In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
4
6
9
~1
4
7
5
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1469-1475
1469
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A bidirectional resonant convert
er based on wide input range
and high efficiency for
photovoltaic application
I
b
r
a
hi
m Al
ha
mr
o
u
ni
1
, M.
R. Bi
n
Hamzah
2
,
M
o
ha
m
e
d
Sa
l
e
m
3
,
A
w
an
g Ju
soh
4
, Azha
r
B
in
K
ha
iru
ddin
5
,
T
.
Sutik
no
6
1,
2
El
ectrical
En
g
i
n
eerin
g
Sectio
n,
U
ni
versit
y K
u
ala Lu
mp
ur
(
Un
i
K
L
BM
I),
Go
m
ba
k
53
10
0,
M
al
aysia
3
School
of
E
l
ectrical
and
E
l
ectro
nic E
ngineering,
Uni
vers
iti Sa
i
n
s
M
al
aysia, 1
43
0
0
Ni
bon
g
Tebal
,
P
u
l
au P
inan
g, Malays
i
a
4,
5
S
c
hool of E
l
ectri
ca
l
E
ngi
neerin
g, Univers
iti Te
knol
ogi
Mal
a
ys
ia
, 81
3
0
0
Sk
u
d
a
i
, Malay
sia
6
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f E
l
ectrical Eng
ineer
ing, Un
i
versit
as
Ahmad
Dah
lan
,
Y
og
yakart
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
1
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 27,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Ap
r
2
0
,
2
019
Th
is
w
ork
highl
ig
h
t
s
a
m
odular
p
ower
c
o
n
d
i
ti
onin
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
(P
CS
)
in
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
(
PV)
app
l
i
cati
o
n
s
w
h
i
ch
c
on
si
st
s
with
a
D
C-D
C
c
onv
erter.
T
he
con
v
ert
e
r
i
s
a
b
l
e
t
o
r
egu
l
a
t
e
and
amp
l
if
y
t
h
e
i
nput
D
C
volt
a
g
e
p
r
od
uc
e
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
p
anal
.
The
i
m
plem
en
tation
o
f
Mos
f
et
a
s
bid
i
rection
a
l
s
w
i
tc
h
o
n
t
he
con
v
ert
e
r
y
i
eld
s
g
reat
er
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
rati
o
and
bett
er
v
ol
tag
e
r
e
gu
la
tion
t
ha
n
a
con
v
en
tio
nal
DC-DC
step
u
p
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
an
d
P
W
M
res
o
n
a
nt
c
on
vert
er
.
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a
l
s
o
redu
ces t
he s
wi
tch
i
ng
lo
s
s
e
s
on
th
e ou
tpu
t
D
C v
o
l
t
age
of
t
he co
nverter,
a
s
the
M
O
SF
ET
switches
o
n
p
rim
a
ry
w
indin
g
o
f
co
nv
erter
s
w
itch
on
u
nd
er
Z
V
S
con
d
i
t
i
ons
.
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h
e
p
r
op
osed
r
eso
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an
t
co
nv
erter
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
esig
ne
d
,
wi
t
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
fi
c
a
t
i
o
n
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f
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e
ries
r
eso
n
an
t
co
nv
erter
an
d
PW
M
bo
o
s
t
c
onv
ert
er
t
hat
ut
ilizes
t
he
h
igh
f
r
equ
e
ncy
of
A
C
b
i
directi
o
n
a
l
swit
c
h
to
e
limi
na
te
t
he
weak
ness
es
o
f
u
s
ed
c
on
vert
ers.
T
h
e
t
op
olo
g
y
of
t
he
p
ro
po
sed
co
n
verter
in
clu
d
es
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
perati
o
n
s,
d
es
ignin
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p
ro
cedure
and
c
o
m
p
on
ents
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ecti
on
o
f
t
h
e
n
ew
c
o
n
v
e
rter
e
l
e
m
e
nts
.
T
his
to
p
o
log
y
p
ro
vi
des
a
D
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lt
age t
o
t
he i
n
v
erter at
rang
e
o
f
ab
out 1
20
Vac-20
8 V
ac.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Bidire
ct
iona
l
Conve
r
ter
Phot
o
v
o
ltic
(
P
V
)
Po
wer
C
o
n
d
it
iti
on
g
Sy
st
e
m
(P
C
S
)
Re
s
ona
n
t
C
onv
e
r
ter
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ibra
hi
m
A
l
ha
mr
ou
n
i
,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
S
e
cti
on,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty K
ua
la
Lum
p
u
r
Brit
i
s
h
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n Inst
itu
te
(
U
n
iK
L
B
M
I)
,
Gom
b
ak 53100,
Malaysia.
Em
ail:
i
b
r
a
him
.
moha
me
d@u
n
i
k
l
.e
d
u
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
h
o
t
ov
olt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
e
n
erg
y
i
s
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
re
n
e
wa
bl
e
en
ergi
e
s
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
i
n
da
i
l
y
l
i
fe
a
s
an
o
p
t
i
o
n
or
b
a
ck
up
t
o
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
e
l
ect
ric
a
l
en
ergy
s
up
ply
.
B
e
s
id
e
s
,
PV
e
n
e
rg
y
gener
a
ti
on
c
a
u
ses
no
po
l
l
uti
o
n
t
o
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
a
s
i
t
is
g
re
en
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
gy.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
t
h
e
PV
e
ner
gy
usa
g
e
a
nd
dem
a
nd
ha
ve
a
c
h
i
e
ve
d
sign
ifica
n
t
gr
o
w
th
i
n
r
ece
n
t
y
e
a
rs
d
ue
t
o
c
onsta
n
t
r
esear
ches
a
nd
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
nt
s
a
n
d
th
e
ci
vi
lia
ns’
awar
eness
tow
a
rds
c
l
ea
n
env
i
ro
nme
n
t
.
P
V
e
n
ergy
is
g
a
i
ne
d
b
y
h
a
r
n
e
ssi
ng
t
h
e
so
la
r
ene
r
gy
o
f
s
unl
i
g
h
t
’
s
p
h
o
to
n
usi
ng
P
V
m
odu
les
or
s
olar
p
a
n
e
l
[
1,
2
].
E
ac
h
P
V
m
od
u
l
e
has
d
i
ffere
n
t
di
r
e
c
t
c
urre
nt
(
D
C
)
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
t
hus
g
ive
n
t
he
w
i
de in
p
u
t c
u
rre
n
t
ran
ge
to th
e P
o
w
e
r Con
d
i
t
i
o
ni
n
g
S
yste
m
(P
CS)
.
I
n
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
,
P
CS
a
c
t
s
as
a
n
i
nver
t
e
r
th
a
t
con
v
er
t
s
t
he
D
C
ou
tpu
t
f
r
o
m
P
V
m
odule
t
o
a
lter
n
a
t
e
cur
r
e
nt
(
A
C
)
.
The
PC
S
i
s
c
o
nne
ct
ed
t
o
th
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
pow
er
g
r
i
d
an
d
equ
i
ppe
d
w
i
th
M
ax
im
um
P
ow
er
P
oi
n
t
T
rac
k
er
(
MP
P
T
ra
c
k
er
).
T
he
pur
pose
o
f
t
h
i
s
tra
c
k
e
r
i
s
to
i
m
p
ro
ve
t
h
e
e
ffic
ienc
y
o
f
s
olar
pow
er
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n.
T
his
trac
k
er
h
a
s
M
a
x
i
m
um
P
ow
er
P
oi
n
t
T
r
a
c
k
in
g
(MPP
T)
a
l
gor
ithm
to
m
axim
i
ze
the
p
o
w
e
r
e
x
t
r
ac
ti
o
n
f
rom
P
V
m
odu
l
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
c
e
rt
ai
n
f
act
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
ondi
ti
o
n
s
[3,
4]
.
Ther
e
ar
e
3
t
ypes
of
P
V
P
C
S
co
nfi
gura
t
i
o
n
;
m
o
d
u
l
ar
,
str
in
g
a
n
d
ce
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
.
A
m
on
g
the
s
e
con
f
ig
ura
tio
ns,
t
h
e
P
V
P
CS
m
od
ular
t
y
p
e
has
bee
n
c
on
si
der
e
d
as
the
bes
t
a
nd
c
o
mm
only
u
s
ed
i
n
P
V
i
n
s
t
all
a
tio
n
b
eca
u
s
e
it
s
e
f
fi
ci
e
n
cy
i
n
h
a
rv
e
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
.
W
ha
t
ma
kes
P
V
P
CS
m
odu
l
a
r
t
ype
i
s
the
be
st
a
re
t
h
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e
I
nt
e
g
rat
e
d
Co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
(M
IC)
on
e
ach
P
V
modu
le
f
or
M
P
P
T
a
nd
i
t
v
a
r
ies
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
146
9
– 1
475
1
470
con
n
ec
tio
n
of
o
u
t
pu
t
A
C
t
o
the
gri
d
(
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
s
m
i
cro-
i
n
ve
rter)
o
r
o
u
t
pu
t
AC
t
o
out
put
D
C
(c
al
l
e
d
a
s
m
i
c
ro
-
conver
t
e
r)[5].
I
n
order
to
o
btai
n
the
best
from
solar
energy
du
e
t
o
m
an
y
fa
c
t
ors
a
ffe
c
tin
g
t
h
e
s
u
nl
i
ght,
t
h
e
mo
d
u
l
a
r
P
V
P
C
S
h
as
t
o
work
w
it
h
hi
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
ov
er
w
i
d
e
in
put
r
a
nge.
T
h
ere
a
r
e
sever
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
ro
nic
appr
oa
ches
u
se
d
t
o
m
ake
PV
P
CS
m
odul
ar
t
ype
w
ork
i
n
g
i
n
hig
h
e
ff
ic
ienc
y
co
n
d
i
tio
n,
a
s
e
x
am
pl
e
,
f
ly
bac
k
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
v
a
ria
n
ts,
LLC
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r,
i
sol
a
t
e
d
Pu
l
s
e
Wi
dth
M
odul
a
t
ion
(P
WM)
co
nver
t
e
r
a
nd
ser
i
es
r
eson
an
t
con
v
er
t
e
r,
t
o
me
et
t
he
r
equ
i
rem
e
nt
o
f
D
C
-DC
m
i
cro-
co
nve
rter
[6].
T
h
e
s
e
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
D
C
-D
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
type
,
h
o
w
e
ver
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
sever
a
l
w
e
a
kne
sses
a
nd
s
u
ffe
r
s
om
e
i
n
a
b
i
lit
y
to
m
ee
t
des
i
red
ou
tc
ome
.
Be
s
ide
s
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y ha
s t
o
be ac
hi
eve
d
b
y
me
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
i
d
e
i
np
ut
vol
t
a
g
e
r
e
qui
re
me
n
t
,
ze
ro
vo
lta
ge
s
w
i
tc
hi
ng
(ZV
S
)
on
l
o
w
c
i
rcu
l
ate
d
c
ur
rents
a
nd
ze
ro
c
ur
re
nt
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
(
ZCS
)
.
ZV
S
and
ZCS
ar
e
the
proce
s
s
o
f
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
t
urn-o
n
a
nd
t
urn-
o
ff
of
c
o
nve
rter’
s
s
w
i
t
c
h
duri
n
g
z
e
ro
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
zer
o
c
u
r
r
ent
in
p
u
t.
The importa
nc
e
of t
he
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
a
c
h
iev
i
ng
Z
V
S
a
nd
ZCS
ar
e
to
r
e
du
ce
l
osse
s
du
ri
ng
s
w
i
tc
h
i
ng
o
p
e
ra
ti
on
a
nd
pro
v
i
d
e so
ft
s
w
i
tc
hi
n
g
m
eth
od
to
r
educ
e t
h
e
elec
troma
g
ne
tic i
n
t
erference
[
7
-9]
.
Base
d
o
n
t
he
p
re
v
i
ous
s
t
u
d
i
s
of
D
C-
D
C
i
s
o
l
a
ted
res
ona
n
t
c
on
ve
rt
e
r
t
op
ol
ogi
es,
it
c
an
b
e
d
e
sc
rib
e
d
t
h
at
a
l
l
t
h
e
c
onv
e
r
t
e
rs
s
uf
f
e
r
th
e
d
r
awb
a
c
k
s
in
o
rd
er
t
o
a
c
h
i
ev
e
t
h
e
des
i
re
d
out
pu
t.
H
e
n
ce
,
in
o
rder
t
o
o
b
ta
i
n
hi
gh
e
f
fi
cie
n
c
y
o
ve
r
w
i
d
e
i
np
u
t
r
an
ge
,
so
ft
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
i
n
Zer
o
C
urre
nt
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
Z
C
S
)
a
nd
Zero
V
ol
ta
ge
S
w
itch
i
n
g
(
ZV
S
)
c
ond
iti
o
n
,
m
a
ximum
d
i
rec
t
pow
er
t
ra
nsfer
from
s
o
u
rc
e
t
o
l
oa
d
a
n
d
go
od
v
o
lta
ge
r
e
g
ula
t
io
n
t
h
ro
ugh
f
ix
ed
P
W
M
c
o
n
t
r
ol
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
opme
n
t
of
n
e
w
i
so
l
a
t
e
d
reso
na
nt
c
on
ver
t
e
r
i
s
co
ns
idere
d
[8].
I
n
deve
l
o
p
i
ng
t
he
new
iso
la
ted
reso
nan
t
c
on
ver
t
e
r
, sever
al pro
c
e
ss
es ha
s
be
e
n pla
n
ned
pro
p
e
rly
i
n
or
d
er
t
o
a
voi
d
the
dra
w
bac
k
s
and
m
a
i
n
tai
n
ing
the
so
ft
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
a
n
d
g
o
o
d
v
o
lta
ge
r
egu
l
at
i
on
a
l
o
ng
t
h
e
o
p
era
t
i
on.
T
he
proce
s
se
s
c
o
ns
i
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ele
c
ti
o
n
o
f
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
turns
ra
t
i
o,
th
e
d
e
si
gna
t
i
on
o
f
re
sona
n
t
t
ank
,
t
ran
s
fo
rmer
des
i
g
n
a
nd
d
e
a
d
time
se
lect
i
on
an
d
the
mos
t
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
t
h
i
ng,
t
h
e
se
l
e
c
t
ion
o
f
s
emico
ndu
ct
o
r
d
evic
e
s
[
7
].
B
e
si
d
e
s,
t
h
e
s
tu
dy
o
f p
r
ev
ious
w
orks o
n
iso
l
ate
d
D
C-D
C
re
s
ona
n
t
c
o
nve
rt
ers w
a
s r
eall
y
m
uch
hel
p
i
n o
r
de
r to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
th
e
new
i
s
ol
a
t
ed
r
es
o
n
ant
co
nv
e
r
ter.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
se
t
h
e
resea
r
ch
can
b
e
n
efi
t
s
the
strengths
and
rela
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
e
r
t
ain
im
porta
n
t
p
o
i
nts
of
t
he
p
re
vious
s
tu
d
i
es
i
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
t
h
e
c
i
rc
uit
d
e
si
gn
at
io
n
a
n
d
mo
d
e
s
o
f
opera
tio
ns.
Th
us,
t
h
e
new
d
e
vel
o
p
e
d
re
sona
n
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
o
pe
rates
m
uch
l
i
k
e
c
on
ve
nti
o
n
a
l
se
ri
e
s
r
eso
n
a
n
t
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
an
d
P
W
M
bo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
[3
].
T
h
e
n
ewly
p
ro
po
s
e
d
d
e
sig
n
ha
s
se
vera
l
m
o
d
i
fica
ti
o
n
s
to
t
h
e
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
se
ries
r
esona
nt
c
on
ve
rter,
LL
C
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
an
d
P
W
M
b
oo
st
c
on
verter
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
ob
ta
in
t
he
h
ig
h
efficiency over wide
input
r
ange under fixed-frequenc
y
con
t
rol
[1
0
-
12
].
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
sign
if
ic
a
n
t
ch
a
n
g
e
s
on
the
pro
pose
d
c
irc
u
it
i
s
a
d
d
i
ng
bidire
c
tio
na
l
A
C
s
w
itc
h
o
n
s
ec
on
dar
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
o
f
c
i
rcu
i
t.
T
he
b
idire
c
t
i
on
a
l
A
C
sw
it
c
h
i
s
MO
S
F
ET
(Me
t
a
l
O
x
i
de
S
e
m
i
c
ond
uc
tor
F
i
e
l
d
E
ffec
t
T
ra
nsi
st
or).
T
he
pur
p
o
se
o
f
a
d
d
i
ng
bi
dire
ct
io
na
l
A
C
s
w
i
tch
o
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
ary
w
i
n
d
i
ng
is
t
o
ut
i
l
iz
i
ng
i
t
s
h
i
g
h
f
re
que
nc
y
for
r
e
gula
t
ion
ca
pa
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
,
e
ithe
r
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
has
lo
ad
o
r
no
lo
a
d
by
u
s
in
g
P
W
M
b
o
os
t
c
o
n
v
erter
de
sig
n
a
nd
o
pera
ti
on
c
once
p
t
[4,
1
3
,
14].
Be
si
des,
it
he
lps
to
m
ax
imiz
e
t
h
e
d
i
re
ct
p
ow
er
t
ra
nsfe
r
fr
om
s
our
ce
to
l
oad
and
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g
go
o
d
w
i
de
r
an
ge
o
f
re
gu
l
a
t
i
on
i
n
i
t
s
oper
a
t
i
on,
t
hus
i
nc
rea
s
ing
t
h
e
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r’s
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
[
15
-18
]
.
Th
e
p
a
p
e
r
su
gg
e
s
t
s
t
h
e
p
ro
po
sed
co
nv
erte
r
sh
a
l
l
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
hi
gh
D
C
-
DC
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
nve
rs
ion
r
a
t
i
o,
r
egu
l
ates
t
he
o
utp
u
t
trans
f
or
me
r
vol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
r
educ
e
the
sw
i
t
chi
n
g
l
o
sses
w
h
en
M
O
S
F
E
T
s
w
i
tc
he
s
o
n
prim
ary
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
con
v
er
t
e
r’s
t
ra
nsform
er
achi
e
ve
Z
V
S
.
The
new
pro
pose
d
r
eso
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
has
be
e
n
d
es
ig
ne
d,
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
modi
fic
a
t
i
on
o
f
s
e
r
ies
resona
nt
c
on
ve
rter
a
nd
P
W
M
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
ve
rt
er
t
hat
ut
iliz
ize
s
t
he
h
ig
h
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
of
A
C
bi
dire
ct
io
na
l
s
w
it
c
h
t
o
o
v
erc
o
me
a
ll
w
e
ak
n
e
sses
of
p
re
vio
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
co
nver
t
e
r
s.
T
he
t
op
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
pro
pos
ed
con
v
er
t
e
r
inc
l
ude
s
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
ope
rat
i
o
n
s
,
desi
gn
i
n
g
p
r
oce
dur
e
a
n
d
co
mp
on
e
n
t
s
s
e
l
ec
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
pro
pose
d
r
eson
ant c
o
n
v
erter
.
2.
CIRCUIT CO
NFIGRAT
ON
A
N
D
OPERATI
O
N
MODE
S
The
prop
ose
d
i
sola
t
e
d
r
e
so
na
nt
c
o
nver
t
e
r
h
a
s
8
m
od
es
o
f
opera
t
i
o
n
s.
T
he
c
on
ve
rter
c
onsis
ts
o
f
4
MO
S
F
ETs
N
-Cha
nne
l
o
n
t
he
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
w
in
di
ng
of
t
ra
nsfor
m
er
t
o
m
i
t
i
ga
t
e
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
c
o
un
t
as
t
he
y
form
a
f
ul
l
bri
dge
s
w
i
tc
h
netw
ork,
S
1,
S
2,
S
3
and
S
4
.
The
a
ddi
ti
o
n
al
o
f
tw
o
d
r
a
in-c
on
nec
t
e
d
o
f
MO
S
F
ETs
a
t
t
h
e
seco
nda
ry
w
indi
n
g
o
f
tra
n
sfo
r
mer
as
b
idire
c
t
i
o
nal
sw
i
t
ch,
S
5
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
he
c
onve
rter
t
o
op
era
t
e
in
c
o
nve
nti
ona
l
series
r
e
s
ona
n
t
c
on
v
e
rter
m
od
e
duri
n
g
O
F
F
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
a
n
d
P
W
M
b
o
o
st
c
o
nve
r
t
er
m
ode
d
uri
ng
O
N
c
on
d
i
t
i
on.
T
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
r
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
e
i
t
h
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
a
r
e
sona
nt
i
n
duc
tor
o
r
a
l
e
a
k
ag
e
in
duc
ta
nce
.
Th
e
n
an
d
Lm
fr
o
m
the
c
ir
cui
t
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
the
t
ur
ns
r
at
io
a
nd m
a
gne
t
i
z
i
n
g
in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
. The r
e
so
na
nt
in
duc
t
o
r
,
L
r
al
on
g
w
ith
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
esona
n
t
capa
c
it
ors,
C
r
1
a
n
d
Cr2
d
et
erm
i
ning
the
series
r
e
s
on
a
n
t
fr
eq
uen
c
y,
f
r
for
t
h
e
sw
itc
h
netw
or
k
o
p
er
a
t
i
on.
T
h
e
L
m
val
u
e
is
l
ar
ger
tha
n
L
r,
w
hi
le
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
c
a
p
ac
it
or,
Co
v
a
l
ue
i
s
l
a
rg
er
t
h
a
n
C
r
1
an
d
C
r
2
co
mbi
n
ed
,
wh
i
c
h
al
so
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
act
o
r
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
h
e
con
v
e
rt
er
t
o
op
era
t
e
in
s
eri
e
s
resona
nt
m
o
d
e
dur
ing
S
5
i
s
O
F
F
.
T
he
u
t
i
l
i
zati
o
n
of
P
CS
i
n
P
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
st
ep
s
u
p
t
h
e
l
o
w
v
ol
t
a
g
e
i
nt
o
hi
gh
vo
lta
ge. Besi
de
s,
t
he
i
so
la
ted
D
C
–
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
type
p
ro
vi
des
t
h
e
i
s
o
l
at
io
n
betwe
e
n
s
o
u
rc
e
an
d
loa
d
s
whic
h
is
n
ec
essary.
O
t
her
t
h
an
t
ha
t
,
it a
l
s
o
tr
acks
th
e
m
a
ximum
pow
e
r
poin
t
of P
V
m
odu
l
e
e
ffe
c
tive
l
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A bi
dire
c
t
i
ona
l
re
sonan
t
co
nv
erter
b
a
se
d on
wide
in
pu
t ra
n
g
e
an
d … (
I
bra
h
im
Al
ham
ro
u
n
i)
1
471
F
i
gur
e 1.
The
circ
u
i
t
c
o
n
fi
g
t
at
ion
o
f
the
pro
p
o
se
d
con
v
erte
r
2.1.
Mod
e
1 an
d
mod
e
5
The
c
i
rc
u
i
t
o
p
e
r
ates
i
n
P
W
M
boos
t
mo
de
.
The
p
o
s
i
t
i
ve
v
ol
tage
i
s
g
e
n
era
t
ed
w
he
n
sw
i
t
c
h
S
1
a
nd
S
4
are
O
N
dur
i
n
g
Mo
de
1
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
ther
h
a
n
d,
t
he
s
w
i
tc
h
S
2
a
nd
S
3
g
en
era
t
e
s
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
du
rin
g
M
ode
5
w
h
e
n
b
o
t
h
ar
e
O
N
.
Bidirec
tio
na
l
sw
i
t
c
h
,
S5
i
s
O
N
.
T
he
s
e
c
on
da
ry
w
in
d
i
ng
of
t
rans
for
m
e
r
i
s
shorte
d
d
u
e
t
o
nea
r
l
y
zer
o
c
u
rre
nt
a
n
d
vol
ta
g
e
acr
oss
lea
k
a
g
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
anc
e
,
Lr
a
n
d
c
a
p
ac
it
or
C
r1.
D
u
r
i
ng
t
he
M
o
d
e
5,
t
he
S
2
and
S
3
a
re
ON
and ge
nera
t
e
t
he
n
ega
t
iv
e
vol
tage
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
O
p
e
r
ati
o
n m
odes
;
(a
)
mode
1,
and
(
b
) m
ode
5
2.2.
Mod
e
2 an
d
mod
e
6
Th
e
ci
rcui
t
op
era
t
es
a
s
c
onv
en
tio
n
a
l
s
e
ri
e
s
r
e
s
on
a
n
t
con
v
e
rt
er
as
t
he
b
id
i
r
ecti
o
na
l
swi
t
c
h
,
S
5
i
s
OFF.
The
re
sona
nt
i
nduc
tor,
L
r
ha
s
bee
n
c
ha
rge
d
c
om
pl
e
t
e
l
y
dur
in
g
pr
e
v
i
ous
s
t
a
g
e
s
(M
ode
1
a
nd
M
od
e
5
)
a
nd
di
sc
harge
d
af
t
e
r
enteri
ng the
s
e
stage
s
t
hrou
g
h
t
he capa
c
i
to
r
du
o, Cr1 a
n
d
Cr2. Whe
n
th
e
sw
itc
h S
1
a
n
d
S
4 ar
e
O
N
duri
n
g
Mo
de
2
,
the
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
ope
ra
tes
i
n
pos
it
ive
d
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
,
wh
il
e
vi
c
e
v
e
r
s
a
w
h
e
n
S
2
a
nd
S
3
a
r
e
ON
dur
in
g M
ode
6
.
2.3.
Mod
e
3 an
d
mod
e
7
The
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r opera
te
s in
i
dle
mode
.
D
u
rin
g
t
he
se
s
t
a
ges,
t
h
e
c
ur
rent
o
f
i
n
duc
t
o
r
Lr
d
ec
li
nes t
o
z
e
r
o.
Be
s
i
de
s,
t
he
re
i
s
no
dir
ect
pow
er
t
ran
s
fe
r
betw
ee
n
s
our
ce
a
nd
l
o
a
d
s
a
s
th
e
co
nv
erte
r
wo
rk
s
wi
t
h
f
ix
ed
fre
que
nc
y.
A
lso,
t
he
z
ero
vo
lta
ge
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
(
ZV
S)
i
s
a
c
hie
v
e
d
o
n
the
prima
r
y
w
i
nd
in
g
an
d
ze
ro
c
urrent
swi
t
c
h
i
n
g
(ZCS)
i
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
sec
onda
ry
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
u
til
i
ze
d
s
m
a
l
l
curr
en
t
a
l
l
o
ws
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
t
o
opera
te c
l
o
s
e
t
o ser
i
e
s
re
s
on
a
n
t fr
eq
ue
ncy.
2.4.
Mod
e
4 an
d
mod
e
8
These
sta
g
es
a
re
t
he
d
e
a
d
tim
e
peri
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
nver
t
er
.
The
m
a
g
ne
t
i
z
i
n
g
in
duc
tor,
L
m
has
t
h
e
ma
ximum
curr
ent
va
lu
e
to
s
up
p
l
i
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
nv
e
r
ter
dur
in
g
Mo
de
4
.
Th
e
S
2
a
n
d
S3
a
re
t
u
r
n
on
unde
r
ZV
S
con
d
i
t
i
on.
D
ur
i
n
g
M
ode
8
,
t
h
e
S
2
a
n
d
S
3
a
r
e
in
itia
l
l
y
o
ff.
T
he
cu
rre
n
t
i
n
L
m
rea
c
h
es
i
t
s
m
in
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
,
cha
r
ges t
h
e
par
a
sitic
c
a
p
ac
i
t
an
ce
of S2
a
nd
S3 a
nd d
i
sc
har
g
ing
th
ose
of
S
1 a
nd S
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
146
9
– 1
475
1
472
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
O
p
e
r
ati
o
n m
odes
;
(a
)
mode
2,
and
(
b
) m
ode
6
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
O
p
e
r
ati
o
n m
odes
;
(a
)
mode
3
,
and
(
b
) m
ode
7
(a)
(b)
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
O
p
e
r
ati
o
n m
odes
;
(a
)
mode
4
,
and
(
b
) m
ode
8
3.
PROPO
S
E
D
CONVERT
ER PARAMET
RES
DESIGN
The
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
als
o
d
es
ig
ne
d
t
o
p
ro
duc
e
o
u
t
p
ut
pow
er
o
f
35
0W.
A
s
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
ma
ximum
ou
tpu
t
A
C
vol
ta
g
e
o
f
230V
,
th
e
con
v
er
t
e
r
al
s
o
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
p
ro
duc
e
D
C
vol
ta
ge
o
f
325
V
.
T
he
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
ti
m
e
,
Ts
i
s
se
t
a
t
6
0µs
a
nd
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
ue
nc
y
is
s
e
t
a
t
1
7
kH
z
w
h
ic
h
ba
sed
on
L
L
C
re
son
a
n
t
con
v
er
t
e
r
t
o
po
l
o
g
y
i
n
[1
3].
In
d
es
i
g
nin
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
ona
nt
t
a
nk,
f
ir
s
t
t
h
i
n
g
f
i
r
s
t
i
s
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
resona
nt
i
n
d
u
c
tor,
L
r.
T
h
e
i
nte
r
nal
re
ac
ta
nce
o
f
r
eso
n
a
n
t
i
n
duc
t
o
r,
X
Lr
a
nd
r
e
so
na
nt
c
a
p
a
c
it
or,
X
C
r
i
s
s
et
a
t
12.9
4
Ω
w
h
i
c
h
a
ls
o
ba
se
d
on
LLC
r
eso
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
erter
t
opo
lo
g
y
.
The
l
a
r
g
e
L
r
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
o
r
M
o
d
e
1
and
M
ode
2
t
o
la
st
l
o
nge
r
tha
n
M
o
d
e
3.
T
h
i
s
is
b
e
caus
e
t
her
e
’s
no
p
o
we
r
t
r
ans
f
er
f
rom
loa
d
t
o
so
urce
i
n
Mo
de
3
b
esi
d
es
b
y
min
i
mi
z
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
o
p
e
r
ati
o
n
m
o
de
p
e
r
io
d,
i
t
w
i
l
l
i
n
cre
a
se
t
h
e
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
p
o
w
er
con
v
er
sio
n
.
The
value
o
f
Lr
can be
dete
rmi
n
ed
a
s
;
Lr
(
1
)
Mea
n
w
h
ile,
th
e
r
e
sona
nt
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
rs,
Cr1
and
Cr
2
a
r
e
c
hose
n
b
ase
d
o
n
t
he
r
eso
n
an
t
fre
que
n
c
y
nee
d
e
d
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
r
i
p
ple
vo
ltage
a
cros
s
th
ose
capa
c
itor
s
c
a
n
n
o
t
e
xc
e
e
d
the
i
r
ow
n
D
C
v
o
ltage
.
T
h
e
D
C
vo
lta
ge
v
a
l
ue
o
f
the
c
a
p
ac
it
ors
is
h
a
l
f
of
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
age
v
a
l
ue.
Th
e
vo
lta
ge
s
tre
s
s
a
c
ross
S
5
a
nd
th
e
resona
nt
c
a
p
a
c
it
ors ca
n be
re
du
ced
b
y selec
t
ing
the
l
o
w
e
r
Cr va
l
u
e
.
T
he Cr
value
can
b
e d
e
term
ine
d
a
s ;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A bi
dire
c
t
i
ona
l
re
sonan
t
co
nv
erter
b
a
se
d on
wide
in
pu
t ra
n
g
e
an
d … (
I
bra
h
im
Al
ham
ro
u
n
i)
1
473
Cr
(
2
)
O
n
the
o
ther
h
and,
t
he
r
eso
n
a
n
t fr
eq
ue
nc
y, F
r
of the
c
on
ver
t
e
r
b
a
sed on
Cr
is de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
as
;
Fr
(
3
)
I
t
i
s
mor
e
i
m
porta
nt
t
o
c
hoos
e
suita
bl
e
val
u
e
of
m
agne
tiz
ing
in
d
u
ct
a
n
ce,
L
m
to
o
b
t
a
i
n
the
des
i
red
ou
tc
ome
.
S
til
l
,
c
h
oos
ing
t
h
e
la
rger
v
a
l
ue
o
f
Lm
over
Lr
i
s
ne
ce
ssar
y
t
o
c
o
m
p
en
sate
t
he
c
irc
u
la
ti
ng
c
ur
re
nt
o
n
prima
r
y w
i
nd
i
ng, t
h
u
s m
a
x
i
mizin
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
t
ra
nsfer fr
om sour
ce
to l
o
ad bes
i
d
es
i
nc
r
easin
g
t
h
e
e
ffi
cienc
y
of
pow
er
c
o
nvers
io
n.
T
he
L
m
is
20
tim
es
b
i
g
g
e
r
tha
n
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
Lr
.
L
a
s
t
b
u
t
no
t
lea
s
t
,
i
f
t
h
e
inp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r is gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
ha
n t
h
e nom
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
tag
e
,
the S5 d
u
t
y
cycl
e
bec
o
me
s ze
ro a
n
d
t
he P
W
M
from
t
h
e
prim
ary
side
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
w
i
l
l
p
rov
i
des
the
c
o
nve
rsi
on
r
a
t
i
o
t
h
a
t
l
e
ss
t
h
a
n
th
e
se
ri
es
r
e
s
on
an
t
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r.
I
f
th
e
i
n
put
vo
lta
ge
o
f
the
con
v
er
t
e
r
is
l
e
ss
th
an
t
he
n
o
m
inal
v
ol
t
a
ge,
t
h
e
u
til
iza
t
i
on
of
b
i
d
irec
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
w
itch
w
i
l
l
p
rov
i
d
e
the c
o
n
v
ersi
on
ra
t
i
o
t
h
a
t
g
rea
t
er
t
ha
n ser
i
e
s
re
s
ona
n
t
co
nve
r
t
e
r.
The
numbe
r of turns,
n c
a
n be
expr
esse
d a
s
;
n
(4
)
4.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
The
si
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
ert
e
r
is
done
b
y
MA
TLA
B
20
1
6b
ve
rsi
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
v
erte
r
wa
s
de
si
g
n
ed
a
s
sug
g
es
t
e
d
in
p
r
e
vi
ous
c
sec
t
io
n.
B
y
usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
them
atica
l
f
or
mu
la
s
how
n
i
n
p
rev
i
ous
s
e
c
ti
o
n
,
the
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
w
a
s
de
sig
n
e
d
t
o
ful
f
ill
the
re
qu
ire
m
e
n
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
D
C
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
b
e
in
ve
rte
d
b
y
the
inve
rter
f
or
A
C
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
r
ange
1
2
0
V
a
c
-
2
30V
a
c
.
With
t
he
i
m
p
lem
e
nta
t
ion
o
f
M
O
SF
ETs
a
s
bi
direc
tio
na
l
sw
i
t
c
h
o
n
seco
nda
ry
w
in
di
n
g
,
th
is
h
y
b
rid
c
o
nvert
er
y
i
e
ld
s
gre
a
ter
co
nve
rs
i
o
n
rat
i
o
t
ha
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
s
t
e
p
u
p
D
C
-
D
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
an
d
PWM
bo
os
t
c
o
n
v
erter
wi
th
s
ma
l
l
e
r
t
ransform
er
t
ur
n
s
ra
ti
o
a
nd
s
m
all
e
r
re
sona
nt
t
an
k
para
me
ters.
The
co
nve
r
t
er
w
as
d
esi
gne
d
to
h
ave
the
in
pu
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
t
r
ange
1
5V
t
o
50V
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
mu
st
h
av
e
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
i
np
ut
v
olt
a
g
e
o
f
30
V
a
n
d
le
ss
t
o
b
e
o
per
a
ted
u
nder
t
h
e
norma
l
A
C
s
w
itc
h
opera
tio
n
i
n
o
rde
r
t
o
be
p
ro
d
u
ced
b
y
i
n
ve
rt
er
f
or
A
C
ou
tp
ut
vol
tage
o
f
1
20V
a
c
–
2
3
0
V
a
c.
T
hus
t
he
c
hos
e
n
nomi
n
a
l
i
n
put
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
3
0
V
.
F
igure
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
me
asure
d
g
a
t
e
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d
col
l
e
cto
r
vol
t
a
g
e
o
f
all
swit
c
h
es
(S
1
–
S
4
)
at
f
u
l
l
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n.
T
he
c
o
l
le
c
t
or
v
o
lta
ge
V
D
S
d
ro
ppe
d
to
z
ero,
b
e
f
ore
the
s
w
itc
hes
w
e
re
t
urne
d
on.
T
h
u
s,
a
l
l
t
h
e
sw
itches
w
e
re
turne
d
on a
t
Z
V
S
.
F
i
gur
e 6.
Mea
s
u
r
e
d
w
a
vef
o
rms
of the
ga
t
e
v
o
l
ta
ge a
n
d
dra
in
volt
ag
e fo
r ea
c
h
swi
t
c
h
se
p
a
ra
t
e
ly
A
s
t
he
4
p
ow
e
r
M
O
S
F
ETs
s
orte
d
as
f
u
ll-
bri
dge
s
w
itc
h
on
prima
r
y
wi
nd
i
n
g
of
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
,
th
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
o
u
t
put
v
olt
a
g
e
p
ro
du
c
e
vol
t
a
g
e
p
e
a
k
to
p
eak
A
C
340
.
6V
from
t
h
e
3
0
V
in
put
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
Th
e
trans
f
or
me
r
outp
u
t
vol
ta
ge
p
eake
d
a
t
m
a
xi
m
u
m
va
lue
1
7
1
.8V
and
m
ini
m
um
v
alue
-
168.
9V
a
s
sh
o
w
n
in
F
i
gure
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
146
9
– 1
475
1
474
F
i
gure
7.
T
ransfor
m
e
r
out
pu
t vo
l
t
a
g
e
V
t
o
F
i
gure
8. Me
a
s
u
red
w
a
ve
form
of
re
sona
nt
i
nduc
tor
cur
r
ent
iL
r
F
i
gure
9.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
V
o
Wi
t
h
a
no
t
h
er
i
nsta
llm
en
t
o
f
M
O
S
F
ETs
on
sec
onda
ry
w
i
n
di
n
g
o
f
c
o
n
ver
t
e
r
a
s
b
i
dire
c
t
i
ona
l
sw
it
c
h
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
sfo
r
mer
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
re
gu
l
a
t
e
d
an
d
boo
st
ed
.
Th
u
s
,
pr
o
duce
t
h
e
D
C
v
o
l
tage
o
utp
u
t
of
3
2
7
.
7
V
as
show
n
i
n
F
igu
r
e
9
.
T
he
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
l
osse
s
w
e
re
cause
d
b
y
t
he
e
le
m
e
n
t
calle
d
para
sit
i
c
capa
c
i
ta
nce
.
T
h
i
s
elem
en
t
is
una
vo
ida
b
l
e
w
he
n
the
trans
i
s
t
or
s,
d
io
des
a
nd
o
t
her
c
om
p
one
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
h
a
v
e
i
n
te
rnal
c
a
p
ac
ita
n
c
e
are
draw
c
l
o
se
t
o
e
a
c
h
o
t
he
r
i
n
t
h
e
c
irc
u
i
t
.
The
pro
pose
d
c
on
v
e
rter
a
lso
ha
s
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
l
osse
s
but
it
w
a
s
to
o
sma
l
l
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
e
p
u
p
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
H
R
C
ha
s
th
e
att
a
ch
me
n
t
o
f
M
O
SFETs
o
n
seco
nda
ry
w
i
n
di
n
g
t
o
re
d
u
ce
t
he
s
w
itc
h
i
ng
l
osse
s.
I
n
this
c
on
te
s
t
,
the
pr
op
ose
d
c
o
nve
rter
i
s
mor
e
r
elia
b
l
e
than step
up DC-DC converter.
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
pr
op
ose
d
r
esona
nt
c
o
n
ve
rter,
H
RC
ha
s
pro
v
en
t
ha
t
it
ca
n
y
i
e
ld
h
ig
h
e
r
conve
rs
ion
rati
o
o
f
t
he
vo
lta
ge
t
ha
n
a
ny
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
son
a
nt
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r,
b
es
i
d
e
s
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
in
g
t
he
t
r
a
nsfo
rm
e
r
outp
u
t
v
olta
ge
t
o
pro
v
i
de
a
sufficie
n
t v
o
lta
ge
s
u
p
p
l
y
for
t
he in
v
e
r
ter i
n
t
he P
V
syst
e
m
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
io
n
,
t
he
desi
g
ned D
C
-
D
C co
nver
t
e
r
is abl
e
to
t
rac
k
the M
P
P
o
f P
V
pane
l
s w
h
i
l
e
oper
a
t
i
ng u
nder th
e differe
nt
i
npu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
s.
T
hu
s
,
H
RC
h
as
f
ul
fi
ll
ed
t
he
criter
i
a
a
n
d
g
o
a
ls.
Th
e imple
m
enta
ti
o
n
o
f
t
w
o M
O
S
F
ETs
a
s
b
i
dire
c
t
i
ona
l
sw
itc
h
o
n
t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
ary
w
i
n
d
in
g of
con
v
er
t
e
r’s
t
ra
nsf
o
rm
er
h
a
s
a
lso
he
l
p
e
d
r
ed
uc
in
g
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
l
oss
e
s
t
hat
o
c
cur
a
f
ter
t
h
e
f
u
ll
bri
d
ge
M
O
S
F
ETs
on
the
prima
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
a
ch
ieve
s
ZV
S
.
A
lth
o
ugh
H
R
C
has
8
di
ffere
n
t
m
odes
of
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on,
t
he
s
u
ita
b
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A bi
dire
c
t
i
ona
l
re
sonan
t
co
nv
erter
b
a
se
d on
wide
in
pu
t ra
n
g
e
an
d … (
I
bra
h
im
Al
ham
ro
u
n
i)
1
475
i
n
j
ecti
o
n
o
f
s
wi
t
c
hi
ng
fre
qu
e
n
c
y
o
n
th
e
MOSFETs
m
a
d
e
th
e
co
nv
er
t
e
r
swi
t
c
hi
ng
t
he
m
o
d
e
a
ft
e
r
m
od
e
v
e
ry
fa
st
a
nd
sm
o
o
t
h.
A
fter
a
ll,
H
R
C
i
s
the bes
t
r
esona
nt
D
C-D
C
c
o
n
v
erte
r
to be
imp
l
em
en
te
d
o
n
m
od
u
l
ar
P
CS
o
f
P
V
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
,
H
R
C
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
as
o
n
e
p
art
in
m
o
d
u
l
ar
P
C
S
.
It
w
ill
be
a
D
C
-A
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r,
t
hus
r
ed
u
c
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
one
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
t
o
be
u
s
ed.
F
u
rt
her
re
sear
ch
a
nd
deve
l
o
pm
ent
o
f
the
r
ecom
m
e
n
d
ed
p
r
o
j
e
ct
w
i
ll
be
c
o
n
s
i
de
red.
W
it
h
o
n
e
con
d
i
t
i
on,
t
he
c
on
verte
r
m
us
t
pro
d
u
ce
su
fficie
n
t
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
to u
t
ili
t
y
grid
w
i
t
h
goo
d
vo
lt
age
re
gu
lat
i
on.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
w
o
u
l
d
like
t
o
e
xpr
ess the
i
r
grat
itu
de
to U
n
iv
er
siti
K
ua
l
a
Lum
pur for su
p
p
o
rt
in
g an
d
fu
n
d
i
n
g th
i
s
r
ese
a
rc
h un
der
grant
N
o
.
str18
0
05.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
A.
C
i
o
cia,
V
.
A
.
B
oi
cea,
G
.
Ch
i
cco,
P
.
D
i
Leo,
A
.
Mazza,
E
.
P
o
n
s,
e
t
al
.,
"
Volt
ag
e
Control
in
L
o
w
-Voltage
G
rids
Us
in
g
D
i
stri
buted
P
ho
to
volt
a
ic
C
o
n
v
e
rters
and
Cen
t
rali
zed
D
ev
ic
es,
"
IEEE Trans
a
cti
ons
on
Industr
y
App
licat
i
ons,
vo
l.
55,
p
p
.
2
25
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,
2
01
9.
[2]
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A
lha
m
rou
n
i
,
M
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Rah
m
at,
F
.
I
smai
l
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M
.
Sal
e
m,
A
.
Jusoh
, an
d
T
.
S
u
t
i
k
n
o
,
"
D
e
sign
and
dev
e
lop
m
ent
of
SE
P
IC
D
C-
DC
b
oo
st
c
onv
erter
f
o
r
ph
oto
volt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
cati
o
n
,
"
In
te
rn
atio
na
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l of
Po
we
r E
l
e
c
tron
ic
s an
d Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s
(I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
vol.
1
0
,
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, 2
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M
.
A
.
G
.
D
e
B
r
i
t
o
,
L
.
G
a
l
o
t
t
o
,
L
.
P
.
S
a
m
p
a
i
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,
G
.
d
.
A
.
e
M
e
l
o
,
a
n
d
C.
A
.
Ca
ne
si
n,
"
Ev
a
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
ma
in
M
P
P
T
tech
niq
u
es
f
or
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
ap
pli
cati
ons,"
IEEE transac
tion
s
on
industrial e
l
ect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.
60
,
pp
.
11
56
-11
6
7
,
20
13
.
[4]
T.
E
sram
a
n
d
P
.
L.
C
h
a
pm
an,
"Com
p
a
ri
so
n
of
p
hot
ov
oltaic
a
rray
m
axi
m
um
p
o
w
er
p
o
i
nt
t
racki
n
g
t
echn
i
qu
es,"
IEEE Transac
t
i
ons
on energy con
version
,
v
o
l
. 22
,
p
p. 4
39
-44
9
,
20
0
7
.
[5]
T
.
L
a
B
e
l
l
a
,
W
.
Y
u
,
J
.
-
S
.
J
.
L
a
i
,
M
.
S
e
n
e
s
k
y
,
a
n
d
D
.
A
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
"
A
b
i
di
rectio
n
a
l
-
sw
i
t
ch
-bas
ed
w
id
e-in
pu
t
ran
g
e
hi
gh
-effi
c
ien
c
y
is
olat
ed
r
eso
n
ant
co
nv
erter
fo
r
p
h
o
t
o
voltai
c
a
p
plic
ati
o
ns
,"
IEEE
t
r
a
n
s
a
cti
ons on
power elect
ro
nics,
vo
l.
29,
p
p
.
3
47
3
-
34
84
,
2
014
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[6]
M
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
A
.
J
u
s
o
h
,
N
.
R
.
N
.
I
d
r
i
s
,
T
.
S
u
t
i
k
n
o
,
a
n
d
Y
.
M
.
Y
.
B
u
swi
g
,
"
P
h
as
e-sh
if
t
e
d
S
e
ries
R
e
s
on
ant
Conv
erter
with
Z
ero
Voltage
S
w
it
ch
i
n
g
T
u
rn-o
n
and
V
a
riab
le
F
requ
e
n
cy
C
on
t
rol
,
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
Jou
r
n
a
l
of Po
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
8
, p
p.
118
4-1
1
9
2
,
201
7.
[7]
R
.
B
e
i
r
a
n
v
a
n
d
,
B
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
i
a
n
,
M
.
R
.
Z
o
l
g
h
a
d
r
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
H
.
A
l
a
v
i,
"
A
de
sign
p
ro
c
e
d
ure
fo
r
op
timiz
in
g
th
e
LLC
reso
nant
c
on
verter
a
s
a
w
i
d
e
outpu
t
rang
e
vo
lt
a
g
e
so
urce,
"
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
ons on Po
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs
,
vo
l.
2
7,
p
p
.
37
49
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3,
2
0
1
2
.
[8]
R
.
B
e
i
r
a
n
v
a
n
d
,
B
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
i
a
n
,
M
.
R
.
Z
o
l
g
h
a
d
r
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
H
.
A
l
a
v
i
,
"
U
s
i
ng
LLC
reso
nan
t
c
on
vert
er
f
o
r
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
wi
de-rang
e vo
lt
a
g
e s
o
u
r
ce,"
IEEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
ions
on
Indu
stri
al El
e
c
tr
oni
cs
,
vol.
58,
p
p
.
1
746
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56,
20
1
1
.
[9]
M.
S
al
em,
A.
J
u
s
oh
,
N.
N
.
Idri
s,
T
.
Su
tikn
o
,
a
nd
I
.
Ab
i
d
,
"Z
VS
F
u
ll
Brid
ge
S
eries
Reso
nan
t
B
oost
Co
nvert
er
w
ith
S
e
ries
-Co
n
n
ected
T
ran
s
f
o
rm
er,"
In
tern
atio
nal Jo
ur
na
l of Power El
ectr
o
n
i
cs
an
d
D
r
i
ve Sys
t
ems
,
vol
.
8,
p
p.
8
1
2
-
82
5,
201
7.
[10]
H
.
H
u
,
X
.
F
a
n
g
,
F
.
C
h
e
n
,
Z
.
J
.
S
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
B
a
t
a
r
s
e
h
,
"
A
m
o
d
i
f
i
ed
h
igh
-
effici
ency
L
LC
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
w
ith
t
wo
tran
s
f
orm
e
rs
f
o
r
w
id
e
i
n
p
u
t
-
vo
l
t
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e
app
l
i
c
at
io
ns
,"
IE
E
E
Transactions on
Pow
e
r Elect
roni
cs
,
vo
l.
2
8,
pp.
19
46
-196
0,
2
0
1
3
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[11]
B.
-G.
Ch
un
g,
K
.-H.
Y
o
o
n
,
S
.
P
h
u
m
,
E.
-S.
Kim,
a
nd
J
.
-
S.
W
on
,
"A
no
vel
LLC
res
o
n
a
nt
c
onv
erter
f
o
r
wid
e
i
n
p
u
t
vo
lt
age an
d l
o
ad
r
ange,
"
i
n
8
t
h
Internat
io
nal
Conferen
c
e
on
P
o
w
er El
ectron
i
cs
-ECCE
A
s
i
a, p
p
.
2
8
2
5-2
8
3
0
. 2
01
1.
[12]
H.
C
hoi
a
nd
P
.
C.
T
eam,
"Desi
g
n
co
ns
iderat
io
n
s
f
o
r
a
n
L
L
C
res
o
n
ant
co
nvert
er,"
i
n
Fairch
il
d Po
wer
Semi
na
r
,
pp.
82
-3.
200
7.
[13]
W
.
Y
u
,
B
.
Y
o
r
k
,
a
n
d
J
.
-
S
.
L
a
i
,
"
Inductorless
f
or
w
a
rd-f
lyback
s
o
ft
-switch
i
n
g
c
on
vert
er
w
it
h
du
al
c
o
n
st
ant
on-tim
e
mo
du
la
tion
f
o
r
p
ho
tov
o
l
t
a
i
c
a
p
p
l
ic
a
tion
s
,
"
i
n
20
12
IEE
E
E
n
ergy
C
o
nversion
Congress and E
x
position
(
E
C
C
E
),
20
12
,
p
p
.
3
54
9-3
555
.
2
01
2.
[14]
Z.
L
i
a
ng,
R
.
G
u
o
,
J
.
Li
,
an
d
A.
Q
.
H
u
an
g,
"
A
hig
h
-effi
c
i
ency
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e-inte
g
r
ated
D
C/
DC
c
on
verter
f
or
P
V
energ
y
h
arvest
in F
R
EEDM
s
ystem
s
,"
IEEE
T
r
ans
act
i
ons on
Power
El
ectr
onics
,
v
o
l. 2
6,
p
p.
89
7
-
9
09
, 20
1
1
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[15]
I
.
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
n
i
,
W
.
I
.
H
a
n
i
s
,
M
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
F
.
M
.
A
l
b
a
t
s
h
,
a
n
d
B
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
"
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
E
V
bat
t
ery
charg
e
r
us
in
g
PWM
t
echn
i
q
u
e
an
d
hy
brid
r
es
on
ant,
"
in
2
0
16
IE
EE
Int
e
rnat
ion
a
l
Co
n
f
erence
on
P
o
wer
an
d
Energy (
P
ECon
)
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
13
8.
2
01
6.
[16]
M
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
A
.
J
u
s
o
h
,
N
.
R
.
N
.
I
d
r
i
s
,
H
.
S
.
D
a
s
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
n
i,
"
Res
onan
t
p
o
w
er
c
o
nvert
er
s
w
i
t
h
r
espect
t
o
pas
s
i
v
e
sto
r
age
(LC)
e
lem
e
nts
and
co
ntro
l
tech
niques
–
A
n
o
v
e
rvie
w,"
R
e
newab
l
e
an
d Sus
tain
ab
le
Ener
gy Revi
ews
,
vo
l.
91,
p
p
.
5
04
-520
,
2
01
8.
[17]
I.
A
lha
m
r
o
u
n
,
M.
S
ale
m
,
A
.
J
uso
h
,
N.
R
.
N
.
I
d
r
i
s
,
B
.
I
sma
il,
a
n
d
F.
M
.
Alb
a
tsh,
"
Co
mpa
r
is
on
o
f
two
a
n
d
fou
r
sw
it
ches
i
n
v
ert
e
r
f
eedi
n
g
s
e
ries
r
es
on
a
n
t
con
v
ert
e
r,
"
in
2
01
7
IEEE Con
f
eren
ce
o
n
En
e
r
gy Con
version
(
C
E
NCON
),
pp
.
3
34-3
3
8
.
2
0
1
7.
[18]
M
.
S
a
l
e
m
,
A
.
J
u
s
o
h
,
N
.
R
.
N
.
I
d
r
i
s
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
n
i
,
"
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
so
n
of
L
CL
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
ert
e
r
wi
th
f
ix
e
d
f
r
equ
e
ncy,
a
nd
v
a
riab
le
f
requ
ency
c
o
n
t
r
ol
lers,
"
i
n
2
017
IEEE Co
nfer
ence o
n
En
erg
y
Conv
er
si
on
(
CE
NCON
),
pp.
8
4
-8
9. 2
01
7.
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