Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol.
6, No. 4, Decem
ber
2015, pp. 730~
735
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
7
30
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
FACT Device for Reactive
Power Compen
sation in the
Deregulated Electrical Power Environment
M
.
P
a
ck
ia
s
udh
a
1
,
S. Su
ja
2
1
Departm
e
nt
of
Ele
c
tri
cal
and
E
l
ectron
i
cs
En
g
i
neering, Avinashili
ngam University, India
2
Department of Electrical
and
El
ectron
i
cs Eng
i
neering, Coimbato
re
Institute of
Technolog
y
,
India
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Apr 15, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 4
,
2
015
Accepte
d
J
u
l 25, 2015
In the der
e
gulating electricity
m
a
rket
, man
y
pr
iv
ate sector power
producers
are p
a
rti
c
ip
ating
ac
tive
l
y. W
i
th
grow
ing number of the wind mills and solar
power genera
tio
n, the re
act
ive
power productio
n will be m
o
re because of
induction
gen
e
rator and
inductiv
e ty
p
e
lo
ad. Man
y
b
l
ackouts have happ
ened
in the
past d
e
c
a
d
es due to
m
o
re
rea
c
tiv
e power
which l
ead
to a
decre
a
se in
the m
a
gnitude o
f
real power. It
is
ver
y
es
s
e
nt
ial
to com
p
ens
a
te t
h
e reac
tiv
e
power, incr
eas
e
the rea
l
power flow in
the tra
n
sm
ission line, incre
a
se th
e
transm
ission effi
cien
c
y
,
im
prove
the s
y
stem
stab
ilit
y
and b
e
in
a
safer p
l
ac
e
to save the fossil fuels for the future.
In this pape
r the im
portance
of reactiv
e
power and
its
v
a
rious
com
p
ens
a
tion
te
chniqu
es
are
app
lied
to
a fiv
e
bus
deregulated
test case modeled
and an
aly
z
ed
.
The simulations
were done
using Matlab Simulink, for var
i
ous FA
CT controllers
s
u
ch as
S
T
ATCOM
,
SVC,
SSS
C a
nd UPFC c
o
mpe
n
sa
tion a
nd
the results were tabulated and
com
p
ared.
Keyword:
Deregu
lated
el
ectricity
FACT De
vice
Optim
al Power
flo
w
MATLAB/Sim
u
link
Reactive powe
r Com
p
ensation
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M. Pack
iasud
h
a,
Depa
rtem
ent of Electrical and
El
ect
ro
ni
cs E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Av
i
n
ash
ilin
g
a
m
Un
iv
ersity,
Th
ad
ag
am
p
o
s
t
,
Co
im
b
a
to
re,
Tamil Nad
u
641
108
,
In
d
i
a.
Em
a
il: p
ack
iasu
dh
a@g
m
ail.c
o
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
The inc
r
ease i
n
power
dem
a
nd i
n
the
rece
nt year
s
has res
u
l
t
e
d hi
g
h
er re
qui
rem
e
nt
s
fro
m
t
h
e
po
we
r
i
n
d
u
st
ry
. C
o
n
s
t
r
uct
i
o
n of
m
o
re powe
r
pl
ant
s
, s
ubst
a
t
i
ons an
d t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
on l
i
n
es are i
ndi
spe
n
sabl
e i
n
restructuri
ng t
h
e electricity
market [1
]
.
C
i
r
c
ui
t
brea
ker
s
are t
h
e f
r
eq
ue
nt
l
y
operat
e
d de
vi
ces i
n
t
h
e
po
wer
gr
i
d
[2]. The
s
e circuits are at times diffi
cul
t
t
o
han
d
l
e
beca
us
e of l
o
n
g
swi
t
chi
n
g peri
od
s and
di
scret
e
o
p
erat
i
o
n.
This increa
ses the cost and also lowe
rs the e
fficiency of the power syste
m
net
w
or
ks [
3
]
,
[4]
.
Se
vere
bl
acko
u
t
s
have
occ
u
rre
d worldwide rec
e
ntly
because
of t
h
e lack of
proper c
o
ntrolling
[5
]. This is discussed in
detail in
th
e later p
a
rt of th
is ch
ap
ter.
Differen
t
ap
pro
ach
es
suc
h
as
reactive powe
r com
p
ensation [6] and
pha
s
e
angle
sh
ifting
[7
] cou
l
d
b
e
app
lied
to
in
crease t
h
e
stab
ility an
d
secu
rity of th
e sy
ste
m
.
A de
vice whic
h is connected in series or parallel
with
th
e lo
ad
and
capab
le o
f
su
pp
lyin
g
reactive
powe
r
dem
a
nded
by the l
o
a
d
is called reacti
v
e
powe
r
c
o
m
p
ensation de
vi
ce. Reactive
powe
r is t
h
e c
o
m
ponent
o
f
p
o
wer th
at
o
s
cillates b
ack an
d
fo
rth
t
h
ro
ugh
th
e lin
es, b
e
ing
ex
ch
ang
e
d
b
e
tween
electric an
d
m
a
g
n
e
tic
fields [8]. In practice,
re
duction
in
reactiv
e
p
o
wer is m
a
d
e
to
im
p
r
ov
e s
y
ste
m
efficiency. To im
prove the
perform
a
nce of power system
,
m
a
nage
m
e
nt of the reacti
v
e power should be
done effi
ciently
. Power syste
m
s
supply
or consum
e real power and
reactive
powe
r.
R
e
a
l
po
we
r acc
o
m
pli
s
hes
usef
ul
w
o
rk
w
h
i
l
e
react
i
v
e
po
we
r s
u
p
p
o
rt
s t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
t
h
at
m
u
st
be c
ont
rol
l
e
d
f
o
r
syste
m
reliab
ili
ty. Reactiv
e po
wer
h
a
s a
p
r
o
f
ou
nd
effect on the security of
power syste
m
s because it affects voltage
s thro
ughout the system [9].
It is
common,
that devices which cons
um
e
the reactive inductive c
u
rr
ent
are called reactive power re
ceivers,
while devices
consum
ing rea
c
tive capacitive curre
n
t are
refe
rre
d to a
s
reactive
power sources. M
o
st of the
industrial
equi
pm
ent consum
es reactive powe
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
FACT
Device for Re
active P
o
wer Compe
n
s
a
tion in the
Der
e
gul
ated Electrical
Po
wer
..
..
(
M
. Packi
asudha)
73
1
FACTS
has
becom
e
the tec
h
nology of c
h
oice in
voltage cont
rol,
reac
tive and acti
v
e
power
flow
co
n
t
ro
l, t
r
an
si
en
t and
stead
y
state stab
iliza
tio
n
th
at im
p
r
o
v
e
s th
e
o
p
e
ratio
n
an
d
fun
c
tio
n
a
lity o
f
existin
g
po
we
r sy
st
em
[10]
.
Tw
o t
y
pes
of
com
p
ensat
i
on
can
be
use
d
o
n
e i
s
se
ri
es a
n
d
t
h
e
ot
he
r i
s
shu
n
t
c
o
m
p
ens
a
t
i
on.
In
recent years com
p
ensato
rs like STAT
COM (static synchronous
com
p
ensators), SSSC (static serie
s
syn
c
hr
ono
us co
m
p
en
sato
r)
,
U
PFC (u
n
i
f
i
ed p
o
w
e
r
f
l
ow
c
ont
rollers
) an
d
SVC (static Var com
p
ensato
r) ha
ve
been de
vel
o
pe
d.
T
h
ese qui
t
e
sat
i
s
fact
ori
l
y
d
o
t
h
e jo
b of
a
b
sor
b
i
n
g or ge
n
e
rat
i
ng react
i
v
e
po
we
r
wi
t
h
a
fast
er
t
i
m
e
respo
n
se
and
c
o
m
e
unde
r Fl
e
x
i
b
l
e
AC
Tran
sm
i
ssi
on Sy
st
em
(FAC
T
S
).
A
f
t
e
r c
o
m
p
ensat
i
o
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
and c
u
rrent we
re in-phase
with each other. T
h
is wa
s evide
n
t for powe
r fac
t
or correction using D-ST
AT
COM
[11
]
. Th
is allows an
i
n
crease
in
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
of
a
ppa
re
nt
p
o
w
er
t
h
ro
ugh
th
e tran
sm
issio
n
lin
e
[12
]
.
2.
NEED F
O
R R
E
ACTI
V
E
C
O
MPE
N
S
A
TI
ON POWE
R
The m
a
in reas
ons
for reactive powe
r c
o
m
p
ensation in a sys
t
e
m
are:
I
n
cr
e
a
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em s
t
a
b
il
ity
The v
o
l
t
a
ge re
gul
at
i
o
n
Reduci
n
g losse
s associate
d
with the
syste
m
and
To
p
r
ev
en
t vo
l
t
ag
e co
llap
s
e as well as
vo
ltag
e
sag
Better u
tilizati
o
n of m
ach
in
es con
n
ected
t
o
t
h
e system
[1
3
]
.
Reactiv
e po
wer su
pp
ly is
essen
tial fo
r
reliab
l
y op
eratin
g
th
e electric tran
sm
issio
n
system
.
Ina
d
e
quat
e
rea
c
t
i
v
e po
wer
ha
s l
e
d t
o
vol
t
a
g
e
col
l
a
pses an
d has
been a
m
a
jor ca
use o
f
several
rece
nt
m
a
jor
po
we
r o
u
t
a
ge
s
wo
rl
d
w
i
d
e
.
T
h
e A
u
gu
st
2
0
03
bl
ac
ko
ut
i
n
t
h
e U
n
i
t
e
d
St
at
es and
C
a
na
da w
a
s n
o
t
du
e t
o
a
v
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e as th
at term
h
a
s
b
een
trad
it
io
n
a
lly u
s
ed
; Th
e fi
n
a
l report o
f
t
h
e U.S.-Can
ad
a
Power Sy
ste
m
Ou
tag
e
Task
Fo
rce (April 2
004
) sai
d
that “in
s
u
f
fi
cient reactive power
was a
n
issue in t
h
e
blackout.”
Dynam
i
c capacitive reactive
powe
r supplies we
re e
xha
us
te
d in the
pe
riod
leading up t
o
t
h
e
blackout.
A
voltage
col
l
apse ca
n take place in
syste
m
s or
s
u
bs
yste
m
s
and c
a
n a
ppea
r
qui
te abruptly.
Co
n
tinuo
u
s
mo
n
itor
i
ng
of
the syste
m
state is th
er
ef
or
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d. Th
e cau
s
e
o
f
th
e 1977
N
e
w Yor
k
black
ou
t
has
bee
n
pr
ov
ed t
o
be
t
h
e
r
eact
i
v
e p
o
w
e
r
pr
o
b
l
e
m
.
The 19
8
7
T
o
ky
o
b
l
ack o
u
t
was
bel
i
e
ved
t
o
be
d
u
e
t
o
reactiv
e power sh
ortag
e
and
to
a vo
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e at su
mmer pea
k
loa
d
.
These facts ha
ve strongly indicated
t
h
at
react
i
v
e
po
we
r pl
a
nni
n
g
an
d
di
spat
c
h
i
n
g pl
ay
an
im
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e sec
u
ri
t
y
of m
odern
po
wer
syste
m
s [14].
2.
1.
Benefits
o
f
F
A
CTS c
o
n
t
rolle
rs
FACTS co
n
t
rollers en
ab
le the tran
sm
issio
n
o
w
n
e
rs to
obt
a
in, on a case-by-case basis
,
one
or m
o
re
o
f
th
e
fo
llo
wi
n
g
b
e
n
e
fits; du
e to
h
i
gh
cap
ital co
st o
f
t
r
an
sm
issio
n
p
l
an
t, co
st co
nsid
eration
s
frequ
e
n
tly
ove
r
w
ei
g
h
al
l
ot
he
r c
o
n
s
i
d
erat
i
ons
. C
o
m
p
are
d
t
o
a
ltern
ativ
e m
e
th
o
d
s of so
lv
ing
tran
sm
issio
n
lo
ad
i
ng
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
, FAC
T
S t
ech
nol
og
y
i
s
oft
e
n t
h
e
m
o
st
econom
i
c
al
t
e
rnat
i
v
e
[
1
5
]
2.
2.
Environmental impact
In
or
der t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
new t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on ro
ut
es
fo
r su
p
p
l
y
i
ng
t
o
an e
v
er i
n
c
r
easi
ng
wo
rl
d
w
i
d
e dem
a
nd
fo
r electrical p
o
we
r,
it is nec
e
ssary
to
acq
ui
re the
rig
h
t
t
o
convey electri
cal energy
ove
r a
gi
ve
n
ro
ut
e
.
It
i
s
co
mm
o
n
to
face env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal op
po
sitio
n fru
s
t
r
atin
g a
ttem
p
ts to
estab
lish
n
e
w tran
smissio
n
ro
u
t
es.
FACTS
tech
no
log
y
,
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
allo
w
s
g
r
eater thr
ough
pu
t
o
v
e
r
ex
istin
g
ro
u
t
es, thus m
eet
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
ith
ou
t
t
h
e co
nst
r
uct
i
o
n
of
ne
w t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on l
i
n
es
[
16]
.
Co
n
t
ro
l of power
flow to
follo
w a con
t
ract,
m
eet
th
e u
t
i
lities o
w
n
n
e
ed
s, en
su
re
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
flow, m
i
nimiz
e
the em
ergenc
y conditi
o
n
s
, or a co
m
b
in
ation
th
ere of con
t
ribu
tes to
op
timal syste
m
o
p
e
ration
b
y
red
u
c
i
n
g
power l
o
sses an
d i
m
p
r
ov
ing
vo
l
t
ag
e profile,
increase th
e lo
adin
g
cap
a
b
ility o
f
t
h
e lin
es to
th
eir
therm
a
l capabilities, the
possibility of provi
d
ing reactive
powe
r sup
port to the grid
from
wind farms with
inve
rters, detai
l
ed a
n
alysis of ca
pability curves
a
nd cost
com
pone
nts,
reduce
reacti
v
e
powe
r
flows, thus
allo
wing
t
h
e lin
es t
o
carry m
o
re activ
e
po
wer,
redu
ce
loo
p
flows, in
crease u
tilizatio
n
o
f
least co
st
g
e
neration
and t
o
ove
r
come the proble
m
of voltage
fluctuations
[17]-[18].certain reactive
po
we
rs
are neces
sary
to be
su
pp
lied fo
r th
e so
le
p
u
rp
ose of co
m
p
en
satio
n
so
as
to en
su
re th
e st
ab
le
o
p
e
ratio
n of th
e system
[1
9
]
.
Reactiv
e p
o
wer op
timizatio
n
is a m
u
lti-c
o
n
s
t
r
ain
t
, la
rge-scale and
no
n
lin
ear co
m
b
in
ato
r
ial op
timizatio
n
pr
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
po
wer
sy
st
em
s [20]
.
3.
MATE
RIAL
S AND METHODS
Fi
gu
re 1
-
sh
ow
s t
h
e si
ngl
e l
i
n
e di
agram
of a fi
ve
bus system
with the FACT
device connected at bus
no
5
.
T
w
o s
o
u
r
ces
of
rat
i
n
g
20
0 M
w
a
n
d
10
0M
w
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
ng
po
we
r t
o
t
h
ree
di
ffe
ren
t
l
o
ads
o
f
rat
i
ngs
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
015
:
73
0 – 735
73
2
t
a
bul
at
ed i
n
T
a
bl
e 2. M
a
t
l
a
b p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ver
y
goo
d p
o
w
er
sy
st
em
sim
u
lat
i
on pl
at
f
o
rm
t
ool
s. The Si
m
u
li
nk
di
ag
ram
of fi
v
e
b
u
s sy
st
em
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2 a
n
d
Fi
g
u
re
3 s
h
ow
s
wi
t
h
STATC
O
M
c
o
nnect
e
d
at
b
u
s
no
.
4.
A st
an
da
rd
5
b
u
s sy
st
em
i
s
desi
gne
d a
n
d
si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
usi
n
g M
A
TL
AB
/
S
i
m
uli
n
k
.
Befo
re com
p
en
satio
n
and after
c
o
m
p
ensating with
STATC
O
M, SVC
, SSSC
a
nd
UPFC are
placed at
vari
ous
buses
.
T
h
e
sam
e
ab
ov
e is sim
u
lated
with
wind
m
i
ll o
f
rating
200
Mw at b
u
s
1.Th
e resu
lts were tabulated
in
Tab
l
e 5
for
reg
u
l
a
t
e
d sy
st
em
and Tabl
e 6
for
dere
g
u
l
a
t
e
d sy
st
em
. The Gene
rat
o
r
rat
i
ngs a
n
d l
o
ad r
a
t
i
ngs are
gi
ve
n i
n
Tabl
e
1 a
n
d
Ta
bl
e 2
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
Fi
ve
bus
t
e
st
case si
ngl
e l
i
n
e
di
a
g
r
a
m
wi
t
h
F
A
C
T
de
vi
ce co
n
n
ec
t
e
d at
b
u
s
n
o
.
5
Tabl
e 1. Ge
ner
a
t
o
r rat
i
n
g
s
Tabl
e 2.
L
o
a
d
rat
i
ngs
Sim
link
Block
PARAMETER
No
m
i
nal Phase-
T
o
-
P
hase Voltage
Vn(Vr
m
s)
no
m
i
nal
fr
equency
fn(
h
z
)
Active
Power
P(W)
I
nductive
Reactive Power
Q
l
(Positive Va
r)
Capactive
Reactive Power
Q
c
(Negative Var)
L
o
ad-
1
11e3
50
66.
66e6
30e6
3.
33e6
L
o
ad-
2
11e3
50
53.
33e6
24e6
2.
66e6
L
o
ad-
3
11e3
50
80e6
36e6
4e6
Tabl
e
3.
Param
e
t
e
rs o
f
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on Li
nes
Sim
u
link blocks
Pi section
line-1 line-2
line-3
line-
4 line-5 line-6 line-7
L
i
ne length (
k
m
)
10
12
7
6.
5 8 7.
5 9
The Ge
nerat
o
r
rat
i
ngs are
gi
ven i
n
Ta
bl
e 1. T
h
e t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on l
i
n
e l
e
n
g
t
h
i
s
gi
ve
n i
n
Tabl
e
3
.
Fi
gu
re 2
sh
o
w
s t
h
e fi
ve
b
u
s
Sim
u
l
i
nk ci
rc
u
i
t
di
agram
for
reg
u
l
a
t
e
d e
nvi
r
onm
ent
.
Fi
g
u
re
3 sh
o
w
s t
h
e
fi
ve b
u
s
Si
m
u
lin
k
d
i
agram
fo
r d
e
regu
lated
env
i
ronmen
t with
wi
n
d
sou
r
ce co
nn
ected
with
bu
s no
.1
. Th
e resu
lt is
t
a
bul
at
ed
i
n
gr
aphi
cal
rep
r
ese
n
t
a
t
i
on i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4.
Generator Power
Rating
PHASE
-
TO
-PH
A
S
E RM
S
VOLT
AGE
(V
)
G1 -
thr
e
e wind
m
i
ll of r
a
ting 70 M
W
,
70M
W
and 60 M
W
each.
200e6
575
G2 -
Sy
nchr
onous Gener
a
tor
100e6
11e3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
FACT
Device for Re
active P
o
wer Compe
n
s
a
tion in the
Der
e
gul
ated Electrical
Po
wer
..
..
(
M
. Packi
asudha)
73
3
Fi
gu
re
2.
R
e
sul
t
C
o
m
p
ari
s
i
on
of
R
eal
an
d R
eact
i
v
e Po
we
r
fo
r
va
ri
o
u
s c
o
m
p
ensat
i
ng
de
vi
ces
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
4
x 1
0
7
B
u
s
1
Bu
s
2
Bu
s
3
B
u
s
4
B
u
s
5
R
eal
P
o
w
e
r
P
L
oad 3 -
R
e
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
SS
SC
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 1
0
7
Re
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
B
u
s
1
B
u
s
2
B
u
s
3
B
u
s
4
B
u
s
5
WC
ST
AT
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSSC
L
oa
d
2
-
R
ea
l
P
ow
e
r
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-1.
5
-1
-0.
5
0
0.
5
1
x 1
0
6
B
u
s 1
B
u
s
2
B
u
s 3
Bu
s 4
B
u
s
5
R
eac
t
i
v
e
Pow
e
r
Q
L
oad 2
- R
e
ac
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
WC
ST
AT
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
SS
SC
1
2
3
4
5
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
x 1
0
6
AT
BU
S 3
AT
BU
S4
AT
BU
S 5
AT
BU
S 1
AT
BU
S 2
R
E
A
C
TI
VE PO
W
E
R
q
WC
ST
AT
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSSC
G
e
n
e
ra
t
o
r 1
- Rea
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
wer
1
2
3
4
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
x 1
0
7
Re
a
l
P
o
we
r
P
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
C
o
m
p
ens
at
i
o
n
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
S
SSC
G
e
n
e
rat
o
r 1 - R
e
al
P
o
w
e
r
A
t
B
u
s 3
A
t
B
u
s 4
A
t
B
u
s 5
A
t
b
u
s 1
A
t
b
u
s
2
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x 1
0
7
B
U
S
3
B
U
S
4
B
U
S
5
B
U
S
1
B
U
S
2
R
eal
P
o
w
e
r
P
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
S
SSC
G
e
n
e
rat
o
r
2 - Real
P
o
wer
1
2
3
4
5
-0.
5
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
x 1
0
6
Re
a
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
we
r
Q
WC
ST
AT
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSSC
Lo
ad
1 -
-Rea
c
t
i
v
e p
o
we
r
Bu
s
1
Bu
s 2
Bu
s
3
Bu
s
4
Bu
s 5
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 1
0
7
Re
a
l
P
o
we
r
P
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSS
C
Loa
d 1 -
R
eal
P
o
w
e
r
Bu
s
1
B
u
s
2
B
u
s
3
Bu
s
4
Bu
s
5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-1
.
5
-1
-0
.
5
0
0.
5
1
x 1
0
6
B
u
s
1
B
u
s
2
B
u
s
3
B
u
s
4
B
u
s
5
Re
a
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
we
r
Q
Load 2 - R
e
ac
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
SS
SC
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 1
0
7
Re
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
B
u
s
1
Bu
s
2
Bu
s
3
Bu
s
4
B
u
s
5
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSS
C
L
oa
d
2
-
R
ea
l
P
ow
er
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.
5
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
4
x 1
0
7
B
u
s
1
Bu
s
2
Bu
s
3
B
u
s
4
B
u
s
5
Re
a
l
P
o
we
r
P
L
oad 3 -
R
e
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
WC
ST
A
T
C
O
M
SV
C
UP
F
C
SS
SC
1
2
3
4
5
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 1
0
5
B
u
s
1
Bu
s
2
B
u
s
3
B
u
s
4
B
u
s
5
R
ea
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
er
Q
Load
3 -
R
eac
t
i
v
e
P
o
we
r
WC
ST
AT
C
O
M
SVC
UP
F
C
SSSC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
015
:
73
0 – 735
73
4
4.
RESULT A
N
D
AN
ALY
S
IS
The
R
e
duct
i
o
n
i
n
react
i
v
e po
we
r
f
o
r va
r
i
ous FAC
T
devices and i
n
creased real
powe
r
due t
o
com
p
ensat
i
on
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 4 a
nd Fi
g
u
re
5. T
h
e fi
g
u
res s
h
ow t
h
at
STAC
OM
gi
v
e
s best
resul
t
a
m
ong
th
e fou
r
FACT con
t
ro
llers.
This work
can
b
e
ex
tend
ed to
IE
EE standard
bus system
s as future sc
ope.
Fi
gu
re
3.
R
eal
p
o
we
r P
Figure
4. Reac
tive powe
r
Q
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
R
eact
i
v
e po
we
r com
p
ensat
i
o
n fo
r a st
anda
r
d
5 b
u
s p
o
we
r sy
st
em
net
w
or
k i
s
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d.
The m
odel
i
s
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d i
n
M
A
TLAB
/
S
I
M
U
LI
NK
. C
o
nt
r
o
l
sy
st
em
phas
o
r
bl
oc
ks o
f
STA
T
C
O
M
,
SVC
,
S
SSC
a
nd
UPFC
are use
d
a
n
d these FACTS
devices a
r
e
placed at va
ri
ous positions
of
the desi
gne
d
5 bus system
a
nd t
h
e
resul
t
s
are t
a
b
u
l
a
t
e
d f
o
r a co
m
p
ari
s
on t
o
fi
nd t
h
e
best
co
m
p
ensat
i
ng de
vi
ce of t
h
e
de
si
gne
d 5
bus s
y
st
em
.
Aft
e
r t
h
e pl
ace
m
e
nt
of FAC
T
S cont
rol
l
e
rs i
n
t
h
e 5
bu
s, en
hancem
ent
of r
eal
po
wer a
nd
red
u
ct
i
o
n o
f
re
act
i
v
e
po
we
r i
s
obt
ai
ned
.
FAC
T
S cont
rol
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
po
we
r sy
st
em
net
w
or
k i
n
a ro
bust
m
a
nner. It
i
s
very
e
ssent
i
a
l
for the placem
ent of suc
h
de
vices as they enha
nce
the
power
quality, powe
r fact
or,
voltage re
gulation a
n
d
also re
duces l
o
sses and t
h
us tr
ansm
ission efficiency increa
se
s an
d ca
n
ha
ve
st
abl
e
p
o
w
er.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Karim Sebaa, M
ounir Bouhedda, Abdelhal
im Tlemcani, Nouredd
i
ne Henini, "L
o
c
ation
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optimal power
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l
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i
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d
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[8]
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Boutora, H
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e
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Zamora,
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Albizu,
KJ
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a
gas
t
abeiti
a, E
.
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e
rnan
dez, ”S
im
ula
tio
n b
y
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TLAB/S
i
m
u
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e
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e
duci
ng THD cr
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em
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
M.Packiasudha
was born in T
i
runelv
eli, I
ndia in 1979. She completed B.E from CIT,
Coim
batore, M.
E in Anna Uni
v
ersit
y
, Coim
bato
re
. S
h
e is
W
o
rking as
As
sis
t
ant P
r
ofes
s
o
r,
Ele
c
tri
cal
and
El
ectron
i
cs
Eng
i
ne
ering,
Avinas
hil
i
ngam
Univers
i
t
y
. S
h
e has
te
achi
ng exper
i
enc
e
of
12 ye
ars
.
Her
res
earch
ar
ea is
Reac
tive
power fl
ow contro
l in
the der
e
gul
a
ting ele
c
tri
cal
power
environm
ent,
F
A
CT Devic
e
,
Ne
w Algorithm
s
for optim
al
pl
acem
ent of
F
A
CT dev
i
ce
.
Suja. S was born in Coimbatore,
India in 1969. S
h
e completed B.E. from Government College of
Techno
log
y
, Coimbatore, M.E an
d Ph.D fro
m PSG
College of Technolog
y
,
Coim
batore. She is
working as
an
As
s
i
s
t
ant P
r
ofes
s
o
r (S
G) in
the Depar
t
m
e
nt
of Ele
c
tri
cal
and El
ectron
i
cs
Engineering, Co
imbatore Institute of
Techno
log
y
, aff
ili
at
ed to
Anna Univers
i
t
y
,
Chennai
.
S
h
e
has teaching
ex
perien
ce of
25
y
e
ars and
publicati
ons in
clud
e
man
y
Internatio
nal and
National
journals, In
tern
ational
and Natio
n
al Confer
ences.
Her res
e
arch
i
n
teres
t
includ
es
power s
y
s
t
em
,
power electronics, wavelets, em
bedded s
y
stem applications,
renewable en
erg
y
and soft
computing techn
i
ques
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