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2
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1.
I
NT
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D
UCT
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R
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ab
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ee
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also
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ar
e
en
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to
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
H.
Ya
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
[3
]
d
escr
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p
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to
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ltaic
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g
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ce
s
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m
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s
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ap
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ct
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r
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ated
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ly
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e
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s
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itio
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tem
p
er
at
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e,
w
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d
s
p
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d
)
.
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ce
n
u
m
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o
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s
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tio
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n
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te
m
s
ar
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est
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o
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tio
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o
r
th
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m
it
ig
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o
f
th
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e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
lar
,
w
in
d
an
d
o
th
er
r
en
e
w
a
b
le
s
o
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r
ce
s
.
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r
ag
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s
y
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te
m
s
ar
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s
ed
to
s
to
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e
th
e
en
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m
p
r
o
v
es
p
o
w
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u
alit
y
.
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t
is
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
to
k
e
ep
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
s
to
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ag
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s
y
s
t
e
m
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
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iatio
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f
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er
as
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th
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to
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te
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s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
i
t
y
[4
]
,
[
5
]
.
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
S
y
s
te
m
s
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Ss
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u
s
es
B
atter
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B
an
k
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B
B
s
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d
s
to
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ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
,
b
u
t
t
h
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li
f
e
ti
m
e
d
u
r
a
tio
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o
f
th
e
s
e
b
atter
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d
ec
r
ea
s
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
it
s
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Hen
ce
an
alter
n
a
tiv
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
ich
ca
n
r
ep
lace
th
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
as
w
ell
a
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
S
y
s
te
m
s
(
HE
Ss
)
.
So
f
u
el
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
ed
n
o
w
a
d
a
y
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
e
w
it
h
e
lectr
o
l
y
ze
r
an
d
g
iv
e
s
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
H
en
ce
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S
s
)
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
P
V
,
w
i
n
d
en
er
g
y
(
W
T
)
an
d
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
(
FC
)
co
m
b
in
e
w
i
th
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
b
etter
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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i
n
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
th
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r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
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g
h
er
en
er
g
y
an
d
t
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s
es
o
f
DC
lo
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s
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So
,
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ar
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D
C
d
o
m
in
a
ted
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th
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m
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m
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[
1
0
]
.
Hen
ce
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AC
g
r
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s
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s
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to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
ese
D
C
lo
ad
s
.
So
,
DC
/DC
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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694
I
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t J
P
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&
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S
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Vo
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9
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2
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J
u
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2
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8
:
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AC
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ay
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.
So
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th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
an
d
g
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v
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ad
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al
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e
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h
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s
y
s
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e
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d
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H
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S
co
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tai
n
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n
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an
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n
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al
AC
g
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w
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a
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w
h
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ca
n
o
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co
m
e
th
e
p
r
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t
h
at
t
h
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lo
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s
ar
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DC
g
r
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d
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in
[
1
1
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[
13
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an
d
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ted
to
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e
A
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Hen
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ed
in
DC
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w
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a
s
AC
g
r
id
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
S
OF
C
,
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
an
d
a
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
w
it
h
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
latter
th
is
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
e
g
r
id
.
A
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
i
v
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
to
th
e
DC
as
well
as
A
C
g
r
id
s
.
Hen
ce
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
co
n
clu
d
ed
o
v
er
all
d
esc
r
ip
tio
n
as
w
ell
as
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Det
ai
led
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
v
er
if
ied
f
o
r
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
i
tu
at
io
n
s
.
2.
E
XP
L
A
NAT
I
O
N
O
F
G
R
I
D
CO
NN
E
C
T
E
D
H
YB
RID G
E
NE
R
AT
I
O
N
SYS
T
E
M
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
er
(
MP
PT
)
in
ter
f
ac
in
g
with
t
h
e
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
)
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e.
D
C
/
A
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
I
n
v
er
ter
s
)
ar
e
u
s
e
d
to
co
n
v
er
t
DC
to
A
C
,
w
h
e
n
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
V
w
i
th
M
P
PT
h
av
in
g
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
(
Vp
v
_
b
o
o
s
t)
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
is
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
n
d
ep
en
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
s
o
,
th
e
s
o
l
ar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
n
o
t c
o
n
s
ta
n
t i
n
ev
er
y
p
er
io
d
,
it m
a
y
b
e
w
ea
k
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
o
r
ab
s
en
t.
So
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SOF
C
in
th
e
HE
Ss
m
ak
e
s
th
e
HE
Ss
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ta
i
n
ab
le.
W
h
en
t
h
e
P
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
i
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t,
th
e
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
co
m
e
to
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
to
ta
k
e
e
x
ce
s
s
g
en
er
ated
p
o
w
er
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
s
th
e
w
ater
i
n
to
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
b
y
elec
tr
o
l
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Sto
r
ag
e
tan
k
s
to
r
es th
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
i
n
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
u
s
ed
as a
f
u
e
l o
f
SOF
C
.
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
S
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
d
ev
elo
p
s
a
p
o
w
er
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t stra
te
g
y
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
d
aily
o
r
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
cli
m
at
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
HE
S
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
etter
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
f
au
lts
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
,
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
HE
S is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
H
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
)
3.
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
(
P
V)
SY
ST
E
M
T
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
th
e
m
at
ica
l
m
o
d
el
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
1
5
]
an
d
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
w
i
th
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
P
V
ar
r
ay
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
MPPT
;
th
en
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t u
p
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
a
n
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
D
C
/
AC
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
en
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
(
1
)
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
u
p
M
A
T
L
A
B
/SI
MU
L
I
N
K
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ar
r
ay
.
=
ln
[
−
+
]
−
(
1
)
P
ar
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
of
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
ch
as
,
I
0
i
s
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
at
u
r
ati
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
el
in
[
A
]
,
I
SC
is
t
h
e
s
h
o
rt
-
c
ir
cu
it
P
V
ce
ll
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
[
A
]
,
I
PV
/I
ph
is
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
el
in
[
A
]
,
k
is
t
h
e
b
o
ltz
m
a
n
n
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t
i
n
[
J
/
o
K]
,
a
is
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
r
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
q
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
in
[
C
]
,
R
P
in
t
h
e
p
ar
all
el
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
el
in
[
Ω
]
,
R
S
in
th
e
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
el
in
[
Ω
]
,
N
S
i
s
th
e
n
o.
o
f
ce
lls
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
i
n
a
s
tr
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
el
,
N
P
is
th
e
n
o
.
o
f
p
ar
all
el
s
tr
in
g
s
,
T
is
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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N:
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Hyb
r
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u
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m
p
er
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r
e
i
n
[
K]
,
V
PV
is
t
h
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
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g
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f
t
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m
o
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in
v
o
lt
i
n
[
V]
,
V
MP
is
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
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er
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f
th
e
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ll
in
v
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in
[
V]
,
VO
C
is
t
h
e
o
p
en
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cir
c
u
i
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
ce
ll i
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v
o
lt i
n
[
V]
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
A
R
R
A
Y
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Va
l
u
e
N
o
.
o
f
se
r
i
e
s c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
96
N
o
.
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e
s i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
66
N
o
.
o
f
M
o
d
u
l
e
s i
n
se
r
i
e
s
05
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
OC
)
6
4
.
2
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
SC
)
5
.
9
6
A
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
e
r
o
f
P
V
c
e
l
l
3
0
5
W
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
T)
25
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
1
0
0
0
4.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
AND
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
O
F
E
L
E
CT
RO
L
Y
Z
E
R
W
ater
is
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
in
to
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
,
o
n
e
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
(
H
2
)
an
d
an
o
th
er
o
n
e
is
o
x
y
g
e
n
,
b
y
el
ec
tr
o
ly
s
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
e
n
elec
tr
ic
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
f
lo
w
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
lectr
o
ly
ze
r
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
ta
in
s
t
w
o
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
l
y
s
is
o
f
w
ater
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
:
2
(
)
+
=
2
(
)
+
1
2
2
(
)
(2
)
P
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esi
g
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
m
o
d
el
s
u
c
h
as,
i
e
is
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
z
e
r
in
[
A
]
,
n
c
is
t
h
e
n
o
.
o
f
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
nH
2
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
i
n
m
o
les
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
th
e
[
m
o
l s
−
1
]
,
F
is
t
h
e
f
ar
ad
a
y
co
n
s
ta
n
t in
t
h
e
[
C
k
m
o
l
−
1
]
,
η
F
i
s
th
e
Far
ad
a
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Gen
er
atio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
F
ar
ad
ay
’
s
la
w
,
is
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
[
1
6
].
T
h
e
el
ec
t
r
o
l
y
ze
r
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
m
u
late
d
w
ith
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
s
i
m
u
li
n
k
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
2
=
2
(3
)
T
h
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
en
er
atio
n
s
b
y
t
h
e
h
elp
elec
t
r
o
ly
ze
r
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
a
lu
e
is
g
i
v
en
a
s
Far
ad
ay
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
ƞ
=
96
.
5
(
0
.
09
−
75
.
5
2
)
(
4
)
5.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
AND
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
O
F
S
T
O
RA
G
E
T
A
NK
E
lectr
o
ly
ze
r
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
at
e
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
b
y
th
e
h
elp
o
f
elec
tr
o
l
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
th
en
t
h
is
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
u
el
o
f
SO
FC
.
So
SOF
C
co
n
s
u
m
es
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
am
o
u
n
t
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
est
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
ag
e
tan
k
a
f
ter
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
as
a
f
u
el
to
SOFC
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
a
n
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
u
s
ed
b
y
SOF
C
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
s
to
r
es
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
in
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
m
a
n
n
er
eith
er
it
is
s
to
r
ed
i
n
liq
u
id
o
r
g
as
s
es
m
an
n
er
.
Fro
m
(
5
)
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
d
esig
n
o
f
a
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
to
r
a
g
e
tan
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
6
].
−
=
2
2
(5
)
P
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
th
e
Sto
r
ag
e
T
an
k
s
u
ch
as
,
Z
is
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ib
i
lit
y
f
ac
to
r
,
NH
2
is
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
ta
n
k
in
m
o
les
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
[
k
m
o
l
s
−
1
]
,
MH
2
is
th
e
H
y
d
r
o
g
en
m
o
lar
m
a
s
s
in
[
k
g
k
m
o
l
−
1
]
,
Tb
is
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
in
[
o
K]
,
P
bi
is
th
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
tan
k
p
r
ess
u
r
e
at
in
itial
s
ta
g
e
i
n
[
P
a]
,
P
b
is
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
p
r
ess
u
r
e
i
n
[
P
a]
,
R
is
t
h
e
R
y
d
b
er
g
/U
n
i
v
er
s
al
g
as
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
J
(
k
m
o
l
o
K)
−
1
]
,
V
b
i
s
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
v
o
lu
m
e
i
n
[
m
3
].
6.
DE
T
AI
L
E
D
M
O
DE
L
L
I
N
G
O
F
SO
F
C
P
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
a
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lid
o
x
id
e
f
u
el
ce
l
l
(
SOF
C
)
,
w
h
ich
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
7
]
s
u
ch
as,
B
an
d
C
is
th
e
a
ctiv
atio
n
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
i
n
SOFC
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
[V
]
,
CV
is
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
in
[
Hy
d
r
o
g
en
(
km
o
h
)
Methen
(
km
o
h
)
]
,
E
0
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
[
V]
,
E
is
t
h
e
n
er
n
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
7
7
5
-
7
8
3
778
i
m
m
ed
iate
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
[
V]
,
F
is
th
e
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
[
C
(
k
m
o
l
-
1
)]
,
I
FC
is
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
SOF
C
in
[
A
]
,
k
1
i
s
t
h
e
g
ai
n
o
f
P
I
(
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
-
i
n
te
g
r
al)
,
K
an
is
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
v
alv
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t i
n
[
√
k
mol
kg
(
a
tm
s
)
−
1
]
,
K
r
is
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
co
n
s
ta
n
t i
n
[
k
m
o
l S
A
-
1
]
,
K
H2O
is
t
h
e
m
o
lar
co
n
s
tan
t o
f
w
a
ter
v
al
v
e
i
n
[
k
m
o
l (
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
K
H2
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
lar
co
n
s
ta
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
v
alv
e
i
n
[
k
m
o
l
(
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
K
O2
is
t
h
e
m
o
lar
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
v
al
v
e
i
n
[
k
m
o
l
(
at
m
s
-
1
)]
,
M
H2
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
m
o
lar
m
a
s
s
i
n
[
k
g
k
m
o
l
-
1
]
,
P
H2O
is
th
e
w
ater
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
l
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
[
at
m
]
,
P
H2
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
[
at
m
]
,
P
O2
is
t
h
e
o
x
y
g
en
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
l
p
r
ess
u
r
e
i
n
[
at
m
]
,
N
0
is
t
h
e
n
o
.
o
f
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
ar
e
i
n
s
er
ie
s
in
a
s
ta
ck
,
q
H2
is
t
h
e
m
o
lar
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
m
ethane
i
s
th
e
m
et
h
a
n
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
in
[
k
m
o
l
s
-
1
]
,
q
O2
in
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
m
o
lar
f
lo
w
o
f
o
x
y
g
e
n
,
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
H2
in
is
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
H2
0
ut
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
o
u
tp
u
t
f
lo
w
i
n
[
k
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
H2
r
is
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
lo
w
a
m
o
u
n
t
t
h
at
r
ea
cts
in
[
K
m
o
ls
-
1
]
,
q
H2
r
eq
is
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
a
m
o
u
n
t t
h
at
m
ee
t
s
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
e
in
[
k
m
o
l
s
-
1
]
,
R
i
s
t
h
e
r
y
d
b
er
g
(
Un
i
v
er
s
al)
g
as
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
(
1
at
m
)
(
k
m
o
l
K)
−
1
]
,
R
int
i
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
SOF
C
i
n
[
Ω
]
,
T
is
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
t
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
[
K]
,
U
i
s
th
e
u
t
ilizatio
n
r
ate
,
V
an
is
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
an
o
d
e
i
n
[m
3
]
,
V
cell
is
t
h
e
SO
FC
d
c
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
[
V]
,
τ
1
,
τ
2
is
th
e
r
ef
o
r
m
er
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
s
i
n
[
s
]
,
τ
3
is
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
s
]
,
τ
H2
in
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
[
s
]
,
τ
H2
O
is
th
e
w
ater
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
[
s
]
,
τ
O2
is
th
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
in
[
s
]
,
Z
act
is
th
e
ac
ti
v
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
[
V]
,
Z
oh
m
ic
i
s
th
e
o
h
m
ic
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
[
V]
.
T
h
e
r
at
io
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
o
lar
f
l
o
w
s
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
alv
e
to
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
i
n
a
ch
an
n
el
ca
n
b
e
g
iv
e
n
as
[
1
7
].
2
2
=
√
2
=
2
(6
)
M
o
lar
f
lo
w
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
tak
i
n
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
w
h
i
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t g
a
s
eq
u
atio
n
as
g
iv
en
i
n
[
1
7
].
2
=
(
2
−
2
−
2
)
(7
)
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
lo
w
a
n
d
SOF
C
cu
r
r
en
t
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
r
ea
cted
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
lo
w
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
7
].
2
=
0
2
=
2
(8
)
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
L
ap
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
o
f
(
6
)
-
(
8
)
as [
1
6
].
2
=
1
2
⁄
1
+
2
(
2
−
2
)
(9
)
W
h
er
e
,
2
=
2
(
1
0
)
I
n
th
i
s
m
an
n
er
o
x
y
g
e
n
p
ar
tia
l
p
r
ess
u
r
e
a
n
d
w
a
ter
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
m
m
ati
o
n
o
f
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
;
th
ese
ar
e
act
iv
atio
n
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e,
Ner
n
s
t
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
o
h
m
ic
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
in
ter
n
al
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
as g
i
v
en
i
n
[
1
7
].
=
+
ƞ
+
ƞ
ℎ
(
11
)
W
h
er
e
,
ƞ
=
−
(
)
(
1
2
)
A
nd
ƞ
ℎ
=
−
(
1
3
)
So
,
Ner
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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as s
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1
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By
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i
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in
[
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is
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to
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s
y
s
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m
w
ith
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to
in
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s
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th
e
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h
is
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ter
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n
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d
f
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as
s
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u
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ai
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ter
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ter
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in
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ter
(
VSC
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
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2
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(
V
a
,
V
b
,
V
c
)
an
d
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
a
,
i
b
,
i
c
)
to
d
q
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e
w
h
ic
h
r
o
tates
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
l
y
alo
n
g
w
ith
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
d
→
q
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
,
th
e
DC
v
a
lu
es
ar
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les.
So
,
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
DC
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
ea
s
ier
th
an
A
C
v
al
u
es.
P
h
ase
a
n
g
le
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
L
L
(
P
h
ase
L
o
ck
L
o
o
p
)
.
P
L
L
a
ls
o
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
ab
c
→
dq
an
d
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
o
f
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
is
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
P
L
L
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
ea
cti
v
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
q
*
)
i
s
tak
e
n
as
ze
r
o
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
c
)
.
So
,
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
(
p
f
)
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
as
o
n
e
(
Un
it
y
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
(
V
d
*
,
V
q
*
)
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
ese
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
P
W
M
g
en
er
ato
r
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
p
u
ls
es
an
d
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
D
C
/
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
tr
ig
g
er
[
1
9
].
Fro
m
th
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
a
DC
/
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
)
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
.
So
,
th
e
ex
tr
a
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
e
n
d
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
ze
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
i
s
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
Fro
m
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
i
s
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
a
ter
an
d
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
i
s
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
u
el
o
f
SOFC
.
T
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
SOF
C
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
Sto
r
ag
e
tan
k
s
to
r
es
t
h
e
r
est
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
,
w
h
ich
is
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
o
f
th
e
S
OF
C
.
T
he
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
.
Vo
ltag
e
(
Vso
f
c_
b
o
o
s
t
)
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
SOFC
,
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
en
th
e
v
alv
e
is
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
So
,
th
e
v
alv
e
is
d
ec
id
ed
to
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
SOFC
.
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
eg
u
lates
t
h
e
v
al
v
e
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
d
ec
id
ed
b
y
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
elf
tu
n
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
P
I
D
co
n
t
r
o
ller
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ap
p
lie
d
in
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
P
=0
.
0
0
0
1
3
3
1
7
,
I
=3
.
3
9
2
5
2
2
7
e
-
05
,
D=
-
6
.
2
5
4
2
5
4
1
7
2
8
7
0
e
-
05
).
(
a
)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
(
c
)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSC
)
(
b
)
B
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
esen
tat
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
to
SOFC
(
d
)
B
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
esen
tat
i
o
n
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll c
o
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
d
etailed
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
HE
S
8.
F
AULT
A
N
AL
YSI
S O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
S
YST
E
M
Var
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
f
a
u
lt
(
L
i
n
e
to
li
n
e
to
lin
e
f
au
lt
o
r
L
L
L
f
a
u
lt,
L
i
n
e
to
li
n
e
to
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lt
o
r
L
L
L
G
f
au
lt)
an
d
u
n
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
f
a
u
lt
(
L
in
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt
o
r
L
G
f
au
lt,
L
i
n
e
to
li
n
e
f
au
lt
o
r
L
L
f
a
u
lt,
L
i
n
e
to
lin
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
a
u
lt
o
r
L
L
G
f
a
u
lt)
o
cc
u
r
s
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
r
at
th
e
lo
a
d
s
id
e
w
h
ic
h
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
al
s
o
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
0
]
,
[
21
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
v
er
if
ied
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
a
u
lt c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
S
imu
la
tio
n
o
f G
r
id
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
Hyb
r
id
E
n
erg
y
S
ystem
…
(
S
u
jit K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
781
So
,
f
au
lt
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
in
M
A
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
l
i
n
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
,
h
e
n
ce
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
ier
co
n
d
itio
n
a
n
d
also
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
w
h
e
n
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
b
o
th
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
as
w
el
l
as u
n
s
y
m
m
e
tr
ical
f
a
u
lt a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
a
n
d
th
eir
ef
f
ec
t
s
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
.
9.
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
NAL
CO
NT
RO
L
ST
RAT
E
G
Y
O
F
H
YB
RI
D
E
NE
RG
Y
SYS
T
E
M
Op
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
(
OC
S)
o
r
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
(
S
C
S)
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
eg
u
l
ate
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
as
w
e
ll
as
th
e
l
o
ad
d
em
an
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
.
Hen
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
co
n
tai
n
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
a
y
s
to
r
eg
u
late
b
o
th
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
O
C
S.
a.
W
h
en
L
o
ad
d
e
m
an
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
i
s
s
m
aller
th
a
n
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
[
P
p
v
<
P
lo
ad
]
,
at
th
at
tim
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
P
V
p
o
w
er
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
f
u
lf
i
ll t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
lo
ad
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
P
V
p
o
w
er
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
ly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
,
w
h
er
e
t
w
o
b
asic e
le
m
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
ater
.
Hen
ce
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
k
ep
t
in
a
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
;
later
th
i
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
is
u
s
ed
as
a
f
u
el
o
f
SOFC
b
y
f
lo
w
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
alv
e.
b.
W
h
en
L
o
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
i
s
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
[
P
lo
ad
>
Pp
v
]
,
at
th
at
ti
m
e
to
f
u
lf
ill
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
am
o
u
n
t
lo
ad
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
av
ailab
le.
So
,
th
e
ex
tr
a
a
m
o
u
n
t
p
o
w
er
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
lo
ad
,
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
SO
F
C
.
c.
W
h
en
th
e
L
o
ad
d
em
a
n
d
(
P
lo
ad
)
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
Pp
v
)
[
P
lo
ad
=
P
p
v
]
,
at
th
at
ti
m
e
th
e
lo
ad
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
th
e
to
tal
a
v
ailab
le
P
V
p
o
w
er
.
Hen
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
z
er
is
n
o
t su
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
d.
W
h
en
g
e
n
er
ated
P
V
p
o
w
er
(
P
p
v
)
is
ze
r
o
[
Pp
v
=
0
]
,
at
th
at
ti
m
e,
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
v
ail
ab
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
Hen
ce
SOF
C
is
u
s
ed
t
o
f
u
lf
ill t
h
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
i
s
m
an
n
er
th
e
f
o
u
r
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
w
a
y
s
ar
e
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
r
e
g
u
la
te
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
y
s
te
m
.
10.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
V/
SO
FC
/
E
lectr
o
l
y
ze
r
/St
o
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
)
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
,
also
d
if
f
er
en
t si
m
u
latio
n
is
d
o
n
e
an
d
v
er
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
Fig
ur
e
3 shows t
he hy
dr
og
en
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n
and
f
l
ow
of
hy
dr
og
en
t
o
t
h
e
SO
FC
,
a
l
so i
t
s
f
l
ow
i
s
cont
r
ol
l
ed
by
t
he
PI
D
cont
r
ol
l
er
t
h
r
oug
h
t
he
v
al
v
e.
So,
F
i
g
ur
e
3
(
a
)
s
ho
w
s
t
he
hy
d
r
og
en
g
ene
r
at
i
on
by
t
he
e
l
e
ct
r
ol
y
z
er
.
Fig
ur
e
3
(
b
)
shows
t
he
r
equ
i
r
em
ent
of
hy
dr
og
en
f
l
ow
t
o
t
he
S
O
FC
ac
cor
d
i
ng
t
o
t
he
Loa
d
dem
and
t
hr
o
ug
h
t
he
v
al
v
e,
w
hi
ch
i
s
co
nt
r
ol
l
ed
by
t
he
PI
D
cont
r
ol
l
e
r
.
H
enc
e
t
he
PI
D
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r
o
ut
pu
t
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
3
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
ou
t
pu
t
v
ol
t
ag
e
of
SO
FC
(
V
sof
c)
i
s
appl
i
ed
t
o
D
C
/
D
C
conv
er
t
e
r
(
B
o
o
st
conv
er
t
er
)
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
2
(
b
)
,
w
her
e
t
he
v
ol
t
ag
e
V
so
f
c
i
s
i
n
cr
e
as
e
d
t
o
V
so
f
c_b
oos
t
(
V
o
l
t
ag
e
of
b
oost
conv
er
t
er
conne
ct
ed
t
o
SO
FC
t
o
i
ncr
ea
s
e
t
he
v
ol
t
a
g
e
V
so
f
c
)
as
shown in
F
i
g
ur
e 3
(
d
)
.
(
a
)
H
2
g
en
er
atio
n
b
y
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
(
c
)
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
u
t
(
b
)
H
2
f
lo
w
to
th
e
S
OFC
.
(
d
)
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
boos
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
SOFC
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
H
2
f
lo
w
to
SOF
C
an
d
b
o
o
s
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
SOF
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
7
7
5
-
7
8
3
782
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S)
o
n
t
h
e
h
ea
lt
h
ier
co
n
d
itio
n
.
B
u
t
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
HE
S
o
n
L
-
G
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
it
io
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
f
au
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
es
o
f
HE
S
ar
e
r
e
m
ain
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t
b
u
t
o
n
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
L
-
G
f
a
u
lt
at
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
0
.
3
to
0
.
4
s
ec
,
th
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
f
a
u
lted
p
h
a
s
e
is
eq
u
a
l
to
ze
r
o
an
d
o
t
h
er
p
h
ases
ar
e
i
n
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
at
0
.
4
s
ec
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
i
s
s
ettled
t
o
its
n
o
r
m
al
v
al
u
e
af
ter
0
.
4
s
ec
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
a
u
lt
th
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
f
au
lted
p
h
ase
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
W
h
en
th
e
f
au
lt
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
;
th
en
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
co
m
e
to
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
v
alu
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
an
n
e
r
o
th
er
f
au
lt
s
o
f
HE
S c
a
n
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
HE
S
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
V
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
HE
S
d
u
r
in
g
L
-
G
f
a
u
lt
Fig
u
r
e
6
g
iv
es
th
e
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
f
3
Ø
lo
ad
h
av
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
(
P
)
=
8
0
0
0
W
,
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
(
Q
L
)
=2
0
0
0
VA
R
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
p
o
w
er
(
Q
C
)
=1
0
0
VAR.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
y
m
m
etr
i
ca
l
f
a
u
lt
a
s
w
ell
a
s
u
n
s
y
m
m
et
r
ical
f
a
u
lt.
Fro
m
th
e
s
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
ar
e
w
it
h
t
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
alu
es
b
u
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
h
av
in
g
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
3
s
e
c
to
0
.
4
s
ec
at
th
at
tim
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
p
o
w
er
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
f
a
u
l
ted
p
h
ase
ar
e
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
f
au
lt
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
at
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
0
.
4
s
ec
,
th
en
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
o
th
er
f
au
lts
o
f
3
Ø
lo
ad
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
3
-
p
h
ase
lo
ad
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Vo
ltag
e
,
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
p
o
w
er
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
3
-
ø
lo
ad
u
n
d
er
L
-
G
f
au
lt
11.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
t
h
is
p
ap
er
a
d
etailed
m
o
d
el
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
P
V/FC
/Ele
c
tr
o
ly
ze
r
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
v
er
if
ied
as
w
el
l
as
th
e
p
o
w
er
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
all
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
g
i
v
e
n
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
is
th
e
m
a
in
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
u
s
ed
to
f
u
l
f
ill
th
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t.
E
x
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
ze
r
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
is
n
o
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
S
imu
la
tio
n
o
f G
r
id
C
o
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ted
Hyb
r
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erg
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(
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u
jit K
u
ma
r
B
h
u
ya
n
)
783
s
u
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
to
f
u
l
f
ill
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
at
th
at
ti
m
e
S
OF
C
is
u
s
ed
to
f
u
l
f
il
l
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
lo
ad
b
y
tak
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
as
a
f
u
el;
also
,
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
f
u
el
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
v
alv
e
i
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
S
OFC
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
au
lt
an
al
y
s
is
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
v
er
if
ied
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
e
f
a
u
lt
s
.
A
g
a
in
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
v
er
i
f
ied
b
y
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
ed
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d
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th
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to
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y
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m
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s
.
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m
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t
a
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w
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tr
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u
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lf
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en
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o
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eq
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ir
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u
n
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u
s
cr
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l a
n
d
u
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f
av
o
r
ab
l
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at
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s
.
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n
th
is
p
r
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p
o
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ed
s
y
s
te
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th
e
h
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id
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n
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to
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e
g
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id
w
ith
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el
p
o
f
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s
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etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
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ce
s
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S.
T
a
m
a
lo
u
z
t,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
WT
-
DFI
G
w
it
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V
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n
d
f
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h
y
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o
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so
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ste
m
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o
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iate
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w
it
h
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
sto
ra
g
e
h
y
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rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
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e
n
E
n
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l.
41
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
0
6
-
2
1
0
2
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Y.
Bo
u
z
e
lata
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ex
p
lo
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
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ti
m
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l
d
e
sig
n
a
n
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p
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o
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o
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y
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n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
"
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ter
n
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t
io
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
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Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
41
,
p
p
.
4
9
7
-
5
1
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
H.
Ya
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
o
p
ti
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iza
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o
n
si
z
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
f
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rid
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lar
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o
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g
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ra
ti
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sy
st
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m
,
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J
o
u
rn
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o
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S
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a
r E
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e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
81
,
p
p
.
76
-
84
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
]
A
.
Et
x
e
b
e
rria
,
"
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m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
t
h
re
e
to
p
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g
ies
a
n
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f
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h
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e
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e
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sto
ra
g
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s
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ste
m
f
o
r
m
icro
g
rid
s
,
"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
54
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
-
1
2
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
S.
T
a
m
a
lo
u
z
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
d
o
u
b
ly
fe
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
to
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w
in
d
tu
rb
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n
e
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n
d
f
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h
y
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rid
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o
w
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so
u
rc
e
s
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
m
icro
-
g
rid
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
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rd
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
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fer
e
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o
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Co
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tro
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E
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in
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g
&
In
fo
rm
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ti
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e
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n
o
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y
,
T
le
m
c
e
n
,
A
lg
e
r
ia,
p
p
.
25
-
27
,
M
a
y
2015
.
[6
]
N.
A
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
e
ff
icie
n
t
u
ti
li
ty
in
tera
c
ti
v
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
w
in
d
/
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
/f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
w
it
h
M
P
P
T
a
n
d
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
latio
n
,
"
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
81
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
6
-
1
1
0
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
A.
M
a
le
k
i
a
n
d
A
.
As
k
a
r
z
a
d
e
h
,
"
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m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
a
rti
f
icia
l
i
n
te
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
siz
in
g
o
f
a
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
-
b
a
se
d
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
/w
in
d
h
y
b
rid
s
y
ste
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
39
,
pp.
9
9
7
3
-
9
9
8
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
S.
Ob
a
ra
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Eco
n
o
m
ic
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
o
f
a
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
m
icro
g
rid
w
it
h
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
b
y
a
so
d
iu
m
-
su
lf
u
r
b
a
tt
e
ry
o
r
o
rg
a
n
ic
c
h
e
m
ica
l
h
y
d
rid
e
,
"
In
ter
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
38
,
p
p
.
8
8
8
8
-
8
9
0
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
R.
S
a
rrias
-
M
e
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
El
e
c
tro
l
y
z
e
r
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
rh
y
d
ro
g
e
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
w
in
d
e
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
ol
.
40
,
p
p
.
2
9
2
7
-
2
9
3
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
X
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
h
y
b
rid
A
C/DC
m
icro
-
g
rid
a
n
d
it
s
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
"
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
-
286
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
H.
M
il
a
nda
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
L
o
a
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
o
f
a
w
in
d
-
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
31
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
5
-
1
2
3
5
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
2
]
C.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
Ha
sh
e
m
Ne
h
rir
,
"
P
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
w
in
d
/p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic/f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
En
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
"
,
IE
E
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
v
o
l.
23
,
p
p
.
9
5
7
-
9
6
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
N.
S
a
m
r
a
t
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
c
o
n
tro
l,
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
y
sto
ra
g
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
w
a
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
h
y
b
rid
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
islan
d
e
lec
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
i
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
"
S
c
ien
c
e
W
o
rld
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
21
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
A
.
Na
d
e
rip
o
u
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
Ne
w
Co
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
S
trate
g
y
fo
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
W
in
d
T
u
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
In
v
e
rters
in
a
M
icro
g
rid
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
-
2
7
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
M.
A
b
d
u
lk
a
d
ir,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
S
o
lar
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
,
Its
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
in
L
A
BV
IEW
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
-
192
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
O.
C.
On
a
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
a
w
in
d
/f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
/u
lt
ra
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
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a
se
d
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
6
1
,
p
p
.
7
0
7
–
7
2
2
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
7
]
M.
Uz
u
n
o
g
lu
a
n
d
O.C.
On
a
r
,
"
S
tatic
V
A
R
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r
b
a
se
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
S
OFC
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
ts
,
"
In
ter
n
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
33
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
7
–
2
3
7
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
8
]
G
.
K.
Ba
y
ra
k
a
n
d
M
.
Ce
b
e
c
i,
"
G
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
a
n
d
P
V
h
y
b
rid
P
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
s
y
ste
m
d
e
si
g
n
w
it
h
M
a
tl
a
b
S
im
u
li
n
k
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
39
,
p
p
.
8
8
0
3
-
8
8
1
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
M
.
G
.
M
o
l
in
a
a
n
d
E
.
J.
Esp
e
jo
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s
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