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.
2.
CRIT
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CA
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DC
p
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u
p
p
l
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,
f
o
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ex
a
m
p
le
[
6
-
1
0
]
.
T
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a
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ch
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P
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[
1
1
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T
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in
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[
1
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u
n
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[
1
1
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u
s
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s
a
p
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-
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-
b
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Ho
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[
1
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DC
T
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[
1
3
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.
T
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-
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
s
cillato
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
its
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
s
i
g
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
w
h
er
ei
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
in
p
u
t
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
p
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
f
il
ter
an
d
t
h
e
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
to
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
al
lo
w
ed
o
n
e
to
s
tab
il
ize
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
u
s
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
tab
ili
za
tio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
n
o
t
b
y
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
b
u
t
b
y
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
l
u
x
in
t
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
co
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
at
p
r
ev
en
ts
h
i
g
h
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
tab
ilizatio
n
f
ac
to
r
.
C
h
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
an
o
t
h
er
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e.
T
h
i
s
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
h
e
n
ce
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
m
in
i
m
u
m
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
n
eg
at
iv
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
its
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
w
eig
h
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
o
es n
o
t p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t d
ep
th
o
f
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
l
ar
g
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
it
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
to
ap
p
l
y
t
h
e
P
W
M
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
s
tab
ilize
is
a
t
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
[
1
3
]
also
h
as
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
l
ex
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
P
aten
t
ca
s
e
[
1
4
]
d
escr
ib
e
d
a
"T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
les
s
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
"
w
h
er
e
cir
cu
it
s
ar
e
p
o
w
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
AC
cir
c
u
it
u
s
i
n
g
a
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
li
n
g
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
n
tio
n
co
n
s
is
t
s
in
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
in
cl
u
d
es
b
allast
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
ig
h
i
n
p
u
t
alter
n
a
tin
g
v
o
ltag
e
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
i
t.
I
n
f
ac
t,
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es
in
s
e
r
v
ice
ch
ai
n
s
ar
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
,
wh
ich
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
h
o
le
b
lo
ck
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
d
e
v
ice
o
n
l
y
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
AC
,
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
h
o
le
b
lo
ck
i
s
p
o
w
er
ed
b
y
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e.
An
al
y
ze
d
ab
o
v
e
cir
cu
it
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
allo
w
y
o
u
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
n
l
y
i
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
ath
er
n
ar
r
o
w
r
an
g
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
allo
w
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
at
v
o
lt
ag
es
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
t
h
e
allo
w
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
i
n
clu
d
e
d
ev
ices
i
n
te
r
r
u
p
tin
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
to
ele
m
e
n
ts
eit
h
er
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
o
r
co
m
p
letel
y
w
h
ich
i
s
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
f
o
r
DT
S
w
h
o
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
at
all
w
o
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
CICRU
I
T
D
E
SC
RIPT
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
an
al
y
s
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
as
s
o
lv
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
T
h
ec
ir
cu
ito
f
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
d
ev
ice
w
h
ich
i
s
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
A
s
w
a
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
i
s
to
u
s
e
a
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e
-
th
e
li
n
e
i
n
p
u
t
li
m
iter
w
h
ic
h
cu
ts
s
h
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
s
u
r
g
es
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
-
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
p
u
ls
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
in
v
er
ter
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
tab
ilizat
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
b
y
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
ta
in
s
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
es
is
to
r
b
lo
ck
1
w
h
o
s
e
u
p
p
er
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
d
r
ain
o
f
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
w
it
h
i
n
s
u
lated
g
ate
3
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
o
s
iti
v
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
ice.
L
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
lo
ck
o
f
Z
e
n
er
d
io
d
es
2
an
d
tr
an
s
is
to
r
g
ate
3
w
h
o
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
t
h
e
h
al
f
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
in
v
er
ter
1
0
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esis
to
r
b
lo
ck
4
w
h
o
s
e
lo
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
5
,
d
io
d
e
ca
th
o
d
e
o
u
tp
u
t 6
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
u
n
it
7
,
p
u
ls
e
-
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
u
n
it
s
8
an
d
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
d
r
iv
er
9
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t
7
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
-
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
cir
cu
it
w
i
th
a
t
w
o
-
c
y
cl
e
o
u
tp
u
t
8
,
w
h
o
s
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
p
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
iv
er
o
f
th
e
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
9
,
w
h
o
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
1
0
,
w
h
o
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
1
1
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
i
n
p
u
t
s
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
1
2
,
w
h
o
s
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
p
u
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
c
ti
v
e
-
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
f
i
lter
1
3
,
w
h
o
s
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
d
io
d
e
an
o
d
e
6
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
u
n
it
7
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
o
s
iti
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
w
h
er
e
in
lo
w
er
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
u
n
i
ts
7
,
8
,
9
,
1
0
,
an
d
1
3
,
an
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
l
o
ck
o
f
Z
e
n
er
d
io
d
es
2
a
n
d
lo
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
5
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
f
o
r
m
n
eg
a
tiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t a
n
d
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ter
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ange
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u
r
e
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lectr
ical
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er
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n
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h
h
ig
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u
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an
g
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1
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ir
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t r
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s
to
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2
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io
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3
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tr
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esis
to
r
b
lo
ck
,
5
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
6
-
d
io
d
e,
7
-
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ias cir
cu
it,
8
-
P
W
M,
9
-
d
r
iv
er
,
10
-
h
al
f
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
,
11
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
1
2
-
r
ec
tifi
er
,
1
3
-
f
ilte
r
.
4.
CIRCU
I
T
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
E
lectr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
a
w
id
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
w
h
o
s
e
cir
cu
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
o
p
er
ates a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
i
s
s
u
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t r
esi
s
to
r
u
n
it
1
an
d
d
r
ai
n
o
f
t
h
e
FE
T
w
it
h
a
n
i
n
s
u
late
d
g
ate
3
.
W
h
en
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
less
t
h
a
n
th
e
b
r
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k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
Z
e
n
er
b
lo
ck
2
,
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
g
ate
3
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
r
ai
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
e
s
is
to
r
u
n
it
1
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
3
is
al
m
o
s
t
f
u
ll
y
o
p
en
,
h
a
s
lo
w
ch
an
n
el
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
,
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
is
s
ip
ate
p
o
w
er
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
r
ain
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
ir
t
u
all
y
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
ed
.
W
h
en
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
e
x
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
tag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tar
ts
f
lo
w
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it,
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
3
in
th
i
s
ca
s
e
o
p
er
ates
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
a
s
o
u
r
ce
-
f
o
llo
w
er
a
m
p
li
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ier
a
n
d
m
ai
n
t
ain
s
v
o
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g
e
at
th
e
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o
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r
ce
o
n
th
e
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el
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
at
Z
e
n
er
u
n
i
ts
2
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
Si
n
ce
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
g
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
i
s
t
y
p
e
is
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
0
.
1
m
icr
o
a
m
p
er
e,
to
tal
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esi
s
to
r
u
n
i
t
1
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
te
n
s
o
f
m
e
g
o
h
m
s
,
p
r
ev
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n
g
th
eir
h
ea
t
in
g
at
h
i
g
h
in
p
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t
v
o
lta
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es.
Un
i
ts
1
,
2
a
n
d
3
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e
w
h
ich
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
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it
v
o
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g
e
at
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
3
,
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
at
Z
e
n
er
b
lo
ck
2
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
.
T
h
is
v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
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d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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e
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er
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io
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n
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ted
i
n
s
e
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ies,
co
n
s
t
itu
tin
g
Z
e
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er
u
n
it
2
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
v
alu
e
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s
et
t
o
1
2
0
0
V,
as
th
is
is
m
ax
i
m
u
m
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o
f
th
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ex
i
s
t
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g
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o
f
h
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-
b
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id
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e
in
v
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te
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
I
R
2
2
1
3
m
icr
o
cir
cu
its
)
.
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e
y
o
u
ca
n
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et
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eq
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ir
e
m
e
n
ts
to
th
e
o
p
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atin
g
v
o
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e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
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s
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to
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3
,
w
h
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h
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th
e
d
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f
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er
e
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ce
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et
w
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en
m
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x
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m
u
m
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n
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4
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0
V)
an
d
lim
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g
v
o
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(
1
2
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.
Hen
ce
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it
s
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ld
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v
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r
esis
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ce
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e
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atin
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ain
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s
o
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r
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v
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t
3
0
0
0
V
(
e.
g
.
,
I
X
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L
2
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5
0
)
.
A
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
w
it
h
an
in
s
u
la
ted
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ate
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g
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I
XGF3
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0
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c
an
also
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e
u
s
ed
as tr
an
s
is
to
r
3
.
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t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
e
x
ce
s
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
3
w
h
en
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
t
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
o
p
er
at
es
in
th
e
ac
ti
v
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m
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d
e,
w
h
ich
l
ea
d
s
to
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elea
s
e
o
f
u
s
eless
p
o
w
er
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n
it.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
m
o
d
e
e
m
er
g
e
s
o
n
l
y
at
s
h
o
r
t
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ter
m
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
it
is
n
o
t
p
er
m
an
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
s
u
r
g
es
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
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n
d
o
n
o
t
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
r
ed
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ctio
n
o
f
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
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th
e
d
ev
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a
w
h
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le.
A
s
th
e
r
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lt,
v
o
ltag
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s
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o
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m
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h
e
f
ir
s
t
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n
tr
o
l
s
ta
g
e
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d
it
ca
n
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
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0
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to
1
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0
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w
it
h
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
o
f
in
p
u
t
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f
r
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m
2
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to
4
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h
is
v
o
lta
g
e
c
h
ar
g
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
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r
5
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
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is
to
r
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it
4
.
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o
tal
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n
s
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m
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cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
f
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d
b
ac
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7
,
P
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it 8
(
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m
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U
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w
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.
T
h
u
s
,
u
n
i
ts
7
,
8
,
9
,
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
2
,
an
d
1
3
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
.
Her
e
y
o
u
ca
n
s
et
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
h
a
lf
-
b
r
id
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v
er
ter
1
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w
h
ic
h
s
h
all
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e
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t
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g
.
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I
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f
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a
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ith
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lated
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e
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ip
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an
s
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s
w
it
h
an
in
s
u
la
ted
g
ate)
.
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esi
s
to
r
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n
its
ar
e
a
ch
ai
n
o
f
r
e
s
is
to
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
to
tal
r
esis
ta
n
ce
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lta
g
e.
5.
CIRCU
I
T
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e
is
a
P
W
M
in
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
clas
s
ical
cir
c
u
it
w
h
ich
ch
an
g
es
i
n
its
w
id
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
V
to
1
2
0
0
V.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e
is
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
li
m
it
s
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e.
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h
e
b
asic
cir
cu
it
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
in
cl
u
d
es
a
s
in
g
le
-
c
y
c
le
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
li
m
i
ti
n
g
cir
c
u
it.
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n
t
h
e
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h
an
d
,
s
e
v
er
al
tr
an
s
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to
r
s
co
n
n
e
cted
in
s
er
ies
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
s
tead
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
u
s
i
n
g
"
B
ea
n
s
talk
"
cir
cu
i
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
lta
g
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
a
m
p
li
f
ier
s
.
Su
c
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
w
il
l
allo
w
ev
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ap
p
licab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
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co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
at
tr
an
s
i
s
to
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an
d
w
i
ll
allo
w
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
i
th
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tl
y
lo
w
er
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
w
o
-
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
a)
an
d
(
b
)
th
r
ee
-
tr
an
s
is
to
r
cir
cu
it
s
o
f
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
li
m
iter
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
v
er
s
io
n
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o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ta
g
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m
p
r
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in
g
2
an
d
3
tr
an
s
is
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co
n
n
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te
d
in
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er
ies
.
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h
ese
cir
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its
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s
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m
u
late
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in
L
T
s
p
ice
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o
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t
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k
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n
p
u
t
v
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lta
g
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w
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s
u
s
ed
a
s
in
p
u
t
p
ar
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m
eter
s
,
o
u
tp
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t
v
o
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g
e
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r
o
m
th
e
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ir
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c
o
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tr
o
l
s
tag
e
w
as
u
s
ed
as
o
u
tp
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t
p
ar
am
eter
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o
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v
o
ltag
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o
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t
h
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s
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w
e
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er
,
ta
k
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t
t
h
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t
h
e
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ate
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o
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r
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o
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o
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t
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m
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lat
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atin
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h
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s
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h
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t
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it
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ed
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m
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la
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
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n
g
e
o
f
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p
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t
v
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e
u
p
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0
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an
d
th
r
ee
-
tr
an
s
is
to
r
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u
p
to
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al
l
v
o
lta
g
e
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ar
g
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n
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a
s
also
ta
k
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
(
ab
o
u
t
1
0
0
–
1
5
0
V)
.
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u
e
o
f
t
h
e
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ad
r
esis
to
r
R
L
d
u
r
in
g
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
k
O
h
m
to
1
0
MO
h
m
.
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t
lo
w
er
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ted
p
o
w
er
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d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
1
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0
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th
is
v
al
u
e
w
a
s
eq
u
al
to
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w
atts
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m
o
r
e
t
h
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en
o
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g
h
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o
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er
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o
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le
b
lo
ck
.
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esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
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esis
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in
t
h
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n
g
e
d
id
n
o
t a
f
f
ec
t th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
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af
f
ec
ted
s
li
g
h
t
l
y
)
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
g
r
ap
h
icall
y
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fo
r
clar
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
li
m
i
ter
s
,
in
ter
m
ed
iate
v
al
u
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
es
at
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
all
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
i
n
th
e
d
ia
g
r
a
m
s
to
g
iv
e
th
e
id
ea
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
t
h
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n
p
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t
v
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s
u
p
to
th
e
li
m
i
t
v
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e,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
p
ass
ed
w
it
h
o
u
t
ch
a
n
g
e,
a
n
d
in
s
u
r
p
lu
s
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ex
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s
s
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ev
en
l
y
o
n
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
r
eg
ar
d
less
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f
t
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n
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m
b
er
.
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h
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co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
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as
s
u
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p
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n
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ad
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o
v
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ab
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t t
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co
r
r
ec
tn
ess
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
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m
et
h
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d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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1226
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o
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o
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tr
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a)
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ee
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(
b
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li
m
iter
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m
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latio
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ad
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r
ap
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m
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ig
u
r
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h
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th
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1
w
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a
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id
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m
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tal
v
a
lu
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in
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ab
le
1.
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t is ea
s
y
to
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t
h
a
t th
e
y
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o
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s
e
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lated
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alu
e
s
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o
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g
h
t
h
e
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er
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o
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h
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t
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e
s
i
m
u
lat
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es
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lt
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.
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S
[1
]
E.
J.
A
n
th
e
ro
n
,
“
A
p
p
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ra
tu
s
f
o
r
tran
sm
i
tt
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in
stru
m
e
n
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sig
n
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ls
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d
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c
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P
a
ten
t
5
5
3
9
3
7
5
,
1
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9
6
.
[2
]
S
.
T
.
M
a
k
a
n
d
D.
L
.
Re
e
d
,
“
TW
A
CS
,
a
n
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w
v
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le
t
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to
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m
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b
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ti
o
n
n
e
tw
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rk
s,”
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E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r A
p
p
.
S
y
st
.
1
9
8
2
;
P
A
S
-
101
(
8
)
:
2
9
4
1
–
2
9
4
9
.
[3
]
R
M
ij
a
re
z
-
Ca
stro
,
H.J.
Ro
d
ríg
u
e
z
-
Ro
d
ríg
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D.
P
a
sc
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sio
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ld
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d
o
,
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G
u
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o
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o
m
m
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n
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ti
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n
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y
st
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le M
e
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re
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e
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ts.
J
o
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rn
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l
of
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p
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r
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e
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g
y
.
2
0
1
3
;
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1
:
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0
3
-
9
1
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.
[4
]
T
h
a
n
h
T
ra
n
,
W
e
i
S
u
n
,
Jia
n
q
ian
g
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g
,
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g
u
sla
w
W
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k
,
“
Hi
g
h
-
Bit
ra
te
Do
w
n
h
o
le
T
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le
m
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S
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st
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m
.
”
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In
ter
n
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t
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mp
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p
p
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.
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]
Jiq
ian
g
Ha
n
,
Qia
n
g
G
a
o
,
“
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
Do
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h
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le
M
u
lt
i
-
P
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
S
y
ste
m.”
IEE
E
7
th
In
tern
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
n
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n
d
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e
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p
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7
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6
8
.
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2
0
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.
[6
]
K.C.
T
se
n
g
a
n
d
T
.
J.
L
ian
g
,
No
v
e
l
Hig
h
Ef
fi
c
ien
c
y
S
tep
U
p
C
o
n
v
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r
.
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P
r
o
c
.
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e
c
tr
o
.
P
o
w
e
r
A
p
p
l.
2
0
0
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;
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5
1
(2
):
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8
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9
0
.
[7
]
M
.
C.
T
a
n
c
a
a
n
d
I
.
Ba
rb
i
,
“
A
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
g
a
i
n
DC
-
DC
c
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v
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n
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l
b
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k
b
o
o
st
DC
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DC
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
”
,
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
n
ics
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n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(COBEP
),
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0
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1
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z
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p
p
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1
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0
0
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2
0
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1
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[8
]
V
u
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ra
n
a
n
d
M
u
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d
M
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h
D.
M
o
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n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
T
r
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n
sf
o
r
m
e
rles
s
Hig
h
G
a
in
Bu
c
k
-
b
o
o
st
DC
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DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
.
In
ter
n
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
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rn
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l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
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tro
n
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a
n
d
Dr
ive
s S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
).
2
0
1
4
;
4
(4
):
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2
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3
5
.
[9
]
Y.
Be
rk
o
v
ich
a
n
d
B
.
A
x
e
lro
d
,
“
Hig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
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-
DC
c
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n
v
e
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r
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h
c
o
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p
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n
d
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c
to
r
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n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
switch
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
stre
ss
,
”
IECON 2
0
1
2
-
3
8
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
IEE
E
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
S
o
c
iety
,
p
p
.
4
5
3
-
4
5
8
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
W
.
M
.
Uto
m
o
,
S
.
S
.
Yi,
Y.M
.
Y.
B
u
sw
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,
Z.
A
.
Ha
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