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P
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FC
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b
r
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g
eless
c
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n
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ter
SEP
I
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co
n
v
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ter
s
DSP
Co
p
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rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
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f
A
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b
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t B
u
c
k
-
b
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t [
8
]
,
b
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[2
-
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]
.
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A
b
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[
9
-
1
1
]
g
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[
1
5
]
.
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[
1
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th
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[
1
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]
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1
2
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1
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s
[
1
4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lec
tr
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n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
17
–
24
18
T
h
is
in
tr
o
d
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ce
s
a
n
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w
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lo
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C
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Su
m
m
ar
y
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
it.
2.
NE
E
D
F
O
R
I
M
P
RO
VING
P
O
WE
R
F
ACTOR
P
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
R
e
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
i
n
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
to
th
e
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
w
er
in
t
h
e
ci
r
cu
it.
I
d
ea
l
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
i
s
1
an
d
d
e
v
ice
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
s
all
th
e
p
o
w
er
it
d
r
a
ws.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
i
s
lies
b
et
w
ee
n
to
-
1
to
+1
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
is
i.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
lo
s
s
es
ii.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
d
ev
ices f
r
o
m
h
i
g
h
cu
r
r
en
ts
iii.
P
o
w
er
q
u
ali
t
y
i
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
iv
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
b
ills
P
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
lo
ad
s
o
v
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
s
.
L
in
ea
r
lo
ad
s
w
i
th
lo
w
er
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
w
it
h
p
ass
iv
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
r
in
d
u
cto
r
s
.
No
n
-
li
n
ea
r
lo
ad
s
w
it
h
lo
w
er
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
d
es
tr
o
y
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
s
u
ch
a
ctiv
e
o
r
p
ass
i
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
u
s
ed
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
B
RIDG
E
L
E
SS
SE
P
I
C
P
F
C
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
b
in
e
s
t
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
D
C
-
DC
s
tag
e
s
i
n
to
o
n
e
s
tag
e
.
W
e
s
i
m
p
lif
ied
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
b
y
eli
m
i
n
a
tin
g
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
th
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
[
T
HD]
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
[
P
F]
ar
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
ab
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
T
HD
2
.
8
3
%
f
r
o
m
5
.
7
2
%
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
to
0
.
9
9
8
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
r
id
g
eless
SEP
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
u
c
h
b
e
tter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
a
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
SEP
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
b
r
id
g
el
ess
SEP
I
C
P
FC
is
b
etter
f
o
r
l
o
w
er
p
o
w
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
t
h
o
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
h
ig
h
q
u
alit
y
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
SEP
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
i
n
to
t
w
o
m
o
d
es
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
es.
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
Q
1
s
w
itch
ed
o
n
,
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
D
ac
ts
as
r
ev
er
s
e
b
iased
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
g
et
s
ch
ar
g
e,
th
en
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
L
2
an
d
A
C
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
cr
ea
tes
a
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
c
u
it.
H
er
e,
lo
ad
d
r
aw
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
0.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
t
i
m
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
w
i
ll
b
e
eq
u
al
with
t
h
e
r
ec
ti
f
ied
A
C
v
o
lta
g
e
V
ac
.
I
n
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
v
o
ltag
e
ar
e
al
s
o
eq
u
a
l
to
V
ac
d
u
r
in
g
th
i
s
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e,
th
e
Q1
s
w
itc
h
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
th
e
n
th
e
d
io
d
e
D
is
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
b
iased
an
d
L
1,
C
1,
L
2
cr
ea
t
es
a
lo
o
p
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
i
n
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
e,
w
h
ich
w
ill
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
t
h
e
m
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
SEP
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SE
P
I
C
P
F
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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19
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
r
id
g
eless
SE
P
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
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ter
b
r
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w
h
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s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
W
h
en
all
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
Q
1,
Q
3
an
d
Q
4
tu
r
n
o
n
,
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
li
n
ea
r
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
v
o
lta
g
e
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
C
1
w
h
ich
w
a
s
eq
u
al
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
all
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
i
L
2
r
ed
u
ce
s
lin
ea
r
l
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
en
d
s
b
y
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
f
Q
1,
Q
3
an
d
Q
4.
B
y
tu
r
n
i
n
g
Q
1,
Q
3
an
d
Q
4
o
f
f
,
Dio
d
e
D
s
tar
ts
to
co
n
d
u
ct.
T
h
en
I
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
li
n
ea
r
l
y
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
l
y
u
n
til
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
ti
n
g
u
is
h
e
s
.
W
h
en
D
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
f
,
o
u
tp
u
t
s
id
e
is
d
etac
h
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
d
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
f
r
ee
w
h
e
el
at
th
e
in
p
u
t sid
e.
W
o
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
e
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SE
P
I
C
P
FC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
4.
P
RINCI
P
L
E
O
F
O
P
E
RA
T
I
O
N
Sin
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
.
3
,
th
is
cir
cu
i
t
is
m
ai
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
h
al
f
c
y
cle
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
S
u
g
g
e
s
ti
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
ci
r
cu
it
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
al
f
c
y
cle
o
f
a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
er
io
d
T
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
i
n
to
t
h
r
ee
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
es
a
n
d
it
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
in
ed
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
M
o
de
1
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
Q1
,
Q3
an
d
Q4
s
w
itch
e
s
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
f
i
g
.
1
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
li
n
ea
r
l
y
a
t
a
r
ate
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Vac
.
M
o
de
2
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
Q1
,
Q
3
an
d
Q4
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
b
u
t
Q1
an
d
Q4
ar
e
c
o
n
d
u
cti
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
ti
p
ar
allel
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
es
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
f
i
g
.
2
.
T
h
en
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
io
d
e
D
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
p
ath
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
n
d
u
c
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ar
e
li
n
ea
r
l
y
d
ec
r
e
ase,
at
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
V
dc
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t lin
ea
r
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
e.
M
o
de
3
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
all
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
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2
4
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I
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I
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Vo
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24
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CO
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RE
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[1
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IEC
6
1
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,
I
n
tern
a
ti
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n
a
l
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e
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G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
it
z
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rlan
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,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
]
C.
Qia
o
,
K.
M
.
S
m
e
d
le
y
,
"
A
to
p
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lo
g
y
su
rv
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g
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E
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1
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p
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3
6
0
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3
6
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M
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y
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2
0
0
1
.
[3
]
O.
G
ra
c
i
a
,
J.
A
.
Co
b
o
s,
R
.
P
riet
o
,
J.
Uc
e
d
a
,
"
S
in
g
le p
h
a
se
p
o
w
e
r
fa
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
:
A
su
rv
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y
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
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c
tro
n
.
,
v
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l.
1
8
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3
,
p
p
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7
4
9
-
7
5
5
,
M
a
y
,
2
0
0
3
.
[4
]
M
.
M
.
Jo
v
a
n
o
v
ic,
Y.
Ja
n
g
,
"
S
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
rt,
sin
g
le
-
p
h
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,
a
c
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v
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p
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c
to
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c
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tec
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r
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p
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An
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,
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T
ra
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s.
I
n
d
.
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tro
n
.
,
v
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l.
5
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3
,
p
p
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7
0
1
-
7
0
8
,
Ju
n
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
]
A
.
V
il
lare
jo
,
J.
S
e
b
a
stian
,
F
.
S
o
t
o
,
E.
d
e
J
ó
d
a
r,
"
Op
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
sin
g
le
-
sta
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
-
fa
c
to
r
c
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rre
c
to
rs"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
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l
.
5
4
,
n
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.
3
,
p
p
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1
4
7
2
-
1
4
8
2
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
0
7
.
[6
]
L
.
Hu
b
e
r
,
Y.
Ja
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
Jo
v
a
n
o
v
ic,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
rid
g
e
les
s
P
F
C
b
o
o
st
re
c
ti
f
iers
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
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l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
1
-
1
3
9
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[7
]
M
.
G
o
p
in
a
n
t
h
,
P
ra
b
a
k
a
ra
n
，
S
.
Ra
m
a
re
d
d
y
,
"
A
b
rie
f
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
n
b
ri
d
g
e
les
s
b
o
o
st
P
F
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter"
,
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
I
n
d
ia,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
-
2
4
6
.
[8
]
W
.
W
e
i
,
L
.
Ho
n
g
p
e
n
g
,
J.
S
h
ig
o
n
g
,
X.
Dia
n
g
u
o
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
b
rid
g
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les
s
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
st P
F
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter"
,
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
Po
we
r
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c
tro
n
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
4
-
1
3
0
8
.
[9
]
Y.
Oh
n
u
m
a
,
a
n
d
J.
Ito
h
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
b
u
c
k
P
F
C
A
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
p
o
w
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r
d
e
c
o
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p
li
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
u
sin
g
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
b
u
f
fe
r"
,
IEE
E
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
o
n
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
5
-
1
9
1
4
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
4
[1
0
]
L
.
Hu
b
e
r,
L
.
G
a
n
g
,
M
.
M
.
Jo
v
a
n
o
v
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c
,
"
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e
sig
n
-
Orie
n
ted
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
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d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
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e
e
v
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lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
u
c
k
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F
C
f
ro
n
t
-
e
n
d
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
5
-
9
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
E
.
H.
Ism
a
il
,
"
Brid
g
e
les
s
S
E
P
IC
re
c
ti
f
ier
w
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h
u
n
it
y
p
o
w
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n
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re
d
u
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e
d
c
o
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d
u
c
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o
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l
o
ss
e
s"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
5
7
,
A
p
r.
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
M
.
R.
S
h
a
i
d
,
A
.
H.
M
.
Ya
ti
m
,
T
.
T
a
u
f
ik
,
"
A
n
e
w
a
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
b
rid
g
e
les
s
S
E
P
IC"
,
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
A
n
n
u
.
Co
n
f
.
IEE
E
In
d
.
El
e
c
tro
.
S
o
c
iety
,
G
len
d
a
le,
A
Z,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
-
2
9
0
.
[1
3
]
M
.
M
a
h
d
a
v
i,
H.
F
a
rz
a
n
e
h
f
a
rd
,
"
Brid
g
e
les
s
S
E
P
IC
P
F
C
re
c
ti
f
ier
w
it
h
re
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
lo
ss
e
s"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
1
5
3
-
4
1
6
0
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
Da
n
ly
E.
M
.
,
J
y
o
th
i
G
.
K.,
"
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Brid
g
e
l
e
ss
S
EP
IC
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
M
o
d
if
ied
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
P
u
lse
"
,
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
r
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
3
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
4
[1
5
]
Da
m
o
d
a
ra
n
Ja
y
a
h
a
r,
R.
Ra
n
ih
e
m
a
m
a
li
n
,
K.
Ra
th
n
a
k
a
n
n
a
n
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
S
in
g
le
P
h
a
se
A
C
-
DC
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rte
r
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
El
im
in
a
ti
o
n
”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJ
P
ED
S
),
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
4
-
1
0
1
1
,
IS
S
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
.
[1
6
]
S
a
ra
v
a
n
a
n
D,
G
o
p
in
a
th
M
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Co
rre
c
ti
o
n
M
o
d
if
ied
Brid
g
e
L
e
ss
-
CUK
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
L
ED
La
m
p
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
ste
m
(IJP
EDS
)
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
8
8
0
~
8
9
1
,
IS
S
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
.
[1
7
]
W
a
n
g
Qi,
W
u
Jie
,
Ba
o
h
u
a
L
a
n
g
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
S
in
g
le
-
S
tag
e
F
ly
b
a
c
k
P
F
C
C
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
L
ED
Driv
e
r”
,
T
EL
KO
M
NIK
A
,
V
o
l.
1
4
,
No
.
4
,
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
3
~
1
2
6
8
,
IS
S
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
.
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