In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
406~
4
1
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
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ped
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.
i
1.pp
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06-
41
3
406
Jou
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a
l
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o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Design and de
v
elopme
nt of SE
P
I
C
DC-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t converter for
photovoltaic application
Ibr
a
him A
l
h
a
mrou
ni
1
,
M
.
K
.
R
a
h
m
a
t
2
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F
.
A
.
I
s
m
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i
l
3
, Moh
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alem
4
, Aw
a
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J
uso
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, T.
S
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1
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, 3
Elect
rical En
g
in
eerin
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ection
, U
n
i
vers
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y K
u
ala L
u
m
p
ur (UniKL
BM
I), M
alays
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a
4
School
o
f Electrical
a
nd El
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ic E
ngine
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g,
Univers
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s
M
al
aysia, M
al
aysi
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5
Faculty of
E
l
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trical
E
ngi
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eeri
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Universiti
T
e
k
n
ol
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i
a, M
alay
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a
6
Dep
a
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m
e
nt of Elect
rical En
g
ineerin
g, U
n
i
vers
ita
s
Ah
m
ad
D
ahl
a
n,
I
nd
on
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ia
Art
i
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fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
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o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
1
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
8
, 2018
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 3,
201
8
Th
is
s
tud
y
h
i
ghlig
hts
a
new
co
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s
t
r
uctio
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o
f
S
EP
IC
D
C-D
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c
on
vert
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.
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h
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pro
p
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ed
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m
s
fo
r
som
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s
uch
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h
i
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h
v
o
lt
age
ga
in
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us
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urren
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ed
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swit
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I
n
addi
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on
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on
e
ns
urs
th
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m
p
licit
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alo
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w
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cos
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com
p
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w
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vol
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age
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p
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T
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c
onv
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d
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wab
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energy
app
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na
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ba
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ty
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y
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le.
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hus
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he
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3
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V
o
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t
p
u
t
a
n
d
gi
ves
94
%
of effici
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K
eyw
ord
s
:
DC-DC converter
Hi
gh
v
olt
a
g
e
g
ai
n
Low r
i
pple
Re
new
a
b
l
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ene
r
gy
SEPIC
DC-
D
C c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ibra
hi
m
A
l
ha
mr
ou
n
i
,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
S
e
cti
on,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty K
ua
la
Lum
p
u
r
Brit
i
s
h
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n Inst
itu
te
(
U
n
iK
L
B
M
I)
,
Gom
b
ak 53100,
Malaysia.
Em
ail:
i
b
r
a
him
.
moha
me
d@u
n
i
k
l
.e
d
u
.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
g
l
o
b
a
l
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
i
n
g
a
r
a
p
i
d
a
n
d
f
a
s
t
t
e
c
h
n
ol
og
i
c
a
l
g
ro
wt
h
a
n
d
ph
ysi
c
al
deve
l
opm
en
t.
T
h
i
s
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
has
l
e
d
t
o
a
n
i
n
cre
a
se
d
e
m
a
n
d
for
e
n
e
rg
y
b
e
c
a
use
e
n
ergy
pla
y
s
a
c
e
n
tral
r
ole
in
overa
ll
d
eve
l
o
p
m
e
nt
p
roc
e
ss
.
As
o
f
curr
ent,
f
ossil
fue
l
s
ar
e
th
e
prim
ary
sour
ce
for
ene
r
g
y
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
i
t
bec
o
me
s
a
c
h
a
lle
n
g
e
t
o
s
o
l
el
y
rel
y
o
n
fos
s
il
f
uels
due
t
o
i
t
s
s
ou
rce
i
s
e
xpe
ri
e
n
c
i
ng
a
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
add
i
tio
n
t
o
li
m
i
te
d
re
so
ur
ce
s,
f
oss
i
l
fue
l
s
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
n
on-r
e
new
a
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
s
ourc
e
give
v
ar
io
us
r
i
s
ks
a
n
d
h
az
a
r
ds
t
o
huma
n
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
ent
s
u
c
h
a
s gl
oba
l
w
a
rmin
g [1],
[
2]
. Be
side
s,
t
he
un
s
ta
ble g
l
o
b
a
l
fuel price al
so pro
v
i
de
s
cha
lle
ng
e
for
foss
i
l
f
ue
l
t
o
r
em
ain
as
p
rima
ry
e
ner
gy
s
o
urc
e
[
3
].
G
iven
t
he
se
p
ro
blem
s,
i
t
t
hus
d
ri
ve
s
the
exp
l
orat
io
n
of
o
t
h
er
a
lte
rna
t
iv
es
f
or
p
owe
r
g
ene
r
at
io
n
wit
h
h
i
g
her
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
w
a
ys
f
or
e
ne
r
gy
harve
s
tin
g
from
di
ffe
re
nt
s
our
ces.
Re
new
a
b
l
e
e
n
erg
i
es
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
l
ar,
w
i
nd
a
nd
h
ydr
o
pow
er
h
ave
be
en
c
on
s
i
der
e
d
s
i
nc
e
thes
e
ty
pes
o
f
e
ner
g
i
e
s
a
r
e
m
o
re
c
l
e
an,
r
e
lia
ble,
c
e
r
tai
n
,
il
l
i
m
ita
b
l
e
and
irrepr
essible
w
i
t
h
p
rac
t
i
c
ally
z
ero
em
is
sion
[1].
I
n
fac
t
,
t
h
ese
t
ype
s
of
e
ne
rg
y
a
p
p
lic
at
ion
ha
ve
b
e
c
o
me
a
f
oc
us
i
n
ac
ade
m
ic
a
nd
i
n
d
u
stry
r
e
s
ear
ch
f
or
dec
a
de
s
[4].
R
ene
w
ab
le
e
ne
r
g
y
bus
i
n
ess
is
a
mpli
fyi
n
g
fas
t
a
n
d
e
xp
ec
te
d
to
b
e
a
n
e
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
g
en
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
to
da
y’s
w
o
rld
[5]
.
H
ow
e
v
er,
ene
r
g
y
s
tor
a
ge
d
e
v
i
c
es-
c
a
l
l
e
d
a
n
a
cc
um
ula
t
or
o
r
ba
tte
ry
a
r
e
n
ee
ded
d
u
e
to
t
he
in
t
e
rrup
t
e
d
f
e
a
t
ure
o
f
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
nerg
y
so
u
r
ce
s.
T
his
is
d
ue
t
o
t
he
n
ee
d
to
s
t
a
bil
i
ze
t
he
e
l
e
ctric
i
ty
g
e
n
era
tion
and
i
t
s
c
ons
u
m
ptio
n
[4].
E
nergy
s
t
or
ag
e
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
he
p
ro
c
e
ss
of
e
n
e
rgy
c
o
nv
ersi
on
f
ro
m
t
h
e
f
o
rms
th
a
t
a
re
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
o
f
S
EPIC D
C
_D
C bo
os
t
co
nv
erte
r for p
h
o
t
ovo
l
taic.
.
.
(I
brahim
Alham
rou
n
i
)
40
7
di
ffic
ul
t
to
s
t
o
re
t
o
an
o
t
her
for
m
t
ha
t
is
e
a
s
ier
t
o
b
e
st
o
r
ed.
G
rid
u
t
i
lit
y
m
i
gh
t
some
tim
es
b
e
u
n
a
v
a
i
la
b
l
e
;
there
f
ore,
s
t
o
rage
d
ev
ic
e
is
n
ec
essar
y
.
Bes
i
de
s
tha
t
,
s
t
or
a
g
e
d
ev
ice
is
a
l
s
o
imp
o
rta
n
t
when
e
xcess
e
n
erg
y
i
s
gene
ra
ted
fr
om
t
he
r
ene
w
a
b
le
e
ne
rgy
sour
ces
[
6]
.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
s
ys
tem
de
pen
d
s
on
t
h
e
tr
adi
t
i
o
na
l
c
o
nv
e
r
ters
wh
i
c
h
g
e
n
e
rat
e
s
hig
h
c
o
s
t
du
e
to
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
a
n
d
ma
ke
t
he
c
omp
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
ontro
l
be
i
nc
rea
s
e
d
[4
]
.
S
o
lar
p
h
o
t
ov
o
lta
i
c
(
P
V
)
ha
s
pro
v
en
t
hat
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
t
h
e
la
rg
est
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
ner
gy
so
ur
ces
t
o
re
ac
hin
g
the
E
u
ropea
n
t
ar
get
of
2
0%
b
y
20
2
0
.
The
i
m
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
gy
a
nd
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
es
o
f
scale
ha
v
e
t
r
i
g
g
e
r
ed
cos
t
m
in
imiz
at
i
o
n,
a
nd
th
i
s
w
il
l
c
o
nti
n
ue
f
or
t
he
c
omin
g
yea
r
s
as
P
V
bus
i
n
ess
beco
m
e
s
the
o
t
her
e
n
erg
y
source
s
ma
j
o
r
com
p
et
i
tive.
T
hi
s
s
y
s
t
em
c
an
r
e
duce
e
n
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
i
s
s
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
g
r
e
e
n
h
o
u
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
cha
nge
,
g
l
o
b
a
l
w
a
r
ming
an
d p
o
l
l
ut
ion [5].
E
ne
rg
y
ge
nera
ti
on b
y
P
V
c
ells
i
s
DC
w
hi
c
h
r
equires
conversion
to
A
C
t
o
be
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
gr
i
d
/
l
oa
d.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
,
due
t
o
w
e
a
t
he
r
c
h
a
n
g
es
s
uc
h
as
s
un
l
i
g
h
t
in
te
nsi
t
y
a
n
d
ce
ll
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
PV
b
ec
ome
s
a
n
on
l
i
ne
ar
power
s
o
u
rc
e
tha
t
a
ffec
t
s
it
s
sy
st
e
m
p
er
form
ance
.
The
ot
her
fa
c
t
ors
t
h
a
t
affec
t
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
from
P
V
m
odu
le
a
r
e
p
osi
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
un
du
ring
t
h
e
d
ayt
i
m
e.
I
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
P
V
c
e
l
l
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
ar
e
als
o
a
m
o
n
g
t
he
f
ac
t
o
r
s
t
ha
t
a
ffe
c
t
P
V
pe
rfor
ma
n
ce
[
7
].
T
he
ref
o
r
e
,
thi
s
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
nerg
y
syste
m
n
e
e
ds
t
o
ha
ve
a
D
C-D
C
c
o
nvert
er
a
nd
D
C
-A
C
con
v
e
r
ter
to
m
ake
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
s
t
o
rage
t
o
be
p
oss
i
b
l
e
.
D
C
-D
C
co
n
v
e
r
sio
n
m
et
ho
d
con
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
vo
ltage
d
ivi
d
e
r
,
pote
n
t
i
o
me
te
r
and
sw
itc
h
i
ng
as
t
he
s
im
ple
s
t
c
o
nst
r
u
c
ti
on
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
i
s s
i
mpl
e
m
e
t
hod
re
su
lt
s
in
p
oo
r
e
f
fi
c
ie
nc
y [6] and n
e
e
d
s to b
e i
m
pro
v
ed in orde
r to
me
et
t
he
i
n
d
u
s
tria
l
a
n
d
co
mm
ercial
d
em
and
s
.
There
a
r
e
ma
ny
top
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
ha
t
ha
v
e
b
ee
n
su
g
g
e
s
te
d
t
o
implem
e
n
t
t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r.
S
om
e
of
t
he
t
o
p
o
l
o
gie
s
a
r
e
c
a
s
ca
de
H
-b
rid
g
e
,
coup
led
in
d
u
ct
or
a
nd
m
u
lti
le
ve
l
in
put.
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
her
e
a
re
s
t
ill
s
om
e
lim
i
t
a
t
i
o
ns
t
o
pro
d
u
ce
t
h
e
out
p
u
t
vo
l
t
age
w
i
th
h
igh
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
a
n
d
w
itho
u
t
h
a
v
in
g
sy
nc
h
r
on
i
z
a
t
ion
pr
ob
l
e
m
s
.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
tai
c
(
P
V
)
and
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
gy
a
r
e
am
ong
th
e
s
o
urce
s
of
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
ergy.
T
he
se
t
ype
s
of
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
ne
rgy
are
sus
t
ai
na
b
l
e
,
reliab
l
e
a
nd
a
b
u
n
da
n
ce
in
m
a
r
ket
w
h
ic
h
ma
ke
t
hem
t
o
b
e
m
o
re
a
dva
n
t
a
g
e
o
u
s
t
han
the
fos
s
il
fue
l
t
ha
t
cur
re
n
tly
i
s
de
ple
t
i
ng.
F
or
t
h
i
s,
t
he
w
o
r
ld
i
s
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
d
r
i
v
in
g
to
wa
rd
s
g
r
ee
n
en
ergy
t
yp
e
t
h
a
t
m
ak
es
t
h
e
se
t
y
pe
s
o
f
e
nergy
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
pl
i
c
a
tio
n
to
b
e
cruc
ia
l
[8],
[
9]
a
n
d
[
1
0
].
T
he
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
l
t
ag
e
o
f
P
V
pa
ne
ls
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
bo
os
te
d
a
n
d
st
ep-
u
p
due
t
o
i
t
s
l
o
w
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge.
Th
is
i
s
t
o
e
n
a
ble
the
v
o
l
t
a
ge
t
o
m
a
tc
h
w
i
t
h
t
he
g
r
i
d
i
n
te
grat
io
n.
H
ow
e
v
er,
th
is
caus
e
s
t
h
e
app
l
ica
t
i
o
n
o
f
re
n
ewab
le
e
ne
rgy t
o
b
e rath
er di
f
fic
u
l
t
. There
f
o
re
, con
s
ide
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
o
we
r electr
o
n
i
c c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
h
a
d
b
e
co
me
t
h
e
b
est
sol
u
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
p
robl
em
[
8
]-[
10
].
T
he
c
on
n
e
ctio
n
be
t
w
ee
n
th
e
powe
r
g
e
n
era
t
io
n
and
t
h
e
gri
d
c
o
n
si
sts of D
C-
D
C
con
ve
r
t
e
r
and D
C
-A
C in
ve
rter.
The
D
C
-D
C
c
onve
rter sho
uld be
a
ble
to o
bt
a
i
n a h
i
g
h
vo
lta
ge
c
o
n
v
er
sion
w
h
ic
h
the
incr
ease
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
w
i
l
l
be
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
to
t
he
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
a
nd
fi
na
ll
y
to
t
he
g
r
i
d.
T
he
i
n
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
s
o
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
ges
f
o
r
the
D
C
-D
C
conver
t
e
r
as
P
V
panels
requ
ire
d
a
m
ax
imum
pow
e
r
p
oin
t
t
ra
c
k
i
ng
(
M
P
P
T
).
T
he
M
P
P
T
is
o
n
l
y
p
e
rfor
me
d
i
f
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
c
ur
rent
o
f
t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r
i
s
a c
on
tin
u
o
u
s
c
urrent.
A
s
[8] me
n
ti
one
d,
t
he
d
yna
mi
c
per
f
orm
a
nc
e of t
he sys
tem
w
i
l
l
be
i
n
c
r
e
a
sed
w
ith the
c
o
n
tin
uo
us
i
np
u
t
c
urre
nt
o
f t
h
e
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
erte
r.
T
he
c
ruc
i
al
e
l
e
ment
s
of
D
C
-
DC
c
onver
ter
that
a
re
to
b
e used for
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
ne
r
gy
a
p
plic
a
tio
n as
s
a
i
d
b
y
[
9],
[1
0
]
a
r
e
con
t
inuo
us inp
ut
c
urre
nt
a
nd
h
i
gh
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
gai
n
.
In
a
ddi
ti
on,
t
he
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
nal
bo
ost
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
rs
a
ls
o
c
a
n
a
lso
be
u
se
d
as
w
el
l
i
n
t
his
ap
p
lica
t
i
o
n
as
a
sing
le-
s
w
itc
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
sta
g
e
str
u
ct
ure
[
8
].
H
o
w
e
v
er,
c
onve
n
tio
na
l
c
o
nve
rte
r
h
as
l
ow
v
o
l
t
a
ge
c
o
nve
rsi
o
n
ga
in
w
h
ic
h
is
n
ot
e
no
u
gh
for
th
e
a
p
p
lica
t
io
n
of
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
ner
g
y
[11
]-
[1
6].
Thi
s
m
a
k
e
s
t
he
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
con
v
er
t
e
r
t
o
b
e
uns
u
i
ta
b
l
e
for
th
i
s
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
n.
I
n
hig
h
d
ut
y
r
atio
s,
t
he
p
o
w
er
s
witch
wi
l
l
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
perform
ance
t
o
be
a
ffec
te
d
a
nd
de
teri
ora
t
e
d
s
eve
r
el
y
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
the
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
c
o
n
v
erte
r
c
a
n
r
eac
h
t
h
e
hi
gh
vo
lta
g
e
g
a
i
n.
Thi
s
w
o
r
k
ai
ms
t
o
d
e
si
gn
a
nd
d
e
v
e
lop
a
D
C
-DC
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
to
r
e
gul
ate
an
d
con
t
ro
l
the
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
of
t
he
r
e
n
ew
a
b
le
e
ne
rgy
s
our
ce
s
foc
u
si
ng
o
n
P
V
.
This
p
a
p
e
r
e
x
p
l
a
i
ns
t
he
i
m
p
orta
nce
o
f
n
ew
S
EP
IC-
b
ase
d
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
t
opol
ogy
i
n
s
t
e
ad
o
f
oth
e
r
ty
p
e
o
f
DC
-DC
c
onve
rt
er
t
op
ol
o
g
i
e
s.
T
he
o
p
tim
i
z
ati
on
of
D
C-
D
C
a
nd
con
t
ro
l
is
h
ig
h
lig
hte
d
s
i
n
ce
t
he
e
m
p
has
i
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
o
u
t
put
c
ontr
o
l
b
y
u
s
i
ng
M
O
S
F
ET
a
s
t
he
p
ow
er
sw
it
c
h
.
A
ne
w
hi
gh
s
t
e
p
-
up
D
C
-D
C
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
by
us
in
g
t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C-b
ase
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
i
s
pr
esen
ted
wh
ic
h
bring
s
t
h
e
ad
va
nt
ag
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
v
i
ous
S
EPIC
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er.
Th
i
s
m
e
t
ho
d
ad
d
r
e
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
n
e
w
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
ha
vi
ng
c
ont
i
n
u
o
u
s
in
put
c
urre
nt
a
nd
h
i
g
h
vol
tag
e
c
on
v
ersi
on
g
a
i
n
.
B
es
id
es
t
hat
,
t
hi
s
to
pol
og
y
i
s
als
o
a
bl
e
t
o
re
d
uce
vo
l
t
a
g
e stre
ss
on t
h
e
pow
er
s
w
i
tc
h.
2.
CIRCUIT CO
NFIGRAT
ON
A
N
D
OPERATI
O
N
PRO
C
E
DURE
The
cur
c
ui
t
co
nfi
gurat
i
on
of
t
he
p
ro
pose
d
S
EP
IC
c
on
ve
rter
i
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1.
T
he
c
o
n
ve
ter
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
D
C
vol
ta
ge
S
ou
rc
e,
f
ive
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
rs,
three
in
duc
tor
s
,
a
MOS
F
ET
s
w
i
t
ch,
and
f
o
ur
d
i
o
de
s
and
cou
p
l
ed
i
nduc
tor
.
T
he
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
c
r
oss
t
h
e
m
a
in
s
w
itch
i
s
c
l
am
ped
b
y
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
a
n
d
d
i
o
d
e
D
1
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
the
c
o
nd
uc
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss.
W
h
i
l
e
,
ca
paci
t
o
rs
C
3
a
nd
C4
a
re
c
ha
rged
b
y
b
ot
h
s
i
de
s
o
f
t
he
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
nduc
tor
.
T
he
ut
iliz
e
d
c
om
p
o
n
an
ts va
l
ues
are
table
d
i
n
Tab
l
e
1.
F
i
gure
2
s
how
s
t
h
e
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
of
o
per
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
for
e
a
c
h
m
o
d
e
.
M
o
d
e
I
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
a
s
s
o
o
n
a
s
the
sw
i
t
c
h
i
s
o
n
a
nd
m
ode
V
e
n
d
ed
w
he
n
t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
i
s
on
a
g
a
i
n
f
or
t
he
n
e
x
t
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
per
i
od.
T
he
c
irc
u
i
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
40
6
–
413
40
8
c
o
n
s
tr
uc
tio
n
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
pr
o
j
ec
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
gur
e
2
.
T
he
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
al
l
cap
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
are
ass
u
me
d
l
a
rg
e
t
o
m
a
ke
t
he
a
na
lys
i
s
s
i
m
p
l
e
.
T
h
is
i
s
t
o
i
gn
or
e
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
r
ip
ple
s
i
n
th
e
cap
a
c
ito
r.
T
h
e
re
fo
re
,
vo
lt
ag
e
g
a
in
i
n
stea
dy
sta
t
e
ca
n
be
o
bta
i
ne
d.
B
e
s
i
d
es,
t
h
e
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
c
i
r
cui
t
a
r
e
al
so
a
ssumed
i
d
e
al
.
The
mo
d
e
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
s
ar
e di
v
i
de
d
int
o
f
ive
m
odes.
E
ac
h
m
ode
h
a
s
d
if
fe
r
e
nt
ope
r
a
t
i
o
n
ba
se
d
on
the
cur
r
ent
f
l
ow
p
a
t
h.
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
c
ir
cu
it
c
o
nf
i
g
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
v
er
ter
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
low
c
ha
r
t
o
f
the
pr
o
pos
ed
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
op
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
a
b
l
e
1.
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
er
o
f
e
a
c
h
c
o
m
pone
n
t
f
or
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
sed
co
n
v
er
te
r
S
p
ec
ifi
c
a
tions
V
a
l
ue
s
Input
volta
ge
26V
Ca
p
a
c
itors
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
, C
4
=
4
7
u
F
C
0
=
180u
F
Ind
u
c
t
ors
L
=
320uH
Lm
=
100
uH
L
k
=
1uH
n=
2
Sw
itc
hing
fr
e
que
nc
y
Pow
e
r
swi
t
c
h
30kH
z
M
O
SFET
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
o
f
S
EPIC D
C
_D
C bo
os
t
co
nv
erte
r for p
h
o
t
ovo
l
taic.
.
.
(I
brahim
Alham
rou
n
i
)
40
9
A
t
t
h
e
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r,
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
o
f
the
se
co
ndar
y
s
ide
ca
nn
ot
b
e
ch
a
nge
s
imu
lta
ne
ous
l
y
d
ue
t
o
the i
n
duc
t
o
r
curr
ents.
The
r
efo
r
e, its cur
rent e
qua
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
w
ritt
e
n
as:
(
1
)
Ls
i
is
t
he
s
ec
ond
a
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
c
urre
nt
,
Lm
i
i
s
t
he
p
rim
a
r
y
w
i
n
di
n
g
c
ur
ren
t
,
Lk
i
i
s
t
h
e
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
in
duc
t
i
ve
cur
rent.
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
N
is t
he
p
rima
ry w
i
n
d
i
ng,
a
nd
N
is t
he
se
co
ndar
y
w
in
din
g
The
min
i
mum
va
l
u
e o
f
in
d
u
ct
or,
L a
nd m
a
gn
etiz
i
ng
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
m
c
an
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
ed
as b
e
low:
L2
9
.
7
u
H
(3
)
(
4
)
2
6.97
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
L
a
n
d
L
m
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
c
o
nver
t
er
t
o
oper
a
te
un
der
CC
M
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on,
t
h
i
s
fa
ctor
m
ay
a
ffe
ct
t
he
c
on
ve
rte
r
t
o
w
o
rk
n
ear
t
he
D
CM
c
on
dit
i
o
n
.
There
f
o
r
e,
i
n
order
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
t
hi
s
issue
,
t
he
d
e
s
ig
n
of
c
o
n
v
erter
sh
o
u
l
d
c
onsi
der
t
h
e
2
0
%
o
f
a
ll
owa
b
l
e
r
ipp
l
e
c
u
rr
ent
t
h
a
t
passes
t
h
ro
u
g
h
the
i
n
duc
t
o
rs.
The
r
ef
ore,
t
he
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
form
ula
a
s
below
i
s
u
sed
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
de
r
the
va
l
u
e
of
L
a
nd
L
m
t
h
at
c
an
f
u
lly
o
p
e
rat
e
u
nd
er
C
C
M
c
ond
it
io
n
.
∆
(
5
)
∆
(
6
)
Ba
se
d on
(3),
(4)
, (5) a
nd (6)
t
h
e
val
u
e
of L
a
nd Lm
i
s
se
lect
e
d
to be
3
2
0uH
and
10
0
u
H
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
a
n
a
l
yz
e
t
h
e
circ
u
i
t
pe
rform
a
nc
e,
t
he
c
ircu
i
t
i
s
c
o
n
s
t
ruc
t
e
d
i
n
Ma
tla
b
S
i
m
u
l
i
nk.
F
rom
the
si
mul
a
tio
n
,
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
lt
a
g
e
,
out
put
c
u
rren
t
,
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
cross
c
a
p
a
ci
tor
s
a
nd
c
urre
nt
f
l
o
w
s
t
h
r
ou
gh
i
nduc
tor
s
c
an
clea
rl
y
be
s
e
e
n
and
ex
p
l
ai
ne
d
.
I
n
or
der
to
o
b
t
ai
n
t
h
e
ste
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
ope
rat
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
v
o
l
tage
g
ai
n,
t
he
c
a
p
ac
i
t
ors
val
u
e of
a
l
l
c
a
p
ac
it
ors
must
b
e
lar
g
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
to ne
g
lect the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
i
ppl
e
s
,
t
h
e
semi
co
ndu
ct
o
r
s
th
at
h
ave
b
e
en
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
l
l
i
d
e
a
l
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
resu
lts
w
i
l
l
b
e
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
in
t
o
f
iv
e
sub-
sec
t
i
o
ns
a
s
th
e
pro
pose
d
c
o
nve
rter
h
as
b
e
e
n
i
m
p
l
e
me
nt
e
d
a
nd
t
e
s
te
d
u
nde
r
vario
u
s
op
e
r
at
i
o
n
c
o
ndi
t
i
ons
w
h
i
c
h
a
re
:
varri
e
d
the
dut
y
rat
i
o
D
,
v
arr
i
e
d
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
freq
u
e
n
c
y
f
s,
c
om
paris
on
of
c
i
r
cu
it
o
p
er
at
ion
w
i
th
d
iffere
nt
t
ype
o
f
pow
e
r
swi
t
c
h
, o
ut
put
o
f
th
e
p
r
op
ose
d
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
a
nd
v
olt
a
g
e
g
ain
.
3.1.
Prop
ose
d
c
on
ve
rte
r
op
e
r
a
ti
on
u
nd
er
d
uty
cycle
, d
var
iat
i
o
n
I
n
t
h
i
s
se
ct
ion,
t
he
p
ro
p
o
sed
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
o
p
e
rated
u
nder
t
h
e
s
am
e
fr
equen
c
y,
f
s
w
h
i
c
h
is
3
0
k
H
z
a
nd
the
sa
me
i
n
p
u
t
vol
t
a
ge,
V
i
=
26
V
bu
t
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
ies
du
ty
c
ycle,
D
(D
0.4).
The
pow
er
s
w
itc
h
t
h
a
t
h
as
b
e
e
n
used is MOS
F
ET.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
40
6 –
41
3
41
0
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
. The
va
l
ue
o
f
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
V
o by
us
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
ent
du
t
y
cyc
le
F
i
gure
4.
T
he
v
al
ue o
f ou
t
p
u
t
c
urr
e
nt Io
by
usin
g
dif
f
ere
n
t
du
t
y
cyc
l
e
F
r
om
F
igure
3
a
nd
F
i
g
u
re
4
,
it
is
c
lea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
hen
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
yc
le,
D
is
i
ncre
ases,
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge,
V
o
i
s
also
i
nc
rea
s
in
g.
T
his
ha
ppe
ns
b
e
c
a
u
se
o
f
the
v
o
l
tage
g
a
i
n,
M
f
orm
u
la
a
s
m
e
nti
o
ned
bel
o
w
.
Whe
n
t
he du
t
y c
y
cle,
D
i
s
i
n
c
r
ea
sed,
t
he v
ol
t
a
ge
g
ai
n,
M
is inc
re
ase
d
,
so doe
s t
h
e
out
pu
t vo
l
t
age.
V
M
V
(
7)
H
o
w
e
ve
r,
t
he
v
a
l
ue
o
f
ou
tpu
t
c
urre
n
t
,
I
O
ca
nn
o
t
b
e
a
s
s
u
m
e
d
si
m
p
l
y
b
ec
ause
o
f
t
h
e
in
c
r
ea
se
o
f
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
, V
O
. The
ou
t
p
u
t
curre
nt ca
n
b
e
ca
l
c
u
l
ate
d
b
y
usi
ng
be
l
o
w
equa
tio
n
:
(
8)
3.2.
Prop
ose
d
c
on
ve
rte
r
op
e
r
a
ti
on
u
nd
er
switc
h
i
n
g
f
re
qu
en
c
y
,
f
s var
iati
on
In
t
h
i
s
s
ect
ion,
t
h
e
c
i
r
cui
t
i
s
op
era
t
e
d
unde
r
t
h
e
s
a
me
d
u
t
y
cy
c
l
e,
D
a
nd
t
h
e
sa
me
i
np
u
t
vol
tage
,
V
i
=
2
6
V
b
u
t
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
f
s
(
f
1
0kH
z
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
t
h
a
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
u
s
e
d
i
s
MOSF
ET.
F
r
om
F
igure
5
,
it
sh
ow
s
tha
t
w
he
n
the
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
fr
eque
nc
y,
f
s
i
s
i
n
c
r
ea
si
n
g
,
the
ou
tpu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge,
V
O
dec
r
ea
se
s
as
w
e
l
l.
I
n
th
is
c
a
s
e
,
t
he
r
an
ge
o
f
sw
itc
h
i
ng
fre
q
ue
n
cy
f
s
i
s
de
ter
m
ine
d
b
y
th
e
va
lue
of
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge,
V
O
.
Hi
gh
er
s
wi
t
c
hin
g
f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
wi
ll
r
ed
u
c
e
t
h
e
si
ze
o
f
c
o
mp
on
en
ts
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
re
duc
e
the
ou
t
put
rip
p
le.
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
ue
nc
y
i
s
t
he
r
a
t
e
of
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
t
o
s
w
itc
h
o
n
an
d
o
ff
dur
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
du
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
roce
ss
f
r
o
m
the
p
u
lse
ge
ne
rator.
F
rom
F
i
gure
6,
i
t
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
w
he
n
the
sw
i
t
c
h
i
ng
fr
eque
nc
y,
f
s
is
i
ncre
ases,
t
h
e
i
npu
t
curr
ent I
i
i
s
decr
ea
se
s. This
happe
ns d
ue
t
o hi
g
h
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
fr
equenc
y
t
h
a
t l
e
ad
s
to
h
igh
e
r s
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
lo
sse
s
.
F
i
gure
5.
T
he
v
al
ue
o
f ou
t
p
u
t
volta
ge V
o
by
usi
ng
di
ffere
n
t
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
fre
que
nc
y
F
i
gure
6.
T
he va
l
ue
o
f
in
put
c
urre
nt, I
i
by usi
ng
differ
e
n
t sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g fr
eque
nc
y
3.2.
1.
C
o
mp
arison
of
cir
c
u
i
t
op
e
r
ation
with
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
typ
e
of p
ower
sw
itc
h
I
n
t
his
se
ct
i
on,
t
w
o
pow
er
s
w
itc
hes
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
MO
S
F
ET
and
IG
BT
a
re
b
e
i
n
g
c
ompa
red.
T
he
c
irc
u
it
is
o
p
e
rate
d
u
n
d
e
r
t
he
s
a
m
e
d
u
t
y
c
yc
le,
D
a
nd
t
h
e
sam
e
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
ncy,
f
s
w
h
ich
is
3
0kH
z.
T
he
pow
er
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
0
.
30
.
4
0
.
50
.
6
0
.
70
.
8
Vo (V)
D
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.
3
0
.4
0.
5
0
.
6
0.
7
0
.
8
Io (A)
D
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
70
0
80
0
5
1
52
53
54
5
Vo (V)
Fs (Hz)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
5
1
52
53
54
5
Ii (A
)
Fs (H
z
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
o
f
S
EPIC D
C
_D
C bo
os
t
co
nv
erte
r for p
h
o
t
ovo
l
taic.
.
.
(I
brahim
Alham
rou
n
i
)
41
1
sw
it
c
h
es
t
ha
t
h
a
ve
b
een
c
omp
a
r
e
d
ar
e
betw
e
e
n
M
O
S
F
ET
and
I
G
BT.
F
rom
bo
t
h
F
ig
ur
es
7
a
nd
8,
it
is
c
lear
ly
show
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
MO
S
F
ET ha
s a
highe
r a
b
i
lit
y
to ha
v
e h
i
gh v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n w
h
e
n
c
o
m
par
e
d t
o
I
G
B
T.
F
i
gure
7.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
b
y
usi
ng d
i
ffere
n
t
ty
p
e
o
f
s
w
it
c
h
F
i
gure
8.
O
utp
u
t
curr
en
t by
usi
ng d
i
ffere
n
t
t
y
p
e
of sw
i
tch
The
r
ef
ore,
f
or
t
h
i
s
pr
op
ose
d
c
on
verte
r
,
MO
SF
ET
has
been
c
ho
sen
to
b
e
t
h
e
mo
st
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
swi
t
c
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
r
o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
,
t
h
e
c
onve
rt
er
oper
a
t
i
on
has
low
e
r
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
st
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
curr
ent
st
r
e
ss
o
n
t
he
p
owe
r
s
wit
c
h.
H
enc
e
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
swit
ch
w
il
l
be
a
b
l
e
t
o
o
pe
rate
a
w
a
y
from
its
s
a
t
ura
t
i
o
n
regi
on.
The
v
o
lta
ge s
tre
s
s
on t
h
e sw
itc
h,
V
s
c
a
n
be c
alc
u
la
te
d
as
t
he
for
mu
l
a
(
9):
V
V
(
9
)
Mea
n
w
h
ile
t
he
c
u
r
rent
l
oss o
n
sw
i
t
c
h
, I
s
can
b
e
calcu
la
te
d as
t
he
for
mu
la
(
10)
:
I
M
I
I
(
10)
3.2.
2.
Ou
tp
ut
o
f
th
e p
r
op
ose
d
c
onve
rte
r
A
f
ter
ana
l
yz
i
n
g
the
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
du
t
y
c
yc
l
e
,
D
and
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
frequ
e
n
c
y
,
fs
t
o
the
pro
p
o
se
d
co
n
v
er
ter
opera
tio
n,
D
=
0
.45
a
n
d
fs
=3
0
kH
z
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
c
h
ose
n
t
o
b
e
t
he
o
pt
i
mal
v
a
lu
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
rop
o
se
d
conve
rt
er
t
o
perform
its
o
p
e
r
a
tion.
B
ase
d
on
the
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
M
O
S
F
ET
a
nd
IG
BT,
M
O
S
F
ET
is
s
ele
c
ted
t
o
opera
te
i
n
t
h
is
c
on
ve
rter.
The
MO
S
F
ET
is
g
e
t
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
gna
l
fro
m
t
h
e
pu
lse
ge
ner
a
tor.
T
he
p
ulse
g
e
n
er
ate
d
i
s
an
o
pen
l
o
op
pu
lse
w
h
i
c
h
d
o
es
n
ot
i
nc
lud
e
a
ny
c
o
n
t
rol
l
er.
The
i
n
p
u
t
vo
ltage
i
s
ke
pt
c
o
n
sta
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
V
i
=2
6V
.
In
t
hi
s
pro
p
o
s
ed
c
onve
rter
,
squ
a
r
e
w
a
v
e
pul
se
i
s
use
d
t
o
trig
ger
an
d
gi
ve
s
ig
na
l
t
o
t
h
e
gate
o
f MOS
F
ET.
F
i
gure 1
0
d
is
pla
y
s t
h
e in
pu
t
c
u
rre
nt
o
f the
pr
op
ose
d
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r.
T
he
i
np
ut
c
ur
rent I
i
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
ed to be
the
sa
me
a
s
i
n
duc
t
i
ve
c
ur
ren
t
i
L
,
I
i
=i
L
.
Th
is
i
s
b
e
ca
use
t
h
e
func
tio
n
of
i
nd
uc
tor
L
i
t
se
lf
i
s
to
p
ro
v
i
d
e
a
s
mo
ot
h
in
put
c
urr
e
nt
o
f
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
c
on
ve
rter.
F
r
om
F
igure
9,
i
t
show
s
the
in
du
cti
v
e
c
u
r
r
ent
i
L
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
ly
9
A
and
i
t
s
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
s
l
ow.
He
nce,
t
his
m
a
ke
s
t
h
e
r
i
p
p
le
o
f
t
h
e
in
pu
t
curr
ent
is
a
lso
to
b
e
low.
T
he
u
ses
of
p
assive
clam
p
circ
u
it
i
n
t
his
c
o
nv
e
r
te
r
ope
rati
o
n
w
h
i
ch
i
s
the
D
2
a
nd
C
2
i
s
t
o
r
e
c
y
c
l
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
h
a
t
i
s
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
leaka
g
e i
n
duc
t
a
nc
e
t
h
a
t
p
rese
nts
i
n
t
he
c
o
upl
e
-
in
du
c
t
o
r
.
There
f
ore
, the
in
p
u
t
ri
pp
l
e
c
u
r
rent
i
s
reduc
ed.
F
i
gure
1
0
d
isp
l
ay
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
t
h
e
prop
ose
d
c
on
ve
rter
.
F
r
o
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
,
a
t
t
i
m
e
,
t
=
0
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
a
rt
s
t
o
i
n
c
re
as
e,
a
n
d
it
r
ea
ch
es
t
he
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
V
o
(m
ax)
=
3
0
8
V
a
t
t
=
0
.
1
5
.
T
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
V
o
bec
o
me
s
st
a
b
l
e
a
t
t=0.
2
s w
h
i
c
h
give
s t
h
e
V
o(rm
s)=
3
00 V
.
F
i
gure
9. I
npu
t
curr
ent
F
i
gure
1
0
. O
u
t
pu
t v
o
l
t
a
g
e
300
V
294
V
MO
SFET
I
GBT
Voltage
(
V)
Power
S
witc
h
0.
733
A
0.
706
A
MO
SFET
I
GBT
C
u
rren
t
(A)
P
o
wer
S
witc
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
40
6 –
41
3
41
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
d
i
s
pl
a
y
s
th
e
out
put
c
u
rren
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
op
o
s
e
d
c
o
nve
rt
er
.
F
r
om
F
igure
1
1
,
at
tim
e,
t
=
0
s
,
the
curr
ent
sta
r
t
s
t
o
incr
ease
,
a
n
d
it
re
ache
s
t
h
e
m
aximum
v
alue
I
o(m
a
x)
=
0
.7
517
A
a
t
t=0.1
5
s
.
Th
e
v
a
lue
of
I
o
bec
o
me
s
s
t
ab
le
a
t
t
=
0.
2
s
w
h
i
c
h
g
i
ve
s
t
h
e
I
o(rm
s
)
=
0
.7
32
7
A
.
T
he
u
se
s
o
f
a
c
ou
ple
d
i
nd
uc
to
r
ar
e
hi
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
i
n
th
i
s
p
aper
t
o i
n
cre
a
se the vo
l
t
a
ge
ga
i
n. Co
u
p
l
e
d
in
d
u
c
t
or is us
e
d
t
o l
o
w
e
r
the com
p
one
n
t
cou
n
t
w
i
t
h im
p
r
ove
d
in
t
e
grat
io
n
a
n
d
reduc
e the
r
e
q
u
irem
en
t of i
n
duc
ta
nc
e. C
3
i
n
t
h
is
c
on
ve
rter ac
t
s as
t
he
v
ol
ta
ge mu
l
t
i
pl
ier w
h
ic
h
incre
a
ses t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e ga
in
.
H
e
nce
, the
ou
t
put
volta
ge
is i
n
cre
a
sed
b
y
M a
s m
e
nti
one
d
in (
11).
F
i
gur
e 1
1
.
O
u
tpu
t
cur
rent
3.2.
3.
Vo
l
t
ag
e
ga
i
n
Vo
lt
a
g
e
ga
in
m
ea
n
s
h
o
w
b
ig
t
h
e
outp
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
t
h
a
n
th
e
i
n
put
v
o
lt
ag
e
.
D
C
vo
l
t
a
g
e
g
ai
n
whi
c
h
i
s
als
o
c
a
lle
d
as
s
tea
dy-s
t
a
t
e
vo
lta
ge
g
a
i
n
is
t
h
e
r
a
t
io
o
f
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
.
The
prop
os
e
d
con
v
er
t
e
r
is
o
pe
rate
d
w
i
th
vol
tage
g
a
i
n,
M
.
The
va
l
u
e
of
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
g
a
i
n,
M
c
an
b
e
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
ed
by
us
i
n
g
the
(11)
:
M
1
1.5
(
11)
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
desi
g
n
o
f
new
S
E
P
I
C-D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
on
top
o
l
o
gy
t
o
r
egu
l
a
t
e
the
out
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
the
re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
g
y
s
ource
s
foc
u
s
i
ng
o
n
P
V
.
H
e
nce
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
tu
dy
,
c
o
n
t
i
nuo
us
c
u
r
re
n
t
a
nd
h
i
g
h
vo
lt
a
g
e
con
v
er
sio
n
g
a
i
n
ca
n
be
a
c
h
i
e
ved.
B
e
s
id
e
s
t
ha
t
,
t
h
i
s
circ
ui
t
des
ig
n
is
a
l
s
o
a
b
l
e
t
o
re
du
c
e
s
t
r
e
ss
on
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
sw
it
c
h
w
hic
h
c
a
n
f
ur
ther
i
mp
rove
t
he
e
ffic
i
enc
y
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
-D
C
c
o
nve
r
t
er.
The
pr
op
ose
d
c
o
nver
t
e
r
h
as
b
e
e
n
si
m
u
late
d
a
n
d
tes
t
ed
u
n
d
er
d
iffer
n
t
co
nd
i
tio
ns
b
y
MA
TLA
B
_
SIMU
LI
N
K
.
The
conve
r
t
e
r
h
a
s
b
een
a
na
ly
sed
base
d
o
n
d
i
f
fere
nt
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
f
reque
nc
ies
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
c
ycle
.
T
h
us,
the
ou
tc
om
e
of
t
he
p
ro
pose
d
c
on
verte
r
c
an
b
e
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
b
y
us
in
g
D
=
0.
4
5
a
n
d
f
s=
30
kH
z.
T
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
v
erter
p
r
o
v
e
d
the
ab
ili
t
y
t
o
m
eet
t
he
r
eq
uirm
en
s
dem
a
nde
d
b
y
P
V sourc
e
s.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
The
a
u
th
ors
w
o
u
l
d
like
t
o
e
xpr
ess the
i
r
grat
itu
de
to U
n
iv
er
si
ti K
u
a
l
a
Lum
pur for su
p
p
o
rt
in
g an
d
fu
n
d
i
n
g th
i
s
r
ese
a
rc
h un
der
grant
N
o
.
str18
0
05.
REFE
RENCES
[1
]
Var
e
si,
K
.
,
Ho
sseini
,
S
.
H.,
Sa
b
a
hi,
M
.,
Babaei,
E.
,
an
d
Vo
so
u
g
hi
,
N.,
"
P
erf
o
rman
ce
an
d
d
e
si
gn
anal
ys
is
o
f
a
n
i
m
proved
n
on-
i
s
o
lat
e
d
m
u
ltiple
i
nput
b
uck
DC–D
C
convert
er
,
"
IE
T Po
wer
Electron
i
cs
,
vol.
10(9),
p
p
.
1
03
4–
104
5,
20
1
7
.
[2
]
Li
W
,
Lv
X
,
De
ng
Y
,
Liu
J,
H
e
X.
,
"
A
r
e
v
ie
w
of
n
on
-isola
te
d
hig
h
s
t
ep
-up
DC/
D
C
co
nv
erters
i
n
r
e
new
a
bl
e
energ
y
ap
pli
cati
ons,"
In
Ap
plied
Po
wer E
l
ect
ronics
Confer
ence
and
E
x
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
200
9.
APEC 2
0
0
9
.
T
w
enty-F
ou
rt
h
A
n
n
ual
IEEE Feb
15,
pp.
3
64
-3
69
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
A
l
ham
r
o
uni,
Ibrah
i
m
,
W
an
I
sm
ail
H
a
ni
s
,
M
oh
a
m
ed
S
alem,
F
a
d
i
M
.
A
lbat
sh,
and
Bazi
lah
Ism
a
il.,
"
Ap
plicat
ion
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
E
V
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
P
W
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
hyb
rid
reson
a
nt
.
"
In Po
wer a
nd
Ener
gy
(
P
E
C
on),
2
016 IEEE Inter
nati
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
eren
ce on
,
p
p
.
1
33
-138
, 2
01
6.
[4
]
Z
h
ang
,
Z
h
e
,
Maria
C.
M
i
r
a,
a
nd
M
ichael
A
E
A
n
d
e
rsen.
,
"
Anal
ytica
l
co
m
p
a
r
i
s
on
o
f
d
u
al
-in
p
ut
i
s
o
l
a
ted
d
c
-dc
co
nvert
er
w
it
h
an
ac
or
d
c
in
du
ct
or
f
or
r
enew
able
e
n
e
rgy
s
y
st
em
s."
In Fu
tu
re Energy El
ectr
o
n
i
cs Co
nfer
ence an
d
E
C
CE A
s
ia
(
I
FEEC 2017-
E
CCE
Asia)
,
IEEE
3rd
International
,
p
p
.
65
9-66
4,
2
0
17.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd
de
ve
l
o
pm
e
n
t
o
f
S
EPIC D
C
_D
C bo
os
t
co
nv
erte
r for p
h
o
t
ovo
l
taic.
.
.
(I
brahim
Alham
rou
n
i
)
41
3
[5
]
Mohod,
S
harad
W.,
and
Abhijit
V
.
P
a
dgavhankar.,
"C
l
o
sed
loop
di
gital
co
ntroll
er
o
f
D
C
-D
C
con
v
erter
f
o
r
ren
e
w
a
bl
e
en
erg
y
s
o
u
rce
(P
V
Cell
)
,"
I
n
R
e
newab
l
e En
ergy a
nd Sust
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
erg
y
(
I
CRES
E),
2013
In
tern
atio
nal
Co
nfer
ence o
n
IE
EE
,
pp
.
1
1
2
-
11
6
,
2
01
3.
[6
]
S
r
avan
aku
m
a
r
,
Raj
a
na,
A.
S
i
v
a
p
rasad,
S
.
K
u
m
a
ravel
,
a
nd
S
.
A
sho
k
.
,
"
Dev
e
lo
pm
ent
o
f
D
u
a
l
inpu
t—Sin
g
l
e
o
utput
h
i
gh
f
req
u
ency
t
rans
f
o
rm
er
c
o
u
p
l
ed
D
C-D
C
c
on
vert
er
f
or
r
enew
a
b
l
e
en
er
gy
i
nt
egration
,
"
In
En
gi
neer
in
g
,
Te
c
h
no
lo
gy
an
d Inn
o
v
atio
n/In
te
rna
tio
na
l
Te
c
h
n
o
log
y
Ma
na
ge
m
e
nt Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(IC
E
/I
T
M
C
)
,
2015
In
ter
nat
io
nal
Co
nfer
ence o
n
IE
EE
,
pp
.
1
-
5,
2
0
1
5.
[7
]
Salem,
M
.
,
J
u
s
o
h
,
A.
,
Idri
s,
N
.R
.
N
.
,
S
u
tikn
o
,
T
.
and
Buswig
,
Y
.
M.Y.
,
"Phase-s
hift
ed
s
eri
e
s
res
onant
c
onverter
w
i
th
zero
vol
tag
e
s
w
itch
i
n
g
t
urn-o
n
a
n
d
v
ariabl
e
f
r
equ
e
ncy
co
nt
rol
.
"
In
ter
n
a
t
i
ona
l J
o
ur
na
l of
Po
wer E
l
ectr
onics
an
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S
),
8
(3
),
pp.
1
184
-11
9
,
2017.
[8
]
M
o
rad
p
o
u
r,
R
eza,
H
o
s
s
e
in
A
rdi,
a
nd
A
b
d
o
l
rez
a
T
avako
li,
"
Des
i
g
n
an
d
Imp
l
em
en
tati
on
o
f
a
N
e
w
S
E
PIC-Bas
e
d
H
i
gh
S
tep
-
Up
D
C/DC
C
o
n
v
e
rter
f
or
R
enew
able
E
nerg
y
Ap
pl
icati
o
n
s
.
"
IEEE Tran
sactions
on Industrial
E
l
ectr
onics
, v
o
l
. 6
5, n
o
. 2
, pp
.
1
2
9
0
-
12
97
,20
1
8
.
[9
]
L
a
mb
,
Jacob
,
a
n
d
B
ehro
oz
M
i
r
afzal,
"
A
n
adapt
i
ve
S
PWM
tech
niq
u
e
f
o
r
ca
s
caded
m
u
l
tilev
e
l
converters
w
ith
time-
variant
dc
s
ourc
es."
IE
EE T
r
ansa
c
ti
on
s o
n
In
dust
r
y
A
pplica
t
i
o
n
s
,
vol.
52
,
n
o
. 5
,
p
p
. 41
4
6
-4
15
5,
2
01
6.
[1
0]
A
r
di,
H
o
ss
e
i
n
,
A
li
A
jam
i
,
an
d
M
e
hran
S
abah
i,
"
A
N
o
v
e
l
Hig
h
S
tep
-Up
DC–DC
Conv
erter
With
C
on
ti
nuo
u
s
I
npu
t
Cu
rren
t
Int
e
g
r
ati
n
g
Cou
p
l
e
d
Indu
cto
r
f
or
R
enewab
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Ap
pli
cati
ons."
IEE
E
T
r
an
sa
c
tio
ns
o
n
In
du
stria
l
E
l
ectr
onics
, v
o
l
. 6
5, n
o
. 2
, pp
.
1
3
0
6
-
13
15
, 20
1
8
.
[1
1]
S
al
em,
Mo
hamed
,
Awan
g
J
u
s
oh,
N
.
Ru
m
z
i
N.
I
dris
,
Him
a
dry
S
h
ekh
a
r
D
a
s
,
a
n
d
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
A
l
h
a
m
r
o
u
n
i
,
"
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
p
o
wer
con
v
ert
e
rs
w
it
h
resp
ect
t
o
p
a
ss
iv
e
s
t
orag
e
(L
C)
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
con
t
ro
l
tech
niq
u
es
–A
n
ov
e
r
v
i
ew
.
"
Re
n
e
w
a
bl
e
a
nd Su
sta
i
n
able
E
n
er
gy
R
e
vi
ews
, v
ol
. 91
,
p
p
. 5
04
-52
0
. 20
1
8
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[1
2]
S
a
lem
,
M
.
,
J
u
s
oh,
A
.
an
d
Idris,
N
.
R
.
N
,
"
I
m
p
lem
e
ntin
g
buck
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
echni
qu
es".
In
Po
wer E
ngineer
in
g a
n
d
Op
ti
miz
a
t
i
o
n
Co
n
f
erence
(PEO
CO)
,
2
0
1
3
IE
EE
7t
h In
ter
n
a
tio
nal
on
IE
EE
,
pp
. 18
8
-1
92
.
20
13
.
[1
3]
Salem,
M
.,
J
uso
h
,
A.,
Id
ris,
N
.R
.
N
.,
S
u
t
i
k
no
,
T.
a
n
d
A
bid
,
I
.
,
"ZVS
f
ull
bri
dge
s
eries
res
o
n
a
nt
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
s
e
ries-connec
t
ed
t
rans
f
o
r
m
er.
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal Journ
a
l
of Po
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs an
d
Drive Sys
t
em
s
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
8
(2),
p
p
.
8
12
-825
.
2
017.
[1
4]
Salem,
M
.
,
J
uso
h
,
A.
,
Id
r
i
s,
N
.
R
.N.
and
Alha
mro
u
n
i
,
I
.,
"
E
x
t
en
s
io
n
of
Z
ero
V
o
l
t
age
S
w
itchi
ng
r
an
ge
f
o
r
s
eri
e
s
re
so
n
a
nt c
on
ve
rte
r
, "
In
En
ergy Conver
si
on
Conferen
ce
(
C
ENCON)
,
20
15
IEEE Confer
ence
,
pp.
171-1
75.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5]
Salem,
M
.
,
J
uso
h
,
A
.
,
Id
ris,
N
.R
.N.
a
n
d
Alhamr
ou
ni,
I.,
"
A
r
e
v
i
ew
o
f
an
i
nd
uc
tive
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
ansf
e
r
s
ystem
f
o
r
EV
battery charger.
"
Eu
ro
pean
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Sc
i
e
nt
ific
R
e
sea
r
ch
,
13
4
,
p
p.
41
-5
6.
2
0
15
[1
6]
Salem,
M
.
,
J
u
s
o
h
,
A
.,
Id
ris,
N
.R.N.
and
Alh
a
mrou
ni
,
I
.,
"Co
m
p
a
r
ison
o
f
LC
L
re
son
a
nt
c
on
v
e
rte
r
w
ith
fixe
d
f
r
equ
e
ncy
,
"
an
d
vari
able
f
requen
c
y
co
nt
rol
l
ers.
I
n
Ener
gy Co
nver
sio
n
(
C
E
NCON), IEEE
Confer
ence,
pp
. 84
-
89
20
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.