Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
99
~
111
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp99
-
111
99
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Reactiv
e pow
er shari
ng among
distri
buted gen
erato
rs
i
n a
microgri
d by usi
ng virt
ual
current
Eder
A.
Mo
li
n
a
-
Viloria
1
,
Jo
hn
E.
C
an
del
o
-
Be
cerr
a
2
,
Fre
dy E. H
oyos V
el
as
co
3
1
Te
cno
logi
co
de
Antioqui
a
,
Insti
t
uci
ón
Univ
ersit
a
ria
,
Facu
lt
ad
de
I
ngeni
er
ía
,
Mede
l
lí
n,
Colom
b
ia
2
Univer
sidad
Na
ci
ona
l
de
Colo
m
bia
-
Sede
Mede
l
lí
n
-
Facultad
de
Minas
-
Dep
art
a
me
nto
de
Ene
rg
í
a
E
lé
c
trica
y
Automá
tica
,
Me
del
lí
n
,
Co
lom
bi
a
3
Univer
sidad
Na
ci
ona
l
de
Colo
m
bia
-
Sede
Mede
l
lí
n
-
Facultad
de
Cie
ncias
-
Escuela
d
e
Fís
ica, Me
del
lí
n
,
Co
lom
bi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
7
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
J
an
19
, 20
21
Accepte
d
Fe
b
5
, 2
0
2
1
Thi
s
p
ape
r
pre
s
ent
s
a
n
ew
aut
o
nomous
eff
ec
t
iv
e
power
distr
ibu
ti
on
cont
ro
l
strat
egy
fo
r
thr
e
e
-
phase
p
ara
l
lel
inve
rt
ers.
Th
e
pr
oposal
uses
a
co
ntrol
ler
th
at
ca
n
provid
e
th
e
sys
te
m
with
a
cc
ura
te
power
sharing
am
ong
distri
bute
d
gene
ra
tors
insta
l
le
d
in
th
e
mi
cr
o
grid
on
ce
some
l
oad
v
ariati
ons
ar
e
pr
ese
nt
e
d
in
the
n
et
work.
The
m
et
hodolog
y
uses
a
virt
u
al
cur
ren
t
loop
intr
oduce
d
in
to
the
cu
rre
nt
cont
r
oll
er
o
f
th
e
inv
er
te
r
to
optimi
ze
t
he
output signa
l
,
which
go
es
dire
c
tl
y
to
th
e
PWM.
Th
is
v
irtual
cur
r
ent
is
o
bta
in
ed
by
usin
g
a
v
irt
ua
l
im
ped
anc
e
loop
.
Further
more
,
a
smal
l
-
signa
l
mo
del
o
f
the
sys
tem
is
used
to
che
ck
stab
il
i
ty
of
the
proposed
cont
ro
l
str
ateg
y,
whi
ch
was
d
eve
lop
ed
for
isla
nd
mode
op
era
t
ion
of
th
e
m
ic
rogrid
.
Si
mul
a
ti
ons
were
p
erf
o
rme
d
fo
r
a
mi
cro
gr
id
wi
th
two
g
ene
r
at
or
s
and
a
loa
d
with
fiv
e
households
and
im
plemented
in
MA
TL
AB/S
imulink
softwar
e.
The
result
s
show
tha
t
th
e
mode
l
provid
es
a
wide
ma
rg
i
n
of
st
abi
l
it
y
a
nd
a
rap
id
r
esponse
when
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
lo
ads
cha
nge
,
thus
fu
lfi
lling
the
re
active
power
shar
ing
a
mong
gene
ra
tors.
The
proposed
m
et
h
od
show
s
a
la
rg
e
m
arg
in
of
sta
bil
it
y
and
a
rap
id
tra
nsien
t
r
e
spons
e
of
th
e
sys
te
m
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Distrib
uted ge
ner
at
io
n
M
ic
r
ogrid
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
s
har
i
ng
Virtual c
urre
nt
Virtual im
pe
da
nce
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Fr
e
dy E. H
oyos Vela
sc
o
Un
i
ver
si
dad Na
ci
on
al
de
C
olo
m
bia, S
e
de M
edell
ín
Faculta
d de Ci
encias, E
scuela
d
e
Físi
ca
Ca
rr
era
65 N
o. 59A
–
11
0,
Me
dellí
n,
0500
34, C
olombia
Emai
l:
feho
yo
s
ve@u
nal.edu.c
o
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
yea
rs
,
there
has
bee
n
a
tre
nd
to
wa
rd
t
he
decen
tra
li
zat
ion
of
el
ect
rici
ty
generati
on
;
he
nce
,
the
pen
et
rati
on
of
distrib
ut
ed
ge
ner
at
io
n
(
DG)
has
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
inc
reased
a
nd
m
ic
rogr
id
s
(
M
G
s)
a
re
becomi
ng
a
n
i
mporta
nt
co
nc
ept
to
i
ntegr
at
e
these
gen
e
r
a
ti
on
un
it
s
[1]
.
Th
us
,
t
he
MG
c
on
ce
pt
has
bee
n
introd
uced
as
a
ve
ry
e
ff
ect
ive
te
chnolo
gy
to
i
nteg
rate
re
ne
w
able
e
nerg
y
s
ources
in
the
network
[2]
a
nd,
wh
e
n
com
par
e
d
with
conve
ntion
al
distrib
ution
syst
ems,
ne
w
part
ia
l
sy
ste
ms
can
ope
rate
ei
ther
w
hile
co
nn
ec
te
d
t
o
the
main
po
w
er
gri
d
or
isol
at
ed
m
od
e
op
erati
on
[
3],
[
4]
.
A
droop
c
ontr
ol
sche
me
i
s
ge
ner
al
ly
use
d
by
par
al
le
li
ng
m
ul
ti
pl
e
inv
e
rters
[
5]
–
[7]
i
n
whic
h
the
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d
f
reque
nc
y
of
eac
h
i
nverter
a
re
adj
ust
ed
in
order t
o
c
ontr
ol
the acti
ve
a
nd
r
eact
ive
powe
r.
In
an
M
G
in
i
sla
nd
ope
rati
on
mode,
powe
r
m
us
t
be
pro
per
l
y
s
hared
to
l
oad
s
by
the
m
ulti
ple
D
G
un
it
s
t
hat
c
onform
t
he
netw
ork.
Co
nventi
on
al
ly
,
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd
volt
age
mag
nitud
e
dr
oop
c
ontr
ol
is
adopted
with
the
ob
je
ct
ive
to
sh
a
re
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
i
n
a
n
MG,
an
d
performe
d
in
a
decen
t
r
al
iz
ed
man
ner
with
ou
t
us
in
g
a
ny
co
mmunica
ti
on
be
tween
D
G
un
it
s
[1
]
,
[
3],
[8]
,
[
9]
.
I
n
this
c
on
t
ro
l
cat
e
gor
y,
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
99
–
111
100
act
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive
po
wer
a
r
e
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
l
ow
-
pass
fi
lt
ers
[
10]
;
c
onseq
uen
tl
y,
the
m
ai
n
fo
c
us
of
dro
op
con
t
ro
l i
s t
he
e
xch
a
nge
of ave
rag
e
acti
ve
a
nd r
eact
ive
powe
r.
Acti
ve
powe
r
s
har
i
ng
is
accu
r
at
e,
w
he
reas
re
act
ive
power
s
har
i
ng
dep
e
nds
on
li
ne
impe
da
nces
[
11],
[12]
.
T
o
im
pro
ve
MG
pe
rformance,
s
om
e
modifie
d
droop
c
ontr
ol
met
hods
hav
e
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
in
li
te
ratur
e
.
In
[13
]
, a
n
inte
resti
ng
meth
od
o
f dro
pp
i
ng
Q
-
V po
i
nts is pr
opos
e
d,
w
her
e
the au
th
ors s
how
a n
e
w
c
oope
rati
ve
harmo
nic
filt
ering
strat
eg
y
f
or
the
inte
rf
ace
co
nverters
of
distri
bu
te
d
ge
ner
at
io
n
sou
rc
es.
A
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
method
base
d
on
t
he
reacti
ve
vo
lt
-
a
mp
e
re
c
on
s
umpti
on
of
har
m
onic
s
of
each
inter
face
conve
rter
is
de
sign
e
d
and
im
pleme
nt
ed.
Howe
ver
,
t
he
sh
a
re
d
react
ive
powe
r
er
rors
can
hardly
be
com
plete
ly
el
imi
nated
us
i
ng
this
method,
es
pecial
ly in weak
MGs.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
isl
and
opera
ti
on
can
be
co
nsi
der
e
d
as
one
of
the
mo
st
at
tr
act
ive
fe
at
ur
e
s
of
a
n
MG,
as
it
gu
ara
nte
es
serv
ic
e
c
onti
nu
it
y
in
the
case
of
netw
ork
inte
rrup
ti
on
[14]
.
W
hen
t
he
MG
is
in
i
sla
nd
op
e
rati
on
m
od
e,
the
D
G
un
it
s
must
be
able
t
o
c
oope
rati
vely
regulat
e
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
a
nd
m
ai
ntain
the
balance
be
tween
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
an
d
t
he
powe
r
co
nsume
d
by
the
load
within
the
M
G
.
C
onseq
ue
ntly,
the
c
on
ce
pts
of
dr
oo
p
c
on
t
ro
l
hav
e
be
en
wi
de
ly
a
dopted
in
[9],
[
15],
[
16]
to
pr
ov
i
de
dec
entrali
zed
c
ont
ro
l
of
powe
r
s
har
i
ng
without
relyin
g o
n
c
om
m
uni
c
at
ion
s.
As
the
MG
al
lows
D
G
unit
s
to
w
ork
in
a
n
is
la
nd
op
e
rati
on
mode,
the
s
ys
t
em
can
im
pro
ve
reli
abili
ty
and
po
wer
qu
al
it
y
for
c
us
t
ome
rs
[
14]
.
H
oweve
r,
w
he
n
operati
ng
i
n
isl
and
m
ode,
s
ome
c
halle
ng
i
ng
iss
ues
app
ea
rs
su
c
h
a
s
the
dif
ficult
y
of
mai
ntainin
g
th
e
power
ba
la
nce
betwee
n
generati
on
a
nd
loa
ds
a
nd
r
eact
ive
po
we
r
s
har
i
ng
[
15],
[
17]
.
W
hen
an
M
G
operates
i
n
isl
a
nd
m
od
e
,
th
e
dro
op
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
iq
ue
pro
vi
des
a
decen
t
rali
zed
c
on
t
ro
l
ca
pa
bili
t
y
that
does
no
t
d
e
pend
on
e
xtern
al
c
ommu
ni
cat
ion
li
nks
i
n
the
co
ntr
ol
stra
te
gy
;
al
tho
ug
h
t
he
f
reque
ncy
dr
oop
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
c
an
m
ana
ge
act
ive
po
wer
s
ha
rin
g
acc
ur
at
el
y,
t
he
volt
age
dro
op
te
chn
iq
ue ge
ne
rall
y
re
su
lt
s in
a poor
reacti
ve
pow
e
r
s
har
i
ng due to
t
he
mis
matc
h
in
the i
mp
e
dan
ce
s
of
t
he DG
un
it
fee
de
rs
an
d,
al
s
o,
du
e
t
o
the
dif
fer
e
nt
va
lues
of
DG
unit
s
[18
]
.
C
on
s
equ
e
ntly,
the
r
eac
ti
ve
powe
r
sh
ari
ng
pro
blem
i
n
a
n
M
G
wor
king
i
n
isl
a
nd
ope
rati
on
m
od
e
has
r
ecei
ved
co
ns
i
de
rab
le
at
te
ntio
n
i
n
t
he
li
te
rat
ur
e
a
nd
man
y
c
on
t
ro
l t
echn
i
qu
e
s
hav
e
b
ee
n dev
el
ope
d
to
add
ress
t
his problem
[
19]
-
[
23]
.
Comm
only,
in
hi
gh
vo
lt
a
ge
netw
orks,
reac
ti
ve
po
wer
s
ha
rin
g
a
mon
g
ge
ner
at
or
s
is
not
usual
ly
a
major
c
oncer
n
du
e
t
o
capac
it
ive
compens
at
ion
bet
wee
n
loads
a
nd
tra
ns
missi
on
li
ne
s.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
n
lo
w
-
vo
lt
age
MGs
,
the
lo
w
capaci
ty
to
s
upply
r
eact
ive
powe
r
from
ge
ner
at
i
on
sourc
es
an
d
co
m
pen
sat
ors,
an
d
small
distances
betwee
n
unit
s,
does
not
al
low
an
e
xact
distri
bu
ti
on
of
r
eact
ive
po
wer
to
a
vo
i
d
ov
e
rloa
ds
[
24]
.
Line
impe
da
nc
es
an
d
D
G
im
ped
a
nces
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
a
ff
ect
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
s
har
i
ng
durin
g
the
ope
rati
ng
mode
c
onnecte
d
t
o
t
he
netw
or
k
a
nd
duri
ng
t
he
isl
a
nd
m
ode
due
to
volt
age
dr
op
s
[
21]
.
At
prese
nt,
t
he
volt
age
con
t
ro
ll
ers
in
t
he
M
G
s
are
unable
t
o
s
har
e
the
dema
nd
f
or
reacti
ve
po
wer
a
mon
g
e
ve
n
ide
ntica
l
in
ver
te
r
s
op
e
rati
ng
in
pa
rall
el
[2
5]
.
S
ome
resea
rch
e
rs
hav
e
pr
e
vious
ly
w
orked
on
this
issue
as
in
[22]
,
w
hich
propose
s
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
con
t
ro
ll
er
for
r
eact
ive
powe
r
sh
ari
ng
betw
ee
n
pa
rall
el
inv
e
r
te
rs
with
nomi
nal
volt
ages.
D
esi
gn
of
c
on
t
ro
l
stra
te
gies
for
Dist
rib
uted
ge
ne
ra
ti
on
syst
ems
is
very
imp
ort
ant
to
achie
ve
smoothe
r
tra
ns
it
ion
betwee
n
t
he
gr
id
c
onnected
a
nd
isl
an
ding
m
od
e
s
of
op
e
rati
on
[
26]
–
[
28]
.
Also
po
wer
m
anag
e
ment
stra
te
gy
of
par
al
le
l
in
veters
based
s
ys
te
m,
to
en
ha
nce
the
power
ge
ner
at
io
n
ca
pa
ci
ty
of
the
e
xi
sti
ng
s
ys
te
m
wit
h
distrib
uted ene
rgy
s
o
ur
ces
[
29]
.
The
re
fer
e
nce
s
c
on
s
ulted
i
n
t
his
resea
rc
h
sho
w
t
hat
pr
e
vious
w
ork
s
hav
e
fo
c
us
e
d
more
on
perf
ormi
ng
an
act
ive
powe
r
c
on
t
ro
l
wh
il
e
re
act
ive
powe
r
s
har
i
ng
sti
ll
requires
bette
r
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
t
o
i
mpro
ve
accurac
y.
The
r
efore,
t
he
obje
ct
ive
of
this
w
ork
is
to
sho
w
that
the
rea
ct
ive
power
can
be
s
har
e
d
between
gen
e
rato
rs
in
a
n
MG
m
or
e
ac
cur
at
el
y
by
us
i
ng
virtu
al
cu
rrent
injec
te
d
t
o
the
c
urren
t
c
ontrolle
r
of
t
he
i
nverter
in
orde
r
to
opti
mize
the
outp
ut
sig
nal.
T
he
main
c
on
tri
bu
t
ion
in
this
paper
is
relat
ed
t
o
the
virt
ual
cu
rr
e
nts
cal
culat
ed
fro
m
each
in
ver
t
er
base
d
on
th
e
act
ive
ou
t
put
power
of
the
inv
erte
r
.
T
his
new
c
urren
t
con
t
rol
achieves
an
ac
cur
at
e
e
xc
hange
of
reacti
ve
powe
r
bet
wee
n
gen
e
rato
rs
of
the
MG
wh
e
n
loa
d
var
ia
ti
ons
a
re
pr
ese
nted
.
Sec
ti
on
2
ex
plains
the
ne
w
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gy
for
sha
rin
g
reacti
ve
powe
r
after
each
lo
ad
vari
at
ion
and
pr
e
sents
th
e
ma
t
hemati
cal
f
orm
ulati
on
of
the
c
on
t
ro
l
me
thod,
small
-
si
gnal
model,
cu
rrent
l
oop
co
ntr
ol
le
r,
three
-
phase
hal
f
-
br
i
dg
e
ci
rcu
it
,
outp
ut
LC
filt
er,
li
ne
im
pe
da
nce,
a
nd
the
i
nverter
us
e
d
i
n
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
strat
egy.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
Se
ct
ion
3
s
hows
the
resu
lt
s
of
the
sim
ulati
ons
pe
rfo
rme
d
i
n
a
distri
bu
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
te
st
case
usi
ng
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink s
of
twa
re.
Finall
y, Sect
io
n 4 prese
nts t
he
conclusi
on
s
a
nd futu
re
wor
k.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
OD
2.1.
Contr
ol me
thod
A
strat
e
gy
us
i
ng
vi
rtual
c
urre
nt
is
pro
pose
d
as
a
meth
od
to
con
t
ro
l
the
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
a
nd
vo
lt
age
i
n
the
MG
wh
e
n
the
loa
d
cha
ng
es
in
certai
n
pe
rio
ds
of
ti
me.
Figure
1
s
hows
a
detai
le
d
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
of
a
DG
un
it
us
i
ng
the
pro
po
se
d
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gy.
Th
e
P
-
ω
c
ontr
oller
is
ad
opte
d
to
regulat
e
the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd
ac
hiev
e
an
acc
ur
at
e e
xc
hange
of act
iv
e pow
e
r betwe
en
the
d
i
ff
e
ren
t
d
ist
rib
uted
ge
ner
at
or
s
that c
onf
or
m
the
MG.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Reacti
ve p
owe
r
sharin
g a
mong d
ist
rib
uted
gen
e
ra
t
or
s i
n a
m
ic
r
og
ri
d by
us
in
g
…
(
E
der A. M
olina
-
Vil
ori
a
)
101
The
desi
gn
of
t
he
c
ontrolle
r
st
arts
by
meas
ur
i
ng
the
cu
rr
e
nt
i
n
th
e
ca
pacit
or
a
nd
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
.
Be
sides,
the
act
ive
powe
r
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
are
cal
culat
ed
by
us
in
g
the
out
pu
t
volt
age
a
nd
the
cu
rr
e
nt
m
easur
e
d
i
n
t
he
outp
ut
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
,
bot
h
tra
nsfo
rme
d
into
c
oord
i
na
te
s.
Th
en
,
the
ref
e
ren
ce
vo
lt
a
ge
is
cal
culat
e
d
us
i
ng
the
droop
c
on
tr
ol
an
d
us
e
d
to
cal
c
ulate
the
vo
lt
a
ge
er
ror.
Fin
al
ly,
in
the
in
ner
lo
op
t
he
volt
age
e
rror
is
a
mp
li
fie
d
by
th
e p
r
oport
ion
al
res
onan
t
(P
R)
a
nd u
se
d
t
o
s
ubtract
both
the
vir
tual
c
urre
nt
obta
ined
as
t
he
s
qu
a
re
root
of
the
act
ivat
e
powe
r
div
id
ed
by
a
virt
ua
l
impeda
nce,
a
nd
the
current
measu
r
ed
in
t
he
ca
pac
it
or
an
d
tra
nsf
ormed
i
nto
co
ordinates.
The
final
sig
nal
obt
ai
ned
i
n
the
i
nne
r
loop
is
mu
lt
ipl
y
by
a
gain
P,
w
hich
i
ncr
e
a
s
es
the
si
gnal
that
is
se
nt
to
the
P
W
M
t
o
m
ake
th
e
s
witc
h
in
th
e
inv
e
rter
ob
ta
i
n t
he
de
sired
cur
ren
t a
nd
vo
lt
ag
e v
al
ue
s.
Figure
1. D
roo
p
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
wi
th the virt
ual c
urren
t
2.2.
Sma
ll
-
si
gnal
mod
el
To
a
nalyze
the
sta
bili
ty
of
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
,
a
small
-
sig
na
l
m
od
el
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r
s
with
t
he
pro
po
se
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
is
inclu
ded.
Each
in
ver
te
r
is
modele
d
with
in
div
id
ual
re
fer
e
nce
an
d
in
cl
ud
es
t
he
dyna
mics
of
the
volt
age
a
nd
c
urren
t
c
on
t
r
oller,
LC
filt
er,
an
d
li
ne
im
pe
dan
ce
to
reac
h
e
qu
il
ibri
um.
The
inte
rn
al
vo
lt
age
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
ba
sed
on
a
PR
st
ru
ct
ur
e
in
t
he
ste
ady
-
sta
te
re
fer
e
nce,
wh
e
re
gen
e
rali
zed
in
te
gr
at
ors
are
use
d
to
achieve
a
zer
o
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
e
rror.
Ba
se
d
on
the
abc
/
dq
-
c
oor
din
at
e
d
t
ran
s
formati
on
pri
nc
iple,
a
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
sy
ste
m
ca
n
be
modele
d
i
n
tw
o
in
d
e
pende
nt
sing
le
-
phase
s
ys
te
ms.
Th
us,
t
he
blo
c
k
diagram
of
Fi
gure
2
show
s
the
volt
age
co
ntr
oller
in
a
s
ynch
r
onous
ref
e
ren
ce
f
rame
t
ha
t
include
s
al
l
feedbac
k
te
r
m
s
an
d
t
he
f
our
sta
tes
an
d
.
The
c
orres
pondin
g
sta
te
e
qu
a
ti
on
s ca
n be e
xpress
ed
as i
n (
1) an
d (2):
=
(
∗
∗
−
)
−
0
2
+
0
,
(1)
=
(
∗
∗
−
)
−
0
2
−
0
.
(2)
Th
us
, t
he
al
ge
brai
c eq
uatio
ns
are e
xpresse
d
a
s in (3) a
nd (4
)
:
∗
=
(
∗
−
)
+
+
,
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
99
–
111
102
∗
=
(
∗
−
∗
)
+
+
.
(4)
The
li
nea
rized
small
-
sig
nal st
at
e sp
ace
mode
ls of the
volt
ag
e co
ntr
oller are
presente
d
in
(5)
:
[
∆
A
∆
̇
]
=
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
2
[
∆
∆
]
,
(5)
Wh
e
re
the
te
r
ms
is
the
sy
st
em
matri
x.
1
an
d
2
are
the
in
pu
t
matri
ces
as
s
how
n
in
(6),
(7),
a
nd
(8):
[
0
0
−
0
2
0
−
0
0
0
−
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
−
0
0
]
,
(6)
1
=
[
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
]
,
(7)
2
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
1
0
0
0
0
−
1
0
0
]
.
(8)
The
li
nea
rized
small
-
sig
nal st
at
e sp
ace
mode
ls of the
volt
ag
e co
ntr
oller are
presente
d
in
(9)
:
[
∆
∗
]
=
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
2
[
∆
∆
]
+
3
[
∆
]
,
(9)
Wh
e
re
t
he
te
r
m
is
the
ou
t
pu
t
matri
x
a
nd
t
he
te
rms
1
,
2
,
a
nd
3
are
t
he
feed
-
f
orward
matri
ces as s
ho
wn in (
10)
–
(
13):
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
,
(10)
1
=
[
0
0
]
,
(11)
2
=
[
0
0
−
0
0
0
0
−
]
,
(12)
3
=
[
1
0
0
1
]
.
(13)
Figure
2. D
roo
p
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
wi
th
the
virt
ual c
urren
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Reacti
ve p
owe
r
sharin
g a
mong d
ist
rib
uted
gen
e
ra
t
or
s i
n a
m
ic
r
og
ri
d by
us
in
g
…
(
E
der A. M
olina
-
Vil
ori
a
)
103
2.3.
Cu
rren
t
l
oop
controll
er
The
i
nternal
curre
nt contr
oller
is b
ase
d o
n
a
s
ta
ti
on
ar
y
f
rame
stru
ct
ur
e
as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
3.
Figure
3. I
nter
nal curre
nt c
on
trolle
r
The
i
nput
c
urr
ents
on
the
an
d
axe
s
for
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
are
and
,
w
hich
a
r
e
the
res
ult
of
t
he
al
gebraic
sum
of
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
current
of
th
e
vo
lt
a
ge
co
nt
ro
ll
er
∗
an
d
∗
,
minus
the
virt
ual
cu
rr
e
nt
as
expresse
d
i
n
(
14)
and
(15
):
=
∗
−
∗
∗
,
(14)
=
∗
−
∗
∗
.
(15)
Nex
t,
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
eq
uatio
ns
relat
ed
to
t
he
and
axes
are
ob
ta
ine
d
by
re
placi
ng
the
val
ue
of
t
he
virtu
al
c
urre
nt
∗
∗
an
d
∗
∗
With it
s e
qu
i
va
le
nt:
(
)
1
2
The
al
gebraic
equ
at
io
ns f
or the
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nt can be
e
xpress
ed
as
(16) an
d (17)
:
=
∗
−
(
)
1
2
,
(16)
=
∗
−
(
)
1
2
.
(17)
The
li
near
iz
ed
small
-
sig
nal
st
at
e
sp
ace
m
od
e
ls
of
th
e
a
bove
eq
uatio
ns
ca
n
be
represe
nted
in
a
simple
way as s
how
n
i
n (18)
:
[
]
=
[
∆
∗
]
−
[
∆
]
1
2
,
(18)
wh
e
re
t
he
te
r
m
s
a
nd
are matr
ic
es that can
b
e
r
e
pr
ese
nted
as
(19) a
nd (2
0)
:
=
[
1
0
0
1
]
,
(19)
=
[
(
1
)
1
2
0
0
(
1
)
1
2
]
.
(20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
99
–
111
104
Fr
om Fig
ur
e
3,
we
can
o
bse
r
ve
an
d
obta
in
t
he
al
ge
br
ai
c eq
ua
ti
on
o
f
the
int
ern
al
l
oop
cu
rrent
c
on
t
ro
l,
wh
ic
h
ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as
(2
1) an
d (22
):
∗
=
(
−
)
,
(21)
∗
=
(
−
)
.
(22)
The
li
near
iz
e
d
small
-
sign
al
s
ta
te
sp
ace
mod
el
s
of
the
c
urr
ent
co
ntro
ll
er
l
oop
are
pr
e
sen
te
d
in
(
23)
-
(25)
:
[
∆
∗
]
=
1
[
∆
]
+
2
[
∆
∆
]
,
(23)
wh
e
re
the
te
r
ms
1
an
d
2
are
matri
ces
that
c
on
ta
in
t
he
co
nt
ro
l
par
amet
e
rs
as
show
n
in
(24)
a
nd
(25)
:
1
=
[
0
0
]
,
(24)
2
=
[
−
0
0
0
0
−
0
0
]
.
(25)
Ba
sed on (
11)
–
(
14)
, th
e
outp
ut
o
f
the c
urre
nt contr
oller
∆
∗
can
b
e
de
rivated
a
s in (26
):
[
∆
∗
]
=
1
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
(
1
2
+
2
)
[
∆
∆
]
+
(
1
3
)
[
∆
]
.
(26)
2.4.
Thre
e
-
ph
as
e
h
alf
-
bridge
circ
uit
an
d
outp
ut L
C fil
ter
The
c
orres
pondin
g
sta
te
e
qu
a
ti
on
s a
re e
xpre
ssed
as
s
how
n i
n
(
27)
–
(
29):
=
−
+
0
+
∗
−
1
,
(27)
=
−
+
0
+
∗
−
1
,
(28)
=
0
+
1
−
1
,
(29)
=
−
0
+
1
−
1
.
(30)
The
outp
ut
va
riables
of
the
LC
filt
er
a
re
t
he
sta
te
var
ia
bles
.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
(31
)
r
ep
res
ents
the
li
near
iz
ed smal
l
-
sign
al
sta
te
s
pace:
[
∆
∆
̇
]
=
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
2
[
∆
]
,
(31)
wh
e
re
the
te
rm
s
,
1
,
an
d
2
are
matri
ces
that
c
on
si
der
the
paramet
ers
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
as
pres
ented
i
n
(32)
–
(34)
:
=
[
−
0
−
1
0
−
0
−
0
−
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
−
0
0
]
,
(32)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Reacti
ve p
owe
r
sharin
g a
mong d
ist
rib
uted
gen
e
ra
t
or
s i
n a
m
ic
r
og
ri
d by
us
in
g
…
(
E
der A. M
olina
-
Vil
ori
a
)
105
1
=
[
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
,
(33)
2
=
[
0
0
0
0
−
1
0
0
−
1
]
.
(34)
In
(
19),
t
he
outpu
t
of
t
he
co
nt
ro
ll
er
in
the
cu
rr
e
nt
lo
op
∆
∗
ca
n
be
r
eplace
d
by
(26
);
the
n,
(31)
can
be
e
xpress
ed
as
in (3
5):
[
∆
∆
̇
]
=
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
1
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
1
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
1
(
1
2
+
2
)
[
∆
∆
]
+
1
1
3
[
∆
]
+
2
[
∆
]
.
(35)
2.5.
Li
ne impeda
n
ce
Line
im
ped
a
nc
es
are
c
onside
red
i
n
the
M
G
to
c
onnect
ea
ch
in
ve
rter
a
nd
the
loa
d;
th
us
,
real
li
ne
impeda
nce
must
be
co
ns
id
er
ed
in
th
e
m
odel
to
identif
y
t
he
po
wer
l
os
s
es
of
t
he
ci
rc
ui
t.
The
co
rr
e
spondin
g
sta
te
eq
uatio
ns ca
n be e
xpres
s
ed
as
in (3
6) a
nd (3
7)
:
=
−
+
0
+
1
−
1
,
(36)
=
−
+
0
+
1
−
1
.
(37)
The
outp
ut
va
r
ia
bles
of
the
li
ne
im
pe
da
nce
are
t
he
sta
te
va
riables
.
Linea
ri
zed
models
of
small
-
sign
al
stat
e s
pa
ce are as
in (
38):
[
∆
̇
]
=
[
∆
]
+
1
[
∆
∆
]
+
2
[
∆
]
,
(38)
wh
e
re
the
te
r
m
s
,
1
,
an
d
2
are
mat
rices
that
co
ns
ider
the
parame
te
rs
of
t
he
sy
st
em
as
pr
e
sente
d
in
(
39)
–
(41)
:
=
[
−
0
−
0
−
]
,
(39)
1
=
[
1
0
0
1
]
,
(40)
2
=
[
−
1
0
0
−
1
]
.
(41)
2.6.
Co
m
plete
mo
del o
f
t
he in
ve
rter
A
c
omplet
e
s
mall
-
sign
al
sta
te
sp
ace
m
od
e
l
of
the
in
ver
t
er,
a
s
e
xpresse
d
i
n
(42)
a
nd
(43),
ca
n
be
ob
ta
ine
d
by
c
ombini
ng
the
st
at
us
s
pace
m
odel
s
of
t
he
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
current
c
ontr
oller,
LC
ou
t
pu
t
filt
er,
and li
ne
im
pe
da
nce
giv
e
n by (
5), (1
8), (3
5), a
nd (3
8)
,
r
es
pec
ti
vely:
[
∆
̇
]
=
[
∆
]
+
1
[
∆
∗
]
+
2
[
∆
]
,
(42)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
99
–
111
106
∆
=
[
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
∆
1
2
]
.
(
43)
Nex
t,
t
he
co
m
plete
small
-
sig
nal
sta
te
sp
ace
model
of
t
he
inv
e
rter
is
obt
ai
ned
with
the
propose
d
of
app
l
ying
the
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
that
modifie
s
the
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
r
oller
by
c
ombinin
g
t
he
diff
e
re
nt
sta
te
sp
ace
models.
Her
ei
n, the te
rms
,
1
, a
nd
2
corres
pond t
o
the
matrice
s
sh
ow
n
in
(4
4)
–
(46)
:
=
[
2
0
0
0
0
−
1
1
+
1
(
1
2
+
2
)
2
+
1
(
1
3
)
0
0
1
0
]
,
(44)
1
=
[
1
0
1
1
1
0
]
,
(45)
2
=
[
0
0
0
2
]
.
(46)
3.
RESU
LT
S
This
sect
io
n
shows
the
res
ults
relat
ed
t
o
t
he
r
esp
on
se
of
t
he
powe
r
in
ver
te
r
app
li
ed
to
each
ge
ner
at
or
wh
e
n
the
c
on
t
r
ol
st
rateg
y
pre
sented
in
Sect
ion
2
is
c
onsid
ered.
This
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
eg
y
is
relat
ed
t
o
the
virtu
al
current
c
onsid
ered
as
a
n
in
pu
t
fo
r
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
con
tr
ol
of
the
inv
e
rter.
T
his
strat
egy
al
lo
ws
sh
ari
ng
t
he
re
act
ive
powe
r
with
preci
sion
a
nd
r
egu
la
ti
ng
t
he
vo
lt
age
in
the
no
des.
T
he
simulat
ion
s
w
ere
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
consi
der
i
ng
a
distrib
ution
ne
twork
te
st
cas
e
wh
e
re
the
load
s
are
c
onne
ct
ed
an
d
disc
onnected
at
di
ff
e
ren
t
per
i
od
s
of time
.
3.1.
System
test ca
se
The
MG
us
e
d
for
this
in
vestigat
ion
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
4.
This
netw
ork
i
s
f
ormed
by
t
w
o
distrib
uted
gen
e
rato
rs
desi
gn
e
d
to
s
upply
one
loa
d.
T
he
loa
d
c
onside
rs
fi
ve
hous
e
hold
c
ons
umpti
ons
that
are
co
nn
ect
ed
and
disco
nn
ec
te
d
ov
e
r
ti
me.
The
power
of
the
distri
bute
d
ge
ner
at
ors
mu
st
be
deliv
ered
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
the
impeda
nces
of
the
li
nes
in
order
t
o
sup
ply
t
he
po
wer
of
t
he
changin
g
l
oa
d.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
vo
lt
age
re
gu
la
t
ion
is
achieve
d
by
us
in
g
the
in
ve
rter
with
t
he
virtu
al
cu
rr
e
nt
that
cha
nges
base
d
on
the
co
nn
ect
e
d
and
disco
nnect
ed
l
oads.
Figure
4. M
ic
r
ogrid
test
case
with tw
o dist
ri
bu
te
d gen
e
rato
rs
a
nd a loa
d.
3.2.
Act
i
ve
p
ower
supplie
d b
y
D
G
Figures
5(a)
a
nd
5(b)
s
how
the
act
ive
po
wer
delivere
d
by
D
G
1
an
d
D
G
2,
res
pect
ively,
w
hic
h
consi
der
the
dro
op
c
ontrol
ve
rsu
s
t
he
virt
ua
l
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontrol
strat
egies
.
The
fig
ure
sho
ws
i
n
re
d
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
s
upplied
by DGs
w
it
h t
he pr
opos
e
d
c
ontr
ol strateg
y
a
nd in blue
the
act
ive pow
e
r
s
upplied
by
DGs w
i
t
h
the
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy.
T
hese
fig
ur
es
c
ompare
t
he
c
ontr
ol
strat
egies
an
d
beh
a
viors
w
hen
t
he
lo
a
ds
a
re
connecte
d
a
nd d
isc
on
nected
a
t
dif
fer
e
nt
ti
me
s.
T
he
act
ive pow
e
r
i
ncr
ea
ses
de
pe
nd
i
ng o
n t
he
am
ount
of
powe
r
load
co
nnect
ed
to
t
he
node
.
I
t
is
obse
rv
e
d
t
hat
the
great
er
the
num
ber
of
loa
ds
co
nnec
te
d
to
the
no
de
,
the
gr
eat
er
the
acti
ve powe
r
c
on
s
umpti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Reacti
ve p
owe
r
sharin
g a
mong d
ist
rib
uted
gen
e
ra
t
or
s i
n a
m
ic
r
og
ri
d by
us
in
g
…
(
E
der A. M
olina
-
Vil
ori
a
)
107
Durin
g
the
firs
t
12
sec
onds,
a
load
of
10
+j
0.05
Ω
is
c
on
nected
to
t
he
load
node
a
nd
bo
t
h
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gies
res
pond
very
well
to
the
c
onnec
ti
on
of
the
loa
d
with
ap
pro
ximate
ly
10
00
W.
In
t
he
12
-
seco
nd
per
i
od,
a
load
of
15
+j
0.05
Ω
is
connecte
d
for
a
few
s
eco
nd
s
and
t
he
act
iv
e
power
c
onsumpti
on
of
the
l
oad
i
n
the
no
de
inc
re
ases
by
m
or
e
than
10
0%
ba
s
ed
on
t
he
c
on
s
umpti
on
of
the
pr
e
vious
pe
riod.
T
he
same
load
is
disco
nnect
ed
f
rom
the
M
G
at
24
seco
nds
an
d,
at
the
sa
me
per
i
od,
a
loa
d
of
20+j
0.6
0
Ω
is
connecte
d,
wh
e
re
the
power
c
ons
umpti
on
is
re
duced
.
At
36
se
conds
,
a
loa
d
25+j
0.1
0
Ω
is
c
onnected
,
w
hich
ge
ner
at
es
an
act
ive
powe
r
c
on
s
umpti
on
inc
rease
of
al
mo
st
50%
of
the
init
ia
l
load
.
Fi
nally,
at
48
sec
onds,
t
he
load
10
+j
0.0
5
Ω
is
disco
nnect
ed
a
nd
a
l
oad
50+j
0.
20
Ω
is
c
onnected
,
w
hich
ca
us
es
the
act
ive
powe
r
sup
plied
by
t
he
t
wo
gen
e
rato
rs
t
o d
ecrease a
nd all
ow
i
ng the
sy
st
em to del
ive
r
l
ess act
ive
pow
er.
Figures
5(
a
)
a
nd
5(b
)
sho
w
that
the
ne
w
pro
posed
c
ontro
ll
er
respo
nd
s
f
ast
er
an
d
bette
r
than
t
he
dro
op
c
ontr
oller
w
he
n
a
l
oad
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
a
nd
disc
onnecte
d.
Be
si
des,
both
c
on
tr
ollers
s
har
e
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
accuratel
y
f
or
the
cha
nges.
Howe
ver,
the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
r
ol
strat
eg
y
ma
nag
e
s
to
sta
bili
ze
the
act
ive
powe
r
mu
c
h faste
r
t
ha
n
the
dr
oop
c
on
t
ro
l st
rateg
y.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. Acti
ve
pow
e
r
s
uppli
ed by (a
) DG
1 and (
b) DG
2 w
hen the
sy
ste
m
s u
se
v
i
rtual c
urre
nt (blue
li
ne
)
a
nd
dro
op contr
ols
(r
e
d
li
ne
)
3.3.
Rea
c
tive
p
ow
e
r supp
li
ed
by
DG
Figures 6(a)
an
d
6(b)
s
how
t
he
reacti
ve
po
w
er d
el
ivere
d
by
D
G1
a
nd
D
G
2,
res
pecti
vel
y,
co
nsi
der
i
ng
the
droop
co
nt
ro
l
ve
rsus
the
virtu
al
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gies.
The
fi
gur
e
sho
ws
i
n
re
d
t
he
reacti
ve
powe
r
su
ppli
ed
by
D
Gs
with
the
propose
d
co
ntr
ol
strat
eg
y
an
d
in
blu
e
the
reac
ti
ve
po
wer
s
upplied
by
D
Gs
with
t
he
dro
op
c
ontr
ol
strat
eg
y.
T
he
se
fig
ur
e
s
co
mp
a
re
the
c
ontr
ol
strat
egie
s
an
d
beh
a
viors
w
he
n
the
load
s
ar
e
connecte
d
an
d
disco
nnect
ed
a
t
diff
e
re
nt
ti
mes.
Re
act
ive
power
i
ncr
ea
ses
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
am
ount
of
powe
r
load
co
nnect
ed
to
t
he
node
.
I
t
is
obse
rv
e
d
t
hat
the
great
er
the
num
ber
of
loa
ds
co
nnec
te
d
to
the
no
de
,
the
gr
eat
er
the
r
ea
ct
ive pow
e
r
c
onsum
ption.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. Re
act
ive po
wer su
pp
li
ed
by
(a)
D
G
1
a
nd (b) D
G
2 wh
e
n
t
he
s
ys
te
ms
us
es
virtu
al
curre
nt (blue
li
ne)
and dr
oop
c
ontrols
(r
e
d
li
ne
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
99
–
111
108
The
res
ults
sho
w
that
the prop
os
e
d
virtu
al
c
urre
nt
c
on
tr
ol
st
rateg
y
ma
na
ge
s
bette
r
the r
ea
ct
ive
po
wer
sh
ari
ng
with
di
ff
e
ren
t
loa
d
c
ha
ng
e
s
tha
n
the
dro
op
c
ontr
ol.
Durin
g
the
firs
t
12
s
eco
nds,
a
load
of
10+j
0.
05
Ω
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
identif
y
t
he
re
sp
onse
of
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
st
rateg
y
an
d
a
rou
nd
15
00
V
AR
of
po
wer
co
nsum
ption
is
ob
s
er
ved.
Lat
e
r,
a
fter
t
he
12
-
seco
nd
pe
rio
d,
a
loa
d
of
15
+
j0.05
Ω
is
c
on
nected
f
or
a
fe
w
sec
onds
a
nd
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
increa
ses
a
nd
,
ba
sed
on
the
co
nsum
ption
of
the
previ
ous
pe
rio
d,
this
l
oad
is
disco
nn
ect
ed
from
the
MG
at
24
sec
onds.
The
n,
at
the
sa
me
pe
rio
d,
a
l
oad
of
20+j
0.6
0
Ω
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
node
of
t
he
M
G
a
nd
the
re
act
ive
po
wer
is
re
du
ce
d
as
t
he
loa
d
15+j
0.0
5
Ω
has
bee
n
di
sco
nn
ect
e
d
a
nd
t
he
ne
w
c
onnected
load
is
not
as
la
rg
e
as
t
he
pre
vious
one. Ove
r
a
pe
rio
d
of
36
seco
nds,
a
lo
ad
of
25+j
0.1
0
Ω
is
connecte
d
to
the
netw
ork,
w
hic
h
generate
s
a
r
eact
ive
po
wer
consu
mp
ti
on
i
ncr
ease
,
a
nd
th
e
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gy
res
ponds
quic
kly
to
sta
bili
ze
the
powe
r
a
nd
to
sh
are
the
react
ive
po
wer
with
the
same
am
ount
betwee
n
t
he
two
ge
ner
at
ors.
At
48
seco
nds,
a
load
of
10+j
0.05
Ω
is
disc
onnected
a
nd
a
load
of
50+j
0.2
0
Ω
is
c
onnect
ed,
wh
ic
h
ca
use
s
a
reacti
ve powe
r
d
ec
rease in
th
e two ge
ne
rato
rs of
ap
pro
xim
at
el
y
50%
of th
e previ
ou
s
loa
d.
The
res
ults
s
how
that
the
dro
op
c
ontrol
s
trat
egy
do
es
not
al
lo
w
react
ive
powe
r
t
o
be
s
ha
red
accuratel
y
bet
ween
the
ge
ne
rati
on
unit
s
as
does
t
he
ne
w
pro
posed
c
ontrol
strat
e
gy.
The
pro
posed
con
t
ro
l
strat
egy
ma
na
ges
t
o
sh
a
re
with
pr
e
ci
sion
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
betwee
n
t
wo
DG
s
in
the
MG.
Be
s
ides,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
new
con
t
ro
ll
er
res
ponds
faster
a
nd
bette
r
t
han
t
he
dr
oop
c
on
tr
oller
w
he
n
a
load
is
c
onnect
ed
an
d
disco
nnect
ed
a
t diff
e
re
nt ti
mes and
powe
r.
3.4.
Freque
ncy
Figure
7
sho
w
s
the
f
reque
nc
y
of
the
sy
ste
m
us
i
ng
both
t
he
dr
oop
a
nd
t
he
vi
rtual
cu
rrent
co
ntr
ollers
wh
e
n
c
onsideri
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
lo
ad
va
riat
ion
s
.
The
fi
gure
s
hows
in
red
t
he
s
ys
te
m
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
with
t
h
e
pr
opos
e
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
eg
y
a
nd,
i
n
blu
e
,
the
s
ys
te
m
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
with
t
he
dro
op
c
on
t
rol
strat
eg
y.
This
fig
ure
is
obta
ined
by
consi
der
i
ng m
ulti
ple v
a
riat
ion
s i
n power
loa
ds
as
d
es
cribe
d ab
ov
e
for t
he a
ct
ive and
reac
ti
ve
powe
r.
Figure
7.
Fr
e
quenc
y o
f
the
syst
em whe
n using v
i
rtual c
urr
ent (blue
dott
ed
li
ne
)
a
nd droop (
red li
ne) co
ntr
ols.
Figure
7
s
how
s
how
both
c
ontr
ol
strat
egies
act
wh
e
n
t
he
load
c
ha
ng
es
durin
g
diff
e
re
nt
per
io
ds
of
ti
me
and
t
he
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
hat
the
new
pro
posed
c
ontr
oll
er
res
ponds
faster
a
nd
be
tt
er
than
the
dro
op
con
t
ro
ll
er.
F
urt
hermo
re,
the
r
esults
s
how
th
at
the
pro
po
s
e
d
c
ontrol
strat
e
gy
e
ns
ures
that
the
fr
e
que
ncy
of
the
two
ge
ner
at
ors
sta
bili
zes
at
a
sin
gle
value
,
a
fe
w
sec
on
ds
a
fter
the
lo
ad
c
ha
ng
es
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
t
he
more
diff
e
re
nt
the
c
hange
in
loa
d
on
the
MG
c
onnecti
on,
t
he
more
a
bru
pt
is
the
c
hange
in
the
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
val
ue.
Howe
ver,
no
matt
er
how
la
r
ge
t
he
l
oad
c
ha
ng
e
s
(con
necti
on
an
d
disc
onnecti
on
of
di
fferent
el
ect
rical
loa
ds
)
,
the contr
oller
mainta
ins t
he f
reque
ncy
cl
os
e
to 50 Hz
, whic
h
is t
he desire
d value
.
3.5.
Vo
l
tage
and c
urrents
Figure
8
s
how
s
the
behavi
or
of
the
R
M
S
volt
age
at
the
node
where
the
five
el
ect
rical
loads
of
the
M
G
are
c
onne
ct
ed.
T
he
fig
ur
e
sho
ws
i
n
r
ed
the
volt
age
i
n
the
loa
d
with
t
he
pro
po
se
d
co
ntr
ol
strat
eg
y
a
nd
in
blu
e
t
he
volt
ag
e
in
the
loa
d
with
the
dro
op
con
t
ro
l
str
at
egy.
T
hese
re
sul
ts
sh
ow
that
a
t
the
be
ginnin
g
of
th
e
first
l
oad
c
onne
ct
ion
,
the
node
volt
age
te
nd
s
to
dro
p
s
ha
r
ply
,
bu
t
imme
diate
ly
t
he
c
on
trol
st
rateg
y
re
cov
e
rs
the
volt
age
c
l
os
e
to
the
or
i
gin
al
value.
T
her
e
fore,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
ontrol
strat
e
gy
w
it
h
a
virt
ual
c
urren
t
mainta
ins
a
s
ta
ble
vo
lt
age
value
durin
g
the
per
i
od
in
w
hich
t
he
e
le
ct
rical
loads
are
c
onnecte
d
a
n
d
disco
nnect
ed.
Howe
ver,
w
he
n
the
dro
op
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
is
us
e
d,
t
he
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
beyo
nd
the
propose
d
method a
s the
pro
po
se
d ne
w con
t
ro
l st
rateg
y respo
nd
s
f
a
ste
r
a
nd b
et
te
r
th
an
the
dr
oop
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
Figure
9
s
how
s
the
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
s
ume
d
in
th
e
no
de
w
her
e
the
l
oad
s
a
re
c
onnected
.
The
fig
ur
e
sho
w
s
in
re
d
the
cu
rrent
in
the
loa
d
with
the
propose
d
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
eg
y
a
nd
i
n
blu
e
the
cu
rr
e
nt
in
t
he
l
oad
w
it
h
th
e
dro
op
c
on
tr
ol
s
trat
egy.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
is
lo
wer
with
t
he
pro
po
sed
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
trol
st
rateg
y
c
ompa
red
to
the
dro
op
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