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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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p
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o
v
id
e
g
alv
a
n
ic
i
s
o
latio
n
f
o
r
all
p
o
w
er
p
o
r
ts
.
So
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
m
atc
h
i
n
g
an
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
f
et
y
.
H
e
n
ce
,
m
u
ltip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
il
l b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
at
co
m
b
i
n
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
cu
r
r
en
t
-
s
o
u
r
ce
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
[
6
]
,
[
8
-
9]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
e
m
p
lo
y
s
h
a
lf
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ev
ice
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
w
er
r
ati
n
g
w
it
h
o
u
t
ad
d
itio
n
al
to
tal
d
ev
ice
r
atin
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
ac
h
iev
es
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
in
a
w
id
e
o
p
er
atin
g
r
an
g
e,
r
eq
u
ir
es
les
s
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
li
m
it
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
ip
p
le,
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
b
atter
y
li
f
eti
m
e
.
Ne
v
er
t
h
el
ess
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
h
i
g
h
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
e
n
it
i
s
o
p
er
ated
in
a
w
id
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
d
c
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
atio
ca
n
n
o
t
m
atc
h
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
t
u
r
n
s
r
atio
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
P
W
M
-
p
lu
s
-
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
(
P
P
S)
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
d
ev
ice
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
p
r
o
b
le
m
at
th
e
l
o
w
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
till
p
er
s
is
ts
[
10
]
an
d
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
es
v
o
ltag
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
a
B
HB
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
a
w
id
e
o
p
er
at
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e,
as
it
is
ab
le
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
d
ev
ice
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
o
lv
e
as
y
m
m
etr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t stre
s
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
b
y
m
a
in
ta
in
i
n
g
th
e
d
c
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
V
Hdc
1
at
th
e
lo
w
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
id
e
A
n
is
o
lated
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
-
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
HE
SS
w
as
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
an
u
ltra
c
ap
ac
ito
r
ca
n
v
ar
y
b
et
w
ee
n
5
0
%
an
d
1
0
0
%,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
er
ter
u
tili
ze
s
P
P
S
co
n
tr
o
l
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t stre
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
u
l
tip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
a
b
atter
y
-
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
HE
SS
in
a
n
E
V,
w
h
ich
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
“
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
”
f
r
o
m
th
is
p
o
in
t
o
n
w
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
m
b
i
n
es
t
h
e
t
w
o
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
in
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
an
d
2
w
i
th
a
th
r
ee
-
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
m
p
le
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
t
h
e
m
u
l
tip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
,
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
i
n
d
etail
t
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
I
t
also
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esi
g
n
an
d
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
t
h
at
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
f
o
r
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e.
1
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
-
s
o
u
r
ce
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Vo
ltag
e
-
s
o
u
r
ce
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
ith
a
b
o
o
s
t h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
B
HB
)
c
o
n
v
er
ter
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
286
–
2
9
6
288
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
H
E
S
S
A
ND
O
P
E
RAT
I
N
G
P
RIN
CIP
L
E
S
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
th
at
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
m
u
ltip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t
tr
ip
le
-
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
T
H
B
)
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
a
B
HB
.
T
h
e
r
ated
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
HB
1
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
1
)
is
6
k
W
,
B
HB
(
b
o
o
s
t
h
al
f
b
r
id
g
e)
an
d
P
HB
2
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
2
)
is
8
k
W
,
a
n
d
P
HB
3
is
1
2
k
W
.
T
h
e
d
c
b
u
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
P
HB
1
an
d
P
HB
3
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
2
)
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
b
att
er
y
an
d
d
c
-
lo
ad
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
B
HB
is
co
m
b
in
ed
w
i
th
P
HB
2
an
d
th
e
d
c
b
u
s
o
f
th
e
B
HB
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
1
f
o
r
th
e
b
atter
y
is
s
elec
ted
a
s
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
lo
w
an
d
ab
le
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
t t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
id
e
is
V
BT
,
an
d
at
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
id
e
it is
V
HV
.
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
V
UC
,
v
ar
ies
in
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
h
i
g
h
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
,
th
e
B
HB
ac
ts
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
to
k
ee
p
t
h
e
d
c
-
lin
k
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
HB
2
,
V
Pdc
2
,
co
n
s
ta
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
d
esire
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
a
n
d
m
atch
ed
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
t
u
r
n
r
atio
n
2
(
N
p2
/
N
p3
)
T
h
e
T
HB
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
m
p
le
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
∆
-
t
y
p
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
-
r
ef
er
r
ed
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
T
HB
.
T
h
e
“
∆”
t
y
p
e
mo
d
el
i
s
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
r
elatio
n
an
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
el
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
t
w
o
-
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
el
s
.
I
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
s
L
P13’
,
L
P3
’2
an
d
L
P2’1
ac
t
as
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
No
te
th
at
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
(
‘
)
is
u
s
ed
to
d
en
o
te
th
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
v
al
u
e
s
i.e
.
L
P3’2
i
s
t
h
e
to
tal
i
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
P
HB
2
an
d
P
HB
2
-
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
d
u
c
tan
ce
o
f
P
HB
3
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
P
HB
1
,
P
HB
2
an
d
PHB
3
g
en
er
ate
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
e
ac
-
v
o
lta
g
es
a
t
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
te
r
m
in
a
l.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
i
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t
an
g
les
∅
P13
,
∅
P
12
an
d
∅
P
23
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
t
h
e
p
h
ase
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
V
P1
a
n
d
V
P3
,
V
P1
an
d
V
P2
an
d
V
P2
an
d
V
P3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
p
o
r
t 1
to
p
o
r
t 3
,
p
o
r
t
2
to
p
o
r
t 1
,
an
d
p
o
r
t
3
to
p
o
r
t
2
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
as,
13
=
BT
2
∅
P
13
(
−
|
∅
P
13
|
)
P1
3
′
,
21
=
−
UC
2
2
2
∅
P
12
(
−
|
∅
P
12
|
)
4
SB1
2
P
2
′
1
,
32
=
−
HV
2
3
2
∅
P
23
(
−
|
∅
P
23
|
)
4
P
3
′
2
′
,
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
∅
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
r
ad
ian
,
ω
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
D
S
B1
is
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
s
w
itch
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
B1
.
An
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
is
o
lated
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
to
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
o
r
t
to
a
n
o
t
h
er
p
o
r
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
is
o
lat
io
n
s
ch
e
m
e
th
a
t
w
a
s
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
le
is
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
a
n
g
le
b
et
w
ee
n
th
r
ee
ac
-
v
o
lta
g
e
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
t
h
e
n
et
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
p
o
r
t
to
b
e
z
er
o
.
Sin
ce
th
e
to
tal
n
et
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
r
ts
is
ze
r
o
,
th
e
n
et
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
o
r
t
to
o
t
h
er
p
o
r
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
p
o
r
ts
1
,
2
a
n
d
3
,
P
1
,
P
2
,
an
d
P
3
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as,
1
=
13
−
21
,
2
=
21
−
32
,
3
=
32
−
13
.
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ated
p
o
w
er
at:
P
HB
1
=
6
k
W
,
B
HB
an
d
P
HB
2
=
8
k
W
,
P
H
B
3
=
1
2
k
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f a
B
a
tter
y
-
Ultr
a
ca
p
a
cito
r
Hyb
r
id
E
n
erg
y
-
S
to
r
a
g
e
S
y
s
tem
w
ith
.
.
.
(
B
.
K
.
Ta
n
)
289
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
∆
-
t
y
p
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
-
r
e
f
er
r
ed
eq
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
t
h
e
T
HB
.
I
f
th
e
lo
s
e
s
ar
e
n
eg
lecte
d
,
th
e
t
o
tal
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
p
o
r
ts
is
ca
lcu
lated
as,
1
+
2
+
3
=
0
(
3
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
is
an
al
y
s
ed
in
3
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
b
u
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
th
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
is
as
s
u
m
ed
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
.
Mo
d
e
1
(
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e)
is
s
i
m
u
lated
f
o
r
lo
w
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
h
er
e
p
o
w
er
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
to
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
.
Mo
d
e
2
(
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e)
is
s
i
m
u
lated
f
o
r
p
u
l
s
ed
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
w
h
er
e
p
o
w
er
i
s
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
u
l
tr
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
to
th
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
.
L
astl
y
,
m
o
d
e
3
(
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e)
is
s
i
m
u
lated
f
o
r
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
f
E
V
w
h
er
e
p
o
w
er
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
to
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
Mo
d
e
2
is
a
n
al
y
s
ed
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
t sec
tio
n
.
Mo
d
es 1
an
d
3
ca
n
b
e
an
al
y
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
in
cip
le
as
m
o
d
e
2
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
M
o
de
2
O
pe
ra
t
io
n
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
,
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
is
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
an
d
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
is
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
in
cr
e
ases
r
ap
id
l
y
.
B
o
th
b
atter
y
a
n
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
t
h
e
b
atter
y
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
it
s
r
ated
v
alu
e.
A
t
th
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
n
et
p
o
w
er
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
v
er
ter
s
P
HB
1
an
d
P
HB
2
is
ze
r
o
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t a
n
g
le
∅
P21
is
ze
r
o
P
2
1
is
ze
r
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
id
ea
li
s
ed
ac
-
s
id
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
o
r
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
s
w
itch
in
g
p
er
io
d
in
m
o
d
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
∆
-
t
y
p
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
-
r
ef
er
r
ed
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
T
HB
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
s
to
ea
ch
d
u
r
a
tio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
2
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as,
1.
Du
r
atio
n
1
(
t
1
–
t
2
)
:
S
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P2
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P13’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
n
ti
-
p
a
r
allel
d
io
d
es
D
P4
a
n
d
D
P1
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
i
n
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
P1
3’
ch
ar
g
e
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P4
an
d
C
P1
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P21
is
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
e
v
ice
S
P1
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P3’2’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
an
ti
-
p
ar
alle
l
d
io
d
es
D
P4
an
d
D
P11
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
in
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P3’2’
ch
ar
g
es t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P4
an
d
C
P
11
.
2.
Du
r
atio
n
2
(
t
2
–
t
3
)
:
C
u
r
r
en
t
I
P1
3’
ch
a
n
g
es
its
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
n
eg
ati
v
e
to
p
o
s
it
iv
e
v
al
u
e,
a
n
d
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
e
v
ices
S
P1
an
d
S
P4
an
d
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P1
a
n
d
C
P4
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
I
P3’
2’
ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
ts
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
iti
v
e
to
n
eg
ati
v
e
v
al
u
e,
an
d
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
S
P11
an
d
S
P4
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P11
a
n
d
C
P4
.
3.
Du
r
atio
n
3
(
t
3
–
t
4
)
:
S
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P4
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P3
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P13
’
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P1
an
d
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
D
P3
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
b
atter
y
to
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P13’
an
d
E
V
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P3’2’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P11
an
d
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
D
P3
.
C
u
r
r
en
t is tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
u
l
tr
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
to
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P3’2’
an
d
E
V
m
o
to
r
.
4.
Du
r
atio
n
4
(
t
4
–
t
5
)
:
S
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P1
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P2
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P13’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
es
D
P2
a
n
d
D
P3
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P2
a
n
d
C
P3
a
r
e
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
s
to
r
ed
in
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
P13’
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
e
v
ice
S
P11
i
s
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P21
is
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P3’2’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
an
t
i
-
p
ar
all
el
d
io
d
es
D
P21
a
n
d
D
P3
.
T
h
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
C
P21
an
d
C
P3
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
s
to
r
e
d
in
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P3’2’
.
5.
Du
r
atio
n
5
(
t
5
–
t
6
)
:
C
u
r
r
en
t
I
P1
3’
ch
a
n
g
es
its
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
to
n
eg
at
iv
e
v
al
u
e,
a
n
d
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
e
v
ices
S
P3
an
d
S
P2
an
d
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P3
a
n
d
C
P2
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
I
P3’
2’
ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
ts
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
n
eg
at
iv
e
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
al
u
e,
an
d
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
S
P3
an
d
S
P21
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
P3
a
n
d
C
P21
.
Du
r
atio
n
6
(
t
6
–
t
7
)
: S
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P3
is
t
u
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
S
P4
i
s
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P13’
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
D
P4
an
d
s
w
itch
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P2
.
C
u
r
r
en
t i
s
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
E
V
m
o
to
r
to
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P13’
a
n
d
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
P3’2’
f
lo
w
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ti
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
D
P4
an
d
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
S
P21
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
286
–
2
9
6
290
I
ts
ch
ar
g
e
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
P4
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
es c
ap
ac
ito
r
C
P21
.
C
u
r
r
en
t is tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
E
V
m
o
to
r
to
in
d
u
cto
r
L
P3’2’
an
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
3.
P
O
WE
R
F
L
O
W
CO
N
T
RO
L
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
a
n
a
g
e
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
aid
s
in
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
d
ev
ice
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
es
s
ev
en
in
a
w
id
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
an
g
e.
W
h
e
n
th
e
r
at
io
o
f
th
e
d
c
-
li
n
k
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
e
q
u
a
l
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
t
u
r
n
r
atio
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ac
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
a
n
d
a
s
o
ca
lled
“
f
lat
-
to
p
p
ed
”
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
es
s
.
I
n
th
e
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
v
o
lta
g
es
V
HV
an
d
V
BT
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
co
n
s
tan
t
a
t
3
0
0
V
an
d
1
0
0
V,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
u
lt
r
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
UC
v
ar
ies
b
et
w
ee
n
6
0
V
an
d
1
2
0
V.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
S
B1
an
d
S
B2
,
D
S
B1
a
n
d
D
S
B2
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
V*
Pdc2
i
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t a
t d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
5
0
V.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cles o
f
S
B1
an
d
S
B2
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as,
D
S
B
1
=
V
UC
/
V*
Pdc2
(
3
)
D
S
B
2
=
1
–
D
S
B1
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
an
d
lo
ad
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
to
tal
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
o
r
to
th
e
b
atter
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
th
e
b
atter
y
r
ated
p
o
w
er
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
ir
s
t
id
en
ti
f
ie
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
m
o
d
e
1
an
d
2
(
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
es)
o
r
m
o
d
e
3
(
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
it
d
eter
m
in
e
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
,
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
a
n
g
les
∅
P13
an
d
∅
P23
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
p
o
w
er
P
13
an
d
P
23
o
f
(
1
)
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
,
th
e
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
a
s
s
ig
n
s
t
h
at
p
o
w
er
P
21
is
eq
u
al
to
P
32
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
n
et
p
o
w
er
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
P
H
B
2
is
ze
r
o
(
v
ir
t
u
al
is
o
latio
n
)
a
n
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
w
er
to
t
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
in
t
h
is
m
o
d
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
v
o
ltag
e
V
P1
lead
s
V
P2
a
n
d
V
P3
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
tr
an
s
f
er
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
1
to
co
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
3
.
I
f
t
h
e
E
V
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
ac
ce
ler
ati
o
n
is
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
r
ated
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
m
o
d
e
2
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
ass
i
g
n
s
th
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
i
f
t
an
g
le
∅
P21
to
b
e
ze
r
o
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
P
HB
1
an
d
P
HB
2
.
Vo
ltag
es
V
P1
an
d
V
P2
lead
s
V
P3
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
tr
an
s
f
e
r
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
P
HB
1
an
d
P
HB
2
to
co
n
v
er
ter
P
H
B
3
.
I
n
b
u
ck
m
o
d
e,
m
o
d
e
3
,
th
e
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
ass
i
g
n
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
P
13
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
P
21
in
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
co
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
1
in
ze
r
o
n
et
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
b
atter
y
i
s
n
o
t
c
h
ar
g
ed
an
d
i
s
in
v
ir
tu
a
l
is
o
latio
n
,
an
d
al
l
th
e
r
eg
e
n
er
ati
v
e
b
r
ak
in
g
p
o
w
er
ch
ar
g
es
t
h
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
at
t
h
is
m
o
d
e.
V
o
ltag
e
V
P3
lead
s
V
P1
an
d
V
P2
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
tr
an
s
f
er
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
3
to
co
n
v
er
ter
P
HB
2
.
4.
P
O
WE
R
DE
M
AND
O
F
T
H
E
H
E
S
S F
RO
M
AN
E
V
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HE
SS
is
v
e
r
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
SC
A
D
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
.
Sev
er
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
to
s
i
m
p
lify
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
HE
SS
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
w
er
to
th
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
E
V
m
o
to
r
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
is
a
s
s
u
m
e
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
c
m
o
to
r
at
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
lo
ad
to
r
q
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
id
e
alize
d
b
atter
y
,
u
ltra
ca
p
cito
r
,
an
d
E
V
m
o
to
r
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t sp
ee
d
,
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
an
d
d
ec
eler
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f a
B
a
tter
y
-
Ultr
a
ca
p
a
cito
r
Hyb
r
id
E
n
erg
y
-
S
to
r
a
g
e
S
y
s
tem
w
ith
.
.
.
(
B
.
K
.
Ta
n
)
291
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
d
ea
lis
ed
ac
-
s
id
e
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
o
r
t d
u
r
in
g
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
i
n
m
o
d
e
-
2
o
p
er
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1
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I
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E
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
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:
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R.
S
p
o
tn
it
z
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
EV
a
n
d
HEV
b
a
tt
e
ries
,
”
P
ro
c
.
IE
EE
Co
n
f
.
Veh
icle
Po
we
r
a
n
d
Pro
p
u
lsi
o
n
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
0
5
,
p
p
.
334
-
3
3
7
.
[
2
]
J.
M
.
M
i
ll
e
r,
T
.
Bo
h
n
,
T
.
J.
Do
u
g
h
e
rt
y
,
a
n
d
U.
De
sh
p
a
n
d
e
,
“
W
h
y
h
y
b
rid
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
h
y
b
rid
,
p
lu
g
-
i
n
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
sit
io
n
(
ECCE
),
S
e
p
t.
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
2
6
1
4
-
2
6
2
0
.
[
3
]
Z
Zh
u
a
n
d
B
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
in
telli
g
e
n
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
o
f
li
-
io
n
p
o
w
e
r
b
a
tt
e
ry
st
rin
g
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
,
"
P
ro
c
.
I
n
t.
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
(
ICECC),
S
e
p
t.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
0
-
2
3
7
2
.
[
4
]
A
.
L
a
v
a
n
y
a
,
K.
V
.
Ku
m
a
r,
J.
D.
Na
v
a
m
a
n
i,
“
T
o
p
o
lo
g
ica
l
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Du
a
l
-
In
p
u
t
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
0
4
–
8
1
1
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
7
.
[
5
]
T
.
K.
S
a
n
th
o
sh
a
n
d
C.
G
o
v
in
d
a
ra
ju
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
re
d
i
c
ti
v
e
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
M
u
lt
i
-
P
o
rt
DC/DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
8
3
–
6
9
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
5
.
[
6
]
F
.
Z.
P
e
n
g
,
H.
L
i,
G
-
J.
S
u
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
L
a
w
l
e
r,
“
A
n
e
w
ZV
S
b
id
ir
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
-
6
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
4
.
[
7
]
Z.
L
i,
O.
On
a
r,
A
.
Kh
a
li
g
h
,
a
n
d
E.
S
c
h
a
lt
z
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
in
p
u
t
d
c
/d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
b
a
tt
e
ry
/u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
b
a
se
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
p
o
we
r
s
y
st
e
m
,
”
Pr
o
c
.
Ap
p
l
ied
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
(
AP
EC),
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
5
9
1
-
5
9
6
.
[
8
]
S
.
Cu
i,
D.
He
,
M
.
L
i,
H.
L
u
,
a
n
d
T
.
G
.
Ha
b
e
tl
e
r,
“
De
si
g
n
o
f
a
d
u
a
l
h
a
lf
b
rid
g
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
a
n
u
lt
ra
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
b
a
se
d
a
u
x
il
iary
p
o
we
r
so
u
rc
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
P
ro
c
.
IEE
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T
ra
n
sp
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io
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c
trif
ica
ti
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Co
n
fer
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c
e
a
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d
Exp
o
(
IT
EC),
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
7.
[
9
]
H.
L
i
a
n
d
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.
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e
n
g
,
“
M
o
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li
n
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a
n
e
w
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S
b
i
-
d
irec
ti
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a
l
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
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v
e
rter,”
IEE
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ra
n
s.
Aer
o
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
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e
c
tro
n
ic S
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.
[
1
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]
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.
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n
a
n
d
D.
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a
n
,
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-
d
irec
ti
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a
l
DC/DC
c
o
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v
e
rters
f
o
r
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
(P
HE
V)
a
p
p
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c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
A
p
p
li
e
d
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
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n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
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d
Ex
p
o
siti
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n
(
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EC),
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e
b
.
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
7
8
4
-
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8
9
.
[
1
1
]
D.
X
u
,
C.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
H.
F
a
n
,
“
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P
W
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p
l
u
s
p
h
a
se
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sh
if
t
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o
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tro
l
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
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6
6
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,
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[
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S
.
Cu
i,
D.
He
,
Z.
Ch
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n
,
a
n
d
T
.
G
.
H
a
b
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tl
e
r
,
“
A
w
id
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ra
n
g
e
ZV
S
iso
late
d
b
id
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
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rter
f
o
r
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lt
ra
-
c
a
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it
o
r
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p
p
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c
a
ti
o
n
in
h
y
b
rid
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
tric
Veh
icle
(
IEV
C),
M
a
r.
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
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