Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
19
2
6
~
19
3
5
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp19
2
6
-
19
3
5
1926
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Wireles
s
chargin
g system
for elect
ric bicyc
le applic
ation
Nguye
n Thi
D
ie
p
1
, Ngu
ye
n
Kien
Tr
un
g
2
, T
ran
Tr
ong
Minh
3
1,2
Depa
rtment
of
Industrial
Auto
ma
ti
on
,
H
anoi
U
nive
rsity
of
Sci
e
nce
and Technol
ogy,
Vie
t
Na
m
1,3
Depa
rtment
of
Automation and
Control Engi
n
e
eri
ng
Technol
og
y,
E
lectr
i
c
Pow
e
r
Univer
sity
,
Vi
e
t
Nam
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
1
2
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
21
, 20
20
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
s
ent
s
a
d
esign
o
f
the
wir
el
ess
c
har
ging
sys
te
m
for
e
-
byke
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Th
e
double
-
side
L
CC
com
pensa
ti
o
n
ci
r
cui
t
is
used
to
a
chieve
high
eff
icien
cy
and
r
educ
e
t
he
vo
lt
-
a
mpe
r
e
ra
ti
ng.
A
ne
w
consta
n
t
cur
ren
t
/vol
t
age
(
CC/CV)
ch
arg
in
g
con
trol
m
et
ho
d
a
t
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
side
is
proposed
to
av
oid
dua
l
side
wire
le
ss
co
mmunication.
Thi
s
pape
r
a
lso
pre
sents
a
simpl
e
method
of
estimat
ing
both the
coupl
ing coe
ff
ic
i
ent
an
d
lo
a
d
im
ped
anc
e
only
from
th
e
tr
ans
mi
tter
side
.
A
wire
le
ss
ch
arg
in
g
sys
te
m
of
2.
5kW
is
bu
il
t
.
Err
or
in
th
e
C
C/CV
cha
rg
ing
mode
is
3
.
3
%
and
1
.
12%,
respe
ctivel
y
.
Sys
te
m
eff
i
cienc
y
re
ac
hes
92
.
1%
in CC c
har
g
ing
mo
de.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CC
ch
ar
ging
CV c
hargin
g
Ele
ct
ric b
ic
ycl
e
LCC
co
m
pe
nsa
ti
on
circ
uit
Wireless c
harg
ing
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ngu
yen K
ie
n Trun
g,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ind
us
tria
l A
utomat
ion
,
Hanoi
Un
i
ver
si
ty of
Scie
nce a
nd Tec
hnolog
y,
No.
1 Dai C
o
Viet
Roa
d,
Hai
Ba Tr
ung,
Ha
no
i,
V
ie
t
Nam.
Emai
l:
trung.n
guye
nk
ie
n1@
hust.e
du.vn
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
el
ect
ric
bicycles
(e
-
bik
e
)
a
re
wi
dely
us
e
d
instea
d
of
the
m
otorc
yc
le
to
re
duce
a
ir
po
ll
utio
n
in
the
w
or
l
d
.
T
he
us
e
rs
ar
e
al
mo
st
stu
de
nts
and
w
om
e
n.
T
her
e
fore,
a
c
onven
ie
nt
an
d
saf
e
chargin
g
met
hod
i
s
necessa
ry.
Ba
s
ed
on
wir
el
ess
po
wer
tra
nsfe
r
(W
PT
)
te
c
hnology,
wireles
s
c
hargin
g
sys
te
ms
c
ou
l
d
be
do
ne
automatic
al
ly a
nd saf
el
y wit
hout a
ny
human
contac
t wit
h el
ect
rici
ty
[1
-
3]
.
In
wireless
cha
rg
i
ng
s
ys
te
m
s
,
the
powe
r
can
be
trans
ferre
d
from
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
side
to
the
receiv
er
side
ov
e
r
a
sho
rt
ai
r
g
a
p
[
4].
These
sy
ste
m
s
hav
e
a
l
ow
co
upli
ng
co
ef
fici
ent
le
ads
to
high
reacti
ve
pow
er
a
nd
low
e
ne
rgy
t
ra
ns
fe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
The
refore
,
t
he
c
ompe
ns
at
ion
ci
rc
uit
is
use
d
t
o
r
ed
uce
reacti
ve
powe
r
an
d
impro
ve
s
ys
te
m
ef
fici
enc
y.
Ther
e
a
re
fou
r
basic
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
r
c
uits,
wh
ic
h
a
re
series
-
se
ries,
s
eries
-
par
al
le
l,
par
al
l
el
-
series,
a
nd
par
al
le
l
-
par
al
le
l
[5].
These
c
ompe
ns
at
io
ns
a
r
e
simple,
eas
y
to
desig
n,
an
d
it
is
sensiti
ve
to
th
e
va
riat
ion
of
par
a
mete
rs
[
6].
Be
sides
,
som
e
ot
her
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rcu
it
s
are
us
e
d
t
o
imp
ro
ve
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
s
LCL,
CLL
,
L
CC
com
pe
ns
at
ion
ci
rcu
it
s.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
L
CL
co
mp
e
ns
at
ion
ci
rcu
it
re
quires
a
la
rg
e
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
i
nductan
ce
val
ue,
cl
os
e
to
t
he
c
oil’s
i
nductance
valu
e
[
7
,
8
]
.
A
ca
pa
ci
tor
is
a
dded
to
t
he
LCL
com
pe
nsa
ti
on
ci
rc
uit
to
re
duce
the
siz
e,
the
c
ost
of
ci
rcu
it
com
pone
nts
that
create
s
a
n
LCC
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
[
9].
Al
so
,
the
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ion
c
ircuit
ha
s
res
onant
f
reque
ncy
in
dep
e
ndent
of
the
couplin
g
c
oeff
ic
ie
nt,
loa
d,
a
nd
the
soft
-
s
witc
hing
c
ondi
ti
on
f
or
the
el
ect
ro
nic
de
vi
ces
reac
hed
[
10
-
12
]
.
In
[
13],
T
he
C
LL/S
c
ompens
at
ion
ci
rc
uit
is
us
e
d
to
li
mit
th
e
inve
rter
cu
rrent.
Howe
ver,
the
pa
ramete
rs
of
the
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
a
re
relat
ively
la
rg
e
t
hat
is
dif
ficult
t
o
desi
gn
hi
gh
power
s
ys
te
ms.
Be
sides,
ef
fici
ency
i
s
sli
gh
tl
y
l
ow
e
r
t
han the
double
-
side
d
LCC
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
r
cuit.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
syste
m
f
or
el
ect
ric
b
ic
ycl
e app
li
catio
n
(
N
gu
ye
n Thi
Die
p)
1927
The
oth
er
pro
bl
em
with
wi
reless
cha
rg
i
ng
is
that
the
CC
/C
V
cha
r
ging
m
odes
are
re
qu
ire
d
to
ac
hieve
high
cha
rg
i
ng
ef
fici
enc
y
a
nd
li
thi
um
-
i
on
pin
pr
o
te
ct
ion
[
14
,
15
].
T
he
refor
e
,
a
pro
per
c
hargin
g
con
t
ro
l
strat
egy
is
requ
ired.
T
he
c
harg
ing
c
on
t
ro
l met
hods
i
n
the
W
PT sy
ste
m con
sist
s o
f
th
ree ty
pes: transmi
tt
er s
ide
con
t
ro
l,
receiv
er
side
c
on
t
ro
l,
and
dual
side
con
t
ro
l
[
16
-
18
]
.
I
n
these
met
hods,
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
side
co
nt
ro
l
is
pr
e
ferred
beca
us
e
it
does
n’
t
r
equ
i
re
an
y
a
dd
it
ion
al
DC/DC
co
nv
e
rter.
H
oweve
r,
pa
rame
te
rs
as
loa
d,
co
up
li
ng
coeffic
ie
nt
m
ust
be
kn
own
to
c
on
t
ro
l
at
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
side.
More
over,
i
n
t
he
wir
el
ess
cha
r
ging
,
the
vo
lt
age/c
urre
nt o
f
the
b
at
te
r
y varies
d
uri
ng the ch
a
r
ging pr
ocess
[
5,
19]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e, t
he batt
ery
is
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
var
ia
ble
loa
d
duri
ng
c
hargin
g
.
Be
side
s,
to
hi
gh
-
ef
fici
ency
chargin
g,
the
e
-
bi
ke
mu
st
pa
r
k
i
n
al
ig
nme
nt
with
the
trans
mit
te
r
to
receive
e
ne
rgy
f
rom
the
t
ran
s
mit
te
r.
H
o
wev
e
r,
t
hat
is
no
t
al
wa
ys
possible.
W
he
n
e
-
bi
kes
park
in
misal
ignment,
the
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
al
so
var
i
es
with
eac
h
chargin
g
[20
,
21
]
.
I
n
the
wi
reless
chargin
g, these
p
a
rameters
are
d
if
ficult
to
obt
ai
n
with
out u
sing wi
reless c
ommu
nicat
io
ns
.
The
CC
/C
V
ch
arg
i
ng
is perfo
rme
d
by d
esi
gnin
g
a
hy
br
i
d
c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rcu
it
in
[
22]
. How
e
ve
r,
t
he
sy
ste
m
is
c
ompli
cat
ed
beca
use
it
need
s
to
add
ca
pacit
ors
,
inducto
rs,
a
nd
switc
hes.
In
[23],
the
CC
/C
V
is
performe
d
via
AC
switc
hes
that
the
sy
ste
m
requests
we
ak
co
mm
un
ic
a
t
ion
.
Howe
ver,
it
le
ads
to
con
t
ro
l
dev
ia
ti
ons
w
he
n
the
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
si
gn
al
ja
mmed.
In
[
24],
the
CC
/
C
V
c
hargin
g
ac
hiev
ed
th
r
ough
c
oil
an
d
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
desi
gn.
Howe
ver,
the
desig
n
met
hod
is
co
mp
li
cat
ed.
T
he
s
witc
hing
f
reque
nc
y
m
us
t
switc
h
bet
wee
n
t
he
CC
an
d
CV
c
hargin
g
modes.
I
n
[
25]
,
the
CC
/C
V
c
hargin
g
has
pe
rformed
at
only
t
he
pr
ima
ry
side.
Howe
ver,
the
l
oad
e
sti
mati
on
method
is
c
ompli
cat
ed,
wh
ic
h
us
e
d
the
quad
r
at
ur
e
tra
nsfo
r
mati
on
al
gorithm
to
measu
re
act
iv
e
po
wer
.
Also
,
the
m
utu
a
l
inducta
nce
was
not
est
i
mate
d
res
ulti
ng
in
inflexi
ble contr
ol.
In
this
pap
e
r,
the
LCC
c
omp
ensati
on
ci
rcu
i
t
is
desig
ne
d
f
or
bo
t
h
t
ran
s
m
it
te
r
an
d
recei
ver
to
high
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
small
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
on
ci
rcu
it
el
ements
val
ue.
The
n,
a
new
C
C/
CV
cha
r
ging
co
ntr
ol
m
et
ho
d
only
on
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
side
is
im
plement
t
hat
ba
s
e
on
a
ne
w
hi
gh
acc
ur
ac
y
est
imat
ion
meth
od
of
bo
t
h
par
a
m
et
ers
li
ke
the
c
oupling
c
oeffici
ent
and
loa
d.
A
2.
5
kW
wireless
chargin
g
syst
em
has
buil
t
to
ver
if
y
the
fea
sibil
it
y
of
the
propose
d
method.
Sect
io
n
2
prese
nts
a
sy
ste
m
str
uctu
r
e
an
d
LCC
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
r
cuit
de
sig
n.
Se
ct
ion
3
pr
ese
nts
t
he
C
C/
CV
cha
rg
i
ng
c
on
t
ro
l
meth
od.
Sect
i
on
4
pr
ese
nts
t
he
si
mu
la
ti
on
a
nd
exp
e
rime
ntal
r
esults.
Con
cl
us
io
ns
a
r
e g
ive
n
i
n
sect
i
on 5.
2.
SY
STE
M
ST
RUCTU
RE
A
ND LC
C CO
MPEN
SA
TI
O
N CIRC
UIT
D
ESIG
N
The
wireless
c
hargin
g
syst
em
str
uctu
re
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
At
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
side
,
t
he
DC
vo
lt
age
is
co
nverted
i
nt
o
a
hi
gh
-
f
re
quenc
y
al
te
rn
at
i
ng
vo
lt
age
by
a
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
in
ver
te
r
for
the
mag
netic
c
oupler
.
The
tra
ns
mit
te
r
side
c
ontroll
er
pe
rforms
C
C/
CV
chargin
g
co
ntr
ol
th
rough
me
asu
rin
g
resona
nt
cu
rrent
an
d
inv
e
rter
DC
in
pu
t
powe
r.
T
he
pri
mar
y
si
de
LCC
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
on
ci
rc
uit
is
us
e
d
t
o
reduc
e
reacti
ve
po
w
er,
a
nd
achieve
s
of
t
s
witc
hing
f
or
M
O
SFET
s.
T
hen,
e
ne
rgy
is
tran
sfe
rr
e
d
t
o
the
recei
ver
side
via
th
e
mag
netic
coupler
.
T
he
r
ecei
ver
side
L
CC
com
pe
ns
at
ion
ci
rc
uit
is
use
d
t
o
ma
ximize
tra
ns
fe
r
e
ff
i
ci
ency
.
T
he
ob
ta
ined
AC
volt
age
on
the
receive
r
c
oil
via
t
he
LC
C
com
pe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rc
uit
is
rec
ti
fied
an
d
filt
ered
to
c
harge
f
or
the
batte
ry.
At
t
he
tra
ns
mit
te
r
side,
the
e
qu
i
va
le
nt
loa
d,
a
nd
the
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
a
re
est
imat
ed.
The
n,
the
transmitt
er
sid
e co
ntr
oller is
desig
ne
d
to
contr
ol CC/
CV c
hargin
g mo
des
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
s
i
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
s
i
d
e
L
f
1
C
f
1
C
1
L
1
i
1
U
D
C
A
B
S
1
S
3
S
4
S
2
u
A
B
I
D
C
i
L
f
1
L
2
C
2
C
f
2
L
f
2
i
2
i
L
f
2
U
b
I
b
R
e
L
C
0
a
b
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
u
a
b
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
e
R
e
b
C
{
R
e
L
.
o
p
t
S
=
i
e
L
Figure
1.
S
ys
te
m s
tr
uctu
re
diagr
a
m
W
he
n
the
batte
ry
c
hargin
g
process
is
slo
w,
the
batte
ry
can
be
m
ode
le
d
as
a
resist
or
R
eb
wh
ic
h
dep
e
nds
on the
b
at
te
r
y’
s
stat
e
of cha
rg
e
[5,
25]. T
he batt
ery eq
uiv
al
ent
r
esi
sta
nce ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
19
2
6
–
19
3
5
1928
=
(1)
wh
e
re U
b
,
I
b
is
the
c
hargin
g
volt
age,
cha
rg
i
ng
c
urren
t
,
re
spe
ct
ively. When
igno
rin
g
powe
r
los
ses on
rect
ifie
rs,
the equivale
nt
load resist
ance
/c
ur
re
nt
see
n from t
he
in
put
of
the
recti
fier is
expresse
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
=
8
2
(2)
=
2
√
2
(3)
Wh
e
n
t
he
in
ve
rter
out
pu
t
vo
lt
age
a
nd
recti
fier
in
pu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
are
ap
pro
xim
at
ed
as
sin
usoidal
sour
ces,
the
e
qu
i
valent
ci
rcu
it
is
giv
e
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
Wh
e
re
L
i
is
c
oi
l's
sel
f
-
in
duct
ance
,
M
is
the
mu
tual
in
du
ct
a
nce,
L
fi
,
C
fi
,
C
i
are
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
in
du
ct
or
a
nd
ca
pa
ci
tors
;
i
(i=
1,2
)
ind
e
x
of
pa
rameters
at
th
e
transmitt
er,
r
ecei
ver
side,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
j
ω
M
I
1
i
L
f
2
=
i
e
L
U
e
L
L
f
1
C
f
1
C
1
L
1
i
1
u
A
B
j
ω
M
I
2
R
1
i
L
f
1
C
f
2
C
2
R
2
L
2
i
2
Z
s
R
e
L
Z
p
Z
L
1
F
igure
2. Eq
ui
valent circ
uit
Ign
or
e
inter
nal
resist
ance
of
coils,
the
f
unda
mental
ha
rm
on
ic
s
a
ppr
ox
i
mati
on
met
hod
is
us
e
d
to
analyze
the
w
orkin
g
pr
i
ncipl
e
of
the
res
on
ant
ci
rc
uit
.
T
he
trans
mit
te
r
a
nd
recei
ver
co
il
hav
e
desi
gned
the
same. T
he
refore
, th
e
f
ollow
i
ng
par
a
mete
r
s a
re th
e
same:
{
1
=
2
=
1
=
2
=
1
=
2
=
(4)
The
res
ona
nce
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
desig
n
to
be
equ
al
to
t
he
inv
e
rter
s
witc
hi
ng
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
ω
=
2πf
sw
.
P
aramete
r'
s
rel
at
ion
s
hip
i
n
th
e res
on
a
nt circ
uit
is
sho
wn as
foll
ow
s
.
=
1
2
(5)
=
1
2
(
−
)
(6)
The
s
ys
te
m
out
pu
t
powe
r
ca
n be
e
xpresse
d
a
s foll
ow
s
=
2
(7)
Com
bin
e
(
5)
,
(6),
a
nd
(7),
the
c
ompe
ns
at
ion
ci
rc
uit
pa
r
amet
ers
for
t
he
sy
ste
m
are
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
dep
ic
te
d i
n Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
Sy
ste
m
pa
ramete
rs
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
P
out
2
.5
kW
L
i
1
1
0
μ
H
U
DC
3
1
0
V
R
i
0
.15
Ω
U
b
3
3
0
V
–
420V
C
i
3
0
.9 μF
f
sw
4
0
kHz
L
fi
5
8
.7 μH
R
eL
.
o
p
t
3
2
Ω
k
0
.25
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
syste
m
f
or
el
ect
ric
b
ic
ycl
e app
li
catio
n
(
N
gu
ye
n Thi
Die
p)
1929
3.
PROP
OSE
D T
RANS
MITT
ER SI
DE
CONTROLL
E
R
3.1.
Theoretic
al
a
na
ly
sis
An
al
yzin
g
t
he
ci
rc
uit
of
Fig
ure
2
wh
e
n
c
onside
rin
g
t
he
i
nter
nal
re
sist
ance
of
t
he
tra
ns
mit
te
r
a
nd
receiver
c
oils, the
fo
ll
owin
g re
la
ti
on
sh
i
ps
have d
rawn:
=
2
2
(
2
)
2
+
2
1
(8)
=
2
2
(
2
)
2
+
2
1
(9)
wh
e
re
R
i
is
c
oil
internal
resist
ances,
I
1
is
res
on
a
nt
c
urren
t
o
n
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coil.
At
a
fixe
d
re
sona
nt
f
requen
c
y,
from
(8),
(9)
s
how
that
I
eL
,
U
eL
dep
e
nds
on
k
,
R
eL,
an
d
re
s
on
a
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
I
1
.
The
c
ouplin
g
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
(
k)
var
ie
s
accor
ding
t
o
t
he
po
sit
io
n
be
tween
t
he
re
cei
ver
a
nd
tra
ns
mit
te
r.
T
he
eq
ui
valent
re
sist
ance
(
R
eL
)
var
ie
s
accor
ding
to
th
e
batte
r
y
c
harg
ing
sta
te
.
If
t
he
se
par
a
mete
rs
are
est
imat
e
d,
the
CC
/C
V
c
ha
rg
i
ng
is
possi
bl
e
via
transmitt
er
sid
e res
on
a
nt c
urr
ent ad
j
us
tme
nt.
The res
on
a
nt c
urren
t i
s
ex
pr
e
ssed
by:
11
2
AB
f
A
B
f
U
I
j
C
U
j
L
=
−
=
−
(10)
It
sho
ws
that
t
he
tra
ns
mit
te
r
resona
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
I
1
c
ou
l
d
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
regulat
ing
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
(U
AB
)
.
The
phase
-
sh
i
f
t
meth
od
is
us
e
d
t
o
a
dju
st
the
RMS
of
U
AB
.
The
PWM
sig
na
ls
f
or
S
1
~S
4
a
nd
the
ph
a
se
-
s
hift
in
ve
rter
outp
ut
volt
age
is
giv
e
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
T
hro
ugh
the
firs
t
har
m
onic
ap
pro
ximati
on,
U
AB
is
giv
e
n
as
[
26]:
=
2
√
2
2
(11)
wh
e
re
α
is
the
ph
a
se
-
s
hift
a
ngle
of
the
res
on
ant
in
ver
te
r
.
T
he
eq
uatio
ns
(
8)
t
o
(
11)
s
ho
w
the
a
bili
ty
to
con
t
ro
l
CC
/ CV c
harg
ing
by a
dju
sti
ng the
phase
sh
i
ft angle
of
t
he
i
nv
e
rter.
α
U
A
B
U
D
C
θ
θ
θ
12
,
SS
34
,S
S
-
U
D
C
Figure
3. The
PWM si
gn
al
s
a
nd phase
-
s
hift
inv
e
rte
r
ou
t
put wa
veform
3.2.
Estima
te the c
ou
pli
n
g
c
oeffici
ent and
equi
va
le
n
t
resi
s
tance fr
om only
th
e
transmi
t
te
r side
To
ma
ke
est
im
at
es
of
c
ouplin
g
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
and
e
qu
i
valent
resist
ance
only
f
rom
t
he
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
side
,
the
ci
rcu
it
dia
gram
Fig
ure
2
i
s
analyze
d.
T
he
equ
i
valent
impe
dan
ce
of
the
recei
ver
si
de
seen
into
t
he
receiver
coil ca
n be
ex
presse
d
:
=
2
+
(
2
)
2
(12)
The
e
quivale
nt
impe
dan
c
e
of
the tra
ns
mit
te
r si
de
see
n
int
o
t
he
tra
ns
mit
te
r c
oil can
be
ex
presse
d
:
=
2
2
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
19
2
6
–
19
3
5
1930
The
im
pe
dan
ce
of c
oil L1
c
an
be
e
xpresse
d
:
1
=
1
+
1
+
=
1
+
1
+
2
2
(14)
{
1
}
=
1
+
2
2
=
1
1
2
(15)
If
t
he
lo
sses
on
the c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rcu
it
ele
ments a
re ign
ored
,
the
n:
{
1
}
≈
1
2
(16)
Wh
e
re
P
DC
is
inv
e
rter
i
nput
DC
power.
Com
bin
in
g
t
he
eq
uations
(
14)
an
d
(16
),
t
he
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt ca
n be e
xpres
sed:
=
√
(
1
2
−
1
)
(
1
)
2
(17)
Usu
al
l
y,
the
wireless
c
harg
ing
s
ys
te
m
for
e
-
bik
e
is
th
e
sta
ti
c
char
gi
ng
sy
ste
m
.
W
hen
sta
rtin
g
chargin
g,
t
he
ve
hicle
posit
ion
is
fixed.
Th
er
efore,
from
e
quat
ions
(
12)
a
nd
(
17),
t
he
pa
r
amet
ers
are
est
imat
ed
by the
f
ollow
i
ng tw
o
s
te
ps
:
Step
1:
W
hen
sta
rting
the
c
ha
rg
i
ng
process,
the
r
ect
ifie
r
a
nd
batte
ry
a
re
cut
off
a
nd
re
pl
aced
by
a
n
op
ti
m
um
re
sist
ance
(R
L.opt
)
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
1.
T
he
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
is
est
imat
ed
a
s
(
17).
T
he
n,
the
couplin
g
c
oeffi
ci
ent
val
ue
is
r
emembe
re
d.
Step
2:
Af
te
r
t
he
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
val
ue
has
bee
n
c
ollec
te
d,
the
op
ti
mu
m
resist
anc
e
load
is
cut
off.
The
equiva
le
nt
resist
ance
value
is
esti
ma
te
d
co
ntin
uous
l
y durin
g
c
hargi
ng
:
=
(
2
)
2
−
2
with
=
(
1
)
2
1
2
−
1
(18)
Th
us
,
by
mea
su
r
i
ng
the
val
ues
of
i
nv
e
rte
r
in
pu
t
DC
powe
r
a
nd
RM
S
of
re
sona
nt
curre
nt,
the
couplin
g
c
oeffi
ci
ent and e
quiv
al
ent r
esi
sta
nce
are
est
imat
e
d.
3.3.
Analy
sis of t
h
e propos
ed c
ontr
oller
The
blo
c
k
dia
gram
of
the
cl
ose
d
-
l
oop
c
ontr
ol
is
give
n
in
Figure
4.
T
he
R
M
S
of
res
on
a
nt
curre
nt
an
d
input
DC
power
of
t
he
i
nverter
is
meas
ur
e
d.
First,
th
e
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is
es
ti
mate
d
by
(
17)
an
d
remem
bered
.
L
at
er,
the
eq
uiva
le
nt
load
is
es
ti
mate
d
acco
rdi
ng
t
o
(
18)
duri
ng
proce
ss
CC
/C
V
cha
r
ging.
Final
,
the
value
of
e
quipme
nt
loa
d
c
urren
t
/v
oltage
is
cal
culat
ed
by
(
7)
,
(8).
T
he
value
of
I
eL
/U
eL
is
c
ompa
red
with
I
eL.ref
/U
eL.ref
,
th
e
erro
rs
a
re
f
ed
into
t
he
PI
(
C
C/
CV)
c
on
tr
oll
er
that
c
reates
t
he
ph
a
se
-
s
hifte
d
a
ng
le
.
T
he
tr
ansf
e
r
functi
on
of
the
ob
je
ct
is
ide
ntifie
d
by
P
SIM
simulat
ion
s
oft
war
e
.
The
n,
C
C/
CV
chargin
g
con
t
ro
ll
er
desi
gn
e
d
as b
el
lo
w.
Th
us, the
CC
/C
V
c
hargin
g proces
s is p
e
rfo
rme
d.
.
(
)
=
2
.
6
+
25
.
1
0
4
(19)
.
(
)
=
0
.
01
+
200
(20)
I
e
L
.
r
e
f
/
U
e
L
.
r
e
f
P
I
P
h
a
s
e
p
h
i
f
t
e
d
a
n
g
l
e
M
o
s
f
e
t
d
r
i
v
e
r
I
1
-
R
M
S
P
D
C
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
(
1
7
)
,
(
1
8
)
k
R
e
L
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
I
e
L
,
U
e
L
(
8
)
,
(
9
)
Figure
4. Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
ontrol
blo
c
k diag
ra
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
syste
m
f
or
el
ect
ric
b
ic
ycl
e app
li
catio
n
(
N
gu
ye
n Thi
Die
p)
1931
4.
SIMULATI
O
N AND E
XPE
RIM
E
NT
RE
SU
LT
S
4.1.
Simul
at
i
on
re
sults
The
ci
rc
ular
c
oi
l
structur
e
is
use
d
to
buil
d
th
e
trans
mit
te
r
and
receive
r.
W
hen
misal
ignm
ent
bet
ween
the
tra
nsmi
tt
er
and
receive
r
is
var
ia
ti
on,
2D/
3D
F
EA
sim
ul
at
ion
res
ults
of
the
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
a
re
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5
.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
s
how
that
wh
e
n
misal
ign
me
nt
bet
w
een
the
tra
nsm
it
te
r
and
the
re
cei
ver
inc
rease
s,
the
couplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
dec
reases
.
The
co
upli
ng
coeffic
ie
nt
eq
ua
l
to
0.2
5
is
th
e
highest
wh
e
n
the
tra
ns
mit
te
r
an
d
receiver
ali
gn.
The
wireless
dynamic
c
harg
ing
s
ys
te
m
is
simulat
ed
by
PSIM
s
of
t
ware
to
eval
uate
the
pr
opos
e
d
desig
ns
. S
imul
at
ion
m
od
el
u
s
ing
the p
ara
me
te
rs
giv
e
n
in
T
able
1.
Fi
gure 5
b
(k.est)
s
how
the
est
imat
io
n
res
ult
of the c
ouplin
g coe
ff
ic
ie
nt t
ha
t est
imat
ed
an
error o
f
le
ss t
ha
n 2%.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5.
FE
A s
imulat
ion an
d est
imat
ion
res
ult o
f
the
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
,
(
a)
3D si
mu
la
t
ion
res
ult, (b)
2D
simulat
ion an
d t
he
est
imat
io
n resu
lt
Figure
6
sho
ws
the
res
ults
of
a
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
s
imulat
ion
o
f
t
he
CC
/CV
chargin
g
pr
ocess.
The
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt
is
e
sti
mate
d
at
the
beg
i
nn
i
ng
of
t
he
ch
ar
ging
pr
ocess.
The
val
ue
of
e
qu
i
vale
nt
loa
d
impe
da
n
ce
is
change
d
withi
n
a
ra
nge
of
10
Ω
to
200
Ω
durin
g
sim
ulati
on
,
w
hich
c
orrespo
nd
s
t
o
th
e
chargin
g
sta
te
of
th
e
batte
ry.
Fig
ur
e
6(a)
s
hows
C
C
cha
rg
i
ng
mode
simulat
io
n
resu
lt
s
with
a
ref
e
ren
ce
valu
e
of
7
.
5
A.
W
hen
th
e
batte
ry
e
quival
ent
resist
ance
(
R
eb
)
cha
ng
es
from
15Ω
to
25
Ω,
simulat
io
n
r
esults
ind
ic
at
e
that:
batte
ry
c
urre
nt
is
mainta
ine
d
to
re
fer
e
nce
va
lue
with
a
n
error
of
3.3%
,
batte
r
y
volt
age
i
ncr
eases
f
rom
112V
t
o
180V
,
est
imat
ed
loa
d
resist
ance
(
R
eb
.est
)
va
ries
from
15.
3
Ω
to
24.
8
Ω
with
a
n
es
ti
mati
o
n
e
rror
of
1.4
%
.
Fig
ure
6
(
b
)
sh
ows
CV
c
ha
rg
i
ng
m
od
e
simulat
ion
re
su
lt
s
with
a
re
fer
e
nce
value
of
400
V
.
Wh
e
n
t
he
batte
ry
eq
ui
valent
resist
ance
(
R
eb
)
c
ha
ng
es
from
1
20Ω
to
15
0Ω
,
sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
in
dicat
e
t
hat:
batte
r
y
vol
ta
ge
is
mainta
i
ned
to
ref
e
ren
ce
val
ue
with
a
n
er
r
or
of
1.12
%
,
ba
tt
ery
cu
rrent
decr
ease
s
f
rom
3,2
9
A
to
2.6
4
A
,
est
imat
ed
loa
d
resist
ance
(
R
eb
.est
)
va
ries f
r
om
118Ω
t
o 1
47
Ω
with a
n
est
imat
ion
e
rro
r
of
1.8
%.
Figure 7
g
ives
w
ave
f
or
m
sim
ulati
on
r
es
ults in
the
ca
ses
in
Figure 6
at
ste
ady
-
sat
e.
Fig
ure
7(a)
s
how
s
to
co
ntr
ol
the
const
ant
cha
r
gin
g
cu
rr
e
nt
in
t
he
sim
ulati
on
case,
the
phase
-
sh
i
ft
an
gle
(
α
)
reduces
from
28
0
t
o
-6
-2
2
6
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
.25
0
.3
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
(cm
)
C
o
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
x
(
cm
)
0.25-
0.3
0.2-0
.25
0.15-
0.2
0.1-0
.15
0.05-
0.1
0-0.0
5
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
.25
0
.3
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
C
ou
plin
g
coef
f
icie
n
t
Cen
tral
m
isalig
n
m
en
t
(cm
)
k
.sim
k
.est
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
19
2
6
–
19
3
5
1932
25
0
.
Ze
ro
vo
lt
age
s
witc
hing
for
MOSFE
T
is
achieve
d
wi
th
a
maxim
um
I
off
of
2.5
A.
F
igure
7(
a
)
s
ho
ws
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
he
c
on
sta
nt
ch
ar
ging
vo
lt
age
in
the
simulat
ion
cas
e,
the
ph
ase
-
s
hi
ft
an
gle
inc
rea
se
f
rom
97
0
to
113
0
.
The
vo
lt
age/c
urre
nt
wa
veform
of
the
M
O
S
FET,
in
t
his
c
ase,
is
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
7(
c
).
The
tw
o
le
gs
of
t
he
inv
e
rter
are
operate
d
in
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
sta
te
s
of
soft
s
witc
hing.
T
he
S
1/
S4
M
O
SFET
op
e
rates
in
t
he
zero
vo
lt
age
s
witc
hi
ng
c
onditi
on
a
nd
S
3/S
2
MOS
FET
operates
i
n
t
he
ze
r
o
c
urr
ent
s
witc
hing
c
onditi
on.
The
S1
/S
4
has
tu
r
n
-
off
lo
ss
an
d
S
3/S
2
has
tu
r
n
on
-
lo
ss.
T
he
Z
VS
/
ZCS
co
ndit
ion
de
pends
on
t
he
ph
ase
-
s
hift
an
gle
a
nd loa
d.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. Cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
CC
/C
V char
ging
sim
ul
at
ion
resu
lt
s
,
(a
)
CC
cha
rg
ing,
(
b)
CV c
h
arg
ing
(a)
(c)
(b)
Figure
7.
S
im
ul
at
ion
wa
ve
for
m
, (a)
C
C
ch
arg
ing
mod
e
,
(b)
C
V c
har
ging
mod
e
,
(
c)
Si
mul
a
ti
on
wave
form
of
MO
S
FET
voltag
e/
cur
r
ent i
n
CV
cha
rging
mod
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
syste
m
f
or
el
ect
ric
b
ic
ycl
e app
li
catio
n
(
N
gu
ye
n Thi
Die
p)
1933
Figure
8. The
wireless c
hargi
ng
syst
em e
xperimental
set
up
Figure
9. The
vo
lt
age/c
urre
nt w
a
veform
of inv
e
rter i
n
CC
c
hargin
g mo
de
4.2.
Ex
peri
ment
r
esults
A
wi
reless
c
ha
rg
i
ng
sy
ste
m
with
a
2.5kW
has
bu
il
t
in
t
he
la
borato
ry
as
in
Fig
ur
e
8
.
P
olypr
opyle
ne
film
capa
ci
tors
are
us
e
d
i
n
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
r
cuits
to
re
du
ce
losses
a
nd
i
ncrea
se
hi
gh
c
urre
nt
tolera
nce
in
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
s
ys
t
ems. C
3M02
8009
0D SI
C
s
ar
e
us
e
d
t
o
im
prov
e
in
ver
te
r
ef
fici
ency
.
The
e
xperime
ntal
res
ult
wa
veforms
of
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age/c
urre
nt
in
CC
c
ha
rg
i
ng
m
ode
ar
e
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
9.
D
uri
ng
t
he
CC
cha
r
ging
process,
cu
rrent
cha
rg
i
ng
is
mainta
ine
d
by
8.5A
,
t
he
Z
VS
is
achieve
d
perfe
ct
ly,
the ZCS
c
on
diti
on
is
al
so
al
mo
st
ac
hiev
ed.
Th
e
ma
xim
um
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
r
eaches 92.
1%
at
2.5
kW in t
he
CC
chargin
g mo
de
when t
he recei
ver an
d
tra
nsm
it
te
r
are ali
gne
d
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pa
per
pro
po
s
es
to
pe
rfo
rm
a
wireless
cha
rg
i
ng
syst
em
f
or
e
-
byke
.
T
he
double
-
sided
LC
C
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
is
de
sig
ned
that
the
ad
van
ta
ge
of
hi
gh
ef
fici
enc
y
a
nd
re
sona
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
reg
a
rd
l
ess
of
the
co
upli
ng
c
oeffici
ent
an
d
load.
The
CC
/
CV
cha
rg
i
ng
c
on
t
ro
l
is
perfor
med
on
l
y
f
r
om
the
tran
smit
te
r
side.
Also
,
t
he
pa
pe
r
pro
poses
a
si
mp
le
meth
od
t
o
e
sti
mate
bo
t
h
t
he
loa
d
a
nd
the
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt
bas
ed
on
measu
red
par
a
mete
rs
su
c
h
as
RM
S
of
reson
ant
c
urren
t
a
nd
i
nput
DC
po
wer
of
the
in
ve
rter.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
and
e
xp
e
rime
nt
al
resu
lt
s
ve
rif
y
t
he
feasibil
it
y
of
th
e
pro
po
s
ed
met
hod.
A
2.5
kW
wireles
s
ch
ar
ging
sy
st
em
is
bu
il
t
. T
he maxi
mu
m
cha
r
ging
eff
ic
ie
nc
y reac
hes 9
2.1%.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
researc
h
is
f
unde
d
by
t
he
Ha
noi
U
nive
rsity
of
Scie
nc
e
an
d
Tech
nology
(
HUST)
unde
r
project
numb
e
r
T
2018
-
PC
-
054.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
V.
Kindl
,
R.
Pe
cha
nek
,
M.
Z
av
rel
,
and
T.
Kav
al
ir
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“In
duc
ti
v
e
coupl
ing
sys
te
m
for
E
-
b
ike
wir
e
le
ss
ch
arg
ing
,
”
i
n
2018
ELEKTRO
,
Mikulov
,
May
2018,
pp
.
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–
4
.
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
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t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
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ol
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11
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D
ecembe
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e
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re
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ss
Pow
er
Tra
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f
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El
e
ct
r
ic
Veh
i
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Appl
icati
ons
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”
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EE
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of
Eme
rging
an
d
Sel
e
ct
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n
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D.
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a
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“
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l
ess
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r
(
WPT)
fo
r
Elec
t
ric
Vehi
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(EVs)
—
Present
and
Futur
e
Tre
n
ds,”
in
Pl
ug
In
El
e
ct
ric
V
ehicles
in
Smar
t
Gr
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Rajakar
un
a
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C.
-
S.
W
ang,
G.
A.
Covic,
and
O.
H.
Sti
el
au
,
“
Inve
stigating
an
LCL
Loa
d
Res
onant
Inv
ert
er
f
or
Induc
t
ive
Po
wer
Tra
nsfer
Applica
ti
ons,”
IE
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Powe
r
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tr
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4,
pp
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2004
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[8]
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K.
Mad
awa
l
a
and
D
.
J.
Thr
imawitha
n
a,
“A
B
i
dire
c
ti
ona
l
Indu
ct
iv
e
Pow
er
In
terfac
e
for
Elec
tr
i
c
Vehi
cles
in
V2G
Sys
te
ms,”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
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vo
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[9]
Z.
P
antic
,
S.
Ba
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and
S.
M.
Lu
kic
,
“Z
CS
$LC
C$
-
Compe
nsat
e
d
Resonant
Inv
e
rte
r
for
Indu
ct
iv
e
-
Pow
er
-
Tra
nsfe
r
Applic
a
ti
on,
”
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
l
ec
troni
cs
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vo
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8,
no
.
8
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350
0
–
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Aug.
20
11
.
[10
]
S.
L
i,
W.
L
i,
J.
Deng,
T.
D
.
Nguyen,
and
C
.
C.
Mi,
“A
Double
-
Sided
LCC
Com
pensa
ti
on
Ne
twork
and
I
ts
Tuni
n
g
Method
for
W
ir
el
ess
Pow
er
Trans
fer
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
V
ehi
cu
lar
Techno
logy
,
vo
l.
64
,
no
.
6,
pp
.
2261
–
22
73,
Jun.
2015
.
[11
]
T.
Kan
,
T
.
-
D.
N
guyen,
J.
C
.
Wh
i
te
,
R
.
K.
Ma
lha
n
,
and
C
.
C.
Mi
,
“
A
New
Inte
gra
t
i
o
n
Method
for
a
n
El
e
ct
ri
c
Vehi
cle
Wi
re
le
ss
Charging
Sys
te
m
Us
ing
LCC
Comp
ensa
ti
on
Topol
o
gy:
Analysis
an
d
Design,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ans.
Power
El
e
ct
ron.
,
vol
.
3
2,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
163
8
–
1650,
Feb
.
20
17
.
[12
]
Sizha
o
Lu,
X
ia
o
ti
ng
Deng
,
We
n
bin
Shu,
Xi
aoc
h
ao
W
ei,
and
Siq
i
Li,
“A
New
Z
VS
Tuni
ng
Met
hod
for
Double
-
Sided
LCC
Com
pensa
te
d
Wirel
e
ss
Pow
er
Tra
nsf
er
Sys
te
m
,
”
En
e
rgies
,
vol
.
11
,
no
.
2
,
p
.
307
,
Feb
.
2018
.
[13
]
A.
F.
A.
Azi
z,
M.
F.
Roml
i
e,
a
nd
T.
Z.
A.
Zulkifli,
“CLL/S
D
et
uned
com
p
ensa
ti
on
n
et
work
f
or
el
e
ct
r
ic
v
ehi
c
le
s
wire
le
ss
ch
arg
in
g
application
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
1
0,
no.
4
,
pp
.
2173
–
2181,
De
c. 2019
.
[14
]
We
ix
ia
ng
Shen
,
Tha
nh
Tu
Vo, a
nd
A.
Kapoor, “C
har
ging
a
lgori
t
hms o
f
li
th
ium
-
i
on
bat
t
eries:
An
over
vie
w,
”
in
20
12
7th
IE
EE Conf
er
enc
e
on
Industri
al
E
le
c
tronic
s a
nd
Applications
(ICIE
A)
,
Jul.
20
12,
pp
.
1567
–
15
72
.
[15
]
K.
Na,
H.
Ma
,
G.
Namgoong,
K.
A.
Kim,
J.
-
H.
Jung,
and
F.
Bie
n,
“Ste
p
-
ch
arg
ing
t
ec
hniqu
e
for
CC/CV
m
ode
bat
t
ery
cha
rg
ing
with
low
-
cost
c
ontrol
com
pon
e
nts
in
IPT
sys
te
ms,”
IET
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
11,
no
.
15,
pp
.
2523
–
2530,
De
c
.
2018
.
[16
]
J.
M.
Mill
er
,
O.
C.
Onar,
and
M.
Chint
hav
al
i
,
“Prim
ary
-
Sid
e
Pow
er
Flow
Con
trol
of
Wi
r
eless
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
for
El
e
ct
ri
c
Veh
ic
l
e Chargi
ng,
”
I
EEE
J
.
Eme
rg.
S
el. T
opic
s P
ower
Elec
tron.
,
vo
l. 3, n
o.
1
,
pp
.
147
–
16
2,
Mar
.
2015
.
[17
]
B.
Pang
,
J.
Den
g,
P.
L
iu,
and
Z
.
W
ang,
“Se
cond
ary
-
side
power
c
ontrol
me
thod
f
or
double
-
side
L
CC
com
p
ensa
ti
o
n
topol
ogy
in
wir
el
ess
EV
cha
rg
e
r
application
,
”
i
n
IECON
2017
-
43rd
Annual
Confe
renc
e
of
t
he
IE
EE
Industrial
El
e
ct
ronics
So
ciety
,
B
ei
j
ing, Oct
.
2017,
pp.
7860
–
7865
.
[18
]
T.
Diekh
ans
an
d
R.
W
.
De
Doncke
r,
“A
Dual
-
Side
Contro
lled
Induc
ti
ve
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
Sys
t
em
Op
ti
m
iz
ed
f
or
La
rge
Coupli
ng
Fact
or
Var
ia
t
ion
s
and
Partial
Lo
ad,
”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Pow
er
Elec
tro
n.
,
vo
l.
30
,
no
.
1
1,
pp.
6320
–
632
8,
Nov.
2015
.
[19
]
D.
H.
Tr
an,
V.
B.
Vu,
and
W.
Choi,
“D
esi
gn
of
a
High
-
Eff
icienc
y
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tr
a
nsfer
Sys
te
m
with
Inte
rm
edi
a
te
Co
il
s
f
or
the
On
-
B
oar
d
Ch
arg
ers
o
f
E
lectr
i
c
Vehi
cles,”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Powe
r
E
le
c
tron.
,
vol
.
33,
no
.
1,
pp.
175
–
187
,
Ja
n.
2018
.
[20
]
M.
Kim,
D.
Joo
,
and
B.
K
.
L
ee,
“De
sign
and
Control
of
Induc
t
i
ve
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r
Sys
te
m
for
El
e
ct
ri
c
Vehi
cle
s
Consideri
ng
Wide
Var
ia
t
ion
o
f
O
utput
Volt
a
ge
and
Coup
ling
Coeff
ic
i
ent,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
34,
no.
2,
pp.
11
97
–
1208,
Feb
.
2
019
.
[21
]
S.
Vari
kkottil
a
nd
J.
L.
F.
Day
a,
“
Esti
m
ation
o
f
Optim
a
l
Opera
ti
ng
Freque
n
cy
for
Wi
re
le
ss
EV
Chargi
ng
Sys
tem
under
Misal
ign
me
nt
,
”
Ele
ct
roni
cs
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
3
,
p.
342
,
Mar
.
201
9.
[22
]
R.
Mai
,
Y.
Ch
e
n,
Y.
Li
,
Y.
Zh
ang,
G.
Cao
,
an
d
Z.
H
e,
“In
duc
ti
ve
Pow
er
Tra
n
sfer
for
Mass
ive
El
e
ct
r
ic
B
ic
yc
l
es
Chargi
ng
B
ase
d
on
Hybrid
Topo
logy
Sw
it
chi
ng
with
a
Single
In
ver
te
r
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
P
ower
Elec
tro
ni
c
s
,
vol.
32
,
no
.
8
,
pp
.
5897
–
5906
,
Au
g.
2017
.
[23
]
Y.
Chen
,
H.
Zhang,
S.
-
J
.
Park
,
a
nd
D.
-
H.
Kim
,
“
A
Sw
it
chi
ng
Hy
brid
LCC
-
S
Co
mpe
nsati
on
Top
ology
for
Const
ant
Curre
nt/
Volt
age
EV
Wi
r
eless
Chargi
ng,
”
I
EE
E
A
cc
ess
,
vol. 7, pp. 133924
–
133935
,
2019
.
[24
]
V.
-
B.
Vu,
D.
-
H.
Tra
n
,
and
W.
Choi,
“Im
pl
eme
nta
ti
on
of
the
C
onstant
Curr
ent
and
Constan
t
V
olt
ag
e
Cha
rge
o
f
Induc
ti
v
e
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
Sys
tems
with
the Double
-
Sided LCC C
ompe
nsati
on
T
opology
for
E
le
c
tri
c
Veh
icle
Ba
tter
y
Charge
Appl
icat
ions,”
I
EEE
Tr
ans.
Powe
r
Elec
tr
on.
,
vol.
33,
no.
9,
pp
.
7398
–
741
0,
Sep
.
2018
.
[25
]
K.
Song,
Z.
Li,
J.
Jiang,
and
C.
Zhu,
“Consta
nt
Curre
nt/
Volt
age
Chargi
ng
Oper
at
ion
for
Ser
ie
s
-
Serie
s
and
Seri
e
s
-
Para
llel
Compe
n
sate
d
Wi
r
eless
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r
Sys
te
ms
Em
ploy
i
ng
Prim
ary
-
Side
Controller
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Power
El
e
ct
ron.
,
pp
.
1
–
1,
2017
.
[26
]
Zhongm
ing
Y
e
,
P.
K.
Jain,
and
P.
C.
Sen
,
“A
Ful
l
-
Bridge
R
esona
nt
Inve
rt
er
with
Modifie
d
Phase
-
Shift
Modulat
io
n
for
High
-
Freque
ncy
AC
Pow
er
Distribut
ion
Sys
te
ms,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
E
le
c
tron.
,
vol.
54
,
no
.
5,
pp.
2831
–
28
45,
Oct.
2007
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess char
gi
ng
syste
m
f
or
el
ect
ric
b
ic
ycl
e app
li
catio
n
(
N
gu
ye
n Thi
Die
p)
1935
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nguyen
Thi
Die
p
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
B
.
E
degr
ee
and
M.S
degr
ee
from
t
he
Hanoi
Univer
sity
of
Scie
n
ce
and
T
ec
hnology
,
Hanoi,
Viet
n
am,
in
2004
and
20
08.
She
is
cur
r
e
ntl
y
working
to
ward
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
the
Hanoi
Univer
sity
of
Sci
enc
e
and
Te
chno
logy,
Ha
noi,
Viet
n
am.
S
he
w
orks
as
a
le
c
ture
r
at E
l
ectr
ic
Pow
er
Un
ive
r
sity.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
in
cl
ud
e
wire
le
ss
power
tra
nsfer,
wire
le
s
s
cha
rging
for
EV,
and
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs.
Nguyen
Kien
Tr
ung
was
born
in
Hanoi,
Vie
tnam.
He
re
ceive
d
the
B
.
E
.
and
M.
Sc.
deg
ree
s
in
cont
rol
and
aut
o
ma
ti
on
from
Ha
noi
Univer
si
ty
o
f
Scie
n
ce
and
Technol
ogy,
Vie
tn
am
in
2008
and
2011,
resp
ec
t
ively.
In
2016,
he
recei
v
ed
th
e
P
h.
D.
d
egr
ee
in
Functi
onal
con
tr
ol
sys
te
ms
at
Sh
iba
ura
Instit
ut
e
of
T
ec
hnology
,
Jap
an,
where
h
e
worked
as
a
p
ostdoct
ora
l
r
ese
a
rch
er
in
2016
-
2017.
From
201
8,
he
works
as
a
lectur
er
a
t
Ha
noi
Univer
sity
o
f
Scie
nc
e
and
T
ec
hnology
.
Dr.
Trung
is
a me
mb
er
of
the IEEE a
nd
IEE of
Jap
an.
His re
sea
r
ch
in
terests i
n
c
lude hi
g
h
-
fre
quenc
y
con
ver
te
rs
and
wir
eless
power
tr
ansfe
r
sys
te
ms.
Tra
n
Trong
Min
h
re
ceive
d
th
e
Ph.D.
degr
ee
fro
m
Hano
i
Univer
sity
of
Sc
ie
n
ce
a
nd
T
ec
hno
logy,
Viet
na
m
in
2008
.
Now
,
h
e
works
as
a
l
ec
tu
rer
at
Hanoi
Univer
si
t
y
of
Sci
ence and
Technol
ogy
.
His re
sea
r
ch
in
terests i
nc
lude po
wer
elec
troni
cs
,
wire
le
ss
power
t
ran
sfer
sys
te
ms
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.