Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 78
5
~
79
1
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p78
5-7
91
7
85
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Devel
o
pm
ent
of multi
p
l
e
plug-i
n elect
ri
c vehi
cle m
o
bi
l
e
chargi
ng station using
b
i
directional converter
A. D
o
mi
ni
c
S
a
vi
o
1
, V
i
ma
la
Ju
l
i
e
t
A
.
2
1
Department of El
ectrical and Elect
ron
i
cs E
ngi
neeri
n
g, S
R
M
Institute
of
sci
e
nce and t
e
chnology,
I
ndia
2
D
e
partm
e
n
t
of
Ele
c
tro
n
i
c
s an
d
I
n
strument
ation
En
gine
er
in
g,
S
R
M
Institut
e of
s
c
ien
c
e
and
tech
no
log
y
, Ind
i
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Re
ce
ive
d
Ma
r 10
, 20
19
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 8
,
2
019
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
D
e
c
6
,
20
19
Ele
c
tri
c
v
e
hi
cle
(EV
)
ch
arging
stat
i
on po
we
red b
y
t
h
e sca
t
te
re
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
urces
with
D
C
Nan
o
g
r
id
(N
G
)
p
r
ovides
an
op
tion
fo
r
un
in
terru
p
t
ed
charg
i
n
g
.
Th
e
NG
p
o
w
e
red by
th
e ren
e
wab
l
e en
erg
y
so
urc
e
s (RES
)
o
f
ph
otov
olta
ic
(P
V) an
d
wind
ene
r
g
y
.
Wh
en
the
e
x
ces
s p
o
w
e
r p
r
o
d
u
ced
by
th
e
renew
a
ble
ener
g
y
stored
in
th
e lo
ca
l
energy
s
t
o
r
age
unit (ES
U
)
u
t
ili
z
e
d
du
rin
g
s
h
o
r
tage
pow
er from the
ren
e
wab
l
e s
ourc
e
s
.
D
u
rin
g
the
o
v
erload
ing
of NG
an
d d
e
m
a
nd
o
f
energ
y
in
ES
U; th
e mo
bile
ch
arg
i
ng st
ation
(M
CS
)
pro
v
ides
an
u
n
i
n
t
erru
pt
ed
charg
i
ng
.
Th
e M
C
S
pr
ov
id
es
an op
tion
fo
r b
a
tte
ry
sw
app
i
ng
an
d
v
e
hic
l
e
to
grid
fe
as
ibil
i
t
y. The MCS requir
ed
to
m
o
nit
o
r
the
state
of
ch
arg
e
(
S
O
C
)
and
state
of h
ealth (S
O
H
) o
f
the b
a
tt
ery.
M
o
nito
rin
g
o
f
S
O
C and
S
O
H rela
ted
to
th
e va
r
i
ous
batte
ry paramet
e
rs
l
i
ke volt
age,
current
a
n
d te
m
p
e
r
at
ure.
A la
bo
ra
to
ry p
r
ot
ot
yp
e
is d
e
v
e
lo
pe
d
a
n
d t
e
ste
d
the
pra
c
t
i
c
a
l
po
ss
ib
ility of EV
to NG
an
d Interne
t
o
f
thing
s
(IoT)
b
a
sed
m
o
nitoring
of
b
attery param
e
t
e
rs
.
Ke
yw
ords:
DC
Na
nog
r
i
d
El
ect
ri
c Ve
hi
c
l
e
s
M
o
b
i
le
ch
arg
i
ng
st
ati
on
V
e
h
i
c
l
e to gr
id
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
A. D
o
mini
c Sa
vio,
Depa
rt
me
nt o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
and
El
e
c
t
r
oni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g
,
SR
M In
st
i
t
ut
e of sci
e
nce
a
nd
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
,
Ch
enn
a
i 6
032
03
,
Ta
mil
N
a
du
,
In
d
i
a
.
Emai
l:
agd
o
mi
ni
csavi
o
@
g
ma
i
l
.
com
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
D
e
pl
et
io
n
of fossi
l fuel
, inc
r
ea
sing
fuel
pri
c
e
s
an
d
l
o
ng
t
e
rm
be
nefit
of p
o
ll
ut
i
on
fre
e
e
n
vir
onme
n
t
al
l
a
ddress
e
d
b
y
the
r
o
de
tran
spo
r
t
a
t
i
on e
l
e
c
t
ri
fi
ca
ti
on
[1].
In
t
h
e t
r
ans
p
ort
a
t
i
on se
ct
or el
ec
tric
vehi
cl
es
(EVs
)
pro
v
i
d
e a
n
o
p
t
ion
for
pol
l
u
ti
on-free
roa
d
t
r
ans
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
[2
].
In
orde
r t
o
mi
ni
mi
ze
t
h
e de
pen
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
e
n
er
g
y
sou
r
ce
ba
se
d E
V
c
h
a
r
gi
ng a
n
d
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
st
ress
o
n
t
h
e e
x
i
s
t
i
ng
ut
i
l
i
t
y
gri
d
ren
e
wabl
e
e
n
ergy
sou
r
c
e
s
in
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
w
ith
th
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
t
at
io
n
ar
ch
i
t
ectu
r
e
.
Wh
en th
er
e
is a
n
ex
ce
ss p
o
w
e
r
p
r
od
u
c
e
d
by
re
ne
wa
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
urc
e
s
:
st
ore
d
i
n
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
stora
g
e
u
n
i
t
(ES
U
)
[3
,
4].
D
u
ri
ng
the
s
h
ort
a
ge
of
e
n
er
gy
fo
r
EV c
h
argi
n
g
o
r
pea
k
de
ma
nd
i
n
t
h
e
uti
l
i
t
y
gr
id,
E
S
U
o
r
ful
l
y
c
h
arge
d E
V
sup
p
l
i
e
s po
we
r t
o
E
V
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
[5].
The
maj
o
r
dis
a
dva
nta
g
e
in
t
h
e
c
onve
rsi
o
n
roa
d
t
r
ans
p
ort
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
s
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
t
i
me a
n
d
bat
t
e
ry l
i
f
e
[6
]. The
MC
S
int
e
grat
e
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e N
G
or
ho
me
, red
u
ci
ng t
h
e
ove
rl
oa
di
n
g
o
f
t
h
e ut
i
l
i
t
y
g
r
i
d
a
l
so
ene
r
g
y
man
a
ge
me
nt
sy
ste
m
pro
v
i
d
es
be
tt
er p
o
we
r ma
na
ge
me
nt
i
n
t
h
e
char
gin
g
st
a
t
i
on
[7, 8
]
.
Also, t
h
e
servi
c
e
c
e
nt
re
abl
e
t
o
pr
ovi
de
su
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
MC
S
for
u
n
i
n
te
rrupt
e
d
dri
v
i
ng
[9]
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
el
ec
tronic
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
,
al
on
g
wit
h
a s
u
i
t
a
b
le
pulse
w
i
dt
h mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
ont
rol
provi
des a
n
effic
i
en
t
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
s
y
st
em
perfo
rma
n
c
e
[10
,
11
].
T
h
e
pro
p
o
se
d cha
r
gi
n
g
st
a
t
i
on to
pol
og
ie
s
consi
s
t
of
a DC-
D
C b
u
c
k
co
n
v
erte
r
f
o
r EV c
h
a
r
ge
, D
C
-D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
onv
e
r
ter
f
o
r
gr
id i
n
te
gra
t
i
o
n [12
-
14
].
Th
e M
C
S w
ith
b
a
tt
ery s
t
or
age
sy
ste
m
w
i
t
h
b
i
d
i
re
c
t
ion
a
l D
C
-
D
C
buc
k/
b
o
o
st
para
ll
el
con
v
erte
rs
o
f
fe
rs a bi
di
re
c
t
iona
l c
h
ar
gin
g
opti
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
7
8
5
–
791
78
6
Th
e M
C
S
SOC
a
n
d
SOH
are
me
as
ure
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
u
l
omb
co
un
t
i
ng
m
e
th
od
for
the
e
s
tim
ati
o
n
of
SO
C st
a
n
d
s
mi
d-wa
y be
tw
ee
n
kal
m
a
n
fi
l
t
e
r
and
OC
V-S
O
C
met
h
od
[1
5].
This met
h
od
i
n
vol
ves t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
i
ng
of a
m
p
e
re
-h
ou
rs t
h
at
t
a
ke
s
p
a
rt
in
the
w
hol
e pr
ocess
o
f
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
a
nd
di
scha
rgi
n
g i
n
a
bat
t
e
r
y
.
It
t
a
ke
s
i
n
to
c
o
nsid
e
r
at
ion t
h
e d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n of
i
n
i
tia
l S
O
C wh
i
c
h
is
o
f
g
r
e
a
t
impo
r
t
an
ce
sin
c
e
it
i
s
re
spo
n
s
ib
le
fo
r the
la
te
r
c
a
l
cu
l
a
t
e
d
SO
C a
t
an
y
i
n
sta
n
t [1
6].
Fo
r
est
i
ma
tin
g
i
n
i
tia
l
SO
C
w
e
m
a
y
ma
k
e
u
s
e
of
O
C
V
-
SOC
cur
v
e
from
a
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
pi
ec
ewi
s
e
l
i
n
e
ar
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
of
SOC
-
OC
V
d
one
by
so
me
of t
h
e
e
xpe
rt
s [1
7]. B
e
t
t
e
r wa
y
to
get
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
S
O
C
i
s
by
o
p
e
r
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
ba
tt
ery
i
n
t
h
ree
m
o
des
cha
r
gi
ng,
disc
ha
rgi
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
-ci
r
c
u
it
ed
mo
de
a
n
d
by
u
s
i
n
g eac
h mo
d
e
t
h
e
ch
a
r
g
i
ng vo
l
t
ag
e, cu
rr
e
n
t
a
nd e
s
tim
a
t
i
on
curv
es a
r
e
d
r
awn
a
n
d t
h
e
n
o
u
t
of
t
h
o
s
e
curve
s
we
t
r
y to get
e
quat
i
ons re
la
ti
ng S
O
C
a
nd
c
h
a
r
gi
ng d
i
schar
g
i
n
g cu
rre
n
t
o
r
so
me
ti
m
e
s vol
t
a
ge
s [1
8
]
.T
he
S
O
C is th
en
e
s
timated
by
con
s
id
eri
n
g
o
t
h
e
r
im
p
o
rt
an
t
f
a
cto
r
s
also
l
i
k
e
SO
H
(
S
tate o
f
healt
h
),
DOD (D
ep
th
Of
Di
sc
har
g
e),
a
n
d a
muc
h
m
o
re
i
m
p
o
rt
a
n
t
pa
ra
met
e
r C
h
a
r
gi
ng
an
d
Di
sc
har
g
in
g e
f
fi
ci
e
n
ci
e
s
a
s
i
s
use
d
i
n
an
i
m
pro
v
e
d
or e
nha
nc
e
d
c
o
ul
o
m
b
co
u
n
t
i
n
g
me
tho
d
[1
5].
The
use
of
c
h
argi
ng
a
n
d
di
s
c
har
g
in
g
effic
i
e
n
ci
es is
b
e
n
e
fic
i
a
l
f
o
r
in
c
r
e
a
s
ing
th
e o
v
e
ra
ll
ac
cu
ra
cy
o
f
t
h
e sy
ste
m
an
d
th
u
s
r
e
du
c
i
ng
t
h
e ch
a
n
ces of
e
r
r
o
r
.
Th
is
me
th
od
is
easy t
o
im
p
l
e
m
en
t
a
n
d g
i
v
e
s
ac
c
u
ra
te
r
e
su
lt a
s
co
mp
ar
ed
to
OC
V
-
SO
C t
e
c
hniq
u
e
b
u
t
le
ss
a
c
c
u
ra
te
a
s
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
to
k
a
l
m
an
fi
lte
r
SO
C
est
i
ma
t
i
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
. Th
is m
e
t
hod
is
v
e
ry
a
c
c
u
r
a
te i
f
t
h
e i
n
iti
a
l
SO
C,
current
,
an
d effic
i
e
n
cy is
prec
ise
[1
9]
. T
h
e
o
n
l
y
iss
u
e wi
t
h
t
h
is me
th
o
d
i
s
t
h
at
i
t
ne
eds
a
n
a
ccurat
e
ini
t
i
a
l
S
O
C
w
h
ich
is
d
i
ffi
cu
lt
t
o
g
e
t a
n
d th
e
r
e
f
or
e so
me
t
i
me
s
th
e ac
cura
c
y
is
le
ss.
H
o
w
e
ver, ba
tt
e
r
y
s
w
a
ppi
ng
mo
re
rel
i
a
b
le
for
l
o
n
g
-di
s
ta
nc
e tra
v
el
,
di
ffe
rent
pr
o
b
le
m re
l
a
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
s
w
ap
pi
ng
is st
a
nda
rdi
z
ing
t
h
e
bat
t
ery t
y
pe
co
nt
i
n
u
ous
hea
l
t
h
moni
t
o
ri
ng
[2
0; 2
1
]. T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
swa
p
pi
ng
c
l
o
u
d
-
ba
se
d
bat
t
e
r
y
pa
ra
me
te
rs st
ora
g
e
is use
d
. T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
usi
n
g
Io
T wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
vehi
cl
e
c
h
argi
ng
sta
t
i
o
n
wi
l
l
make
i
t
ea
si
e
r
[2
2]. An
a
u
t
o
nom
ou
s
s
y
st
em wi
l
l
be
desi
gn
e
d
fo
r fa
ult
det
e
c
t
ion
in
el
ec
tr
ic v
e
hic
l
e
a
n
d
t
r
an
sm
it
fau
l
t
da
ta
to
th
e serv
er [2
3]
. Th
e c
l
ou
d
and b
a
s
e
d o
n
i
n
for
m
a
t
i
o
n
,
i
t
sen
d
s
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
no
ti
fi
ca
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
th
e M
C
S
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
w
i
l
l
h
e
lp
th
e
se
rv
i
c
e
te
am
to
so
l
v
e
th
e
p
r
ob
le
m
at
th
e site
itse
l
f
,
th
us in
c
r
ea
sing
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
as
w
e
ll
a
s
r
e
d
u
c
in
g t
i
me
a
n
d
c
o
st
inv
o
l
v
e
d.
Th
e
p
a
p
e
r is st
ru
c
t
ur
e
d
a
s
follo
w
s t
h
e arc
h
it
ec
tu
r
e
o
f
mult
ip
o
r
t el
ec
tr
ic v
e
h
i
cle
c
h
argin
g
st
ati
o
n
expl
ai
ne
d i
n
s
e
cessi
on
2.
Va
ri
o
u
s m
ode
s o
f
c
h
argi
n
g
st
at
i
ons
wit
h
ba
tt
e
r
y swa
p
pi
n
g
e
x
pl
ai
ned
i
n
se
ct
i
o
n
3.
The sim
u
l
a
t
i
on i
s
pe
rforme
d
usi
ng
MA
T
L
AB/
S
i
m
ul
in
k
,
a
nd t
h
e re
s
u
l
t
s were
pre
s
ent
e
d i
n
sec
t
ion
3.
Ex
peri
me
nt
al
val
i
da
t
i
o
n
o
f
simul
a
t
i
on
re
s
u
l
t
s
di
scus
sed
i
n
se
ct
ion
4. C
o
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
, t
h
e ad
va
nt
age
s
of
t
h
e
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
i
s
gi
ve
n i
n
S
e
ct
i
o
n
5.
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H M
ETH
OD
Th
e
mu
lt
ip
or
t
ele
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
sma
r
t c
h
arg
i
ng
s
t
at
io
n
ar
ch
it
e
c
t
u
re
w
i
t
h
M
C
S
is
sh
own
in t
a
u
r
e
1.
Th
e
cha
r
gi
ng
st
at
i
o
n
uses
c
o
m
m
on
DC
N
G
to
p
o
we
r c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
poi
nt
a
n
d t
h
e
l
o
c
a
l
l
o
ad
. T
h
e
NG
po
we
red
b
y
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
ren
t
PV so
ur
ce
s,
w
i
nd ge
n
e
ra
t
o
r an
d
on
bo
ard
e
n
e
r
gy
sto
r
ag
e
un
it
A
l
l
th
e so
ur
ce
s ar
e con
n
e
ct
e
d
t
h
rou
g
h
t
h
e p
o
we
r e
l
e
c
t
ro
ni
cs c
o
nv
ert
e
r;
PV
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e N
G
t
h
ro
ug
h ma
xi
mum
po
we
r p
o
i
n
t
t
r
ac
ki
n
g
(M
PP
T)
bo
ost c
onve
rt
er [
2
5,
2
6
].
T
h
e
MP
P
T
c
o
ntr
o
ll
e
r
pr
ovi
des
ma
xim
u
m
o
u
t
put
from t
h
e
PV
. T
h
e
di
ffe
r
ent
cha
r
gi
ng t
e
rmi
n
al
s are c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
thr
o
ugh t
h
e p
o
w
e
r
el
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
s c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
[
2
7
]
. S
o
me
char
gin
g
poi
n
t
s are
u
s
ed
a
b
i
d
i
r
e
cti
o
n
a
l
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r t
o
op
e
r
ate
v
e
h
i
cl
e
to
o
t
her
mod
e
s.
Th
e
loc
a
l
l
o
ad
conn
ec
te
d
to
th
e
ch
arg
i
n
g
st
ati
o
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a DC
hou
s
e
fo
r
avo
i
d
i
ng
lo
ss
es.
Th
e
M
C
S
is a
s
so
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
th
e
ch
ang
i
ng
st
at
ion
wh
en
t
h
ere
i
s
dema
n
d
. T
h
e
i
s
ol
at
io
n
swi
t
c
hes
a
r
e
con
n
ec
te
d
be
t
w
een
t
h
e l
o
ad
te
rmina
l
a
n
d
NG
t
o
dec
i
de
t
h
e sma
r
t
cha
r
gi
ng mode
s.
Whe
n
a
fa
u
l
t
oc
cu
rs
i
n
a
n
el
ec
tric
ve
hi
cl
e
and
ba
tt
ery
,
it
ge
ts
i
mmo
bi
l
i
zed a
n
d
t
h
i
s
ca
uses
a
l
o
t
o
f
pro
b
l
e
m
f
o
r t
h
e
ow
ne
r.
He
nc
e t
h
e ve
hi
cl
e or
bat
t
e
r
y swa
ppi
ng ser
v
ic
e
pro
v
i
d
er
co
nt
i
n
u
o
u
sl
y mo
ni
tors
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs. The
r
e
f
o
r
e,
usin
g Io
T
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
el
ec
tri
c
vehi
cl
e
syst
em
wi
l
l
ma
ke i
t
easi
e
r. An
aut
o
no
mo
us s
y
st
e
m
wi
l
l
be d
e
si
gne
d fo
r
fa
u
l
t det
e
ct
ion i
n
el
ect
ri
c
ve
hic
l
e
and t
r
ans
m
i
t
faul
t
d
a
t
a
an
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
para
met
e
rs
to
the
MC
S.
It
w
i
ll
he
l
p
t
h
e
se
rvi
c
e
t
e
a
m
to
s
o
lve
t
h
e
probl
em
a
t
the
si
t
e
i
t
sel
f
th
us i
n
c
r
ea
sing
effi
ci
enc
y
as
w
e
l
l
as red
u
c
i
ng
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
c
o
st
inv
o
l
v
e
d
.
D
e
vel
opi
ng
a
smart c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
st
at
i
o
n
wit
h
t
h
e
fa
ci
li
t
y
o
f
bat
t
e
r
y
sw
a
ppi
ng
a
n
d
v
e
hi
cl
e t
o
g
r
i
d
p
r
ov
id
e
s
a
fo
llo
w
i
n
g
.
Vehi
cl
e to ve
h
i
c
l
e
cha
r
gi
n
g
p
o
we
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
rre
d
from nu
mb
er of
E
V
t
o
re
qui
red EV
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
the
N
G
D
C
bus via
bi
di
rec
t
i
onal
co
n
v
ert
e
r
re
d
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
stress on
N
G
.
M
E
V
t
o
gri
d
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
m
obi
le
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
vehi
cl
e provi
des a p
o
we
r
t
o
the
N
G
t
o
c
h
a
r
ge
t
h
e ava
i
la
ble
EV
s at
the
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
st
at
ion.
M
C
S
ca
n
af
fo
rd
a
ba
tt
ery
s
w
ap
pi
n
g
ba
se
d
on
t
h
e
pa
ra
me
t
e
rs
mo
ni
t
o
red
t
h
ro
u
g
h
th
e
IoT;
s
w
a
ppi
ng
char
ges a
r
e
ca
l
c
ula
t
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
D
e
ve
lop
m
en
t of
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
l
ug-
in
el
ec
tri
c
vehi
c
le
mob
ile
c
harg
i
n
g
sta
tio
n …
(A. Do
m
i
n
i
c
Sa
v
i
o)
7
87
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
C
h
a
r
gi
n
g
st
at
i
o
n a
r
chi
t
ect
ure
Th
e
b
a
tte
ry
swa
p
p
i
n
g
sta
t
i
on
m
o
n
i
to
r
s
cu
rr
en
t,
vo
l
t
ag
e and te
mp
e
r
at
ure e
t
c.
Fo
r
th
e ca
l
c
u
l
a
tio
n
o
f
perfo
rma
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y a
n
d
use
f
ul
i
n
fo
rmat
ion
o
f
S
O
C
a
n
d S
O
H
o
f
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
tra
n
sfe
r
re
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
IOT
.
B
a
se
d on
thi
s
p
a
ra
me
te
rs
c
o
ntr
o
ll
i
ng
a
c
t
i
on
,
pri
c
i
n
g
ra
nge
o
f
bat
t
e
r
y
sw
a
ppi
n
g
a
n
d
bat
t
ery
l
i
fe c
y
c
l
e are
me
a
s
ur
ed.
Th
e
c
h
arg
i
ng
st
ati
o
n
and
th
e
MCS
a
r
e op
er
ate
d
in
a
d
i
ff
ere
n
t mod
e
, b
a
sic
a
lly
th
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
mode
s are
de
s
c
ri
be
d.
All
t
h
i
s
mo
de i
s
bas
e
d o
n
the
v
o
lt
age
le
vel
o
f
D
C
N
G
a
nd
SO
C
of
MCS
c
h
argi
ng
sta
t
ion.
Whe
n
the
DC
bus
v
o
l
t
age
mea
s
ure i
s
le
ss
t
h
an
the
re
fe
rence
l
e
ve
l
cha
r
gi
ng st
at
ion
t
o
t
a
ll
y de
pe
nds
on
th
e
M
C
S and
EV
s av
a
i
l
a
b
l
e at
t
h
e ch
arg
i
n
g
sta
t
i
o
n
.
SOC
of t
h
e M
C
S
ch
a
r
g
i
ng statio
n
gr
ea
te
r
t
h
an
t
h
e
defi
ne
d
le
vel
,
i
t
po
we
rs
the
N
G
t
o
cha
r
g
e
t
h
e EV
el
se
i
t
w
i
ll
offe
r
ba
tt
e
r
y s
w
ap
pi
n
g
.
M
ode
s o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
s
y
st
em a
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
des of
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
on of th
e
c
h
arg
i
ng
sy
ste
m
V
e
hi
cl
e t
o
g
r
i
d
t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
gi
ve
s t
h
e
po
w
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
from t
h
e
vehi
c
l
e a
v
ai
la
ble
ch
argi
ng
p
o
int
w
h
en
t
h
e
gri
d
u
n
d
e
r
p
e
ak
d
e
ma
nd
fo
r ele
c
t
ric
i
ty
.
Dur
i
ng
t
h
is tim
e,
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n ca
n
b
e
t
r
ansf
e
r
r
e
d
from t
h
e
ve
hic
l
e
t
o
the
c
o
n
t
rol
ce
n
t
re
.
In
thi
s
ve
hi
cl
e to
gri
d
t
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
e
nu
mbe
r
of ve
hic
l
es
i
s
j
o
i
n
ed
t
oget
h
e
r
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e bi
di
rec
t
i
o
nal
p
o
w
e
r an
d c
o
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
si
gnal
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
7
8
5
–
791
78
8
3.
SIM
U
LAT
I
O
N
RE
SUL
T
S
Du
ri
ng simu
l
a
t
i
o
n
an
aly
s
is thr
e
e
EV
s con
s
id
e
r
e
d
fo
r c
h
a
r
g
i
ng a
nd d
i
scha
rg
in
g a
n
d th
e
SO
C
v
a
lu
es
are se
le
ct
ed
as
diffe
r
e
n
t
l
e
ve
l.
The
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
val
u
e
of SOC
whi
l
e
co
nnec
t
i
n
g
to t
h
e c
h
argi
ng
st
at
i
on
i
s
co
nsi
d
e
r
e
d
as
60
%,
7
0
%
a
nd 8
0
%
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y
D
u
rin
g
MCS
disc
ha
rgi
ng mo
de
t
h
e D
C
bus vol
ta
ge mai
n
ta
ine
d
a
s
32
0 V
th
ro
ugh
t
h
e mo
b
ile
EV
ch
arg
i
ng
un
it
is sho
w
n
in
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
In
th
is mode D
C
bu
s vo
lta
g
e
is ma
in
t
a
i
n
e
d
and
t
h
e bi
di
rect
i
o
n
a
l
con
v
erte
r c
o
nnec
t
e
d
at
t
h
e
cha
r
gi
ng t
e
rmi
n
al
o
p
erat
e
d
i
n
bo
ost
m
ode t
o
d
i
scha
rge t
h
e
MC
S
a
n
d t
h
e
corr
e
s
po
nd
ing
vo
lt
ag
e
of M
C
S
is 48V
sh
own
in
Fig
u
re
4
.
F
i
gure
3. D
C
b
u
s
volt
a
ge
s c
h
a
r
gi
ng
m
ode
F
i
gure
Fi
gu
re
4.
C
h
a
r
gi
n
g
vol
t
a
g
e
of
B
D
C
un
de
r bu
ck
mode
D
u
rin
g
ve
hi
c
l
e
to
gri
d
a
n
d
E
S
U
t
o
Vehi
cl
e
mo
de;
E
S
U
a
r
e v
e
hic
l
e
s
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e at
t
h
e
ch
argi
ng
poi
nts
gi
ves
t
h
e
sup
p
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
t
h
ro
ug
h
t
h
e
MC
S. Whe
n
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ve
hi
cl
e
is co
n
n
ect
e
d
t
o
di
sc
hargi
n
g D
C
bu
s
vol
ta
ge
mai
n
ta
ine
d
as
2
2
0
V
a
nd
al
l
the
veh
i
cl
es an
d E
S
U
ava
i
la
ble
at
t
h
e c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
p
o
int
i
s
di
sc
hargi
n
g
a
n
d
th
e
co
rr
espo
n
d
in
g D
C
bu
s
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
as 3
00V
i
s
sh
own
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
5.
Th
e c
u
rr
ent
and
c
u
rr
e
n
t
inj
e
c
t
e
d
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
is
sh
own
in Fi
gure 6
.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Ve
hi
c
l
e
s
di
scha
rgi
n
g.
Fi
gu
re
6. Fe
e
d
bac
k
g
r
i
d
c
u
rre
nt
The
ve
hic
l
e
t
o
gri
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
pr
ovi
de
s t
h
e te
ch
ni
cal
fea
s
ibi
l
i
t
y
an
d
it
s
be
st
for t
h
e E
V
o
w
ne
r i
n
ec
onomi
c
i
n
c
e
n
t
i
ve
. Ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e a
n
d
S
O
C v
a
l
u
e
ba
tt
e
r
y, sw
a
ppi
n
g
mode
c
a
n
be
sel
e
c
t
e
d
.
we ca
n
n
o
t
i
c
e
th
at
th
e tr
e
nd of S
O
C
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
ec
t
t
o
ti
me is
almost
simi
la
r wi
th a
sl
igh
t
e
r
ror w
ith
t
h
e
es
tima
ti
on
met
h
o
d
.
T
h
is e
rror is a
re
s
u
l
t
of the
e
n
han
c
e
d
c
oul
om
b
c
o
u
n
ti
ng
me
t
h
o
d
whi
c
h
give
s
a
smal
l
e
r
ro
r di
ffe
r
e
n
c
e
but
i
s
sti
l
l
very acc
urat
e as
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
to
O
C
V-S
O
C
met
h
od o
f
e
s
ti
mat
i
on an
d
t
h
us
i
t
ca
n be co
nsi
d
e
r
ed
.
In
order t
o
re
du
c
e
t
h
is error,
i
t
wi
ll
have t
o
mon
i
t
o
r p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
fa
ct
ors tha
t
a
f
fec
t
t
h
e st
at
e of h
e
a
l
t
h
of
ou
r
ba
t
t
e
ry
and
we
can
ach
i
e
ve
m
o
re
ac
cu
ra
te
res
u
l
t
s.
4.
EXPER
I
M
E
NTA
L
VA
LIDA
TION
The c
h
a
r
gin
g
sta
t
ion wi
th a
t
h
ree
c
h
arge
r w
i
t
h
th
ree cha
r
gi
ng
p
o
rt
cha
r
gi
ng sta
t
i
o
n ta
kes
t
i
me
t
o
cha
r
ge E
V
.
In
mul
t
i
pl
e
cha
r
ger
,
mul
t
i
po
rt cha
r
gi
ng
provi
des
a
go
o
d
o
p
t
i
on fo
r
m
obi
le
c
h
argi
n
g
,
d
u
e
to i
t
s
di
ffe
re
nt
ran
g
e
of c
h
a
r
gi
ng.
For
t
h
e m
u
lt
i
p
le
e
l
ect
ri
c
ve
hic
l
e
s
c
h
argi
n
g
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
po
wer r
a
t
i
ng are c
h
ose
n
for
t
h
e po
we
r
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r:
p
o
w
er
con
v
e
r
te
rs, dc
g
r
id
an
d a
di
gi
ta
l co
nt
rol
l
e
r
.
T
h
re
e
P
E
Vs
(P
EV
1,
P
E
V
2
a
n
d
P
E
V3
) ar
e con
n
e
cted
to
th
e
N
G
t
h
rou
g
h
D
C
-D
C bu
ck
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
as
sumin
g
th
at
al
l th
e
PEV
s
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
po
we
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
S
O
C
,
t
h
e
ma
xi
mu
m
DC
b
u
s
vol
ta
ge
i
s
32
0
V.
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ra
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e SB
s
are
:
S
B
1=
1
2
.1
V,
S
B
2=
1
2
.7
V a
n
d S
B
3=
1
2
.3
V
.
The
e
x
p
e
ri
me
nta
l
re
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d f
o
r
diffe
r
e
n
t
ope
rat
i
ng
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
of t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
st
em,
s
u
c
h
as
g
r
i
d
to t
h
e
vehi
cl
e
(G
2V
)
a
n
d Ve
hi
cl
e to
gri
d
(V
2G
).
The
la
b
o
r
at
ory
prot
ot
ype
of 4
8
V
,
5
0
A
h
bat
t
e
r
y
ban
k
use
d
a
s
ESU
a
nd
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
s
y
st
em c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
ng
of a
digi
t
a
l
c
ont
roll
er. T
h
e
ph
oto
g
r
ap
h of
t
h
e
e
x
pe
ri
ment
al
se
tup
is sho
w
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
D
e
ve
lop
m
en
t of
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
l
ug-
in
el
ec
tri
c
vehi
c
le
mob
ile
c
harg
i
n
g
sta
tio
n …
(A. Do
m
i
n
i
c
Sa
v
i
o)
7
89
Fi
gu
re
7. Ex
pe
ri
ment
al
se
t
u
p
of
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
st
a
t
i
o
n
A
di
git
a
l co
nt
rol
l
e
r
ge
nerat
e
s the
c
o
ntrol
sig
n
a
l
s for t
h
e po
w
e
r el
e
c
t
ro
nic
s
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs.
T
h
e
expe
ri
me
n
t
a
l
re
sult
of a
l
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
ion
of t
h
e s
y
ste
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n. T
h
e DC
b
u
s
vol
t
a
ge mai
n
t
a
i
n
ed as t
h
e
4
8
V a
n
d
t
h
e S
B
s a
r
e c
h
arge
d wi
t
h
the
12
wi
th
the
s
w
i
t
c
h
in
g c
u
rre
nt
of t
h
e c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
is 1
.
5
A.
From t
h
e
resul
t
s, i
t
is
obs
erve
d t
h
at
t
h
e E
V
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
s
y
ste
m
i
s
fu
nct
i
oni
ng
sat
i
sfact
ori
l
y
i
n
M
C
S
t
o
P
E
V c
h
arg
i
ng m
ode
. Du
rin
g
vehi
cl
e
to
ve
hic
l
e
and
ve
h
i
c
l
e t
o
mobil
e
el
ec
tric
vehi
cl
e
ESU c
h
argi
n
g
m
ode t
h
e D
C
b
u
s
vol
t
a
ge
is
mai
n
ta
ine
d
as
12
V
.
S
w
ap
pin
g
ba
tt
ery
vol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
ES
U
v
o
l
t
a
g
es a
r
e
me
asure
d
i
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
i
g
u
re
8
.
In t
h
i
s
mode
,
Al
l
t
h
e
P
E
Vs
a
r
e
full
y
char
ge
d a
nd t
h
e
c
h
argi
n
g
sta
t
i
on t
o
ta
l
po
we
r g
i
ven
t
o
t
h
e
ES
U.
F
i
gu
re 9
sho
w
s
t
h
e MC
S to
g
r
i
d
po
we
ri
ng m
ode
,
w
h
ere
i
n
t
h
i
s
mode
4
8
V
i
s
gi
ve
n
t
o
the
ES
U.
F
i
gu
re
8. Expe
ri
me
nt
al
re
sult
of
S
B
a
n
d
ES
U
vol
t
a
ge
F
i
gu
re 9.
Ex
pe
ri
me
nta
l
re
sul
t
ofMC
S t
o
G
c
h
argi
ng
The
diffe
r
e
n
t
mo
des
of
P
E
V
char
gin
g
st
at
i
o
n
a
r
e
de
ve
lo
p
e
d a
nd t
h
e
fu
n
c
t
i
on
of
t
h
e s
y
st
em is t
e
st
ed
fo
r t
h
e m
o
des l
i
k
e
G2
V,
M
C
S
2
G
,
V
2
V a
n
d
bat
t
e
r
y
s
w
ap
pi
ng
a
r
e
ve
ri
fi
e
d
.
In al
l
the
mo
des
DC
bus
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
r
e
ma
i
n
ta
in
e
d
i
n
a
ll
th
e mo
des
.
Th
e
simu
la
tio
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
r
e v
e
r
i
f
i
ed
wi
th
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
se
tu
p.
F
o
r t
h
e
IoT
ba
sed
me
as
ure
m
e
n
t
da
ta
c
o
l
l
ec
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
D
A
Q
syst
em
t
o
t
h
e c
l
ou
d.
T
h
i
n
gspe
a
k
c
l
ou
d
space
ha
s be
e
n
use
d
f
o
r st
o
r
i
n
g as we
ll
a
s
com
puti
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
se
n
t
.
At
thi
n
g
s
pe
a
k
cha
n
ne
l
rea
l
-ti
m
e
proce
s
si
ng
o
f
t
h
e
da
ta
c
a
n
be
d
o
n
e
a
l
l t
h
e
nece
ssa
r
y
rea
l
-
t
i
m
e dat
a
ha
s
been
sent
. Wh
i
c
h T
h
e dat
a
s
e
nt
is
bei
n
g
proc
esse
d t
o
est
i
ma
t
e
S
o
C a
n
d
S
o
H
.
The
fi
el
d
o
n
e
t
w
o
a
n
d t
h
ree
are t
h
e se
nt
da
t
a
,
an
d t
h
e
fie
l
d
fo
ur
and
five
a
r
e t
h
e pr
o
c
esse
d
ou
t
put
s
of S
o
C
a
nd
So
H.
The
f
i
e
l
d
se
ve
n i
s
t
h
e i
n
i
t
i
a
l
sl
ope
whic
h t
h
e s
y
s
t
e
m
is
f
e
e
d
fo
r
th
e
f
i
rst r
u
n
a
n
d
as
the
p
r
o
c
es
si
n
g
go
es o
n
t
h
e
sy
stem
ch
ang
e
s i
t
b
a
sed
on
ite
r
at
i
o
n
s
.
Th
e
i
n
itia
l
slo
p
e
is
up
d
a
ted wi
t
h
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
s
l
o
p
e
o
f
A
h
and
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
lin
e
a
r
f
i
t l
o
c
u
s of th
e fi
rst
i
t
er
a
tio
n
w
h
en
a fr
e
s
h
b
a
tte
r
y
is a
d
d
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
sy
stem is
sho
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
10
a and
10
b. Th
e ri
ses
a
nd dr
op
s
of
t
e
mp
er
a
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
al
so
bei
n
g mo
ni
tor
e
d an
d if t
h
e
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure re
a
c
he
s be
y
ond t
h
res
h
ol
d a
not
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on s
y
st
e
m
has
bee
n
d
e
si
gne
d
whi
c
h c
a
n
be
u
s
ed
t
o
ei
t
h
er
se
nd
c
a
ut
i
o
n t
o
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
swa
ppi
ng
is
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
1
0
c
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
7
8
5
–
791
79
0
(a)
(
b)
(c)
Fig
u
re 10.
(a) V
o
ltage
of
t
h
e batt
e
r
y
,
(b
) Cu
rre
n
t
o
f
bat
t
e
r
y
(c
), T
h
e te
mpe
r
at
ure
o
f
t
h
e ba
tt
ery
The
c
h
an
nel
gi
ve
s u
s
t
h
e i
n
fo
rmat
i
o
n
re
gard
i
ng
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
vol
t
a
ge
, c
u
rrent
dra
w
n
,
S
o
C
,
S
o
H, as we
l
l
as
t
h
e bat
t
e
ry pa
ck t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e re
q
u
ire
d
for
the
sa
fe
o
p
e
r
at
i
on o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
ery an
d s
w
appi
ng
det
a
i
l
s.
The
thingspea
k
cloud dashboard where
we
had sent
our real-time
data
acqui
red from
the
da
ta acquis
ition s
y
stem.
The
fig
u
re
s s
h
ow
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
ge
s i
n
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
vol
ta
ge, t
e
m
p
era
t
ure
a
nd
c
u
rrent
wi
th
ti
me. T
h
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
dat
a
is
st
o
r
ed
on
t
h
e ch
an
n
e
l, wh
ic
h
is u
s
e
d
fo
r mon
i
to
r
i
n
g
a
s
w
e
ll a
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
ing
.
Wh
e
n
e
v
er any
abn
o
r
m
a
lity
o
c
c
u
rs
th
e
no
tif
ic
at
io
n to
t
h
e
mo
b
i
le
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
cl
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
sta
tio
n.
5.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
In
t
h
is paper
,
Electric vehicl
e (EV) charging
s
y
stem
i
n
tegrated with
DC NG and
nonconve
ntional
ene
r
g
y
s
o
urc
e
s
ha
s bee
n
desi
g
n
ed
a
n
d
de
vel
o
ped
.
T
h
e
i
d
e
a
i
s
t
o
t
r
ans
m
i
t
fa
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
bat
t
e
r
y
fro
m
t
h
e
v
e
hi
cl
e
to
th
e se
rv
er
a
s
th
ey
a
r
ise
an
d a
l
so
p
r
e
d
ict
t
h
e up
co
min
g
f
a
u
l
ts a
nd b
a
tt
ery
p
a
rame
te
rs
. Th
e
ba
tte
r
y
para
met
e
rs a
r
e
me
asu
r
e
d
as a
st
at
e of c
h
a
r
g
e
(S
oC
), sta
t
e
of
heal
t
h
(S
oH
)
an
d
bat
t
e
ry t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ur
e us
ed
for
bat
t
e
ry
s
w
ap
pi
ng
.
Al
so, it
is
re
qui
re
d
fo
r
s
w
ap
pi
n
g
l
i
k
e
SoC
a
n
d S
o
H
est
i
m
a
t
i
on
me
tho
d
s
an
d
ot
her
fa
ult
d
a
ta
.
A
l
so
, t
h
e w
o
rk
in
cl
ud
es th
e
d
e
ta
il
s abo
u
t
se
r
v
e
r
p
l
at
fo
rm
and
In
te
rn
et
o
f
Th
in
g
s
(I
o
T
)
.
M
o
b
ile
e
l
ec
tr
ic
vehi
cl
e c
h
a
r
gi
ng
st
at
io
n c
o
nta
i
ns a
ful
l
y
ch
arge
d
bat
t
e
ri
e
s
a
n
d
the
bat
t
ery s
w
a
ppi
ng
pa
ramet
e
rs
descri
be
d
i
n
det
a
i
l
.
T
h
e
i
m
pl
ement
a
ti
o
n
o
f
V
2
G a
n
d
MC
S 2
N
G
s
u
p
p
o
r
t is t
e
ste
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
l
a
bo
ra
to
ry
prot
ot
ype
.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1].
Lav
e
, Lester
B
.
,
an
d Hea
t
h
e
r L.
M
acLean
, "A
n environ
m
enta
l-
econ
o
m
i
c
evalu
a
tion
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
ele
c
tric
veh
i
cles
:
To
yo
ta'
s
P
r
iu
s
vs
.
i
t
s
co
nv
en
t
i
o
n
a
l in
ter
n
a
l
c
o
mbu
s
t
i
o
n
eng
i
ne C
o
r
o
ll
a."
T
r
an
sp
ortatio
n
Res
e
arch
Par
t
D:
T
r
a
n
s
port an
d E
n
viron
m
en
t
,
Vo
l. 2, pp
.
1
5
5
-1
62,
20
02
.
[2].
Ortmeyer
,
T
h
omas H. and Pr
a
g
asen
Pillay,
"Tr
e
nds i
n
tran
sportat
i
on s
ect
or
techno
l
o
gy energy
us
e and gr
eenhouse
gas
em
is
sion
s."
Proceed
in
gs
of
th
e IEEE 8
9
,
Vo
l. 1
2
,
pp
. 1
837
-1
8
47,
20
01
.
[3].
Th
ack
eray
, e
t
a
l
., "
E
l
ectr
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
s
t
orag
e f
o
r tran
s
port
a
tio
n
—
a
p
pro
ach
ing
the
lim
i
ts
of
,
a
n
d
going
bey
o
n
d
,
l
ith
iu
m-
io
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es.
"
Ener
gy
&
Enviro
nmen
ta
l S
c
ien
c
e
Vo
l. 5, no.
7,
pp. 7
8
5
4
-
7863
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4].
Köhler, U,
et
al.
,
"Hi
g
h p
e
rformance ni
ck
el
-
m
etal
hydride
and lithium-ion
bat
t
er
i
e
s
.
"
J
o
urn
a
l
of p
o
we
r so
urc
e
s
Vol.
10
5,
no
. 2
,
pp
. 1
3
9
-
144
, 2
0
0
2
.
[5].
Wae
l
A. e
t
al
., “Electric
v
e
h
i
cl
e
te
ch
no
log
y
imp
acts o
n
e
n
ergy
”
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
J
ourna
l
o
f
P
o
we
r El
ec
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Dr
ive Syst
em
(I
J
P
EDS
)
Vol
.
1
0
,
No.
1, pp
.
1
-
9
,
201
9.
[6].
St
runz,
Kai,
et
al.
,
"D
C NG
fo
r
w
i
nd
and
so
lar
po
w
e
r
in
teg
r
ation
.
"
IEEE Jo
ur
nal
o
f
em
erg
i
ng
a
n
d
s
e
le
cted
to
pics
in
P
o
wer E
l
ectronics,
Vo
l.
2, n
o
.
1
,
pp
. 11
5-1
2
6
,
2014
.
[7].
Tie
,
S
.
F
.
and
Tan
,
C.W
,
“A
r
e
view o
f
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ces
an
d
e
n
ergy
m
a
nag
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
elec
tric
veh
i
cl
es”
.
R
e
ne
wa
b
l
e
an
d
sust
ai
na
bl
e e
n
e
r
g
y
re
vie
w
s
,
n
o
.
20
,
pp
. 8
2
-1
02
,
20
13
.
[8].
S
a
vio, Do
m
i
n
i
c A
.
e
t
al.
,
"
P
hotov
oltai
c
In
tegr
at
e
d
Hyb
r
id
N
G
S
t
r
u
c
t
ured
E
l
ec
tric
V
e
hicle
Ch
argin
g
S
t
atio
n
and
I
t
s
E
n
e
r
g
y
Ma
na
ge
m
e
nt Ap
pro
a
c
h
.
"
Ener
gies
,
Vo
l.
1,
no
12
, p
p
.
1
68,
2
0
19.
[9].
M
a
k, Ho-Y
in
, Ying
Ron
g
, an
d
Zuo
-
Jun
M
a
x S
h
en. "In
f
ras
t
ru
ctu
r
e pla
n
n
i
ng
f
o
r
el
ectr
i
c v
e
hi
cles
with
ba
tter
y
swa
p
pi
ng
.
"
Ma
nag
e
m
e
n
t
Sc
ie
nc
e
Vol
.
5
9
, no
. 7:
15
57
-15
7
5
,
20
13.
[10].
Ko
ns
tant
in
ou
, G
e
or
g
i
o
s
S
.,
an
d
Vass
il
io
s G.
A
g
el
id
is
.
"P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce ev
a
l
uat
i
o
n
of
h
a
lf
-
b
r
i
dg
e
c
a
s
caded mu
lti
lev
e
l
con
v
ert
e
rs o
p
e
ra
ted
w
i
th
mu
ltica
rrier
sinu
so
id
al
P
W
M
tech
niqu
e
s
."
4
t
h
I
E
EE
Co
nferen
c
e
on
In
du
str
i
a
l
Ele
c
tro
n
ic
s
an
d App
licat
io
ns
, p
p
.
33
99
-3
40
4
.
IE
EE
,
2
0
0
9
.
[11].
Barou
d
i,
Jam
a
l
A.
, Venk
ata Din
a
v
a
hi
,
and A
ndr
ew
M.
Knig
h
t
. "
A
review
of p
o
w
er co
nv
erter
to
p
o
log
i
es fo
r
w
i
n
d
generat
o
rs.
"
R
e
n
e
wab
l
e
en
erg
y
Vo
l.
32,
n
o
.
1
4
:
2
369
-23
8
5
,
20
07.
[12].
Camar
a
,
Mamad
o
u
Baï
l
o,
Hamid
G
u
alou
s,
Fred
er
ic G
u
s
t
in
, Alain
Bertho
n, and
Bray
im
a Daky
o
.
"
D
C/DC conv
erte
r
des
i
g
n
for s
u
p
e
rcap
a
c
itor
an
d
b
a
tt
ery p
o
w
e
r
manag
e
men
t
in
hy
brid
v
e
h
i
cl
e
app
l
i
c
a
t
ion
s
—P
olyn
omial
co
ntro
l
stra
t
e
gy.
"
IEE
E
Tra
n
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
st
ri
al
El
e
c
tron
ic
s
V
o
l.
57
,
n
o
.
2:
58
7-59
7,
2
0
09.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
D
e
ve
lop
m
en
t of
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
l
ug-
in
el
ec
tri
c
vehi
c
le
mob
ile
c
harg
i
n
g
sta
tio
n …
(A. Do
m
i
n
i
c
Sa
v
i
o)
7
91
[13].
Gu,
Bi
n,
Ja
so
n
Do
m
i
ni
c,
Ji
h-Sh
e
n
g L
a
i,
Z
h
e
n
g
Z
h
a
o
, a
n
d
Ch
uan
g
Li
u.
"Hi
g
h
boo
st
ra
ti
o
hy
brid tra
n
sform
e
r
DC–
DC co
nvert
er f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
modu
le
app
lic
ations
."
IE
EE
T
r
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
Po
wer Electr
o
n
i
cs
Vo
l.
2
8
,
no
.
4:
2
0
4
8
-2
05
8,
2
012.
[14].
Rehman, Z
ubair
,
Ibrah
i
m Al
-B
ahadl
y
, and Subha
s
Mukhop
adhyay.
"Multii
nput
DC–DC
converters i
n
r
e
newab
l
e
energ
y
ap
plica
tion
s
–
A
n
ov
erview
."
Ren
e
wable
a
n
d
Sus
ta
in
ab
le E
n
erg
y
R
e
v
i
ews
V
o
l. 4
1
:
52
1-53
9
,
20
15.
[15].
Ng
, Ko
ng
S
oon
, Ch
in-S
ien M
o
o
,
Y
i
-P
in
g Ch
en
,
an
d Yao
-
Ching
H
s
ieh. "
E
n
h
an
ce
d cou
l
o
m
b
co
un
tin
g
m
e
th
od
for
estima
tin
g
state-
of-ch
a
rge
and
state-o
f-healt
h of
l
i
t
h
i
u
m-ion batteri
es.
"
Ap
pl
ie
d ene
r
gy
Vol.
86
,
no
. 9:
1
5
0
6
-1
511
,
20
09
.
[16].
Cod
eca,
F
a
b
i
o,
S
e
rgio M
.
S
a
v
a
r
e
si,
an
d
Gio
r
gio
Rizzon
i
. "
O
n b
a
ttery
s
t
ate of
c
h
arge
estima
t
ion
:
A
new
mix
e
d
alg
o
rith
m."
IE
EE Internati
o
nal
Conf
eren
ce
on Con
t
ro
l Ap
pli
c
a
t
io
ns
,
pp.
102-107. IEEE,
2008.
[17].
Waag
, Wlad
isla
w,
Christian
F
l
e
i
s
c
h
e
r, and
Dirk
Uw
e
S
a
u
e
r
.
"C
ri
ti
cal revi
ew of
t
h
e
met
h
ods for moni
tori
ng of
l
ith
iu
m-
io
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
in
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
n
d
hy
br
i
d
v
e
hi
cl
es.
"
Jour
na
l o
f
Power
So
ur
ces
V
o
l.
25
8
:
32
1-3
3
9
,
20
14
.
[18].
Pl
ett
,
Gregory
L.
"E
xtended Kal
m
an
filtering for
bat
t
ery
manag
e
ment
system
s of
Li
PB-based HE
V battery packs:
P
a
rt 3.
S
t
a
t
e an
d p
a
ram
e
ter
es
tim
a
tio
n
.
"
J
o
u
r
na
l of Po
we
r
so
urc
e
s
Vo
l. 13
4
,
n
o
.
2:
27
7-29
2,
20
04
.
[19].
Xio
n
g
,
Ru
i
,
Hongwe
n
He
, Fe
n
g
ch
u
n
Sun
,
a
n
d
Kai Z
h
a
o
.
"
E
v
a
lu
a
t
i
o
n on
st
a
t
e
of ch
a
r
ge
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
of b
a
tte
rie
s
wi
th
adap
tive
ex
tend
ed K
a
lm
an fi
lt
er b
y
ex
per
i
m
e
n
t
ap
pro
a
ch
."
IEEE Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns on
Ve
h
i
c
u
l
a
r Tec
h
no
lo
gy
Vo
l.
62,
n
o
.
1: 1
0
8
-1
17
, 20
12
.
[20].
M
a
k, Ho-Y
in
, Ying
Ron
g
, an
d
Zuo
-
Jun
M
a
x S
h
en. "In
f
ras
t
ru
ctu
r
e plan
n
i
ng
f
o
r
el
ectr
i
c v
e
hi
cles
with
ba
tter
y
swa
p
pi
ng
.
"
Ma
nag
e
m
e
n
t
Sc
ie
nc
e
Vol
.
5
9
, no
. 7:
15
57
-15
7
5
,
20
13.
[21].
Tan
,
X
i
an
Qiu,
S
h
en
g
Ch
un
Y
a
ng,
Yan
P
i
ng
F
a
ng
, an
d
Do
n
g
Xu
e. "
D
iscu
ssion
o
n
Operatio
n M
o
des
to
the
Elect
ric
Ve
hi
c
l
e
Ch
argi
ng Sta
t
i
on."
In
Ad
van
ced
M
a
ter
i
a
l
s
Res
e
ar
ch
, V
o
l
.
8
75,
pp
.
1
827
-1
8
3
0
,
20
14
.
[22].
Aki
n
,
Bilal, Sal
i
h Bari
s
Ozturk, Hami
d
A
.
To
liy
a
t, and
M
a
rk
Ra
y
n
er. "
D
S
P
-bas
ed s
e
nso
r
les
s
e
l
e
c
t
ric
moto
r f
a
ult-
d
i
a
g
no
si
s t
ool
s fo
r e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
nd h
y
bri
d
e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
hicle p
o
w
e
rt
rain
app
licatio
ns
."
IE
E
E
Tran
sa
c
t
ions on
Ve
h
i
c
u
l
a
r
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
Vol
.
58
,
n
o
. 6:
26
79
-2
68
8,
20
0
9
[23].
W
u
,
Yu
nn
a
,
Men
g
Ya
ng
, Ha
ob
o
Zha
n
g, Ka
i
f
e
ng C
h
e
n
, a
n
d
Ya
n
g
Wa
ng
. "Op
t
i
m
al
si
te
se
lec
t
io
n
of el
e
c
tric
ve
h
i
cl
e
charg
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n
g
s
t
at
io
ns
bas
e
d
o
n
a
c
l
ou
d mo
de
l
and
th
e
P
R
OM
ETHEE
method
."
En
erg
i
es
Vol.
9
,
n
o
.
3: 15
7, 201
6
.
[24].
W
a
ng, Feng
,
Xinke Wu, Fred
C.
Lee,
Ziji
an
Wa
ng,
Pengj
u
Kong,
and Fang
Zhuo.
"Analysis of uni
f
ied out
put
M
P
P
T
co
ntro
l i
n
su
bp
ane
l
PV
c
o
n
v
erter
s
y
stem
."
IEEE T
r
a
n
sa
ction
s
on
po
wer
Elec
tr
onics
V
o
l.
29,
no
.
3: 1
2
7
5
-
1
2
8
4
,
20
13.
[25].
Su
n,
Ka
i, Li Zha
n
g, Ya
n
Xi
ng,
a
n
d
Jo
se
p M.
Gue
r
re
ro
.
"
A
di
st
rib
u
t
e
d c
ont
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t
e
gy b
a
se
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DC
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s si
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nera
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m
s
wit
h
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
ora
g
e.
"
I
EEE
Tr
an
sa
cti
o
ns
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
ics
Vo
l.
2
6
,
no
. 1
0
:
30
32
-3
04
5,
201
1
.
[26].
Zh
ou
, H
a
ihu
a
,
Tan
m
oy
Bhat
ta
chary
a
, Du
on
g
Tran, Tu
ck
S
i
n
g
Ter
e
nc
e S
i
ew
, an
d
A
s
hw
in
M
.
K
h
amb
a
d
k
o
n
e.
"
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ompo
site en
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r
gy
storag
e sy
stem
in
vo
lving
b
a
ttery
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d
ul
trac
a
p
ac
i
t
o
r
wi
th
dy
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m
i
c
e
n
e
r
gy
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
nt
in
m
i
c
r
og
rid
a
pplica
t
io
ns.
"
IEEE
tr
ans
actio
n
s
on
po
wer el
ectr
oni
cs
V
o
l. 2
6
,
no
.
3:
9
2
3
-9
30,
20
10
.
[27].
Chiu, Yi,
and
V
i
ctor F
G
Ts
eng
.
"
A
cap
aci
tiv
e
vi
bratio
n-
to
-elect
ricity
energ
y
con
v
e
rter wi
th
int
e
gr
ated
mech
ani
cal
sw
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."
J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
M
i
c
r
o
m
ec
ha
ni
c
s
an
d
Mi
c
r
oe
ng
in
ee
rin
g
, Vol. 1
8
,
no.
10
: 1
0400
4,
2
0
0
8
.
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
A
.
D
o
mini
c
sav
i
o
re
ceiv
e
d the
B.
E.
degr
ee
in
Ele
c
trical
an
d
E
l
ec
tronics
engin
eering
from
A
n
n
a
Un
iv
ers
i
t
y
,
in
200
7,
an
d the
M
.
T
ech
d
e
gre
e
s in
c
o
ntrol
and
ins
t
ru
mentatio
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g fro
m
ka
ru
ny
a Unive
r
sit
y
,
Co
im
bat
o
re
,
i
n
20
10.
He
i
s
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
pu
rsu
i
ng
the
P
h
.D.
d
e
gr
ee
wi
th
S
R
M
Un
iv
ers
i
ty,
In
dia.
Sin
c
e
20
10
, he
has
b
e
en wo
rking
as
a
n
A
s
s
i
s
t
an
t
P
r
o
f
ess
o
r with
S
R
M
Institute
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
and
Tech
no
log
y
. H
i
s
resear
ch
inter
e
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
ele
c
tri
c
veh
i
cl
e
charging
infr
astructur
e
,
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ec
tric v
e
h
i
c
l
e
ch
arging
con
v
e
rt
er, po
wer
m
a
na
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m
e
nt in
e
l
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t
ric
ve
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cl
e cha
r
g
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n
f
r
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r
u
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re
.
A
.
Vimala Ju
li
e
t
rec
e
iv
ed
th
e
B.E. d
e
g
r
ee in
ele
c
tron
ics an
d
in
stru
ment
ation
en
gin
e
erin
g
fro
m Bhar
ath
i
ar
Un
iv
ersity
,
Co
imb
a
tor
e
, in
19
92
,
and
th
e M
.
E.
and P
h
.D. d
e
grees
in
e
l
ec
t
r
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n
d
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st
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Un
ive
r
sit
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, Ch
e
n
nai
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in
1
9
9
4
a
nd
2
0
0
5
,
resp
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c
tiv
e
ly
.
S
h
e
sta
r
ted
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r car
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as
a
Re
search
En
g
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Train
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e
a
t
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Ind
i
a. S
h
e
w
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s
a Lectur
er
with
a p
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in
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e fo
r o
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ar. S
i
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199
5
,
sh
e h
a
s b
een
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th
t
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e
De
p
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rtm
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l
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In
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rum
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nta
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gine
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,
SRM
In
st
it
ut
e o
f
S
c
ienc
e
and
Te
c
h
nolog
y, Kattan
kulath
u
r
,
wh
ere
s
h
e
is
curr
en
tly
a P
r
ofes
sor
and
t
h
e He
ad
of
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rtm
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