v
ari
ou
s
ca
ses
o
f
p
artial
shading;
such
as
ver
tical
str
ing,
horiz
ont
al
string
,
and
singl
e
ce
l
l
at
envi
ron
me
nt
al
conditio
ns
on
th
e
cur
re
nt
-
volt
ag
e
and
power
-
volt
ag
e
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
of
88
W
PV
pan
el
.
In
additio
n
,
dia
gona
l
shadin
g
with
multi
steps
is
consid
e
red
in
the
anal
ysis.
Th
e
exp
er
im
ent
s
ar
e
con
duct
ed
with
conside
ring
v
arious
par
am
e
te
rs;
such
as
shading
positi
on
and
r
at
i
o
to
validate
the
simu
lated
r
e
sults.
Th
e
r
esults
show
tha
t
at
1
00%
shading
co
ndit
ion,
th
e
ma
xim
u
m
powe
r
drops
by
99
.
36
%,
43
.
7%,
and
41
.
15%
for
hori
zont
a
l,
ce
l
lul
ar
and
ver
t
ic
a
l
shading
a
t
t
he
sam
e
sol
ar
r
a
dia
ti
on
l
eve
l
co
mpa
ring
with
the
ir
ini
t
ia
l
state
val
u
e.
Horiz
o
nta
l
str
ing
shad
ed
has
th
e
high
est
neg
at
iv
e
im
pa
ct
on
the
power
and
eff
i
c
ie
n
cy
am
ong
ot
her
typ
es
of
sh
adi
ngs.
The
com
par
ison
betw
ee
n
the
the
o
ret
i
ca
l
and
ex
per
imental
resu
lt
s
rev
e
al
s
conside
rab
le a
gr
ee
m
ent
b
et
we
en the
the
ore
tical and e
xper
im
en
tal
result
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
PV
mod
ule
So
la
r
r
a
diati
on
Partia
l sha
ding
,
Power
l
os
ses
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ali
H
us
sei
n
N
um
a
n
Ele
ct
ro
mec
ha
ni
cal
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Dep
a
rtme
nt
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Te
ch
no
l
ogy
Al
-
Sa
na'a
Stre
et
,Tel Mo
ham
med,
Ba
ghda
d,I
raq
Emai
l:
5
00
59@uotec
hn
olog
y.
e
du.iq
N
O
MEN
CLA
TURE
PV
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
I
current
(
A)
Iph
photon c
urre
nt
(A)
Irs
rev
e
rse
sat
ur
at
i
on curre
nt
of
di
od
e
(
A)
V
vo
lt
age
(V)
Rs
series re
sist
anc
e of P
V
cel
l (
Ω
)
A
ideal
it
y
facto
r
VT
jun
ct
io
n
th
erm
al
v
olt
ag
e
Ns
numb
e
r of ce
ll
in ser
ie
s
K
Bolt
zman
n
c
onsta
nt (1.
3806503 ×
10
^
-
23 J/
K)
Tc
cel
l t
emper
at
ur
e (°
C
)
Q
el
ect
ro
n cha
r
ge
(1.
602176
5× 10
^
-
19 C
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
or
et
ic
al
and
ex
perime
nta
l
ana
ly
sis
of
photo
v
oltaic
mod
ule char
acter
is
ti
cs u
nder
…
(
A.
H.
N
uma
n
)
1509
Fs
sh
a
ding
fact
or
Gt,s
sh
a
ded surface
irr
a
diances
(W/m
2
)
Gt
un
s
ha
de
d
s
urfa
ce irra
diances
(W/m
2
)
SA
sh
a
ding ar
ea
I
ma
x
current at t
he maxim
um
pow
er
po
i
nt (A)
Vma
x
vo
lt
age
at the
maxim
um
pow
er
po
i
nt (V)
Pmax
powe
r
at
the
m
aximum
powe
r
point
(W)
ΔP
powe
r
loss
of
PV
pa
nel (W)
F.F
fill
f
act
or
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
emissi
on
of
car
bon
f
r
om
the
tra
diti
onal
el
ect
rical
powe
r
generati
on
te
ch
nolo
gy
is
on
e
of
the
mo
st
imp
or
ta
nt
reas
ons
t
hat
l
ead
t
o
em
ploy
the
re
ne
wab
le
ene
r
gy
as
al
te
rn
at
ive
s
ources
of
el
ect
ri
cal
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on.
S
ol
ar
ene
rgy
is
the
be
st
ch
oice
for
el
ec
tric
it
y
gen
e
rati
on
[
1]
because
it
is
cl
ean
[
2],
chea
p
[
3]
,
sil
ent [
4],
abu
ndant a
nd e
nv
i
r
onmental
ly
frie
nd
l
y
e
nerg
y
re
so
urces
[5].
Among
dif
fere
nt
f
orms
of
re
new
a
ble
e
ne
rgy,
P
V
represe
nt
s
one
o
f
th
e
mo
st
pro
misi
ng
ren
e
wa
ble
energ
y
in
the
world
[
6,
7]
due
to
it
s
great
ad
van
ta
ges;
s
uch
as
ze
r
o
e
missi
on
of
gre
enho
us
e
gases
,
low
mainte
na
nce
c
os
t,
no
t
ro
ta
ti
ng
or
m
ovin
g
pa
rts
[
8,
9].
A
PV
cel
l
is
basi
cal
ly
a
s
emic
onduct
or
di
od
e
with
a
la
rg
e
barrier
l
a
yer
e
xpose
d
t
o
li
gh
t
al
lo
wing
portio
n
of
t
he
energ
y
in
the
li
gh
t
photons
arr
ivi
ng
at
the
cel
l
conve
rt
directl
y
to
DC
el
ect
rical
power
[10].
The
mo
st
no
ta
ble
facto
rs
that
hav
e
a
c
le
ar
impact
on
the
performa
nce
of
PV
s
ys
te
m
ar
e:
Partia
l
s
ha
din
g,
dust
[
5]
,
s
a
nd
[11],
te
mp
e
ratur
e
[12
],
an
d
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
[
13
]
.
Partia
l
sh
a
ding
is
the
m
os
t
co
mmon
enc
ount
ered
prob
le
m
i
n
a
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
I
n
this
phe
nomen
on,
t
he
rec
ei
ved
su
nli
gh
t
is
re
duced
sig
nifica
nt
ly
an
d
res
ults
in
lo
wer
s
ys
te
m
ef
fici
enc
y
[
14].
I
n
the
des
ign
sta
ge
,
th
e
s
hado
w
of
nea
rby
ob
je
ct
s
avo
i
de
d
as
po
s
sible.
H
owever,
p
a
rts
of
PV
mod
ule
fa
ce
unex
pected
sh
a
dows;
s
uch
a
su
n
melt
ed
s
now,
bir
d
dung,
fall
en
le
av
es,
t
he
neig
hbori
ng
buil
dings,
to
wers,
a
nd
pas
sin
g
cl
ouds
[15,
16
].Whe
n
the
P
V
m
odul
e
pa
rtia
ll
y
s
ha
ded,
t
he
sh
a
de
d
cel
l
operates
at
c
urre
nt
le
ve
ls
lo
wer
tha
n
uns
ha
ded
cel
l.
A
s
conseq
ue
nce,
t
he
s
had
e
d
cel
l
s
are
forced
int
o
re
ve
rse
bias
and
be
gin
c
ons
um
in
g
powe
r
i
ns
te
ad
of
ge
ne
rati
on
powe
r.
T
his
le
ad
to
un
desire
d
i
ncr
ea
se
i
n
c
el
l
te
mp
e
rature
this
is
le
ad
to
l
oc
al
iz
ed
overh
eat
in
g
(
hot
sp
ot
)
.
Wh
e
n
t
his
te
m
per
at
ur
e
reac
he
s
t
he
c
riti
cal
l
imi
t,
the
ef
fected
cel
l
(s
ha
ded
cel
l)
can
be
da
mage
d
[17].P
assive
and
act
ive
methods
are
us
e
d
f
or
dec
reasin
g
t
he
powe
r
los
se
s
w
hich
are
ca
us
e
d
by
pa
rtia
l
sh
a
ding.
I
n
th
e
first
metho
d,
the
by
pass
diode
is
c
onnected
in
an
ti
par
al
le
l
with
the
phot
ov
oltai
c
cel
ls
in
orde
r
to
pass
the
cu
rr
e
nt
and
av
oid
the
destr
uctive
im
pact
of
sh
a
ding.
C
urre
nt
fl
ow
in
the
di
od
e
causes
l
os
ses
in
powe
r,
t
her
e
f
or
e
,
it
is
no
t
possible
to
av
oid
losses
c
omplet
el
y.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
the
dyna
mic
r
econfig
ur
at
i
ons
bet
ween
the
pan
el
s
of
photov
oltai
c
re
pr
e
sent
sec
on
d
met
hod
(act
ive
met
hod)
[
18,
19
].
H
.
H.
K
hain
g
et
al
[20
]:
St
ud
ie
d
t
he
eff
ect
of
dif
fer
e
nt
pa
rtia
l
sh
adi
ng
on
f
our
var
i
ous
typ
es
of
P
V
modu
le
s
t
hat
involv
e
am
orp
hous
t
hin
-
film,
CIGS
thin
-
film,
C
dT
e
thin
-
film
an
d
mu
lt
i
-
cr
ys
ta
l
li
ne
P
V
m
odul
es.
T
he
mod
ule
te
ste
d
al
ong
the
le
ng
t
h
si
de
an
d
al
ong
t
he
brea
dth
side
with
di
ff
ere
nt
s
ha
ding
rate
var
ie
d
from
10%
to
60
%
f
rom
t
he
PV
area
with
inc
r
ease
of
10%.
T
he
res
ul
t
sh
owed
t
hat
sh
adi
ng
al
ong
t
he
breadt
h
side
mo
re
e
ff
ect
e
d
than
s
had
i
ng
al
ong
it
’s
le
ngth
side.
G.
S.
Re
ddy
e
t
al
.
[21
]
P
rese
nted
PV
mod
ul
e
model
by
M
A
TLAB/
Simuli
nk
to
anal
yze
thei
r
pe
rfo
rma
nce
unde
r
no
nunif
orm
irra
diance
conditi
on.
M
oreo
ver,
Va
rio
us
PV
a
rr
a
y
si
mu
la
ti
on
sche
mati
c
cou
l
d
be
creat
e
d
by
the
pro
pose
d
m
odel
,
a
nd
pa
rameters
of
ir
rad
ia
nce
of
eac
h
P
V
mod
ule
c
an
be
set
in
de
pe
nd
e
ntly.
Di
ff
e
ren
t
simulat
ion
pro
cess
is
co
nduct
ed
a
nd
co
mp
a
r
ed
f
or
di
ff
e
ren
t
arr
a
y
c
onfig
ur
at
ion
s
(2
series
,
3
series,
2s
e
ri
es
×
2p
a
rall
el
and
3
series
×
2
pa
rall
el
)
unde
r
nonuni
form
ir
r
adi
ance
c
ondit
ion
s
of
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
curves.
M.
A
bdullah
et
al
[22],
in
vestigat
e
d
the
im
pact
of
sh
a
ding
on
the
ef
fecti
ve
ne
ss
of
P
V
pa
ne
l.
The
exp
e
rime
nts
ha
ve
been
acco
mp
li
sh
e
d
with
a
90
-
W
s
olar
pa
nel
un
der
c
on
sta
nt
a
nd
c
ha
ng
ea
ble
ir
rad
i
at
ion
s
.
H
ori
zo
ntall
y
s
had
e
d
area
whic
h
c
ha
ng
e
d
f
r
om
0
t
o
80%
has
bee
n
ap
plied
t
o
detect
t
he
imp
act
of
va
ry
i
ng
irrad
ia
ti
on
at
a
ppoin
te
d
s
had
i
ng
points.
The
resu
lt
s
s
howe
d
that
f
or
eac
h
100W/
m
2
inc
re
ase
in
ra
diati
on
le
vel
le
ads
t
o
en
ha
nc
e
the
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
by
3.8
9
W
,
3.3
7
W
,
2.2
7
W,
a
nd
2.02W
at
0
%,
25%,
50%,
a
nd
75%
sh
a
ded
a
rea
re
sp
ect
ively
.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
t
he
ef
fici
ency
has
be
en
raise
d
by
0.
29
%,
0.27%,
0.25%,
a
nd
0.2
2%
at
0
%,
25%,
50
%,
an
d
75%
s
had
e
d
a
rea
r
es
pecti
vely
.
T
he
dro
p
in
outp
ut
powe
r
a
nd
e
ffi
ci
ency
wer
e
12
.
41W
and
2.3%
res
pe
ct
ively
w
hen
t
he
sh
a
ding
are
a
inc
rease
d
by
10%.
H
oweve
r
,
this
st
udy
co
nsi
der
s
the
horiz
on
ta
l
sh
a
ding
an
d
ig
nore
d
the
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
s
ha
ding.
F
.
Ba
yra
k
et
al
(20
17)
[23],
anal
y
ze
d
therm
odynam
ic
and
el
ect
rical
per
f
orma
nce
un
der
the
sh
a
ding
s
ha
pe
an
d
s
ha
ding
rati
os
on
75
W
polyc
r
ys
ta
ll
ine
PV.
H
ori
zon
ta
l,
ver
ti
cal
and sin
gle cel
l shad
i
ng at dif
fer
e
nt percenta
ge
we
re
ap
plied
. T
he
r
esults sh
ow
e
d
t
hat at 100% sh
adin
g
rate,
the
po
we
r
l
os
se
s
wer
e
99.98
%
,
66.93%
a
nd
69.
92
%
f
or
horiz
onta
l,
ver
ti
cal
a
nd
cel
lular
s
ha
ding
resp
ect
ivel
y.
T
he
ga
p
of
t
his
resea
rc
h
is
th
at
the
res
ults
are
obta
ined
from
a
pract
ic
al
stu
dy
only
wi
thout
simulat
ing
stu
dy.
Gu
ti
er
rezet
al
[24
]
prese
nted
the
ef
fortl
ess
a
ppr
oac
h
to
model
an
d
a
na
lyze
the
perf
orman
c
e
of
PV
m
odule
unde
r
par
ti
al
sh
a
ding
usi
ng
sh
a
ding
rati
o.
The
s
ha
dow
opaci
ty
a
nd
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
sh
a
ded
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
5
08
–
1
5
18
1510
area
inte
gr
at
e
d
in
this
a
ppr
oa
ch.
J
.
C.
Teo
et
al
(2018
)
[
25]
,
in
vestigat
e
d
the
pa
rtia
l
sh
adi
ng
ef
fect
and
the
crit
ic
al
po
i
nt
t
hat
reduce
d
th
e
se
ns
it
ivit
y
of
s
had
i
ng
he
avi
ness.
Unde
r
va
rio
us
num
bers
of
s
had
e
d
m
odules
and
sh
a
ding
he
aviness
,
T
he
P
-
V
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
showe
d
tha
t
the
PV
strin
g
became
im
pe
r
vious
to
gravit
y
s
had
wh
e
n
t
he
ir
rad
i
ance
of
sh
a
de
d
pa
nels
a
r
rive
d
a
crit
ic
al
point
.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
s
howe
d
that
w
he
n
ir
rad
ia
t
io
n
on
the
sh
a
ded
m
odule
s
on
the
PV
s
yst
em
wa
s
betw
een
1000
an
d
700
W/m
2,
the
po
wer
dro
ppe
d
by
a
bout
6.2
%
f
or
each
10
0W
/m
2
drops
in
the
ir
rad
ia
ti
on.
H
ow
ever,
w
hen
ir
ra
diati
on
was
be
tween
700
an
d
0
W/m
2,
eac
h
100
W/m2
dro
ps
i
n
the
ir
rad
ia
ti
on,
le
ads
to
dro
p
the
powe
r
by
0.2
4%.
In
[21]
a
nd
this
researc
h,
th
e
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ine
d
from
M
A
TLAB/S
I
M
U
LI
NK
di
d
no
t
validat
ed
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y.
In
t
he
pr
ese
nt
pap
e
r,
dif
fer
e
nt
cases
of
pa
rtia
l
sh
a
di
ng
with
dif
fere
n
t
pe
rce
ntage
s
are
anal
yzed
ex
per
ime
ntall
y
a
nd
the
or
et
i
cal
ly
to
deter
mine
it
s
impact
on
pow
er
a
nd
ef
fici
en
cy
of
m
ono
c
rysta
ll
ine
PV
pa
ne
l
with
36
seri
es
co
nnect
ed
c
el
ls
and
thre
e
bypa
ss
diode.
I
nsula
te
d
m
at
erial
is
employe
d
as
s
had
i
ng
el
eme
nt
in
diff
e
re
nt
c
ases
wit
h
dif
fer
e
nt
per
ce
ntage
of
sh
a
ded
a
rea.
T
he
I
-
V
rec
orde
d
a
nd
P
-
V
cal
culat
ed
be
fore
an
d
afte
r
ap
pl
ying
sh
a
dow
i
s
util
iz
ed
to
find
th
e
powe
r
loss
c
orrespo
nd
i
ng to
t
his s
hado
w.
2.
MO
DELIN
G
OF PH
OTO
V
OLT
AIC
MO
DU
LE
PV
m
odule
i
s
the
basic
unit
of
powe
r
PV
gen
e
rati
on
sy
ste
m
.
P
V
m
odule
ha
s
non
-
li
near
char
act
e
risti
cs
wh
ic
h
dep
e
nd
on
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
an
d
cel
l
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
P
V
modu
le
with
36
se
ries
connecte
d
s
ola
r
cel
l
is
c
hosen
.
Fi
gure
1.
S
hows
the
P
V
m
odule
m
odel
tha
t
is
em
pl
oy
e
d
in
t
his
stu
dy.
Be
sides
,
the
ir
rad
ia
nce
(G)
a
nd
te
m
pe
ratur
e
(T)
with
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
char
act
e
risti
cs
par
a
mete
r
of
P
V
mod
ule
s
uc
h
as
,
op
e
n
ci
rcu
it
vo
lt
age
(
Vo
c
),
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
c
urr
ent
(
Isc
)
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
t
he
fig
ure. I
t
is ha
ving 2
3.4
2V, 5
.
192A
a
nd
1.5
as
ope
n
ci
r
cuit
vo
lt
age
(
V
oc),
short
ci
rc
ui
t
cur
re
nt
an
d
ideal
it
y
facto
r
r
especti
vely
,
w
hile
series
resi
sta
nce
value
(Rs)
is
0
ohm.
Dif
fere
nt
cases
are
carried
out
usi
ng
M
at
la
b/
Si
mu
li
nk
t
o
determine
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
cs
(Tab
le
1)
.
T
o
dev
el
op
t
he
m
od
el
of
P
V,
th
e
s
olar
cel
l
bl
ock
is
ta
ke
n
f
r
om
Sim
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
s
blo
c
k
set
-
M
at
l
ab.
The
p
a
ram
et
ers
o
f
s
olar
c
el
l are d
e
fine
d i
n
eq
uatio
ns
(1)
a
nd (2) [
25].
I
=
ℎ
−
[e
xp
(
+
)
−
1
]
(1)
ℎ
:
=
(2)
The o
utput p
owr
is
[26
]
=
(3)
Fil
l
factor
(FF)
represents
the
rati
o
of
ma
xim
um
power
div
i
ded
by
the
ope
n
ci
rcu
it
v
oltag
e
and
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
curre
nt
[26]
.
=
ℎ
=
(4)
I
,
I
Ph
a
nd
I
rs
a
r
e
the
outp
ut,
phot
o
-
ge
ner
at
e
d
an
d
the
di
od
e
sat
urat
ion
c
urren
ts
res
pecti
ve
ly,
V
is
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
,
R
S
is
t
he
seri
e
s
re
sist
ance,
N
S
is
t
he
num
be
r
of
cel
ls,
V
T
i
s
the
j
un
ct
io
n
ther
mal
vo
lt
a
ge
,
A
is
the
ideal
it
y
fac
tor,
k
is
the
Bo
lt
zman
c
onsta
nt
(1.38
06503
×
10
-
23
J/K
),
T
i
s
the
cel
l
te
mpe
ratur
e
a
nd
q
i
s
th
e
el
ect
ro
n cha
r
ge
(1.
602176
5
×
10
-
19 C).
Diff
e
re
nt
cases
wer
e
c
on
duct
e
d
as
il
lustrate
d
in
Ta
ble
2.
The
ad
opte
d
P
V
m
odule
incl
ud
e
s
36
so
la
r
cel
l
wh
ic
h
are d
ivide
d
int
o
tw
o
gro
up,
eac
h
gro
up
c
onsist
of
18
cel
ls.
Dif
f
eren
t
s
olar
irra
diati
on
s
a
nd
co
ns
ta
nt
te
mp
erat
ur
e
(25°
C)
we
re
ap
pl
ie
d
to
fin
d
th
ei
r
eff
ect
on
t
he
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
cu
r
ve
of
the
PV
m
odel
.
S
had
i
ng
factor
(F
S
)
re
presents
the
rati
o
of
ir
ra
diance
on
the
s
had
e
d
S
urface
(
G
T,S
)
to
the
ir
rad
ia
nc
e
on
the
un
s
ha
ded
su
r
face
(G
T
) [27
].
F
S
=
,
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
or
et
ic
al
and
ex
perime
nta
l
ana
ly
sis
of
photo
v
oltaic
mod
ule char
acter
is
ti
cs u
nder
…
(
A.
H.
N
uma
n
)
1511
Table
1
. Cases
stud
ie
s ca
rr
ie
d ou
t
Cas
e stu
d
y
So
lar
Cell
Ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce (
W
/
m
2
)
Sh
ad
in
g
Factor
(FS)
Un
sh
ad
ed
gro
u
p
(
1
8
cells)
Sh
ad
ed
gro
u
p
(
1
8
cells)
Cas
e 1
1000
1000
1
Cas
e 2
1000
800
0
.8
Cas
e 3
1000
600
0
.6
Cas
e 4
1000
400
0
.4
Cas
e 5
1000
200
0
.2
Cas
e 6
1000
0
0
Figure
1. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c m
odul
e
model
with t
hr
e
e
by
pass di
od
e
s
In
a
ddit
ion,
ot
her
ca
ses
wer
e
co
ns
ide
red
by
ap
ply
in
g
dif
fe
ren
t
ir
ra
diati
on
le
vel
on
t
hr
ee
gro
ups
of
so
la
r
cel
ls
(
ea
ch
group
12
c
el
ls)
as
sho
wn
in
Ta
ble
2
t
he
m
odel
in
Fig
ure
1
us
ed
in
these
c
ase
s
with
simple c
hanges
.
Table
2.
Illustr
at
ion
of r
a
ndom ra
diati
on lev
el
s f
or
PV
m
odule.
Cas
e stu
d
y
So
lar
Cell
Ir
r
ad
ian
ce (
W
/
m
2
)
Un
sh
ad
ed
gro
u
p
A
(
1
2
cells)
Sh
ad
ed
gro
u
p
B (
1
2
cells)
Sh
ad
ed
gro
u
p
C (
1
2
cells)
Cas
e1
1000
1000
1000
Cas
e 2
1000
900
800
Cas
e 3
1000
800
600
Cas
e 4
700
600
200
Cas
e 5
800
950
300
Cas
e 6
300
500
700
Cas
e 7
300
200
400
Cas
e 8
200
200
200
Figure
2.
P
ho
t
ovoltai
c m
odul
e model
(three
gro
up w
it
h dif
f
eren
t i
r
ra
diati
on
levels
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
5
08
–
1
5
18
1512
Fig
ure
3
s
hows
the
P
V
mod
ule,
the
v
erti
cal
s
tring
s
had
i
ng w
it
h
100%
s
ha
ding
a
rea
are
a
pp
li
ed
to
the
model an
d
t
he results a
re c
ompare
d wit
h
t
he e
xp
e
rime
nt r
es
ults.
Figure
3.
P
V mo
du
le
a
nd t
he
ex
per
ime
nt
r
esults
3.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL SET
UP
In
orde
r
to
ob
t
ai
n
the
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
under
par
ti
al
sh
a
ding
,
the
c
urrent
and
vo
l
ta
ge
w
ere
measu
re
d.
So
la
r
ra
diati
on
an
d
am
bient
t
empe
rature
a
ffec
t
these
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
there
fore;
it
is
necessar
y
to
measu
re
these
par
a
mete
rs.
A
t
env
ir
onme
ntal
conditi
on
s
,
th
e
change
i
n
at
mo
s
pheric
c
onditi
o
n
may
le
a
d
to
ra
pid
c
ha
ng
e
i
n
the
so
la
r
ra
dia
ti
o
n
the
refo
re;
the
data
must
be
recorde
d
quic
kly
in
s
hort
ti
me
as possible
.
Fig
ure
4
s
how
s
the
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
set
up,
where
t
he
e
xperi
ment
was
set
up
in
Ba
ghda
d
(
33.
33°
N
la
ti
tud
e
and
44
.39°
E
lo
ngit
ude)
f
or
c
ol
le
ct
ing
the
re
quire
d
data.
T
he
util
iz
ed
P
V
pa
ne
is
M
on
ocrystal
li
ne
PV
pan
el
with
36
cel
ls
co
nn
ect
ed
in
series
,
wh
e
re
eac
h
12
-
cel
l
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
one
by
pa
ss
di
od
e
.
T
he
pan
el
is
placed
on
a
m
ob
il
e
meta
ll
ic
ho
l
der
a
nd
it
is
instal
le
d
to
f
ace
the
south
with
an
i
n
cl
ina
ti
on
of
31.2
.
T
able
3
exp
la
in
s
the
el
ect
ri
cal
char
ac
te
risti
cs
of
t
he
PV
pa
nel
un
de
r
sta
ndar
d
te
s
t
conditi
on.
T
he
re
quire
d
da
ta
are
rad
ia
ti
on
inte
nsi
ty,
am
bient
a
nd
m
odule
te
m
per
at
ur
es
,
wi
nd
s
peed
an
d
relat
ive
humidit
y t
her
ef
ore;
two digit
al
mu
lt
i
-
mete
rs
us
e
d
to
meas
ure
the
cu
rr
e
nt
and
volt
age
.
T
h
er
mo
c
ouple
t
yp
e
k
wa
s
us
e
d
for
ob
ta
ini
ng
the
pan
el
s
te
m
perat
ur
e
by
us
in
g
a
di
gital
data
reco
r
de
r.
R
el
at
ive
hu
mi
di
ty
an
d
am
bient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
s
wer
e
measu
red
by
usi
ng
UNI
-
T
U
T3
32
dig
it
al
T
hermo
-
hy
grom
et
er
de
vise.
T
he
measu
reme
nt
of
wind
s
peed
was
ob
ta
ine
d usi
ng
wind
gag
e
ty
pe
K
ai
ndl
Win
d
maste
r 2.
So
la
r
ra
diati
on
was
measu
re
d
by
so
la
r
mete
r
py
romet
er
t
ype
TES
1333R
and
rh
e
os
ta
t
(100W,
10
)
wer
e
us
e
d
as
l
oad
t
o
mea
sur
e
the
ma
ximum
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
maxim
um
volt
age.
M
a
ny
e
xp
eriments
wer
e
carried
ou
t
in
cl
ear
sky
c
on
diti
on
du
rin
g
S
eptem
be
r,
2018
to
in
ve
sti
gate
pa
rtia
l
s
had
i
ng
on
the
pan
el
.
Diff
e
re
nt
cases
with
dif
fere
nt
per
ce
ntage
of
sh
a
ding
we
re
a
pp
li
ed
on
the
pa
nel
by
us
i
ng
non
-
tran
sp
a
rent
mate
rial
as
sh
adi
ng
el
ement
to
cl
osi
ng
as
0,
25,
50,
75,
100%
sh
a
ded
a
rea
of
horizo
ntal
stri
ng,
ve
rtic
al
Str
ing
a
nd
sin
gle
cel
l
as
il
lustrate
d
in
Fi
g
ure
5
a
nd
6.
M
ore
ov
e
r, dia
gonal s
ha
ding
al
so
in
vestigat
ed
as
sho
wn in
Fig
ure
7
.
Table3
. Elect
ri
cal
ch
aracte
risti
c o
f
m
onocrys
ta
ll
ine so
la
r pa
n
el
Desig
n
atio
n
Ab
b
reviatio
n
Valu
es
Maxi
m
u
m
po
wer
P
88
Op
en
cir
cu
it vo
lta
g
e
2
3
.42
V
Sh
o
rt
circuit cur
re
n
t
5.19
2 A
Vo
ltag
e at
m
ax
im
u
m
po
wer
1
8
.
3
3
V
Cu
rr
en
t at
m
ax
im
u
m
po
wer
4
.80
1
A
Vo
ltag
e tem
p
e
rature
co
ef
ficient
Kv
-
2
.10
m
V/cel
l/℃
Cu
rr
en
t te
m
p
eratur
e coeff
i
cien
t
Ki
1
5
m
icro A/c
m
2
/
℃
No
.
o
f
cells
con
n
ected in
series
36
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
or
et
ic
al
and
ex
perime
nta
l
ana
ly
sis
of
photo
v
oltaic
mod
ule char
acter
is
ti
cs u
nder
…
(
A.
H.
N
uma
n
)
1513
Figure
4.
The
s
chemati
c
view of
the e
xperim
ental
setu
p
Fig
ure
5
.
D
if
fe
ren
t
per
ce
nta
ge
of s
had
i
ng for
horizo
ntal st
rin
g,
ve
rtic
al
strin
g
a
nd sin
gle ce
ll
b
y
e
mp
l
oyed
insu
la
te
d mat
er
ia
ls;
(
X1) SA=
25%,
(X2) S
A
=50%,
(X3
)
S
A=75%
an
d (X4)
SA
=
100%
, (
Y)
SA
=
25%,
(Z1)
SA
=
25
%
.
Fig
ure
6. Dia
gonal
sh
a
ding
pro
file
of the
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
pan
e
l wit
h diff
e
re
nt steps
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
5
08
–
1
5
18
1514
F
ig
ure
7
.
P
V p
anel with
d
i
ff
e
ren
t case
s
of
sha
ding
(A)
hori
zon
ta
l,
(B)
v
e
rt
ic
al
, (
C) si
ng
le
cell
an
d (
D)
diag
on
al
.
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
4.1.
Simul
at
i
on
r
e
sults
Figure
8
Sho
w
s
the
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
cha
racteri
st
ic
s
of
the
phot
ovoltai
c
m
odul
e.
T
his
m
odule
co
ns
ist
s
of
two
gro
ups,
ea
ch
gro
up
with
16
s
olar
cel
ls
.
Th
e
ir
rad
ia
nc
e
le
vel
on
t
he
fir
st
group
(un
sh
a
ded)
is
c
on
sta
nt
(10
00W/m
2
)
,
wh
il
e
t
he
ir
radi
ance
le
vel
on
the
sec
ond
gro
up
(s
ha
ded)
be
tween
10
00
an
d
0W
/
m
2
.
Fi
g
ure
8
(
a
)
represe
nts
the
I
-
V
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
unde
r
t
he
cases
stu
dy
in
Table
1.
Figure
8
(b)
il
lustrate
s
the
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
he
same
ca
ses.
F
rom
thes
e
resu
lt
s,
it
ca
n
be
noti
ce
tha
t
the
short
ci
rc
uit
curre
nt
dec
re
ases
wh
e
n
t
he
ir
rad
i
ance
decr
ease
s
,
w
hile
the
ope
n
ci
rc
uit
volt
ag
e
is
le
ss
af
fect
by
sh
a
ding.
T
he
maxim
um
po
wer
ou
t
pu
t
decr
eas
es
with
dec
rea
sing
in
t
he
sh
a
ding
fact
or
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
outpu
t
po
wer
is
88W
at
Fs
=
1
a
nd
the
n
dro
pp
e
d
t
o 72.
52, 53.5
, 36.7
, 15.5
and
11.
86 W
f
o
r 0.
8, 0.6
,
0
.
4, 0,2
and
0 of Fs
res
pecti
ve
ly.
(a)
(b
)
Figure
8. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c m
odul
e cha
racteri
sti
cs (
a
)I
-
V, (
b)P
-
V.
Wh
e
n
the
irra
diance
on
the
mod
ule
is
non
-
unif
orm
as
il
lustrate
d
in
Ta
ble
2,
m
ulti
ste
ps
i
n
t
he
I
-
V
char
act
e
risti
cs
and
mu
lt
iple
pe
aks
in
t
he
P
-
V
cha
racteri
sti
cs
curves
a
re
obser
ve
d.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
the
bypas
s
diodes
a
re
act
ivate
d,
wh
e
re
t
his
bypasse
s
th
e
sh
a
de
d
gro
up
cel
ls
a
nd
al
l
ow
th
e
uns
ha
de
d
gro
up
cel
ls
to
hav
e
diff
e
re
nt
P
-
V
char
act
e
risti
cs
from
the
s
haded
gro
up
cel
ls.
Fig
ure
9
(a
)
s
hows
the
sim
ul
at
ion
res
ults
of
t
he
cases
stu
dy
i
n
Table
2.
The
same
fi
gure
sh
ows
that
th
e
sho
rt
ci
rc
uit
cu
rr
e
nt
is
ne
gativel
y
af
fect
ed
by
decr
easi
ng
t
he
irra
dian
ce
le
vels.
This
le
a
ds
to
dec
reas
e
the
ma
xim
um
c
urren
t
a
nd
c
o
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
or
et
ic
al
and
ex
perime
nta
l
ana
ly
sis
of
photo
v
oltaic
mod
ule char
acter
is
ti
cs u
nder
…
(
A.
H.
N
uma
n
)
1515
maxim
um
pow
er
as
well
,
whereas
the
ope
n
ci
rcu
it
vo
lt
ag
e
is
le
ss
af
fect
ed
by
pa
rtia
l
sh
adi
ng
in
c
ompari
ng
with shor
t
ci
rc
uit
cu
rrent
un
de
r
t
hese
co
ndit
ion
s
.
The
max
i
mu
m
p
ow
e
r
va
lues f
or
these
c
ases
a
re 88,
76
, 5
6.9
,
33, 44.3
, 29,
16.
1
a
nd 15
W f
or f
irst,
sec
ond, thir
d, f
ourth
, fi
fth, sixt
h,
se
ve
nth
,
eig
hth ca
se r
es
pecti
vely
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c m
odul
e cha
racteri
sti
cs unde
r n
onunifo
rm
i
rr
a
diati
on levels
(
a
)I
-
V
,
(b)
P
-
V.
4.2.
Ex
peri
menta
l
resul
ts
An
e
xperime
nt
was
co
nducte
d
to
anal
yze
th
e
performa
nce
of
P
V
pa
nels
unde
r
sh
a
ding
conditi
ons.
Figures
5, 6 an
d photo
of
F
ig
ur
e
7. S
how
th
e cases
of sh
a
di
ng
with
dif
fere
nt s
had
i
ng are
a.
I.
Horizo
ntal st
ri
ng w
it
h 0
, 25,
50
, 75, a
nd 10
0%
s
ha
ded are
a.
II.
Ver
ti
cal
Stri
ng w
it
h 0
,
25, 5
0, 75, a
nd
100%
sh
a
ded area.
III.
Sing
le
cell
with
0,
25, 5
0,
75,
and
100%
sh
a
ded area
.
IV.
Diag
on
al
sh
a
di
ng w
it
h m
ulti
step (o
ne,
t
wo, t
hr
ee
, a
nd four
ste
ps
)
.
Each
case
were
ap
plied
on
mono
c
r
ys
t
al
li
ne
pa
nel
w
hich
sh
a
ded
by
25,
50,
75,
10
0%
resp
ect
i
vel
y
unde
r
rad
ia
ti
on
cha
nges
bet
we
en
(
985±7
W
/m2
).
I
n
ad
diti
on
t
o
that,
the
re
corde
d
e
nvir
onmental
te
m
pe
r
at
ur
es
wer
e
cl
os
e
dur
ing
m
easu
rem
ent
da
ys
.
The
ou
tsi
de
te
mp
e
r
at
ur
e
is
42±2°
C
wh
il
e,
the
modu
le
te
m
perat
ur
e
is
appr
ox
imat
el
y
66.
2±2
°C.
I
n
ge
ner
al
Isc,
Im
de
creasi
ng
with
i
ncr
eas
ing
sh
a
de
d
a
r
ea,
c
on
se
quent
ly
P
m
decr
easi
ng
w
it
h
inc
rea
sin
g
s
ha
ding
area
as s
howe
d
in
Fi
gur
e
10
,
Fig
ure
11
and
Fig
ur
e 12
.
Figure
(
5.1
0)
a
and
b
s
how
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
for
dif
fer
e
nt
s
ha
di
ng
rati
o
of
horiz
on
ta
l
s
had
i
ng.
Tabl
e
4
pr
ese
nts
t
he
Ima
x,
Vma
x,
Pmax,
ΔP
,
Pl
os
ses
(ΔP/P
(
%))
an
d
FF
va
lues
wh
ic
h
a
re
cal
culat
ed
f
rom
Fi
gure
10.
Fil
l
facto
r
(F
F
)
is
decr
ease
d
f
rom
70.
61%
t
o
0.4
2%.
It
ca
n.
I
n
c
omparis
on
with
c
urre
nt
at
no
s
ha
ding,
th
e
c
urre
nt
is
de
creased
by
98%
.
T
he
maxim
um
po
wer
at
no
sh
a
ding
63.45
W
wh
il
e,
at
10
0%
sh
a
ding
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
the
powe
r
wa
s
dro
ps
to
0.5
04
W.
In
t
he
othe
r
w
ords
,
the
powe
r
dec
reas
ed
by
99.
36
%
for
100%
s
ha
ding
co
ndit
ion.
In
t
his
case
of
s
had
i
ng,
eac
h
stri
ng
in
the
photov
ol
ta
ic
mo
dule
a
ff
ect
ed
by
s
ha
ding,
t
her
e
fore
,
t
he
bypass
di
od
es
wh
ic
h
c
onnect
ed betwee
n
th
e
m complet
el
y
disable
d.
Ca
se
I
I:
Ve
rtic
al
strin
g
s
ha
de
d
as
pr
e
vious
c
ase
ap
plied
an
d
t
he
resu
lt
s
ex
plained
in
Fi
gure
11.
It
ca
n
be
noti
ced
t
hat
the
powe
r
ou
t
pu
t
at
0%
sha
di
ng
was
63.62
W.
Wh
il
e,
at
100%
sh
a
ding
c
o
ndit
ion,
the
powe
r
was
dec
rease
d
to
29.
1W.
I
n
c
omparis
on
with
po
wer
at
no
sh
a
ding,
it
mean
that
the
po
wer
ou
t
pu
t
dro
pp
e
d
by
54.26%
at 1
00
% sh
a
ding c
on
diti
on
.
At t
hese
cond
it
io
n,
t
he F.F
dec
reasin
g from
69.
84% t
o 48.92%
.
Ca
se
III:
I
n
t
his
case
sin
gle
cel
l
s
ha
ded
by
25%,
50
%,
75
%
an
d1
00%,
t
he
re
sul
t
cl
arified
in
Figure
12.
It
ca
n
be
noti
ced
that
at
no
s
ha
din
g
(0%
sh
a
ding)
the
c
urre
nt
is
4.
7A,
howe
ver,
at
100%
s
had
i
ng
conditi
ons,
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
was
2.81A.
T
he
sa
me
fig
ure
s
howe
d
that
the
power
at
no
sh
a
ding
is
63.
8
7W,
an
d
the
n
dro
pp
e
d
to
26.
33
W.
T
his
m
eans
that
po
w
er
dec
rease
d
by
68.
71
%
as
the
sh
a
ding
in
creased
t
o100
%,
as
com
par
e
d Wit
h powe
r
at
no s
had
i
ng con
diti
on.
Table
4.
T
he
s
had
i
ng r
es
ults
of thr
ee
cases
Sh
ad
in
g
Area
(SA)
Ho
rizon
tal
strin
g
S
h
ad
in
g
Cas
e I
Ve
rtical
string
Sha
d
in
g
Case II
Sin
g
le cell
Sh
ad
in
g
Cas
e I
I
I
Δ
P
(W)
P
lo
s
s
es
(%)
F.F
(%)
Δ
P
(W)
P
lo
s
s
es
(%)
F.F
(%)
Δ
P
(W)
P
lo
s
s
es
(%)
F.F
(%)
0%
0
0
7
0
.61
0
0
6
9
.17
0
0
7
0
.5
25%
2
1
.11
3
3
.27
6
7
.62
1
7
.09
2
6
.86
5
0
.24
1
6
.9
2
6
.46
5
7
.04
50%
3
6
.78
5
7
.96
6
3
.43
2
0
.15
3
1
.67
5
0
.07
2
1
.69
3
3
.96
5
0
.04
75%
5
1
.44
8
1
.07
5
4
.31
2
3
.37
3
6
.73
4
7
.78
2
6
.43
4
1
.38
4
5
.47
100%
6
2
.95
9
9
.21
0
.4
3
4
.52
5
4
.26
4
8
.92
3
7
.5
5
8
.71
4
9
.3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
5
08
–
1
5
18
1516
(a)
(b)
Figure
10.
Re
c
orde
d
c
har
act
e
risti
cs o
f
P
V p
anel un
der h
or
i
zon
ta
l st
ri
ng s
ha
ding
(a)
I
–
V; (b)
P
-
V.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11.
Re
c
orde
d
c
har
act
e
risti
cs o
f
P
V p
anel un
der ve
rt
ic
al
string
sh
a
di
ng
(a) I
–
V; (b
)
P
-
V.
(a)
(b)
Figure
12
.
Re
c
orde
d
c
har
act
e
risti
cs o
f
P
V p
anel un
der sin
gl
e cel
l shad
i
ng(
a) I
–
V;
(b)
P
-
V.
By
c
ompa
rin
g
the
re
su
lt
s
of
the
t
hr
ee
cases
,
it
ca
n
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
t
he
dec
reasi
ng
in
ma
xim
um
powe
r ou
t
pu
t i
n
the
thir
d
ca
se
is less t
ha
n
t
he
d
ec
reasin
g
in
t
he first case
s
(horiz
ont
al
and
ver
ti
cal
shadi
ng)
.
Diag
on
al
ly
s
ha
ding
with
m
ul
ti
ste
p
(
one,
two,
t
hr
ee
,
a
nd
f
our
ste
ps)
i
nvest
igati
ng
at
860
W/m
2
ra
di
at
ion
le
vel,
as
il
lustr
at
ed
in
Fi
gu
re
(5.19a
&
b).
T
he
re
su
lt
s
of
t
his
ty
pe
of
s
ha
ding
a
pp
ea
red
that
in
the
first
ste
p
wh
e
re
no
sh
ad
ing
ap
plied
th
e
I
m
was
4.38,
the
n
it
decr
e
ased
to
1.9,
4.1
1,
an
d
2.11A
f
or
sec
ond,
t
hir
d
a
n
d
four
t
h
ste
ps
. O
n
the
o
t
her ha
nd
he powe
r dro
pp
e
d from
61.3
2W at n
o
sh
a
di
ng to 2.
43W
fo
r
the
fourth
steps.
The
c
ompa
rison
is
do
ne
for
two
cases
ra
ndom
re
adi
ng
f
or n
o
s
had
i
ng
c
onditi
on
an
d
10
0%
of v
e
rtic
al
string
s
had
i
ng
wh
e
n
so
la
r
radi
at
ion
is
743
Wlm
2
a
nd
mod
ule
te
m
per
at
ure
is
57℃.
T
he
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
c
urves
o
f
the
colle
ct
ed d
at
a that wer
e
a
chieve
d
e
xp
e
ri
mental
ly a
nd theoret
ic
al
ly a
r
e ex
plained
in
t
h
e Fi
gures 14
a
and b.
The
er
ror
bet
w
een
the
ex
pe
rimental
a
nd
t
he
or
et
ic
al
resu
lt
s
is
a
bout
3.3
a
nd
6.28%
f
or
f
irst
a
nd
sec
ond
case
s
resp
ect
ivel
y.
A
c
omparis
on
betwee
n
p
rese
nt
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
res
ults
of
po
wer
losse
s
of
PV
m
odule
as
a
f
un
ct
i
on
of
sh
a
ding
area
w
it
h
the
ex
per
i
m
ental
res
ults
of
pr
e
vious
st
ud
i
es
ex
plained
i
n
Figure
15.
T
his
fig
ur
e
presen
te
d
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Th
e
or
et
ic
al
and
ex
perime
nta
l
ana
ly
sis
of
photo
v
oltaic
mod
ule char
acter
is
ti
cs u
nder
…
(
A.
H.
N
uma
n
)
1517
com
par
is
on
of
the
pr
ese
nt
w
ork
with
F.
Ba
yr
a
k
et
al
[23].
It
can
be
obs
erv
e
d
that
the
pr
ese
nt
ex
per
i
mental
resu
lt
s
ha
ve obvio
us
a
gr
ee
me
nt in
t
he be
havi
or
as
compa
re
d wit
h
the
ex
ist
ing
li
te
ratu
re.
(a)
(b)
Figure
13.
Re
c
ord
e
d
c
har
act
e
risti
cs o
f
P
V p
anel un
der dia
go
nally
sh
a
ding
(a)
I
-
V;
(b)
P
-
V.
(a)
(b
)
Figure
14.
Re
c
orde
d
c
har
act
e
risti
cs o
f
the
oret
ic
al
an
d
e
xpe
rimental
resu
lt
s for
no s
ha
ding a
nd 10
0% ve
rtic
al
string s
had
i
ng. (a)
I
-
V;
(b)
P
-
V.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
non
-
tra
ns
pa
re
nt
mate
rial
wit
h
di
ff
e
ren
t
s
ha
ding
posit
io
n
a
nd
dif
fer
e
nt
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
area
are
a
pp
li
e
d
on
m
onoc
rys
ta
ll
ine
so
la
r
pa
nel.
T
he
imp
ort
ance
of
the
pr
esence
of
diod
es
in
the
P
V
pa
nels
is
their
abili
ty
to
div
ide
eac
h
pa
nel
into
se
ve
r
al
sect
ion
s
.
T
he
res
ults
sho
wed
t
hat
the
Photo
n
cu
rr
e
nt
under
par
ti
al
sh
a
ding
decr
ease
s.
T
hi
s
reduces
I
sc
and
Im
,
w
hi
ch
le
ads
to
decr
e
ase
the
outp
ut
powe
r.
Be
side
s,
the
resu
lt
s
re
veals
that
w
hen
the
ra
diati
on
c
ha
ng
e
s
betwee
n
965
to
97
5
W/
m2
an
d
10
0%
sh
a
din
g
co
ndit
ion
is
consi
der
e
d
t
he
powe
r
dec
rea
ses
by
99.
36
%,
43.
7
%
a
nd
41.
15%
f
or
horizo
ntal,
sin
gle
cel
l,
an
d
ve
rtic
al
resp
ect
ivel
y
c
ompari
ng
with
their
init
ia
l
value
at
no
s
had
i
ng
co
ndit
ion.
F
ur
t
her,
wh
e
n
c
onside
r
ing
t
he
diag
on
al
s
ha
din
g
with
no
s
ha
ding
at
first
ste
p
the
power
is
62.06
W.
Howe
ver,
the
po
wer
decr
ease
s
by
48.
56
%,
63.3
%
a
nd
96.
22%
f
or
s
econd,
thir
d
a
nd
f
our
th
ste
ps
res
pecti
vely
.
The
pa
ramete
rs
of
P
V
pan
e
l
ar
e
simulat
ed
by
us
in
g
MATL
AB
to
in
vestigat
e
the
pa
rtia
l
sh
a
ding
e
ff
e
ct
at
dif
fer
e
nt
irra
diati
on
le
vels.
The
resu
lt
s s
how
noti
ceable
a
gr
ee
ment
betwee
n
t
he
e
xp
e
rime
ntal and t
he
t
he
oret
ic
al
r
esults.
REFERE
N
C
ES
[1]
T.
Esra
m
and
P.
L.
Chap
ma
n
,
"
Compa
rison
of
Photovolt
aic
Arr
ay
Maxi
mum
P
ower
Point
Trac
king
T
ec
hniqu
es,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns E
nergy
Con
v
e
rs
ion
,
vol
.
22
,
p
p.
439
-
49
,
2007
.
[2]
N.
S.
N
az
ri
,
e
t
al
.
,
"Ene
rgy
Ec
onomic
An
alys
is
of
Photo
-
Volta
i
c
–
The
r
mal
-
The
r
moe
l
ec
t
ric
(PV
T
-
TE
)
Air
Coll
ectors,"
Re
n
ewabl
e
and
Sust
ainabl
e
Ene
rgy
Re
v
ie
w
,
vol
.
92
,
pp.
187
-
97
,
201
8.
[3]
S.
Adnan,
et
al
.
,
"S
ola
r
en
erg
y
p
ote
nti
al
in
Pak
ist
an,
"
Journal
of
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
,
vol
.
4
,
pp
.
1
-
7,
2012
.
[4]
G.
Pila
wj
ia
n,
"
Analysis
of
Phot
ovolt
a
ic
Concentra
ti
ng
Solar
E
ner
gy
Sys
te
ms,"
AR
PN
Journal
of
Syst
ems
and
Soft
ware
,
vol
.
2
,
pp.
110
-
112,
20
12.
[5]
F.
Fadli
ond
i
e
t
al
.
,
"Bypas
s
Dio
des
for
Imp
rovi
ng
Solar
Pan
el
Perform
ance,
"
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
El
e
ct
ric
al
and
Computer
E
ngine
ering
, v
ol
.
8
,
pp
.
2703
-
270
8,
2018
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.