In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
398~
4
0
8
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
3
98-
40
8
398
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//
i
j
ped
s
.
i
ae
sc
ore.
c
o
m
Battery energy storage system (
BESS) design for peak dem
and
reduction, e
nergy arbitrage a
nd grid an
cilla
r
y services
Wa
n
Sy
ak
ir
a
h
Wa
n
A
b
d
u
l
la
h
1
,
Miszaina
O
sman
2
,
Mo
hd
Z
a
ina
l
Ab
i
d
i
n
A
b
K
a
d
ir
3
, R
e
nu
ga V
e
ray
i
ah
4
1
T
N
B
Renew
a
bl
es
S
d
n
.
Bh
d.,
Le
v
e
l
3
1
,
PJX
HM-S
hah
To
wer,
M
al
ays
i
a
.
1
,
2,
3,
4
Insti
t
ute of
P
ower Eng
i
n
eering,
Unive
rsiti Te
naga Nasional,
M
al
ay
sia.
3
Ad
van
ced
L
i
ghtn
i
ng,
P
o
w
er
a
n
d
E
ne
rg
y Research
Cent
r
e (A
L
P
ER), D
epartm
en
t o
f
El
ectri
ca
l an
d Electro
ni
c
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
ng,
U
n
i
versiti
P
u
t
r
a M
a
lay
s
ia, M
alaysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 17,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d Ju
l 2
2
,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
A
ug 3,
201
9
Renew
a
ble
En
erg
y
(
RE)
p
e
net
r
atio
n
is
a
n
ew
p
he
n
o
m
e
no
n
in
power
s
y
ste
m
s.
In
t
h
e
a
dv
ent
of
h
i
g
h
p
e
netratio
n
of
R
E
i
n
t
he
s
y
s
t
e
ms,
several
i
ss
ue
s
h
a
ve
t
o
be
a
ddr
e
ssed
e
special
ly
w
hen
i
t
i
nvolves
t
h
e
s
t
abilit
y
and
f
l
ex
i
b
il
ity
o
f
the
po
wer
s
y
st
ems.
B
at
tery
E
nerg
y
S
t
o
r
age
S
y
s
t
em
(
BESS
)
h
a
s
g
a
i
n
ed
populari
t
y
d
ue
t
o
i
t
s
capability
t
o
store
energy
and
to
s
er
ve
m
u
lti
p
l
e
pu
rp
ose
s
in
s
o
l
vin
g
v
arious
p
ower
s
y
s
t
e
m
con
cern
s
.
Addi
ti
onally
,
s
e
veral
B
ESS
can
be
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
to
operat
e
a
s
Vi
rtual
P
o
wer
Plan
t
(VPP
).
T
h
i
s
st
ud
y
w
il
l
in
vo
lv
e
the
d
e
sign
a
nd
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
ntatio
n
of
B
ESS
f
o
r
f
i
ve
p
o
t
en
tia
l
cu
st
o
m
er
sites
f
o
r
th
e
dem
o
n
s
t
r
ati
on pro
j
ect and
t
o
be po
ssibl
y in
t
e
grat
ed
i
nt
o
o
n
e VP
P
syst
e
m
.
The
stu
d
y
is
e
xpected
t
o
demons
t
r
ate
bill
savi
ngs
to
t
h
e
cus
t
o
m
ers
with
BESS
d
u
e to p
eak d
em
and
redu
ctio
n an
d en
ergy
arbi
t
rage
s
av
in
gs
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ba
tt
e
r
y e
n
ergy
s
tora
ge
s
ys
te
m
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Bil
l
savings
Vi
rt
u
a
l
po
wer
p
l
ant
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Wa
n S
y
a
k
i
r
ah
W
an
A
b
dul
lah,
TNB Renewabl
es S
dn. Bhd.
Leve
l
31,
P
JX
-H
M
S
h
ah
T
ow
er
,
N
o
16A
,
P
e
rsiar
a
n Bar
a
t,
460
50 P
e
tal
i
ng
Ja
y
a
,
S
e
lang
or,
Malay
s
i
a
Em
ail:
sya
k
i
r
a
h
w
a
@
t
n
b
.
c
om
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
u
t
i
l
ity
w
o
r
ld
h
as
c
ha
nge
d
dra
s
t
i
ca
ll
y
o
v
er
t
he
l
a
s
t
fe
w
yea
rs.
Ne
w
t
ech
nol
og
i
e
s
li
k
e
B
a
t
t
e
ry
Energ
y
S
tora
g
e
S
ystem
(
B
ES
S
)
a
nd
V
i
rtua
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
l
a
n
t
(V
P
P
)
h
a
v
e
m
a
d
e
l
a
r
g
e
i
n
roa
d
s
in
t
o
t
he u
til
it
y
spa
c
e
a
n
d
no
o
n
e
s
ho
uld
wa
nt
t
o
b
e
l
eft
b
e
hi
nd
.
VPP
i
s
a
c
omb
i
n
a
ti
on
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
s
our
ce
s,
B
at
tery
E
nerg
y
Sto
r
ag
e
Sy
stem
(
BESS),
so
lar
Ph
o
t
ov
oltaic
(
PV
)
an
d
oth
e
r
inter
r
up
tib
l
e
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
s
up
pl
y
m
a
rke
t
n
e
e
d
s
as
a
sing
le
p
ow
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
[
1]
.
V
P
P
i
s
a
ls
o
a
co
nc
ep
t
w
h
ic
h
inc
l
ud
es
a
netw
or
k
o
f
e
nerg
y
s
t
or
ag
es
o
r/a
nd
di
st
r
i
bu
t
e
d
gene
ra
ti
o
n
re
s
our
ces w
ith
in
a
n
a
r
ea
ofte
n
a
t t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
id
e
,
l
in
k
e
d
tog
e
th
e
r
t
o
me
et
u
ti
l
ity
a
nd
c
o
n
su
mer
cha
lle
ng
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
ed
uct
i
on
o
f
m
a
ximum
d
e
m
a
nd,
e
nerg
y
a
r
bitr
ag
e
,
s
pi
nn
ing
re
se
rv
e
,
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
gu
la
t
i
on
,
fore
ca
sti
n
g
o
f
sufficie
n
t su
pp
ly to me
et the
dem
and,
a
n
d
r
e
duc
i
ng i
n
term
itte
n
c
y o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
r
e
s
o
u
rce
s
.
Wi
t
h
the
c
u
rre
nt
t
re
nd
of
i
ncr
easi
n
g
pe
ne
trat
io
n
o
f
R
e
n
e
w
ab
le
E
ner
g
y
(
RE)
suc
h
a
s
so
l
a
r
ene
r
gy
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
,
t
h
e
us
e
of
e
ne
rg
y
s
t
or
age
is
v
ery
c
r
uc
ial
i
n
e
ns
uri
n
g
sta
b
i
l
ity
a
nd
f
l
e
xib
i
l
i
ty
o
f
gr
id
s
ys
tem
.
P
e
n
etrat
i
o
n
o
f
RE
i
n
the
pow
er
s
ys
tem
i
s
n
o
t
a
c
o
n
cer
n
w
h
e
n
t
he
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
ge
i
s
less
t
h
an
10%
but
it
w
ill
be
s
i
g
ni
fi
cant
onc
e
i
t
r
ea
ches
20
%
from
the
t
o
ta
l
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
nera
tio
n
[2-
3
].
T
o
da
te,
M
a
lay
s
ia
h
a
s
ap
pro
x
im
ate
l
y
2
%
o
f
RE
g
e
n
era
tion
source
s
com
p
a
r
e
d
to t
h
e
to
t
a
l
gene
ra
ti
o
n
m
i
x
a
nd ta
rge
t
s t
o
a
ch
ie
ve
2
0% p
e
n
etra
ti
o
n
by
2
025
[2].
Wit
h
h
i
gher
p
e
ne
t
r
a
tio
n
of
R
E,
t
he
s
yste
m
ne
eds
to
b
e
re
ady
to
s
o
lve
pro
b
lem
s
r
ela
t
ed
t
o
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
and
fle
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
wher
e BES
S
a
nd
VP
P
can offe
r suc
h
so
l
uti
o
ns. Th
i
s
p
a
p
er
pre
se
n
t
s se
ver
a
l bene
fits t
o ca
te
r for
th
i
s
p
ro
blem
i
nc
lu
di
n
g
t
he
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
i
l
l
s
a
v
ings
f
or
t
he
c
u
st
o
m
ers
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
v
e
l
a
nd
ve
ry
n
ew
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
en
e
r
gy
stor
age sy
ste
m
(
BESS)
des
i
gn f
o
r pe
ak de
m
a
n
d
redu
c
t
i
o
n …
(
W
an Sy
a
k
ir
ah Wa
n
Ab
dul
l
ah)
39
9
e
s
p
e
c
i
al
l
y
i
n
Ma
lays
ia
n
ma
r
k
et.
I
n
i
t
ia
l
i
d
e
a
on
t
h
e
im
pa
ct
o
f
i
nsta
l
l
i
n
g
BES
S
i
n
ter
m
s
of
b
il
l
sa
v
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
se
r
v
ing
othe
r
a
p
p
lica
tio
ns
t
o
th
e
gr
i
d
w
i
l
l
be
d
em
on
st
r
a
ted
tog
e
t
he
r
w
i
t
h
t
he
i
ss
ues
r
e
late
d
to
B
ES
S
de
p
l
oym
en
t i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
w
hi
c
h
wil
l als
o
be
h
i
g
h
lig
hte
d
.
2.
BACKGRO
U
ND
B
E
S
S
ha
s
a
w
i
de
r
ange
o
f
a
p
plic
a
t
i
o
ns
c
ove
r
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
n
d
tr
an
sm
issi
o
n
u
p
u
n
t
i
l
b
eh
i
nd-
the-
me
t
e
r
a
p
p
l
ica
t
i
on.
F
or
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
si
de
a
pp
lic
at
io
n,
B
E
S
S
c
a
n
be
u
se
d
f
o
r
s
p
i
n
ni
n
g
r
e
ser
v
e,
f
r
e
qu
e
n
cy
r
e
gu
lat
i
ons,
bl
ack
s
ta
r
t
,
e
n
er
gy
ar
bi
tr
age
a
nd
e
v
e
n
a
s
a
n
a
lter
na
ti
ve
t
o
peak
i
ng
p
l
a
n
ts.
F
o
r
t
r
ansmiss
i
on
a
n
d
di
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
s
i
de
s,
B
ES
S
ca
n
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
a
s
a
n
asset
def
e
r
r
a
l
or
c
on
ge
st
io
n
r
e
l
i
ef
t
o
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
ity
c
o
m
pa
ni
e
s
.
F
i
n
a
l
l
y,
f
or
t
h
e
b
e
h
i
n
d-
the
-
m
e
ter
app
l
ica
t
io
n,
B
ES
S
c
a
n
be
u
se
d
t
o
f
u
ll
y
op
t
i
m
i
s
e
th
e
po
wer
fro
m
sol
a
r
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
e
ith
e
r
for c
omm
e
rcial,
i
n
dus
tria
l
or r
esiden
t
i
a
l
c
us
tome
r
s
[
4-
6]
.
Ther
e
ar
e
fe
w
type
s
o
f
nor
m
a
lly
k
n
o
w
n
b
a
tte
r
y
t
ype
s
in
t
he
m
a
r
k
e
t
n
am
ely
Lea
d
A
cid,
S
od
ium
S
u
l
p
h
u
r
,
L
ith
i
u
m
-
io
n
a
n
d
F
l
ow
B
a
tter
y
[
3]
.
Ea
ch
a
n
d
e
ve
r
y
t
ype
ha
ve
t
h
e
ir
o
w
n
u
niq
u
e
c
h
ar
a
c
ter
i
s
t
ics
.
L
e
a
d
a
c
id
b
at
ter
i
e
s
a
r
e
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
pi
one
er
i
n
supp
l
y
i
n
g
bat
t
e
r
i
e
s
f
o
r
pow
e
r
s
ys
tem
.
L
i
t
h
i
um-
i
on
i
s
a
t
ta
ini
n
g
po
p
u
lar
i
t
y
due
t
o
be
c
om
pe
ti
tive
n
e
s
s
i
n
p
r
i
c
i
n
g
.
Li
t
h
ium
-
i
on
ba
t
t
e
ry
c
osts
h
av
e
d
ecli
n
e
d
8
0
%
i
n
th
e
la
st
f
iv
e
ye
ar
s
and
e
x
pe
cted
t
o
dec
line
47
%
Com
p
o
und
A
n
n
u
al
G
r
o
w
t
h
Ra
te
(
C
A
GR
)
in
th
e
n
ext f
i
v
e
y
ears [6
]
.
3.
BATTERY ENERGY S
T
O
RAGE SYSTE
M
(BESS)
A
PPLICA
T
IONS
A
st
u
d
y
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
Ro
ck
y
M
ount
ai
n
In
st
i
t
ut
e
su
mmari
s
e
d
o
f
up
to
13
p
o
te
n
tial
a
p
p
lica
t
io
ns
wh
ich
co
uld
b
e
o
f
f
ered
by
th
e
BESS. Th
e
seg
men
t
s are
il
lu
s
t
rate
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
V
ario
u
s
p
ossibl
e app
lica
t
io
n
o
f
BESS [4
]
3.
1.
BE
S
S fo
r
g
rid
sy
stem o
pera
to
r (GS
O
) a
pplica
t
io
ns
F
o
r
gr
id
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
n,
B
ES
S
ca
n
be
u
s
e
d
for
S
p
in
ni
ng
R
e
se
r
v
e,
F
r
eque
nc
y
Reg
u
l
at
i
on,
B
lac
k
S
ta
r
t
,
a
nd
E
n
er
g
y
A
r
b
i
t
r
a
ge
a
n
d
f
or
o
u
t
put
s
m
o
ot
h
i
n
g
a
pp
l
i
ca
ti
o
n
f
or
R
en
ewab
le
E
n
e
rgy
[7
-11
]
.
Fo
r
s
p
in
n
i
ng
r
e
ser
v
e
,
t
hi
s
a
p
pl
ica
t
io
n
c
a
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
a
v
i
n
gs
t
o
t
h
e
to
t
a
l
g
e
n
erat
ion
co
st
.
Th
i
s
c
an
b
e
ach
i
e
v
e
d
by
r
e
l
e
a
s
i
n
g
spi
nni
ng
r
es
erv
e
cap
a
c
i
t
y
f
r
om
b
ase
l
o
a
d
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
o
n
s
a
nd
r
e
p
l
a
c
in
g
wit
h
B
ESS.
B
y
ma
xi
mi
si
ng
t
he
b
ase
lo
a
d
ge
ner
a
t
i
o
n
t
ha
t
nor
m
a
l
l
y
c
o
min
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
gene
r
a
ti
o
n
s
fr
om
l
ow
er
t
i
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
r
i
t
o
rd
er,
sav
i
ng
s
can
b
e
a
c
hie
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
low
e
r
ge
ner
a
ti
on
co
st
f
r
o
m
na
tur
a
l
ga
s
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
the
h
i
gh
er
tier
of
t
he
m
er
it
or
de
r
[
12]
.
F
o
r
F
r
eque
nc
y
Reg
u
l
at
i
on
a
p
plica
tio
n
o
f
B
ES
S,
it
c
a
n
be
u
se
d
t
o
m
ai
nt
ain
f
r
e
que
nc
y
le
ve
l
o
f
t
he
sy
st
e
m
.
T
h
e
adv
a
nt
ag
e
o
f
B
ESS
i
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
f
a
st
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
to
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
fr
equ
e
nc
y
of
t
he
g
r
i
d
sy
s
t
em
m
akes
it
a
go
o
d
c
an
d
i
da
t
e
f
or
t
his
a
p
pl
i
cati
o
n
[
13-
15
]
.
B
ES
S
c
a
n
a
l
so
b
e
a
n
al
ter
n
a
tive
for
ge
ner
a
ti
o
n
b
lac
k
s
ta
rt
.
F
o
r
th
is
a
p
p
lica
t
i
o
n,
i
t
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
w
it
h
o
t
he
r
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
econ
o
mi
cs
t
o
wo
rk
a
s
thi
s
a
pp
l
i
cati
o
n
ha
s
low
u
til
isa
t
i
o
n
of
c
har
g
ing
a
nd
disc
ha
r
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
ba
tte
r
y
.
A
n
ot
he
r
p
o
s
sibl
e
a
p
pli
c
at
ion
fo
r
B
E
SS
i
s
f
o
r
En
e
r
gy
Ar
b
i
trag
e.
T
his
is
p
o
ssible
wh
en
B
ES
S
is
c
h
a
rg
ed
d
u
r
ing
o
ff-p
ea
k
pe
r
i
o
d
a
n
d
d
isc
h
ar
ge
dur
i
n
g
pea
k
p
e
r
i
od.
Th
is
w
i
l
l
pr
o
v
i
d
e
sa
vi
ng
s
t
o
t
he
t
o
t
al
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n
cos
t
a
nd
fi
na
l
l
y
p
as
sed
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
c
u
sto
m
er
s
via
lowe
r
tariff.
I
n
t
he
c
a
s
e
f
o
r
Penin
s
u
l
ar
M
a
l
ays
i
a
this
s
a
v
ings
c
a
n
b
e pas
s
ed
o
n
t
o
cu
st
o
m
e
r
s
via
the
I
m
balanc
ed
C
o
s
t
P
a
ss-
Thr
oug
h
(
I
C
P
T)
m
ec
hanism
w
hic
h
i
s
r
e
v
i
sed
tw
ice
a
ye
a
r
t
o
r
e
f
l
e
ct
a
c
t
ua
l
ge
ner
a
t
i
o
n
c
os
t
[1
6]
.
Ano
t
he
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
398
–
40
8
40
0
c
o
mm
on
ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
ES
S
is
f
or
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
ner
g
y
i
n
te
g
r
at
io
n.
E
x
c
ess
R
E
g
ener
atio
n
in
t
he
s
y
s
tem
c
r
ea
t
e
s
na
t
u
ra
l
dem
a
n
d
f
or
B
ESS
a
s
i
t
o
ffe
r
s
s
ta
b
ilisa
t
io
n
effe
c
t
t
o
th
e
‘du
c
k
cu
rv
e
’
e
f
f
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
sy
st
em
a
s
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
in
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
i
gur
e
2.
V
a
r
ious
p
o
ssib
l
e
ap
p
lica
t
i
on
o
f
B
E
S
S
[17]
3.
2.
BE
S
S fo
r
u
t
i
l
i
ty
a
pp
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
Fo
r
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
cat
ion
t
h
e
r
e
are
fe
w
ma
i
n
a
re
as
o
f
po
ssi
b
le
a
p
p
li
ca
tion
of
B
ESS
n
a
me
l
y
t
ran
s
mi
ssio
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
a
s
se
t
de
fe
r
r
a
l,
a
n
d
c
o
nges
t
i
o
n
r
e
l
i
ef.
F
o
r
thi
s
pos
si
b
l
e
a
p
plic
a
t
i
o
n,
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
k
i
nd
of
c
api
t
a
l
c
o
st
n
ee
de
d
f
o
r
B
E
S
S
t
o
r
e
p
l
ac
e
co
nve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
ha
ve
t
o
be
a
t
a
r
e
d
u
ce
d
r
a
t
e
c
om
par
e
d
to
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
ate
t
o
e
nsur
e
p
o
s
it
i
v
e e
c
onomi
c
s
t
o
t
h
e
i
nve
st
me
nt
.
3.
3.
BE
SS
f
o
r
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
ns
B
E
SS
for
Beh
in
d-t
h
e-m
e
te
r
(
B
TM)
ap
p
lica
t
i
o
n,
it
c
a
n
b
e
c
onsi
d
e
r
ed
a
c
r
oss
seve
r
a
l
se
r
v
ice
s
.
Thi
s
inc
l
ude
s
Tim
e
-
o
f-
use
(
T
oU
)
bi
ll
ma
na
ge
me
nt
,
t
o
b
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
so
la
r
r
ooft
op
a
nd
to
e
nha
nc
e
t
h
e
se
lf-
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
c
a
pa
b
ili
t
y
,
t
o
b
e
par
t
a
s
dem
a
n
d
m
ana
g
em
en
t
an
d
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
a
s
a
b
a
c
k
-
u
p
power.
At
t
h
i
s
po
int
of
time
,
t
he
v
a
l
ue
s
ha
ve
t
o
be
s
ta
cke
d
i
n
or
der
t
o
a
c
h
ie
v
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
ec
on
om
i
c
s
to
t
he
i
n
v
es
tm
ent
s
.
The
pr
ice
o
f
BESS
i
s
est
i
ma
t
e
d
t
o
f
a
l
l
an
d
r
eac
h
a
t
t
he
l
e
v
el
w
her
e
t
he
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
via
b
le
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
a
gr
e
a
ter
savi
ngs
t
o
the
c
u
stom
er
s.
A
no
t
h
e
r
p
oss
i
ble
via
b
le
cas
e
is
w
hen
ther
e
i
s
a
bi
g
g
er
g
a
p
f
or
T
oU
t
a
r
iffs.
F
o
r
Mal
a
ys
ian
c
u
stom
er
t
a
r
i
f
f
,
B
ES
S
for
BT
M
i
s
m
or
e
se
nsi
b
le
f
or
i
n
v
e
s
t
m
ents
fo
r
cu
s
t
o
m
ers
with
p
e
a
k
and
o
ff-p
eak
tar
i
f
f
c
o
u
p
le
d
w
i
t
h
d
em
and
cha
r
ge.
Wi
t
h
t
he
i
ns
ta
lla
t
i
o
n
o
f
BES
S
,
it
i
s
ex
pe
c
t
e
d
t
o
give
s
a
v
in
gs
t
o
c
u
s
t
ome
r
s’
b
i
l
l
tak
i
ng
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
e
of
p
ea
k
dem
a
nd
r
e
d
u
ct
i
on
a
n
d
ene
r
gy
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
g
e
ef
fect
f
ro
m BESS o
p
e
ration
.
[
1
8
-
21
].
4.
INCENTIVE
B
A
S
E
D REG
U
L
A
TIONS
S
t
ar
t
i
ng
fr
om
1
s
t
J
a
nua
r
y
2
0
14,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
h
a
s
em
bar
k
ed
i
nto
I
n
c
e
n
tive
Ba
se
d
R
e
gul
a
t
i
o
ns
(
I
B
R
)
f
or
tar
i
f
f
d
esi
g
n
a
n
d
m
a
na
gem
e
n
t
.
Thi
s
r
e
g
u
l
a
tio
n
is
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
t
arif
f
se
tti
n
g
me
ch
an
is
m
wi
t
h
f
a
i
r
re
ward
t
o
the
u
til
ity
f
o
r
a
c
ert
a
in
q
u
a
li
t
y
s
e
r
v
i
ce
s
upp
li
e
d
t
o
th
e
c
u
st
o
m
e
r
s
.
This
r
eg
u
l
at
i
on
tha
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
a
d
opte
d
by
TN
B
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
ma
in
e
l
e
me
nt
s,
w
hi
c
h
a
re
t
he
Base
Ta
r
i
ff,
I
m
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
C
os
t
P
a
ss
Thr
o
ugh
(
I
C
P
T)
a
nd
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
ance
I
nd
ica
t
or
s.
T
his
tar
i
ff
s
e
tti
n
g
m
e
c
ha
n
i
sm
i
s
r
e
gu
l
a
t
e
d
by
E
nerg
y
C
o
mmi
ssio
n
(EC
)
o
f
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
to e
n
s
ure
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t tar
i
ff is c
ha
rge
d
t
o the
cus
t
om
er
s.
4.
1.
Ba
se
t
a
r
iff
The
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
t
a
riff
r
e
v
ie
w
for
Ma
la
ysia
e
f
f
ec
ti
ve
o
n
1
s
t
Ja
n
ua
r
y
2
0
14
is
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
f
r
o
m
pr
e
v
i
o
us
tar
i
f
f
r
ev
iew
s
i
n
Ma
l
a
ysia
.
Th
e
new
tar
i
ff
i
s
t
he
Base
Tar
i
ff
f
or
I
B
R
f
ir
s
t
r
egu
l
a
t
or
y
per
i
o
d
i
n
Ma
la
ysia,
star
ts
f
r
o
m
20
1
5
t
o
2
0
1
7
f
or
R
e
g
ula
t
or
y
P
e
r
i
od
1
(
R
P
1
)
an
d
fr
om
201
8
t
o
2
0
20 for
R
e
g
u
l
a
tor
y
P
er
iod
2
(
R
P
2
)
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
t
a
rif
f
i
n
cre
a
se
f
o
r
B
ase
T
a
ri
ff
f
o
r
Pe
n
i
n
s
ul
a
r
M
al
aysi
a
fo
r
RP2
i
s in
creased
f
r
o
m
R
P1
,
39
.
4
5
se
n/
kWh
to
3
8.
5
3
s
e
n
/kW
h
,
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
2
.
4
%
or
0
.
9
2
se
n
/
kWh,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
inly
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
ute
d
by
S
i
ng
le
B
uye
r
Ge
nera
tio
n
c
o
st.
The
i
n
cr
ease
in
t
a
r
i
ff
is
t
o
cove
r
the
r
i
s
i
n
g
fu
el
c
o
s
t
n
a
mel
y
p
i
p
ed
g
as,
L
i
qu
id
N
a
t
ural
G
a
s
(
L
N
G
)
and
c
o
al.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
en
e
r
gy
stor
age sy
ste
m
(
BESS)
des
i
gn f
o
r pe
ak de
m
a
n
d
redu
c
t
i
o
n …
(
W
an Sy
a
k
ir
ah Wa
n
Ab
dul
l
ah)
40
1
4.
2.
Im
ba
la
nc
e co
s
t
p
a
s
s t
h
ro
ug
h (ICP
T
)
ICPT
m
echa
n
ism
is
a
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
he
w
ho
le
I
BR
i
m
p
l
em
en
t
a
ti
o
n
i
n
Ma
l
ay
sia.
I
CP
T
wa
s
de
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
e
n
sur
e
t
ha
t
t
h
e
cos
t
r
ela
t
e
d
t
o
fue
l
a
nd
ot
her
gene
r
a
ti
o
n
c
ost
ca
n
be
p
asse
d
thr
o
u
g
h
t
o
cus
t
ome
r
s.
I
CPT
ra
t
e
i
s
r
e
vise
d
tw
i
c
e
yea
r
l
y
t
o
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
act
ua
l
gene
r
a
ti
o
n
c
o
s
t
to
b
e
pa
s
s
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
r
e
b
a
t
e
o
r
sur
c
har
g
e
i
n
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
’
m
onthl
y
b
i
l
l
.
4.
3.
Enh
a
nced time o
f
use ta
ri
f
f
(
E
T
o
U
)
A
s
a
n
e
x
t
e
ns
io
n
of
T
oU
s
che
m
e,
E
ner
gy
Com
i
ssio
n
(
E
C)
l
a
unc
he
d
E
To
U
in
2
0
16.
P
ea
k
ti
m
e
z
o
n
e
un
de
r
EToU
is
r
e
duced
t
o
4
ho
ur
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
exis
t
i
n
g
1
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
Mi
d-
P
e
ak
z
one
o
f
1
0
h
o
u
r
s
i
s
i
n
tr
od
uc
ed
f
or
Ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
D
em
and
C
h
a
r
ge
s
at
r
a
t
e
s
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
p
ea
k
r
a
tes.
O
ff-
pe
ak
z
o
n
e
m
ainta
i
ned
f
o
r
1
0
ho
ur
s
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igur
e
3.
E
ToU
is
o
ff
er
e
d
o
n
a
n
o
pt
io
na
l
basi
s
to
C
om
m
e
r
c
ial
and
I
ndus
t
r
ia
l
cus
t
om
er
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
a
t
L
ow
V
ol
ta
ge,
Me
dium
V
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
H
i
g
h
V
o
lta
ge.
A
ll
customers
who
w
i
sh
t
o
enroll
f
o
r
ETOU
sc
h
e
m
e
m
ust ente
r i
n
t
o
an
agr
e
em
ent wit
h
TN
B
[
2
2
].
F
i
gur
e
3.
E
nha
nce
d
t
ime
of
u
s
e
(
EToU
)
M
e
c
ha
nism
5.
LOAD PROFILE
ANALYS
IS
I
n
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y,
f
ive
cu
st
ome
r
s
w
e
r
e
s
ele
c
te
d.
T
he
b
as
is
o
f
s
e
le
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
bas
e
d
on
t
he
t
ar
if
f
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
C
u
stom
er
s
u
n
d
er
t
ar
if
f
ca
te
gor
y
w
i
t
h
p
e
a
k
d
e
m
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
ge
a
n
d
pe
a
k
an
d
o
ff-p
eak
tarif
f
.
Th
ese
typ
e
s
o
f
cu
st
o
m
e
r
s
are
an
t
i
c
i
p
at
e
d
t
o
g
i
v
e
b
en
efi
t
in
t
erms
o
f
bil
l
s
a
v
i
ng
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
el
ect
e
d
c
u
s
to
me
rs.
T
h
e
se
l
e
c
t
ed
c
u
stom
er
s
for
t
h
e
de
mo
ns
tr
ati
on
pr
ojec
t
ar
e
as
f
o
llow
s
.
A
resea
r
c
h
c
e
ntr
e
,
a
com
m
er
c
i
a
l
c
ustom
e
r
,
e
duca
t
i
o
n
c
a
m
pus,
in
dus
t
r
ial
c
u
stom
er
a
nd
a
un
i
v
er
si
ty
.
F
o
r
the
pur
p
o
s
e
o
f
the
st
ud
y,
h
al
f-
h
our
l
y
loa
d
pr
o
f
i
l
e
o
f
p
ot
en
t
i
a
l
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
w
a
s
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
a
y
e
a
r
a
nd
t
h
e
pea
k
d
e
m
a
nd
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
p
a
t
ter
n
w
er
e
anal
yse
d
.
H
a
lf-
h
o
u
r
l
y
l
oa
d
pr
of
ile
s
w
e
r
e
t
a
b
ula
t
e
d
a
nd
ill
u
s
t
r
ate
d
in
F
i
gur
e
4,
F
i
gur
e
5,
F
ig
ur
e
6,
F
i
g
ur
e
7,
a
n
d
F
igur
e 8.
E
a
c
h
a
n
d
e
ver
y
f
ig
ur
e f
o
r
F
i
g
u
r
e
4,
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
,
F
i
gur
e
6,
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
,
an
d
F
i
gur
e
8
i
s
s
ho
w
i
n
g
d
if
fe
r
e
nt
p
r
o
f
i
le
o
f
loa
d
d
at
a
depe
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
he
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
ner
gy
c
o
n
s
um
pti
o
n
of
e
a
c
h
cus
t
om
er
t
ype.
F
i
gur
e
4.
T
yp
i
cal
m
ont
h
l
y
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
f
or
a
r
e
s
ear
ch
c
entr
e
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1
23
45
67
89
11
1
13
3
15
5
17
7
19
9
22
1
24
3
26
5
28
7
30
9
33
1
35
3
37
5
39
7
41
9
44
1
46
3
48
5
50
7
52
9
55
1
57
3
59
5
61
7
63
9
66
1
68
3
70
5
72
7
74
9
77
1
79
3
81
5
83
7
85
9
88
1
90
3
92
5
94
7
96
9
99
1
1
013
1
035
1
057
1
079
1
101
1
123
1
145
1
167
1
189
1
211
1
233
1
255
1
277
1
299
1
321
1
343
Us
a
g
e
(
k
W
)
Ho
u
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
398
–
40
8
40
2
F
i
gure
5. T
y
p
i
c
a
l
m
onth
l
y lo
ad
p
rofi
le
f
or
a
c
omm
e
r
c
ial c
u
s
t
om
e
r
F
i
gur
e 6.
Typ
i
c
a
l
m
ont
h
l
y lo
ad
p
rofi
l
e
for a
n educ
a
t
ion
ca
mpus
F
i
gure
7.
T
yp
ic
al m
ont
hl
y
l
o
a
d
prof
ile
f
or
a
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
rial c
ustom
er
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
Typ
i
ca
l
m
o
n
t
h
l
y lo
ad
p
rofi
le for a
uni
versi
t
y
6.
TECHNICAL
DESIGN
F
r
om
t
he
l
oa
d
profi
l
e,
p
e
a
k
d
e
ma
nds
o
f
e
a
c
h
s
ite
c
a
n
b
e
de
term
i
n
e
d
a
n
d
ca
l
c
ul
ati
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
a
rg
et
ed
sav
i
n
g
s
d
u
e
to
p
ea
k
de
ma
n
d
r
educ
t
i
o
n
s
is
d
o
n
e
us
ing
(1)
a
n
d
(2)
.
P
o
we
r
Co
nv
erter
Sy
stem
(
PCS)
a
n
d
B
E
S
S
ca
n be
d
es
ig
ne
d a
ccor
d
i
n
g
l
y
ba
se
d on
des
i
r
e
d pe
ak
r
ed
uct
i
on.
S
PCS
=
PD
his
t
(
MW)
- PC
tar
g
et
(MW)
(1
)
0.00
1,
000.00
2,
000.00
3,
000.00
4,
000.00
5,
000.00
6,
000.00
7,
000.00
8,
000.00
1
26
51
76
101
126
151
176
201
226
251
276
301
326
351
376
401
426
451
476
501
526
551
576
601
626
651
676
701
726
751
776
801
826
851
876
901
926
951
976
1001
1026
1051
1076
1101
1126
1151
1176
1201
1226
1251
1276
1301
1326
1351
1376
1401
1426
Us
a
g
e
(k
W
)
Hou
r
s
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
1
000
1
200
1
400
1
600
1
800
0.
00
13
:
30
03
:
00
16
:
30
06
:
00
19
:
30
09
:
00
22
:
30
12
:
00
01
:
30
15
:
00
04
:
30
18
:
00
07
:
30
21
:
00
10
:
30
0.
00
13
:
30
03
:
00
16
:
30
06
:
00
19
:
30
09
:
00
22
:
30
12
:
00
01
:
30
15
:
00
04
:
30
18
:
00
07
:
30
21
:
00
10
:
30
0.
00
13
:
30
03
:
00
16
:
30
06
:
00
19
:
30
09
:
00
22
:
30
12
:
00
01
:
30
15
:
00
04
:
30
18
:
00
07
:
30
21
:
00
10
:
30
0.
00
13
:
30
03
:
00
16
:
30
06
:
00
19
:
30
09
:
00
22
:
30
U
s
age
(
k
W
)
Ho
u
r
s
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0.
00
14
:
0
0
04
:
0
0
18
:
0
0
08
:
0
0
22
:
0
0
12
:
0
0
02
:
0
0
16
:
0
0
06
:
0
0
20
:
0
0
10
:
0
0
0.
00
14
:
0
0
04
:
0
0
18
:
0
0
08
:
0
0
22
:
0
0
12
:
0
0
02
:
0
0
16
:
0
0
06
:
0
0
20
:
0
0
10
:
0
0
0.
00
14
:
0
0
04
:
0
0
18
:
0
0
08
:
0
0
22
:
0
0
12
:
0
0
02
:
0
0
16
:
0
0
06
:
0
0
20
:
0
0
10
:
0
0
0.
00
14
:
0
0
04
:
0
0
18
:
0
0
08
:
0
0
22
:
0
0
12
:
0
0
02
:
0
0
16
:
0
0
06
:
0
0
20
:
0
0
10
:
0
0
0.
00
14
:
0
0
04
:
0
0
18
:
0
0
08
:
0
0
22
:
0
0
U
s
age
(
k
W
)
Ho
u
r
s
0
50
0
10
00
15
00
20
00
25
00
30
00
35
00
1
27
53
79
10
5
13
1
15
7
18
3
20
9
23
5
26
1
28
7
31
3
33
9
36
5
39
1
41
7
44
3
46
9
49
5
52
1
54
7
57
3
59
9
62
5
65
1
67
7
70
3
72
9
75
5
78
1
80
7
83
3
85
9
88
5
91
1
93
7
96
3
98
9
1015
1041
1067
1093
1119
1145
1171
1197
1223
1249
1275
1301
1327
1353
1379
1405
1431
U
s
age
(
k
W
)
H
our
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
en
e
r
gy
stor
age sy
ste
m
(
BESS)
des
i
gn f
o
r pe
ak de
m
a
n
d
redu
c
t
i
o
n …
(
W
an Sy
a
k
ir
ah Wa
n
Ab
dul
l
ah)
40
3
S
BESS
=
∑
PD
his
t
(
MW) - PCtar
g
et (M
W)
x
H
our
(2
)
Where
:
S
PCS
:
Desired
PCS size
(MW
)
S
BESS
:
B
E
S
S Size (
MWh
)
PD
hi
s
t
:
Pea
k
Dema
nd fo
r
ha
lf-h
our
ly s
lo
t
PC
ta
r
g
e
t
:
Ta
r
g
et
P
e
a
k Re
duc
tio
n
F
o
r the
ca
pita
l
cos
t
of
B
E
SS,
i
t is de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
by
usin
g t
h
e
fol
l
o
w
i
ng
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
ion
[
2
3]
:
C
BESS
=
pw
r
x
S
pw
r
+
cap
x
S
c
ap
(3
)
Where
:
pwr
: Sto
r
ag
e
C
a
pi
tal
Co
st f
o
r
P
o
w
er
B
ESS (RM/
M
W
)
S
pw
r
:
Pow
e
r
C
a
paci
ty
ca
p
: Sto
r
ag
e
C
a
pi
tal
Co
st f
o
r
En
e
rg
y
BESS
(RM/M
W
h
)
S
cap
:
E
n
e
r
gy
C
ap
aci
ty
D
e
gr
ada
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
sy
stem
l
os
se
s
ha
ve
t
o
be
d
eter
mi
ned
in
t
he
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
e
xpec
t
a
t
io
ns
o
f
the
BES
S
p
er
for
m
anc
e
a
r
e
c
ons
i
d
er
e
d
a
nd
ca
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
d
esig
n
st
a
g
e
.
T
he
c
o
s
t
of
de
gr
a
d
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
lo
sse
s
c
an
b
e
com
pute
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
3)
[
23]
.
C
deg,t
= (
S
los
s
,
t
+ S
ch
ar
ge
+ S
dis
c
ha
r
g
e
)
x
deg
(4
)
Where
:
C
deg,t
:
C
os
t
o
f
d
egr
a
dat
i
o
n
an
d
loss
es
S
lo
s
s
,
t
: Ener
g
y
to c
a
t
er
l
osse
s
S
charge
:
Ener
g
y
u
se
d
to
c
har
g
e
BES
S
dur
ing
o
ff-
pea
k
t
im
e
S
discha
r
g
e
: Ener
g
y
use
d
to
d
isc
h
ar
ge
B
E
S
S
dur
in
g
pe
a
k
tim
e
pwr
:
Co
st
o
f
deg
r
ad
at
io
n
(R
M
/
M
W
h
)
S
t
ud
ies
w
e
r
e
c
on
duc
te
d
o
n
t
h
e
loa
d
p
r
o
f
ile
a
na
lysis,
c
om
par
i
s
o
n
o
n
bef
o
r
e
a
nd
a
f
t
e
r
B
ES
S
in
sta
l
l
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
V
P
P
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
tio
n
us
in
g
H
O
ME
R
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
.
F
i
gur
e
9
s
hows
a
s
a
mpl
e
o
f
d
e
sign
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
in
H
O
M
ER.
A
n
aly
s
is
c
ond
uc
te
d
o
n
h
ow
e
a
c
h
si
te
c
a
n
b
ene
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
B
E
S
S
ins
t
al
la
tio
n,
e
it
her
f
o
r
the
im
pr
o
v
em
ent
of
t
he
ir
e
le
c
t
r
i
ci
t
y
c
o
n
sum
p
ti
on,
p
ar
t
i
ci
pa
t
i
o
n
f
or
g
r
i
d
a
n
c
i
l
l
ar
y
se
r
v
ic
e
or
e
ner
g
y
tr
adi
n
g
be
t
w
ee
n
si
tes
f
o
r
V
i
r
t
ua
l
P
o
w
e
r
P
l
an
t
(
V
PP
)
m
ode
o
f
oper
a
tio
n
[
24]
.
The
dir
e
ct
b
e
n
e
f
it
to
t
he
c
u
s
tom
e
r
s
i
s
the
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
ma
xi
m
u
m
d
e
ma
nd
a
nd t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
r
b
i
t
r
a
ge
o
f Ti
m
e
o
f
U
s
e
(
T
o
U
)
t
a
r
i
f
f
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
of
s
o
l
ar
p
la
nt
c
on
ne
c
t
ed
t
o
th
e
c
u
s
t
om
er
,
ene
r
gy
s
t
or
age
o
p
er
at
o
r
c
an
s
tore
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
directl
y
fro
m
s
o
lar
,
a
s
a
n
a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
v
e
to
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
bat
t
er
y
us
ing
o
f
f
-
p
ea
k
tar
i
f
f
.
F
or
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
oper
a
ti
ng
in
a
V
PP
m
ode,
it
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
t
o
ser
v
e
t
h
e
gr
i
d
a
nci
lla
r
y
s
er
vi
c
e
s
uc
h
a
s
f
r
e
que
ncy
r
e
gu
la
ti
o
n
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
. S
a
m
p
l
e d
e
s
i
gn
o
f
BESS sy
s
tem in
H
OMER
s
oft
w
are.
F
o
r
peak
d
em
and
r
e
d
u
c
tio
n,
f
or
e
xam
p
le
f
or
a
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
un
der
C2
t
a
ri
ff
,
t
h
e
m
a
xi
mu
m
d
e
ma
nd
c
h
ar
ge
i
s
RM
45.
1
0
p
er
m
on
th.
Char
gi
n
g
B
ES
S
dur
i
n
g
the
l
o
w
pe
ak
p
er
io
d
an
d
d
i
sc
har
g
in
g
dur
in
g
pe
a
k
de
ma
nd t
i
me
w
il
l
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
ly
avo
i
d
o
r
r
e
duc
e the
pea
k
dem
and c
h
ar
ge. For
e
n
ergy arb
itr
age
,
th
e
BESS
c
a
n b
e
c
h
ar
ge
d
d
u
r
i
ng
the
pea
k
hour
s
an
d
d
i
sc
ha
r
g
ed
d
ur
i
n
g
o
f
f-
peak
h
o
ur
s.
T
he
s
a
v
in
gs
c
an
b
e
har
n
e
s
s
e
d
an
d
c
u
stom
er
s w
i
l
l
e
xper
i
e
n
ce
b
i
l
l
r
e
duc
tio
n.
F
or
i
ns
tance
,
f
or
C
2
cu
st
o
m
ers
in
T
abl
e
1
,
ch
a
r
gin
g
a
t
of
f-p
e
ak
h
ou
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
398
–
40
8
40
4
cos
t
2
2
.
4
0
s
e
n
/kW
h
a
nd
d
i
sc
h
a
rges
a
t
pea
k
h
our
r
ate
of
3
6.50
se
n
/
kWh.
T
he
d
iffer
e
nce
o
f
14.
1
se
n/k
W
h
c
a
n
be
achie
ve
d a
l
m
o
st
i
mm
edia
t
e
ly.
F
r
om
t
he
l
oa
d
prof
ile
a
na
lys
i
s
of
s
e
v
er
al
p
ote
n
tia
l
s
i
tes,
i
t
i
s
s
how
n
t
h
a
t
c
ustom
e
rs
w
i
t
h
pe
ak
a
n
d
off-
pea
k
dem
and t
o
ge
t
h
e
r
w
it
h the
m
a
xim
u
m dem
a
nd cha
r
ge
w
il
l
e
n
j
o
y most
s
a
v
ing
s
w
i
t
h BES
S
inst
a
lla
t
i
on.
Th
is
a
ls
o re
sult
s in
a
low
e
r
pa
ybac
k
p
eri
o
d t
o
the
i
n
v
es
t
m
ent
s
.
Tab
l
e
1. T
ariff Ra
tes for Ma
la
ysian
Com
m
e
rc
ial
Cust
om
ers
Ta
riff
C
a
t
e
gor
y
C
urr
e
nt Ra
t
e
s
Ta
riff B
– Low
V
o
lta
g
e
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
Ta
riff
F
i
r
s
t
200
kW
h
(1-
2
00kWh)
p
e
r
m
onth
43.
5
se
n/kW
h
F
o
r
the
n
e
xt
k
W
h
(
201
kWh
onw
a
r
ds
p
e
r
m
onth
50.
9
se
n/kW
h
T
h
e m
i
ni
m
u
m
m
o
nthly
c
h
a
r
g
e
i
s
RM
7.
20
T
a
r
i
f
f
C1
–
M
ed
i
u
m Vo
l
t
a
g
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
Co
m
m
er
ci
al
T
ar
i
f
f
F
o
r
e
a
c
h
k
i
l
ow
a
tt of
m
a
x
im
u
m
d
em
and
pe
r m
onth
30.
3
R
M
/k
W
F
o
r
a
ll
k
W
h
36.
5
R
M
/k
Wh
T
h
e m
i
ni
m
u
m
m
o
nthly
c
h
a
r
g
e
i
s
RM
600
Ta
riff C
2
– Me
d
ium
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Pea
k
/
O
ff
-P
e
a
k
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
ia
l
Ta
r
i
ff
F
o
r
e
a
c
h
K
il
o
w
a
tt of
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
em
and
pe
r m
onth
dur
i
ng
the
p
eak
p
er
i
o
d
45.
1
R
M
/k
W
F
o
r
a
ll
k
W
h
durin
g
the
p
e
a
k
p
e
r
i
o
d
36.
5
se
n/kW
h
F
o
r
a
ll
k
W
h
durin
g
the
off-
pe
a
k
p
e
r
iod
22.
4
se
n/kW
h
T
h
e m
i
ni
m
u
m
m
o
nthly
c
h
a
r
g
e
i
s
RM
600
7.
BESS
FOR
A
NCIL
L
ARY
S
E
RVICES
(F
REQ
U
E
NCY
REG
U
LA
TIONS)
F
o
r
gr
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
,
BES
S
c
an
b
e
us
ed
f
or
S
pin
n
i
ng
Re
s
e
rve
,
F
r
eque
nc
y
Reg
u
l
at
i
on,
B
lac
k
S
t
a
r
t
,
En
e
r
gy
A
rbi
t
rag
e
a
nd
f
o
r
p
ower
o
ut
put
s
mo
oth
i
ng
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
fo
r
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
E
ner
gy.
F
or
s
p
i
nni
ng
r
e
s
erve
,
th
i
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
ca
n co
n
t
ri
bu
te
sa
v
in
gs
t
o
the
to
ta
l ge
nera
ti
o
n
c
os
t
.
Th
i
s c
a
n
be
a
c
h
ieve
d
by re
leasi
n
g s
p
in
n
i
n
g
re
serv
e
c
a
p
ac
it
y
f
r
o
m
b
as
e
l
o
ad
g
en
e
r
at
ion
s
a
nd
r
e
p
l
a
c
i
n
g
wi
th
BES
S
.
By
m
axim
isi
ng
t
h
e
ba
se
l
o
a
d
gene
ra
ti
o
n
t
ha
t
norm
a
l
l
y
c
o
me
s
fr
om
t
he
g
ener
a
tio
ns
from
l
o
w
e
r
t
i
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
r
i
t
o
r
d
e
r
,
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
from
low
e
r
gene
rat
i
on co
st from
n
a
tura
l
gas w
h
ic
h is i
n the
h
i
gh
e
r
tier
of
t
he
m
erit or
der.
F
o
r
Fre
quen
c
y Re
gu
l
a
tio
n
ap
p
lica
t
i
on
of
B
E
S
S,
i
t
can be u
s
ed
t
o
m
a
i
nta
i
n
t
h
e
fre
que
ncy
l
e
ve
l
of
t
he
syste
m
.
The
adva
n
t
age
o
f
B
ES
S
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
fa
st
r
esp
o
n
d
t
o
c
orre
c
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
a
k
e
s
i
t
a
go
o
d
c
a
n
dida
te
f
or
t
h
i
s
a
p
pl
ica
t
i
on.
B
ES
S
can
a
lso
be
a
n
al
tern
a
tive
for
gener
a
t
i
on
bl
a
c
k
s
tart.
F
o
r
thi
s
a
p
pli
c
at
ion
,
i
t
sh
oul
d
b
e
c
ou
pl
e
d
w
i
t
h
o
th
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
c
o
nom
ic
s
to
w
or
k
a
s
t
h
i
s
ap
pl
ica
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
l
o
w
ut
ili
sat
i
on
o
f
c
harg
in
g a
n
d di
schar
g
i
n
g
the
b
a
tter
y
.
An
ot
h
e
r
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
a
ppl
i
cati
on
f
o
r
BESS
i
s
f
o
r
En
e
r
gy
A
rb
it
ra
g
e
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
w
h
e
n
B
E
S
S
i
s
cha
r
ge
d
dur
ing
t
h
e
off-pe
a
k
p
eri
o
d
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
har
g
e
dur
ing
the
pe
a
k
p
e
ri
od
.
Thi
s
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
savi
ng
s
t
o
t
h
e
to
t
a
l
g
e
ner
a
t
i
on
co
st
a
nd
fi
n
a
ll
y
passe
d
on
t
o
t
h
e
c
u
st
om
er
s
vi
a
low
e
r
tar
i
ff.
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
f
or
P
en
i
n
su
l
a
r
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
t
h
i
s
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
c
a
n
b
e
p
a
s
s
e
d
o
n
t
o
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
v
i
a
t
h
e
I
m
balance
d
C
ost
P
a
ss-Thro
ug
h
(
I
CP
T)
mec
h
an
i
s
m
wh
i
c
h
i
s
r
e
v
ise
d
t
wi
ce
a
y
ea
r
t
o
r
e
f
l
ect
act
u
a
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
st.
A
n
o
t
her
co
m
m
on
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
io
n
of
BE
S
S
is
f
or
R
enew
a
b
l
e
E
ner
g
y
i
n
t
e
grati
o
n.
T
h
i
s
a
p
plica
t
i
o
n
i
s
c
ruc
i
a
l
w
hen
t
h
e
pe
ne
t
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
R
E
i
n
t
he
pow
er
s
ys
tem
.
A
s
M
a
la
ys
ia
i
s
targe
t
ing
t
o
a
chie
ve
20%
R
E
b
y
2
0
2
5,
it
is
v
ery
prud
e
n
t
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
n
B
ES
S
fo
r
the s
t
ab
i
lit
y
of
t
he
g
r
i
d sy
stem
.
B
E
S
S
i
s
a
l
s
o
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
s
e
r
v
e
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
c
i
l
l
a
r
y
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
f
or
fre
que
n
c
y
re
g
u
l
a
tio
n
t
h
at
c
a
n
b
e
offe
red
to
G
ri
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
O
pe
rator
(G
S
O
).
M
a
l
ays
i
a
G
r
i
d
C
ode
(
MG
C)
[
2
5
]
sta
t
es
t
h
a
t
pr
i
m
ar
y
r
e
spo
n
se
i
s
defi
ne
d
a
s
t
he
a
ut
om
at
ic
r
esp
ons
e
over
t
h
e
pe
ri
o
d
f
r
o
m
z
e
ro
t
o
t
e
n
seco
nd
s
and
mu
st
b
e
sustained
for
twenty
seco
nds.
W
h
il
e
sec
onda
ry
r
espo
nse
mus
t
b
e
avai
la
b
l
e
b
y
t
h
i
rt
y
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
from
the
t
i
m
e
o
f
fre
que
nc
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
o
take
o
ver
from
the
pr
i
m
a
ry
r
espo
nse
an
d m
u
st be
sustai
na
bl
e
for
a
t le
ast t
h
i
r
ty
m
inu
t
es
[
2
5
].
D
e
grada
t
ion
a
n
d
syste
m
l
oss
e
s
ha
ve
t
o
be
d
eterm
i
ned
i
n
t
he
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
ta
ge.
Lo
sse
s
fo
r
c
h
a
r
gi
ng
a
nd
di
sc
harg
i
ng ha
s
to be
co
nsi
d
e
r
e
d
as
a
roun
d tri
p
e
fficie
nc
y of
th
e BESS
.
F
o
r
the
de
pl
o
y
m
ent
of
t
he
p
r
o
jec
t
,
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
on
o
f
s
oftw
are
and
har
d
w
a
re
o
f
the
sy
ste
m
w
ill
ta
ke
place
a
n
d
w
il
l
t
a
ke
i
nto
co
n
s
i
d
era
t
i
o
n
a
ll
po
l
i
cy,
s
t
an
da
r
d
s
a
n
d
l
i
ce
nsi
ng
re
qu
ire
d
b
y
Ener
g
y
C
om
m
i
ssion
(EC).
Fina
ll
y,
e
va
lua
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
s
ys
tem
w
ill
ta
ke
i
n
t
o
cons
i
d
er
at
i
o
n
the
sa
vin
g
s
of
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
b
il
l
an
d
con
t
ri
b
u
ti
on
to
g
rid fr
eq
uenc
y
regula
t
i
o
n.
8.
CHAL
LENGES
A
N
D
I
S
S
UE
S
A
m
ong
t
h
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
i
ssues
o
f
pr
oje
c
t
d
e
p
l
o
ym
en
t
is
t
o
de
ter
m
ine
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
BE
S
S
a
nd
dete
r
m
ini
ng
the
rig
h
t
b
u
s
i
nes
s
m
ode
l
for
the
BE
S
S
.
T
he
p
rop
o
s
ed
b
us
i
n
e
ss
mode
l
is
j
us
t
to
c
a
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
tt
e
r
y
e
n
ergy
st
or
age sys
t
e
m
(
BESS)
de
s
i
gn for pe
ak de
m
a
n
d
re
duc
t
i
o
n
…
(Wan Sy
a
k
ir
ah
Wa
n Ab
d
u
ll
ah)
40
5
for
pea
k
d
em
and
r
e
d
u
ct
i
o
n
an
d
e
n
erg
y
a
rbi
t
rage
w
hic
h
c
a
n
g
i
v
e
s
a
v
i
n
gs
t
o
c
u
s
t
ome
r
b
i
l
l.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ec
onom
ica
l
w
ay
i
n
de
sig
n
i
n
g
BES
S
i
s
to
a
d
d
ress
fe
w
a
p
p
lic
a
tio
ns
f
or
i
nsta
nce
be
ne
fi
t
s
t
ack
w
i
t
h
g
ri
d
anc
i
l
l
ary
ser
v
ic
es.
Wi
t
h
t
h
i
s,
t
he
b
e
n
e
f
it
of
t
he
B
ES
S
i
n
s
t
a
l
la
tio
n
wil
l
b
e
mo
re
s
i
gni
fi
can
t
fo
r
i
n
st
a
n
ce
sh
o
r
t
e
r
pay
b
ac
k pe
ri
o
d
o
r hig
h
er
re
t
urn on
in
ve
stm
e
n
t
(RO
I).
F
o
r
a
n
ci
l
l
a
r
y
ser
v
i
c
es
i
n
M
a
lay
s
ia,
trad
it
i
ona
l
l
y
the
ra
t
e
f
or
t
h
e
s
e
se
r
v
ice
s
i
s
bu
n
d
l
e
d
un
de
r
th
e
Po
wer
Pu
rch
a
se
A
g
r
ee
me
n
t
(
P
P
A)
o
f
ea
ch
p
o
w
er
g
en
erat
o
r
,
a
n
e
w
p
o
lic
y
a
n
d
g
u
i
de
l
i
ne
a
re
n
e
e
d
ed
t
o
ince
n
t
i
v
i
z
e
BE
S
S
i
n
prov
i
d
ing
t
h
e
a
ppr
opri
a
te
i
ncen
t
i
ve
f
or
t
he
s
e
r
v
i
ces
t
o
the
gr
id.
For
grid
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n,
BE
S
S
ca
n
be
u
sed for
S
p
i
n
n
i
n
g
R
eser
ve,
F
r
eque
nc
y
Re
gu
la
tio
n,
B
l
ac
k
S
t
a
r
t,
E
nerg
y
A
r
b
i
trage
a
n
d for o
u
t
put
smoo
th
i
ng
a
p
p
lica
t
i
on
for
Re
new
a
ble
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
nd
i
f
e
a
c
h
o
f
t
he
se
s
erv
i
c
e
s
i
s
r
emu
n
era
t
ed
a
cco
rd
ing
l
y
,
i
t
wil
l
moti
va
te
d
e
p
l
o
yme
n
t
o
f
B
ES
S
for the
s
e
purpos
es.
F
o
r
any
c
o
nn
ecti
o
n
to
T
N
B
s
ys
t
e
m,
P
ow
er
S
yste
m
Stu
d
i
es
(
P
S
S)
i
s
r
equ
i
red
t
o
d
ete
r
mi
ne
t
he
con
n
ec
tio
n
sch
e
me
,
the
l
o
ad
f
low
inc
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
he
i
m
p
ac
t
a
n
y
m
itig
a
tio
n
p
l
a
n
f
or
pow
er
s
ys
t
e
m
st
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
to
avo
i
d
re
verse
pow
er
f
low
t
o
t
he
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
io
n
s
y
ste
m
.
Base
d
o
n
M
a
l
a
y
sia
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
Code
,
a
n
y
D
i
st
rib
u
te
d
G
e
ne
rati
o
n
l
e
ss
tha
n
3
0
M
W
is
r
equ
i
re
d
t
o
d
isc
o
nne
ct
f
ro
m
the
d
i
s
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
s
yst
e
m
i
n
t
he
e
ve
nt
o
f
lo
ss
o
f
inc
o
m
i
ng
sup
p
l
y t
o
a
v
o
id
a
n
y
uni
n
t
en
de
d
isl
a
nde
d o
p
er
at
ion.
F
o
r
stan
da
rd
a
nd
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s,
i
t
st
il
l
n
o
t
e
s
ta
bl
ishe
d
for
t
h
e
im
p
l
e
me
nta
t
i
o
n
of
B
ES
S
pr
oje
c
ts.
F
o
r
in
sta
n
c
e
,
sa
fe
ty
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
or
u
til
it
y-sca
l
e
ba
tt
e
r
ies
hav
e
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
.
A
t
t
h
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
,
i
t
i
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
f
e
t
y
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
f
o
r
s
m
a
l
l
s
c
a
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
I
E
C
6
2
1
3
3
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
t
e
rm
o
f
c
o
mm
unica
ti
o
n
,
i
n
sta
l
lat
i
ons
o
f
BES
S
and
V
P
P
ha
ve
t
o
c
o
mp
ly
t
o
TN
B’s
c
o
mm
unica
t
i
on
pr
o
t
oc
o
l
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
rse
c
u
ri
ty
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
i
.
e:
I
EC
6
0870
addre
ssi
ng
t
e
le
com
m
u
nic
a
t
i
o
n
i
ss
ue
s.
T
his
is
t
o
e
n
sur
e
d
a
t
a
sec
ur
it
y
as
a
l
l
d
ata
esp
e
cia
l
ly
t
he
c
om
mun
i
ca
tio
n
and
c
o
n
t
rol
o
f
B
ES
S
is
l
inke
d
t
o
G
ri
d
S
y
s
t
em
O
per
a
tor
(G
S
O
)
and
i
s
cl
assifie
d
a
s
cr
it
i
cal
a
nd
ve
ry
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
e
in
t
erm
s
o
f
da
ta
s
ec
uri
t
y.
M
o
s
t
of
d
a
t
a
c
o
m
m
unica
ti
ons
a
nd
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
are
re
l
a
t
e
d
to
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
a
n
d
d
i
sc
h
a
rgi
ng
from
BES
S to
cate
r
the
t
arge
te
d app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns
.
9.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
Th
e
p
r
oj
e
c
t
i
s
t
o
d
e
mo
ns
t
r
ate
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
a
n
d
eco
no
mi
c
f
e
as
ib
il
it
y
of
B
ESS
ins
t
a
lla
tio
n.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
des
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
de
mons
trate
V
P
P
to
s
er
ve
g
ri
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
suc
h
a
s
f
reque
nc
y
resp
onse.
W
i
t
h
the
ri
g
h
t
o
p
tim
ize
d
si
z
i
ng
o
f
B
ES
S
and
P
C
S
,
s
o
m
e
cust
ome
r
s
ar
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
e
n
j
o
y
as
l
ow
a
s
7
y
e
a
r
s
of
p
a
y
-b
a
c
k
p
e
riod
,
bu
t
so
me
cus
t
ome
r
s
w
ill
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
p
aybac
k
p
eri
o
d
depe
n
d
i
n
g
on
t
he
l
oa
d
p
a
t
t
e
rn
.
The
pa
y
b
ack
p
e
r
i
od
is
p
o
t
en
ti
a
l
l
y
re
d
u
ced
w
ith
t
h
e
a
n
t
i
c
ip
ati
o
n
of
p
ri
ce
r
educ
t
i
o
n
o
f
B
ESS
.
B
as
ed
o
n
pri
ce
pr
o
j
e
c
tio
n
by
B
l
oom
ber
g
N
ew
En
e
r
gy
F
i
n
an
ce
,
t
h
e
p
r
i
c
e
of
B
ESS
i
s
r
edu
c
in
g
at
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
ra
t
e
o
f
5
%
pe
r
yea
r
[
2
7
].
R
es
ul
ts
o
n
ben
e
fi
t
a
r
e
tab
u
l
at
ed i
n
Table
2.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
S
i
t
e
tariff t
y
p
e
and be
nefi
t
N
o
S
it
e
Ta
riff Ty
pe
B
e
n
e
f
it
1
R
e
s
e
ar
ch
Ce
nt
r
e
Me
diu
m
V
ol
t
a
g
e
P
e
a
k
/O
ff
-pea
k
Co
mm
e
r
ci
a
l
T
ar
i
f
f
C
2
Ta
r
iff
P
eak
d
e
m
a
n
d
cu
t
E
n
e
r
gy A
r
bitra
g
e
(
P
ea
k
a
nd
O
f
f-
pea
k
)
Grid
F
r
e
que
n
c
y R
e
gula
tion
2
Co
mmer
c
i
a
l
Cu
s
t
o
m
e
r
Me
diu
m
V
ol
t
a
g
e
P
e
a
k
/O
ff
-pea
k
Co
mm
e
r
ci
a
l
T
ar
i
f
f
C
2
Ta
r
iff
P
eak
d
e
m
a
n
d
cu
t
E
n
e
r
gy A
r
bitra
g
e
(
P
ea
k
a
nd
O
f
f-
pea
k
)
3
E
duca
t
ion
Ca
m
pus
M
e
d
i
u
m
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
P
eak
/
O
f
f
-
P
eak
Co
mm
e
r
ci
a
l
T
ar
i
f
f
C2
U
T
ariff
P
eak
d
e
m
a
n
d
cu
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Int J
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Ba
tt
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(
BESS)
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40
7
10.
CONCL
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I
n
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usi
on,
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
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als
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is
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it
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onom
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I
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M
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gr
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rates
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ESS
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on.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
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hor
w
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i
ke
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xpr
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r
tha
nks
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o
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naga
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as
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Berha
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TNB)
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Re
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n
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rs
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e
na
ga
N
a
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(U
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), Malay
sia
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fi
na
nc
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p
p
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t thro
ug
h U
N
ITEN
BO
L
D
pub
lica
t
io
n
and
in
terna
l
g
ran
t
f
un
d.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M
.
J
.
K
a
saei,
M
.
G
andom
kar,
a
n
d
J
.
Nik
ouk
a
r
,
"Optim
al
m
a
n
agem
en
t
of
r
e
n
ewab
le
e
nerg
y
so
urces
b
y
vi
rtu
a
l
po
wer
p
l
ant,
"
Re
ne
w. En
e
r
gy
,
vo
l. 1
14
, p
p.
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18
0-
1
1
8
8
, 2
01
7.
[2]
N. S
. Eusoff
, "M
alay
sia
se
ts
new g
oal
o
f
2
0
%
c
lean
e
nergy
gen
e
r
at
io
n
by
2
0
25:
T
he
e
d
g
e
m
a
rket
s,
"
p
p
.
1
-8
,
20
18.
[3]
M.
A
ne
k
e
a
n
d
M
.
Wa
ng
,
"
E
ne
rg
y
stora
g
e
te
c
hnolo
g
ie
s
a
n
d
re
a
l
lif
e
ap
pl
ications-A
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
art
rev
i
ew,
"
A
ppl
.
Energy
,
v
o
l
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1
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9
, pp
. 3
50
-3
77
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01
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F
itzgeral
d
,
J.
M
andel
,
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.
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rris,
a
n
d
H
.
To
u
a
ti
,
"
T
he
econ
o
m
i
c
s
o
f
b
attery
e
nergy
storage:
h
ow
m
ulti-use,
customer-sted bat
t
er
ies deliver
t
h
e
mo
s
t
serv
i
ces and
value to
custom
e
r
s
and
t
h
e g
r
id,
”
Report
,
p
p
.
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1
,
O
c
t
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015.
[5]
M
.
M
cphers
on
a
n
d
S
.
Tah
s
een
,
“Depl
o
y
i
ng
s
t
o
rage
a
s
s
ets
to
f
aci
l
i
t
a
t
e
v
a
riabl
e
r
enewab
le
e
nerg
y
in
tegratio
n :
T
h
e
im
p
a
c
t
s
o
f
g
rid fl ex
i
bil
i
t
y
, ren
ew
ab
le p
enetrat
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
mark
et
structure
,
"
Ener
gy
,
v
o
l
.
1
45
,
p
p
.
8
5
6
-
87
0,
2
01
8.
[6]
B. N.
E. F
inan
ce, "
Batt
ery s
t
ora
g
e
: A
power
&
u
t
ilit
i
es per
s
p
ective
,
"
2
01
7.
[7]
B.
B
i
e
gel
,
M
.
W
e
s
t
en
ho
lz
,
L.
H
.
H
a
n
s
en
,
J
.
S
tou
s
t
r
up
,
P
.
A
nders
e
n
,
a
n
d
S.
H
a
r
bo
,
"
I
nte
g
ra
tio
n
o
f
f
le
xi
bl
e
con
s
u
m
ers
in
t
he an
c
ill
a
ry s
ervi
c
e
m
arkets
,"
Ener
gy
, v
ol
.
6
7
, pp
. 4
7
9
-4
89
, 20
1
4
.
[8]
A.
B
anshwar,
N
.
K
.
S
harma,
Y
.
R
.
S
ood,
a
n
d
R
.
Shri
vastava,
"
An
internat
io
nal
exp
e
rience
o
f
tech
ni
cal
a
nd
econ
o
m
i
c
aspec
t
s
of
a
nci
l
l
a
ry
s
ervices
i
n
dereg
u
l
a
ted
pow
er
i
nd
u
s
t
r
y
:
L
ess
ons
f
o
r
e
m
e
rgi
n
g
BRIC
electri
cit
y
ma
r
k
e
t
s,"
Ren
e
w.
S
u
s
t
a
i
n. Ener
g
y
Rev.
, vo
l
. 90
,
p
p
.
7
74
-80
1
, Mar
2
01
8.
[9]
Y.
Z
ho
u,
Z
.
W
e
i,
G
.
S
un,
K
.
W.
C
heun
g,
H
.
Z
a
ng
,
and
S.
C
hen,
"
A
r
o
b
u
s
t
optim
i
zati
on
appro
ach
f
o
r
i
ntegrat
e
d
com
m
unit
y
en
e
rgy
sy
s
t
em in energ
y
an
d
an
c
ill
a
ry s
ervi
ce m
a
rkets
,"
Energy
,
vol.
1
4
8
,
pp.
1
-1
5,
2018.
[10]
S.
N
a
s
su
a
t
o
et al.
,
"Di
s
t
r
ibuted
S
t
o
rage
f
or
t
he
p
rovi
s
i
on
of
a
ncillary
s
ervices
to
t
he
m
a
i
n
g
r
id
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
P
R
E
S
T
O
,
"
En
ergy Pr
ocedi
a
,
vol.
9
9
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
1
9
3
,
M
ar
2
016.
[11]
T.
K
ousksou,
P
.
B
ruel
,
A.
J
amil
,
T
.
E
l
Rha
f
ik
i,
a
nd
Y
.
Z
e
r
a
oul
i
,
"
E
nergy
s
t
orag
e:
A
pp
licat
io
ns
a
nd
c
h
a
l
l
eng
e
s,
"
Sol.
Energy
M
a
ter. So
l
.
Cells
,
vol.
1
2
0
,
PA
RT
A
, p
p.
598
0,
2
0
1
4
.
[12]
A.
C
ast
illo
a
nd
D.
F
.
Gayme,
"
Gr
i
d
-scale
energy
s
t
o
rage
a
ppl
i
ca
ti
ons
i
n
ren
e
wab
l
e
energy
i
n
t
eg
rat
i
o
n
:
A
surv
ey,"
En
ergy Conver
s. M
a
n
ag.
,
vo
l
.
87
,
p
p
. 8
85
-89
4
, 2
01
4.
[13]
A
.
B
a
n
s
h
w
a
r
,
N
.
K
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
,
Y
.
R
.
S
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
h
r
i
v
a
s
t
a
v
a
,
"
R
e
n
ewab
le
e
nerg
y
so
urces
a
s
a
n
e
w
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
t
in
anci
llary
s
e
r
v
i
ce m
a
rk
ets,"
Ener
g
y
S
t
r
a
t
e
g. Rev.
,
v
o
l
.
18
,
p
p
. 1
06
-
1
2
0
, 2
01
7.
[14]
A.
M
ajzoo
b
i
and
A
.
K
h
o
d
aei,
"
A
pp
licatio
n
o
f
m
ic
ro
gri
d
s
in
p
ro
vi
di
ng
a
nci
l
l
a
ry
s
e
r
vices
t
o
t
h
e
u
tility
g
ri
d,
"
En
e
r
g
y
,
vo
l.
123
,
p
p
.
55
5
-
56
3,
2
0
17.
[15]
F
.
J
.
H
e
r
e
d
i
a
,
M
.
D
.
C
u
a
d
r
a
d
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
C
o
r
c
h
e
r
o
,
"
O
n
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
a
r
tici
p
atio
n
i
n
t
he
e
lect
ricit
y
m
ark
e
ts
o
f
w
i
nd
p
o
w
er
pl
ant
s
wit
h
b
a
tt
e
r
y
energ
y
s
to
rag
e
s
ys
te
m
s
,
"
C
o
mp
ut
. Op
er. R
e
s
.
, v
ol
.
96
,
p
p
.
316
-32
9
,
201
8.
[16]
M
a
lay
s
ia
E
nerg
y
Com
m
issi
on,
"
E
l
ect
ricit
y
t
ariff
revi
ew
i
n
peni
n
su
la
r
Ma
la
y
s
i
a
f
o
r
R
e
g
ula
t
o
r
y
pe
riod
2
(
RP2
:
20
18
-202
0) u
nd
er in
cent
i
ve-b
ased
regu
l
ati
o
n
(IBR) m
echani
s
m
,
" v
ol
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
2,
M
ar
2
0
18.
[17]
I. Calif
orn
i
a
,
"
CA
ISO - fl
exib
le
r
esou
rces f
as
t f
act
s," p
p
. 1
-4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[18]
CIGRE, "The impact
of
batt
ery en
ergy st
o
rage
s
y
s
tem on distr
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