Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ow
er El
ectron
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ys
te
m
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
2
,
J
un
e
201
8
, pp.
921
~
92
5
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
9
.i
2
.
pp
921
-
92
5
921
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJPE
D
S
A New
Seven L
evel Symm
etr
i
cal I
nvert
er
with
Re
du
ce
d Switch
Count
Thi
yagara
jan
V
1
,
S
om
as
u
nd
aram P
2
1
Depa
rte
m
ent of
EEE,
SS
N Col
l
ege
of
Eng
ine
e
ri
ng,
Kal
ava
kk
am,
Chennai,
India
2
Depa
rte
m
ent of
EEE,
CEG,
Anna
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ch
enna
i
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
21, 201
7
Re
vised Jan
22
, 2018
Accepte
d
Fe
b 7, 2
018
Multi
le
v
el
inverter
s
offe
rs
les
s
distort
ion
a
nd
le
ss
elec
tr
o
-
m
agne
tic
int
erf
ere
n
ce
compare
d
with
othe
r
conve
nti
ona
l
in
ver
te
rs
and
hence,
it
c
an
be
used
in
m
any
in
dustria
l
and
com
m
erc
ia
l
app
li
c
ati
ons.
Thi
s
pape
r
ana
l
y
z
e
the
per
form
anc
e
of
the
m
odifi
ed
sin
gle
phase
seve
n
le
vel
s
y
m
m
et
ri
ca
l
inv
erter
using
m
ini
m
um
num
ber
of
sw
it
c
hes.
Th
e
propos
ed
topol
og
y
con
sists
of
six
sw
it
che
s
an
d
t
wo
dc
source
s,
and
produc
es
seve
n
le
v
el
out
put
volt
ag
e
wave
form
during
sy
m
m
et
ric
op
era
t
ion.
The
cost
and
size
of
the
propsoed
inve
rt
er
m
ini
m
um
as
it
u
ses
m
ini
m
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
comp
onent
s,
The
per
form
anc
e
of
the
proposed
m
ult
il
evel
inv
er
te
r
is
an
aly
sed
for
d
iffe
ren
t
sw
it
chi
ng
ang
le
s
and
th
e
cor
r
esponding
sim
ula
ti
o
n
result
s
ar
e
pre
sente
d.
Th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
of
th
e
proposed
inv
e
rte
r
is
ca
rr
ie
d
o
ut
using
MA
TLA
B/Sim
uli
nk
software
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Asym
m
et
ric
Inver
te
r
Mult
il
evel
Sy
m
m
e
tric
THD
Copyright
©
201
8
Ins
t
it
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
e
er
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Thiya
gar
a
j
a
n V,
Dep
a
rtem
ent
of
Elec
tric
al
and
Elec
tro
nics E
nginee
rin
g,
SSN Coll
ege
of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
OMR,
Kalava
kkam
, Ch
en
nai,
Tam
il
nad
u, , I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
: t
hiya
ga
raj
a
nv@ss
n.
e
du.in
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Mult
il
evel
inve
rters
play
s
a
n
incre
dib
le
r
ole
in
m
od
ern
power
el
ect
r
onic
s
[
1].
Gene
rall
y,
the
dc
so
urces
us
e
d
i
n
the
m
ultilevel
inv
e
rter
incl
udes
photov
oltai
c
,
capaci
to
rs
a
nd
batte
ries
[
2].
They
a
re
cl
as
sifie
d
into
two
groups
su
c
h
as
sym
m
e
tric
inv
ert
er,
w
her
e
the
al
l
so
ur
ces
ha
ve
sam
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
an
d
asy
m
m
e
tric
inv
e
rter,
wh
e
r
e
the
vo
lt
age
s
ources
hav
e
diff
e
re
nt
m
agni
tud
e
[
3].
The
var
io
us
a
dv
a
ntages
of
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rters
ov
e
r
conve
ntion
al
t
wo
le
vel
inve
rt
er
inclu
des
l
ow
dist
or
ti
on,
m
ini
m
u
m
switc
hin
g
lo
sses
high
powe
r
qu
al
it
y,
m
in
i
m
um
peak
i
nv
e
rs
e
volt
age (
P
IV)
a
nd
lo
w
dv/d
t
stress [
4
-
5].
Howe
ver,
it
re
qu
i
res
gr
eat
e
r
a
m
ou
nt
of
p
ower
el
ect
r
on
ic
c
om
po
ne
nts
an
d
gate
dr
iver
ci
rc
uits
to
achieve h
ig
her
o
ut
pu
t
le
vels
[
6].
The
m
os
t
po
pula
r
com
m
ercial
top
ol
og
ie
s
of
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
erters
inclu
des
ne
ut
ral
po
int
cl
am
ped,
fly
ing
ca
pa
ci
tor
an
d
casc
aded
H
-
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
r
te
rs
[
7
-
9].
T
he
CHB
inv
e
rter
is
m
or
e
m
od
ular
an
d
can b
e
easi
ly
exp
an
dab
l
e
fo
r
gr
eat
e
r
num
ber
of
ste
ps
in
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
ag
e.
It
re
quires
l
ess
switc
hi
ng
com
po
ne
nts
as
com
par
ed
with
ot
her
i
nverte
rs
to
achieve
sam
e
le
vels
of
ou
t
pu
t
.
The
num
ber
of
le
vel
in
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
wav
e
f
or
m
can
be
inc
rease
d
sim
pl
y
by
ad
ding
the
r
equ
i
red
nu
m
ber
of
dif
fer
e
nt
dc
so
urces
[
10]
.
Nowad
ay
s
,
m
any
researc
he
r
s
hav
e
pro
po
s
e
d
ne
w
inv
e
rter top
ology wit
h m
od
ifie
d
c
on
t
ro
l t
ec
hniq
ues
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
their
p
e
rfo
rm
ance.
This
pa
per
pr
e
sents
a
ne
w
sym
m
e
tric
ty
pe
i
nv
e
rter
with
re
du
ct
io
n
in
s
wi
tc
h
co
un
t.
It
consi
sts
of
three
volt
age
so
urces
a
nd
si
x
s
witc
hes
w
hich
ge
ner
at
e
seve
n
le
vel
outp
ut
wa
ve
for
m
du
rin
g
sym
m
et
ric
op
e
rati
on.
Dif
f
eren
t
m
od
es
of
ope
rati
on
of
the
in
ver
te
r
i
s
ex
plaine
d
in
Sect
ion
I
I.
D
iffer
e
nt
m
et
ho
ds
of
cal
culat
ing
the
switc
hing
a
ngle
s
are
present
ed
in
Sect
io
n
I
II
.
The
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
are
discusse
d
i
n
S
ect
ion
IV
.
T
he
c
on
cl
usi
on w
as
gi
ven in S
ect
io
n V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
9
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2018 :
921
–
92
5
922
2.
PROP
OSE
D
I
NV
E
RTER T
OPOLO
GY
T
he
sc
hem
atic
diagr
am
of
th
e
propose
d
in
ve
rter
ci
rc
uit
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
g
ure
1
.
It
can
pro
du
ce
7
-
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t v
oltage
durin
g
sym
m
etr
ic
al
case o
f
op
erati
on. I
n
t
he
pro
po
se
d
in
vert
er,
the
m
agn
itu
de of
the s
our
ce
s is
sam
e
and
h
e
nc
e the
nam
e "sy
m
m
e
try
".
Figure
1.
Pro
pose
d
Mult
il
eve
l Inverte
r
The
diff
e
ren
t
operati
ng
le
vels
of
t
he
prese
nted
in
ver
te
r
t
op
ology
is
show
n
in
Fi
gure
2.
In
le
vel
-
0,
zero
volt
age
is
ob
ta
ine
d
with
t
he
s
witc
hes
S
2
and
S
3
or
S
4
an
d
S
6
a
re
O
N
a
nd
t
he
oth
e
r
s
wi
tc
hes
a
re
OF
F
.
The
po
sit
ive
le
vel
-
1
volt
age
is
ob
ta
ined
with
t
he
ON
sta
te
swit
ches
are
S
1
an
d
S
3
an
d
oth
er
switc
hes
wer
e
OF
F
.
The
posit
ive
le
vel
-
2
volt
age
V
1
+V
2
is
obta
ined
with
t
he
s
witc
hes
S
3
a
nd
S
5
ON
.
D
ur
in
g
the
posit
ive
le
vel
-
3,
the
switc
hes
S
3
and
S
6
are
O
N
an
d
the
vo
lt
age
V
1
+V
2
+V
3
is
ob
ta
ine
d
ac
ro
ss
t
he
loa
d.
Durin
g
the
ne
gative
le
vel
-
1,
the
volt
age
-
V
3
is
obta
ined
ac
ro
s
s
the
load.
D
uri
ng
this
le
vel,
the
switc
hes
S
4
and
S
5
are
O
N.
D
uri
ng
the
neg
at
ive
le
vel
-
2,
t
he
vo
l
ta
ge
-
(V
3
+V
2
)
is
obta
ine
d
wi
th
the
switc
hes
S
1
a
nd
S
4
O
N.
D
ur
i
ng
the
ne
gative
le
vel
-
3
,
the
volt
age
-
(V
1
+V
2
+V
3
)
is
obta
ined
acr
os
s
the
l
oad
wit
h
the
s
witc
he
s
S
2
a
nd
S
4
ON.
T
he
com
par
ison f
or d
if
fer
e
nt to
polog
ie
s
of m
ulti
l
evel in
ver
te
r
ar
e g
iv
e
n
i
n
Ta
b
l
e 1
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Figure
2. O
perat
ing
M
od
es
(
a
)
P
os
it
ive Le
ve
l 0 (b
) Negati
ve
Lev
el
0 (c)
P
os
it
ive Le
vel
1 (
d) P
os
it
ive L
evel
2
(e) P
os
it
ive
Level
3
(
f) Ne
gative Le
vel
1 (g)
Neg
at
ive
L
evel 2 an
d (
h)
Neg
at
ive
Le
vel 3
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n of Dif
fe
ren
t
M
ulti
le
vel Inv
e
rter
T
opol
og
ie
s
Inv
erter
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
So
u
rces
(N
dc
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Switch
es
(N
S
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
level
(N)
Ratio
(N
dc
/ N
)
Ratio
(N
S
/
N)
Cas
caded
3
12
7
0
.42
8
6
1
.71
4
3
Ref
.
[
1
1
],
[
1
2
]
3
8
7
0
.42
8
6
1
.14
2
8
Ref
.
[
1
3
]
3
10
7
0
.42
8
6
1
.42
8
6
Ref
.
[
1
4
]
3
16
7
0
.42
8
6
2
.85
7
Ref
.
[
1
5
]
3
9
7
0
.42
8
6
1
.28
5
7
Ref
.
[
1
6
]
3
7
7
0
.42
8
6
1
Prop
o
sed
3
6
7
0
.42
8
6
0
.85
7
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A New
S
eve
n L
evel
S
ym
metri
c
al Inverte
r wi
t
h
Re
duced
S
wi
tc
h
Co
unt
(
Th
i
yagar
ajan V
)
923
Fo
r
the
pro
po
s
ed
inv
e
rter,
the
rati
o
of
the
nu
m
ber
of
so
urce
s
to
the
le
vel
is
0.
42
86
w
hic
h
is
equ
al
to
CHB
an
d
oth
e
r
pr
e
sente
d
in
ve
rter
to
polo
gies.
H
ow
e
ver
the
r
at
io
of
the
nu
m
ber
of
s
witc
he
s
to
ou
t
pu
t
le
vel
is
0.857
1 wh
ic
h
i
s less tha
n
that
of
othe
r
i
nv
e
rt
er top
ologies T
her
e
fore,
it
is cle
ar th
at
this i
nverter
to
po
l
og
y
u
ses
m
ini
m
u
m
a
m
o
un
t
of s
witc
hes
to
ac
hieve
7
-
le
vel volt
age
w
a
vefor
m
.
3.
SWITC
HING
ANGLE
CAL
CU
L
ATIO
N
T
h
e
a
n
g
l
e
s
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
0
t
o
9
0
o
a
r
e
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
s
m
a
i
n
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
[
1
7
-
19
].
Metho
d
–
1
T
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
0
–
90
o
a
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
,
2
1
-
N
3
.
.
.
,
2,
1,
w
h
er
e
,
1
8
0
0
i
N
i
i
M
e
t
h
o
d
-
2
H
e
r
e
,
t
h
e
k
e
y
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
a
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
,
2
1
-
N
3
..
.,
2,
1,
w
h
e
r
e
,
1
180
0
i
N
i
i
M
e
t
h
o
d
-
3
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
e
t
h
o
d
,
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
n
g
l
e
s
a
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
,
2
1
-
N
....
3
2,
1,
w
h
e
r
e
,
1
1
2
s
i
n
1
i
N
i
i
w
h
e
r
e
,
N
=
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
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h
o
d
g
i
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e
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r
o
u
t
p
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t
v
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l
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a
g
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w
a
v
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o
r
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c
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p
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d
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i
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s
.
T
h
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s
w
i
t
c
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i
n
g
p
u
l
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o
b
t
a
i
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e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
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d
i
f
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r
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n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
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s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
s
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
3.
S
witc
hing P
ulses
(a) M
et
hod
-
1 (
b) Met
hod
-
2
a
nd (
c
)
Me
th
od
-
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
9
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
2018 :
921
–
92
5
924
Table
2.
Sw
it
c
hing
Stat
es
For
D
if
fer
e
nt
Mo
de
s
of
Op
e
rati
on
Mod
e
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
Ou
tp
u
t
Po
sitiv
e L
ev
el
-
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Po
sitiv
e L
ev
el
-
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
V
1
Po
sitiv
e L
ev
el
-
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
V
1
+V
2
Po
sitiv
e L
ev
el
-
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
V
1
+V
2
+V
3
Neg
ativ
e
Level
-
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
Neg
ativ
e L
ev
el
-
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
-
V
3
Neg
ativ
e L
ev
el
-
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
-
(V
3
+V
2
)
Neg
ativ
e L
ev
el
-
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
-
(V
3
+V
2
+V
1
)
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Th
i
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
7
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
a
s
V
1
=
V
2
=
V
3
=
6
0
V
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
a
s
2
4
0
V
(
i
.
e
.
,
V
1
+V
2
+V
3
)
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
e
v
e
n
l
e
v
e
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
F
F
T
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
7
l
e
v
e
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4.
O
utput V
oltage
(a)
Me
thod
-
1
(
b) Met
hod
-
2
and (c
)
Me
th
od
-
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
5.
FFT
An
al
ysi
s
(a)
M
et
hod
-
1 (b)
Me
thod
-
2
a
nd
(c)
Met
hod
-
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A New
S
eve
n L
evel
S
ym
metri
c
al Inverte
r wi
t
h
Re
duced
S
wi
tc
h
Co
unt
(
Th
i
yagar
ajan V
)
925
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
-
3
i
s
l
e
s
s
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
-
1
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
-
2
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
T
able
3.
C
om
par
iso
n of Total
Har
m
on
ic
Distortio
n
Method
THD (%)
Method
-
1
31.
35
Method
-
2
25.
46
Method
-
3
12.
20
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
T
h
i
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
e
w
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
7
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
e
s
t
h
r
e
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
7
-
l
e
v
e
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
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t
e
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
a
r
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d
i
s
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u
s
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e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
g
l
e
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
-
3
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
T
H
D
a
s
1
2
.
2
%
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
researc
h
work wa
s s
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d
a
nd fund
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um
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Com
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ase
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ric
m
ult
il
e
vel
inv
ert
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wi
th
red
uce
d
num
be
r
of
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sw
it
che
s
,
"
2017
In
t
ernational
Confe
r
enc
e
on
Pow
er
and
E
mbedde
d
Dr
iv
e
Control
(
ICPE
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