Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
42
1
~
4
3
0
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
42
1
-
4
3
0
421
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Experim
entall
y
evalu
ating elect
rical
outp
uts
of a
PV
-
T
s
ystem
in
Jordan
Issa
E
tier
1
, Sa
le
m N
ijme
h
2
, Mo
hamm
ed
S
hdief
at
3
,
Om
ar
A
l
-
Ob
aidy
4
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Fa
cul
ty
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
King
Abdula
zi
z
U
nive
rsity
,
Rab
ig
h
,
Kingdom
of
S
audi
Arabi
a
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Fa
cul
ty
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Hashem
ite
Univ
er
sity,
Za
rq
a, Jorda
n
2
,3,4
Depa
rtment
of
Mec
han
ical E
ngine
er
ing, Fac
u
lt
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g,
Hashem
ite
Un
ive
rsity
,
Z
arq
a
,
J
orda
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
22
, 201
9
Re
vised
Dec
6
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Dec
3
1
, 20
20
Thi
s
exp
eri
m
ental
work
is
look
i
ng
at
th
e
prop
er
ti
es
of
photovo
ltaic/the
r
ma
l
(PV
-
T)
sys
te
m,
which
had
d
esig
ned
to
in
crease
t
he
output
pow
er
of
the
PV
pane
l
for
the
clima
t
e
of
Za
rq
a,
Jordan.
Oper
ating
t
em
p
era
tur
e
of
the
PV
modul
e
has
a
s
igni
ficant
i
mpac
t
on
th
e
per
for
ma
nc
e
of
the
PV
module.
How
eve
r,
most
of
the
r
adiati
on
e
ner
gy
absorbe
d
by
the
PV
pan
el
is c
onver
te
d
int
o
he
at
,
whi
ch
is
norma
ll
y
lost
and
provide
s
no
val
ue
.
In
orde
r
to
dec
r
ea
se
the
op
erati
ng
temper
a
ture
of
th
e
PV
p
ane
l
,
a
wate
r
cooling
s
ystem
wi
th
a
cont
rol
sys
te
m
had
design
ed.
Expe
ri
me
nt
al
ly
,
when
th
e
PV
modul
e
was
oper
ating
und
er
a
ct
iv
e
wa
te
r
-
co
oli
ng
condi
t
ion
using
the
ba
cksi
de
cool
ing
te
chn
ique
,
the
temper
a
ture
dropp
ed
significantly,
which
le
d
to
an
inc
re
ase
in
the
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l efficie
n
cy
of
so
la
r
c
el
ls by
6.
86%
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c/
th
ermal s
ys
te
m
Con
tr
ol s
ys
te
m
Water acti
ve
-
c
oo
li
ng
So
la
r
p
a
nel
Eff
ic
ie
nc
y o
f p
anel
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Issa
Eti
er
Dep
a
rteme
nt of Elect
rical
E
nginee
rin
g
Facul
ty
of Engin
ee
ring
,
King
Abdulaziz
Univ
ersi
ty
Rabi
gh
,
Kingdo
m
of
Saud
i
Arab
ia
Emai
l:
ereit
e@
kau.ed
u.sa
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Jo
r
da
n
is
a
M
idd
le
East
er
n
c
ountr
y
with
a
popula
ti
on
of
about
9.5
mil
li
on
in
ha
bitants.
It
act
ually
do
e
s
no
t
ha
ve
comme
rcial
quantit
ie
s
of
nat
ural
res
ources
s
uch
as
nat
ur
al
gas,
cr
ude
oil
or
wate
r,
a
nd
i
t
only
dep
e
nds
on
im
portin
g
gas
an
d
oil
f
r
om
othe
r
neig
hbouri
ng
A
rab
c
ountrie
s.
Howe
ver,
th
e
co
mb
i
nation
of
th
e
high
rates
of
popula
ti
on
-
eco
nomic
gr
ow
t
h
and
the
oil
pr
i
ces
has
inc
rea
sed
t
he
a
nnual
ene
rgy
bill
.
E
nerg
y
consu
mp
ti
on
a
nd
el
ect
rici
ty
r
eached
5828
t
hous
a
nd
-
to
n
oi
l
an
d
1617
3
G
Wh,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
J
orda
n
de
pe
nds
on
l
y
on
f
os
sil
fu
el
for
e
le
ct
ri
cal
energ
y
ge
ne
rati
on
that
ge
ner
at
e
d
18911
G
Wh
of
el
ect
rici
ty
in
2015,
an
d
fo
ssil
fu
el
ge
ne
rated
99.
6% of t
he gene
rated
el
ect
rici
ty [
1].
Jo
r
da
n
is
no
n
-
oil
pro
du
ci
ng
countr
y,
a
nd
97%
of
it
s
c
on
s
umpti
on
of
na
tural
gas
a
nd
c
rude
oil
ar
e
importe
d
that
co
st
20
39
mil
li
on
J
D
i
n
2015
[
1].
T
hese
f
act
s
made
t
he
gove
rnme
nt
thin
k
se
rio
us
ly
ab
ou
t
involvin
g
r
ene
wab
le
e
nerg
y
s
ources.
T
he
oil
sh
al
e
an
d
nucl
ear
powe
r
int
o
the
energ
y
mix
in
order
t
o
ac
hieve
an
inc
rease
i
n
t
he
c
on
t
rib
ution
of
the
re
new
a
ble
ene
r
gy
fro
m
7
%
in
2015
to
10%
i
n
2020.
D
ue
to
t
he
l
ocati
on
of
Jor
dan
is
ne
ar
to
the
e
quat
or
w
hich
gi
ves
Jorda
n
a
good
ave
rag
e
an
nua
l
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
e
qu
al
s
to
a
bo
ut
4.5
M
J/m
2
[
1
]
,
[
2]
, s
o ma
king a
r
enew
a
ble e
nergy an
d
e
nerg
y effici
enc
y
la
w
was necessa
ry
to ach
ie
ve
sig
n
ific
ant
resu
lt
s
f
rom
th
is
typ
e
of
e
nergy
t
hroug
h
or
ga
nizing
t
he
w
hole
proces
ses
that
come
i
n
co
mmon
[3].
Fi
gure
1
sh
ows
en
e
r
gy
mix in
J
ordan f
rom
2007 to
20
20.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
42
1
–
4
3
0
422
Figure
1. Ene
r
gy mix
in Jo
rdan
(20
07
-
20
20)
Eco
nomic
gro
wth
a
nd
ec
onom
ic
c
on
s
ump
ti
on
perf
orm
a
relat
ion
s
hip,
w
hich
has
tr
eat
ed
withi
n
economic
li
te
r
at
ur
e.
Re
new
a
ble
ene
rgy
plays
the
main
ro
le
in
t
he
econom
y
of
mo
st
dev
el
op
e
d
an
d
dev
el
op
i
ng
co
un
t
ries.
Ja
ger
-
Walda
u
et
al.
[4]
sta
te
the
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y
as
high
rate
sect
or
c
ompa
r
ed
with
the
rest
of
the
econom
y
i
n
E
uro
pe.
Arpe
gis
an
d
Pa
yne
[5]
f
ound
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
e
co
nomic
grow
t
h
a
nd the
r
e
new
a
ble e
ne
rgy
c
onsumpti
on.
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
(
PV
)
cel
ls
are
c
ompose
d
of
tw
o
or
more
t
hin
la
yer
s
of
se
mi
-
co
nductin
g
m
at
erial
,
but
sil
ic
on
is
the
c
om
m
on
mate
ri
al
.
The
se
mico
nducto
r
will
ge
ner
at
e
el
ect
rica
l
charges
wh
e
n
it
expose
d
to
l
igh
t,
and
meta
l con
t
act
s co
nd
uct th
ese charges a
w
ay
as d
i
rect current (DC)
. U
si
ng
mu
lt
iple ce
ll
s that are connec
te
d
tog
et
he
r
to
f
orm
a
'strin
g'
is
necessa
ry
beca
us
e
the
el
ect
rical
ou
t
pu
t
fro
m
a
sin
gle
cel
l
is
small
.
The
mo
s
t
comme
rcial
ly
avail
able
ty
pe
s
of
PV
cel
l
or
film
are;
mono
c
r
ys
ta
ll
ine,
po
l
ycrysta
ll
ine,
thick
-
film
an
d
amo
rph
ou
s
sil
ic
on P
V pan
el
s
.
Re
new
a
bles
i
n
Jorda
n
ha
ve
t
he
po
te
ntial
to
co
ntribute
e
ffec
ti
vely
with
in
the
el
ect
rici
ty
pro
visio
n
sy
ste
m.
P
V
s
yst
em
has
an
unex
plo
it
ed
pot
entia
l,
w
hich
r
edu
ce
s
the
gre
enho
us
e
gas
e
missi
ons
in
J
orda
n
sign
ific
a
ntly.
The
J
orda
nian
gove
rnment
t
ries
ha
rd
to
f
ulfil
the
c
onve
ntion
of
the
Paris
a
gr
eem
e
nt
f
rom
Decem
ber 2
01
5 [6].
The
re
is
si
gn
i
f
ic
ant
gro
wth
i
n
the
numb
e
r
of
s
olar
phot
ovoltai
c
in
du
st
r
ie
s
in
al
l
ov
e
r
the
w
or
l
d.
Global
M
ar
ket
O
utlo
ok
f
or
Photo
vo
lt
ai
cs
2014
-
2018
[
7]
prese
nted
t
he
rece
nt
sta
ti
sti
c
f
or
the
P
V
sect
or
.
Accor
ding
t
o
t
he
repo
rt,
t
he
e
xcell
ence
i
n
t
he
sect
or’s
d
eve
lop
me
nts
was
i
n
2013.
T
he
ne
w
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
ca
pa
ci
ty
was
a
bout
38.
4
gig
a
watt
s
w
or
l
dw
i
de
in
t
ha
t
year.
E
urope
was
t
he
le
ad
ing
reg
i
on
wit
h
the
hi
gh
est
global
mar
ket
instal
le
d
capaci
ty
f
or
a
long
pe
rio
d,
bu
t
the
pos
it
ion
occ
up
ie
d
by
Asia
no
w
,
an
d
this
ha
ppene
d
because
of
t
hr
e
e facto
rs:
1.
Great
num
be
r of
C
hin
a
’s
i
nv
e
stment,
whi
ch
le
d i
t t
o be
best P
V mar
ke
t i
n
the
w
or
l
d
2.
J
apa
n’s Str
ong i
nvest
me
nts
3.
B
reak
i
ng in t
he
in
vestme
nts of E
uro
pean
con
ti
ne
nt
As
the
w
orl
d
needs
gro
wth
i
n
t
he
ge
ne
rated
pow
er
of
P
V
pa
nels,
the
r
e
is
the
nee
d
f
or
c
on
ti
nu
ous
dev
el
opments
in
t
he
PV
pa
ne
ls’
fiel
d
to
ac
hieve
bette
r
pe
rformance
to
ge
ner
at
e
m
or
e
powe
r
with
acc
epted
init
ia
l
costs.
O
ne
of
t
he
de
vel
opments
in
the
P
V
sy
ste
m
is
coo
li
ng,
wh
ic
h
w
orks
on
t
he
PV
cel
l’s
te
mpe
ratur
e
to
make
it
do
wn
as
muc
h
as
po
s
sible.
S
wa
pn
il
D
ubey
et
al.
[
8]
mentio
ne
d
that
the
ope
rati
ng
te
m
pe
ra
ture
of
the
PV
pan
el
pl
ays
a
ro
le
in
t
he
co
nversi
on
process
.
The
outp
ut
powe
r
an
d
the
el
ect
rical
eff
ic
ie
n
c
y
of
the
P
V
pan
el
de
pe
nd
li
near
ly
on
t
he
operati
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
dec
re
asi
ng
with
cel
l’s
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
G
rif
fith
et
al
.
[9]
fou
nd
that
the
rise
in
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
PV
cel
l
is
sen
sit
ive
to
wind
sp
ee
d,
le
ss
to
wind
directi
on
wh
il
e
it
is
insensiti
ve
t
o
the
at
mo
s
phe
ric
te
mp
e
ratu
re
.
O
n
the
ot
her
hand,
it
de
pends
on
the
im
pi
ng
i
ng
irra
diati
on
i.e.,
the s
olar radiat
ion
flu
x
on the
modu
le
or cel
l
[16]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
ll
y
evaluati
ng
el
e
ct
ric
al outp
uts
of a PV
-
T sy
ste
m
in
Jord
an
(
Is
sa
Eti
er
)
423
Anothe
r
pa
pers
[
10]
stu
died
co
olin
g
the
P
V
cel
ls
by
us
i
ng
a
s
ys
te
m
c
al
le
d
ph
otov
oltai
c
therma
l
sy
ste
m,
w
hich
is
one
of
the
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
to
co
ol
the
operati
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
PV
m
odule
a
nd
getti
ng
bette
r
performa
nce
in
the
ge
ne
rated
energ
y.
Bot
h
typ
e
s
of
resea
rc
h
in
dicat
ed
the
enh
a
nceme
nts
in
the
pe
rform
ance
of
the
cel
l
an
d
mentio
ned
t
he
importa
nce
of
su
ch
s
ys
te
m
s
for
the
c
ountri
es
of
high
s
olar
intensit
y
a
nd
high
ambient te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
These
pa
per
s
[
11
]
-
[
15]
discu
sses
as
pects
of
a
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c/
thermal
(
PV
-
T)
s
ys
te
m,
w
hi
ch
desig
ne
d
for
c
oo
li
ng t
he PV s
ys
te
m
, wh
ic
h
le
ads
to
a
n i
ncr
ease i
n
t
he e
le
ct
rical
eff
ic
ie
ncy of t
he
s
olar
cel
l.
2.
DESIG
N OF
THE
SYSTE
M
M
a
ny
PV
-
T
m
od
el
s
de
velo
pe
d
durin
g
the
la
st
three
deca
de
s
an
d
the
y
ca
n
be
cl
as
sifie
d
i
n
m
ulti
ple
way
s
.
T
he
mai
n
dif
fere
nce
is
betwee
n
the
f
la
t
plate
PV
-
T
colle
ct
or
s
a
nd
the
co
ncen
t
rati
ng
P
V
-
T
colle
ct
or
s.
M
a
ny
pa
per
s
[
16
]
-
[
19
]
co
m
pa
red
t
he
en
er
gy
pe
rfo
rma
nce
of
dif
fer
e
nt
P
V
-
T/
w
(
water
photov
oltai
c
-
th
ermal)
colle
ct
or
desi
gn
c
onfig
ur
at
io
ns
.
C
omp
uter
analysis
us
e
d
to
obta
in
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
c
urves
of
ni
ne
c
ol
le
ct
or
config
ur
at
io
ns.
At
zer
o
re
du
c
ed
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
the
t
hermal
e
ff
ic
ie
ncies
of
s
ing
le
-
glazed
a
nd
un
glazed
s
heet
-
and
-
tu
be
c
ollec
tors f
ound
58% an
d 5
2%,
re
sp
ect
ively
, whi
le
the chan
nel
-
above
-
P
V design i
s
65
%
.
Re
ks
ta
d
an
d
S
andnes
pa
ste
d
c
-
Si
s
olar
cel
ls
on
poly
mer
th
ermal
a
bsor
ber
to
de
velo
p
P
V
-
T/
w
[20
].
The
heat
ab
sor
ption
was
re
du
ced
a
bout
10
%
of
the
incid
en
t
ra
diati
on
th
rough
usi
ng
t
he
so
la
r
cel
ls,
w
hile
th
e
glazi
ng
(if
exi
sts)
re
du
ce
d
th
e
op
ti
cal
e
ff
ic
i
ency
by
5%
.
I
t
ser
ves
w
el
l
in
a
l
ow
-
te
m
pe
ratur
e
water
-
he
at
ing
sy
ste
m.
Ma
ny
oth
e
r
pap
e
rs
[
21
]
-
[
26]
stu
die
d
the
bac
k
-
sur
face
c
oo
li
ng
nume
rical
ly
an
d
ex
per
ime
ntall
y
a
nd
fou
nd
that
the
re
is
a
go
od
a
gr
ee
ment
bet
w
een
the
nume
r
ic
al
res
ults
a
nd
t
he
ex
pe
rim
ental
meas
ure
ments
performe
d
f
or
the
cl
imat
e
of
Dh
a
hran
,
Sa
ud
i
Ar
a
bia.
Ba
ck
surface
c
oo
li
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
dr
oppe
d
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
the
mod
ule
te
mp
e
ratur
e
t
o
a
bout
20%,
wh
i
ch
le
d
to
a
n
i
nc
rease
in
the
el
ect
rical
ef
fici
ency
of
th
e
PV
pan
el
by
9%.
T
his
re
sea
rch
f
oc
us
es
only
on
t
he
wate
r
flat
plate
c
ollec
tors
a
nd
us
ing
th
e
bac
ks
id
e
co
olin
g
te
ch
nique
.
The follo
wing
blo
c
k diag
ram
(F
ig
ur
e
2)
s
ho
ws
th
e
process
es in t
he used
PV
-
T s
ys
te
m.
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e sy
ste
m
w
it
h t
he
c
onve
ntio
na
l on
e
Jo
r
da
n
c
om
es
in
a
re
gion
ha
s
excell
ent
pot
entia
l
for
so
la
r
ene
rgy
ge
ner
a
ti
on
beca
us
e
it
is
ne
ar
the
equ
at
or
with
gl
ob
al
rad
ia
ti
on
of
20
80
kw/m
2
an
d
m
or
e
tha
n
300
s
unny
da
ys
a
yea
r.
Th
e
ex
per
ime
ntal
stud
y
was
i
n
H
ashe
m
it
e U
niv
e
rsity
, Z
arq
a
, Jor
da
n.
The
wate
r
co
ol
ing
s
ys
te
m
plays
the mai
n
r
ol
e in the
PV
-
T s
ys
te
m to get t
he
d
esi
re
d
imp
r
ov
e
ments i
n
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
of
P
V
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
co
ntained
co
m
pone
nts
to
buil
d
the
re
qu
i
red
sy
ste
m
a
nd
the
y
are;
two
s
olar
pa
ne
ls,
micr
ocont
ro
ll
er
boar
d
(
Ardu
i
no/Ge
nu
i
no),
water
supp
l
y,
s
olen
oid
valve
,
le
vel
sens
or
,
te
mp
erat
ur
e
se
ns
or,
the
rmal re
sist
or
s a
nd
pc device.
On
e
of
t
he
PV
pa
nels
e
ng
a
ge
d
with
the
wat
er
c
ooli
ng
s
ys
t
em,
w
hile
a
no
t
her
on
e
us
e
d
to
co
mp
a
re
betwee
n
the
P
V
-
T
sy
ste
m
an
d
the
c
onve
ntion
al
P
V
s
ys
te
m.
Fi
gure
3
gi
ves
a
n
act
ual
picture
f
or
t
he
PV
-
T
sy
ste
m.
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
P
V
M
o
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
P
V
M
o
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
A
R
D
U
I
N
O
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
42
1
–
4
3
0
424
Figure
3. The
PV
-
T s
ys
te
m
M
ic
r
ocontr
oller
boar
d
is
the
br
ai
n
of
the
s
yst
em,
w
hich
c
on
t
ro
ls
of
al
l
el
ect
ro
mec
han
ic
al
par
ts
an
d
read
s
data;
Fi
gure
4
s
hows
the
c
ontrol
sc
hemati
c
diag
ra
m
of
th
e
s
ys
te
m.
Water
s
up
ply
pr
ov
i
des
us
with
require
d
water
for
the
c
ooli
ng
process
.
T
he
s
olen
oid
v
al
ve
con
t
ro
ls
t
he
w
at
er
flo
wing
from
t
he
wate
r
t
ank
to
the
P
V
-
T
syst
em
th
rou
gh
the
data,
wh
ic
h
prov
i
ded
by
t
he
l
evel
se
ns
or.
T
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sens
or
meas
ur
es
the
te
mp
erat
ur
e
of
the
water
insi
de
t
he
P
V
-
T
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
th
ermal
resist
ors
an
d
pc
de
vic
e
are
nee
ded
f
or
the
el
ect
rical
measu
re
ments t
hat a
re clarifie
d
in
the met
hodolo
gy secti
on.
Figure
4
.
The
c
on
t
ro
l sc
hem
at
ic
d
ia
gram
of t
he pr
oject
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
ll
y
evaluati
ng
el
e
ct
ric
al outp
uts
of a PV
-
T sy
ste
m
in
Jord
an
(
Is
sa
Eti
er
)
425
Ele
ct
rical
measur
e
ments
were
mo
stl
y
the
s
ource
of
the
da
ta
that
us
ed
i
n
stu
dy
i
ng
t
he
beh
a
viour
of
the
P
V
-
T
s
ys
t
em.
A
s
t
he
pa
per
base
d
on
e
xp
e
rime
nts,
t
he
n
the
re
we
re
require
d
t
oo
ls
to
meas
ure
dif
fer
e
nt
el
ect
rical
measur
e
ments
f
or
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
Dat
a
acq
uisit
ion
boar
d
was
desig
ned
to
meas
ure
the
act
ual
ph
ys
ic
al
read
i
ng
s
f
rom
the
s
ys
te
m
(tempe
ratur
e
a
nd
vo
lt
age
),
an
d
t
o
ta
ke
lo
gical
comma
nds
bas
ed
on
the
data
that
it
receives
f
rom
the
se
nsors
.
Mult
imet
er
a
nd
te
mp
erat
ur
e
gun
us
e
d
t
o
c
he
ck
i
f
t
he
volt
age
a
nd
te
mp
e
ratur
e
read
i
ng
flo
w
c
orrectl
y
an
d
giv
e
the
act
ual
phys
ic
al
sit
uatio
n
ab
out
the
syst
em.
The
dig
i
ta
l
Py
rano
mete
r
an
d
A
ne
momet
er
use
d
t
o
meas
ure
the s
olar
i
nten
sit
y
an
d
t
he wind sp
eed
, r
e
sp
e
ct
ively.
3.
METHO
D
Every
s
ys
te
m
has
a
meth
od
to
ac
hieve
t
he
desire
d
go
al
s
.
Ther
e
are
fact
or
s
sho
uld
be
existe
d
i
n
the
method
t
o
gu
a
r
antee
sm
ooth
ne
ss
of d
iffe
re
nt
process
es
a
nd g
et
ti
ng
t
h
e d
esi
red
cooli
ng w
hi
ch
can
inc
reas
e
the
el
ect
rical
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
P
V
-
T
s
ys
te
m,
a
nd
al
l
that
de
pe
nds
on
ri
gh
t
pr
e
par
at
io
n
an
d
c
onnecti
ons
to
the
sens
or
s
,
el
ect
r
om
ec
han
ic
al
de
vices
an
d
ca
bl
es
with
the
microc
ontrolle
r
boar
d.
Fig
ur
es
5
shows
the
flo
wch
a
rt
of the
processe
s w
it
hi
n
the
wh
ole s
ys
te
m.
Water
flo
ws
f
r
om
the
fee
ding
water
ta
nk
to
t
he
PV
-
T
sy
ste
m
wh
e
n
t
he
up
per
s
olen
oid
va
lve
is
open
base
d
on
a
n
order
f
rom
t
he
microc
ontrolle
r.
The
fl
ow
i
ng
kee
ps
goin
g
unti
l
the
micr
oc
on
t
ro
ll
er
gets
a
sig
nal
from
the
le
vel
sens
or
in
dicat
es
that
the
ta
nk
of
the
P
V
-
T
sy
ste
m
is
f
ull
of
water,
t
he
n
the
mic
ro
c
ontr
oller
giv
es
an
orde
r
to
the
so
le
noid
valve
t
o
be
cl
os
ed
.
Water
in
the
PV
-
T
s
ys
te
m’
s
ta
nk
ke
eps
c
ooli
ng
the
P
V
pan
el
t
hro
ugh
the
heat
e
xc
ha
ng
e
bet
ween
the
water
in
in
side
it
an
d
the
bac
ks
ide
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nel.
Af
te
r
a
per
i
od,
water
reaches
t
o
an
ineff
ic
ie
nt
te
mp
e
ratur
e
f
or
the
co
oling
process;
ba
sed
on
t
hat
sit
uation
th
e
te
mp
erat
ur
e
se
ns
or
sen
ds
a
sign
al
t
o
t
he
microc
ontrolle
r
to
sta
rt
disc
hargin
g
t
he
w
at
er
f
rom
t
h
e
PV
-
T
sy
ste
m
’s
ta
nk
by ope
ning the
low
e
r
s
olen
oi
d valve.
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
w
i
t
h
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
A
R
D
U
I
N
O
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
W
a
t
e
r
i
n
P
V
T
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
y
e
s
n
o
O
p
e
n
u
p
p
e
r
v
a
l
v
e
a
n
d
c
l
o
s
e
l
o
w
e
r
v
a
l
v
e
W
a
t
e
r
T
e
m
p
.
≥
4
0
C
º
O
p
e
n
l
o
w
e
r
v
a
l
v
e
a
n
d
c
l
o
s
e
u
p
p
e
r
v
a
l
v
e
W
a
t
e
r
i
n
P
V
T
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
y
e
s
y
e
s
n
o
n
o
Figure
5
.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
PV
-
T
s
ys
te
m
proc
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
42
1
–
4
3
0
426
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Ele
ct
rical
per
f
ormances
of
th
e
PV
-
T/w
s
ys
te
m
pr
e
sente
d
in
this
pa
pe
r
al
ong
with
a
co
mp
a
rison
o
f
diff
e
re
nt
mete
orolo
gical
co
ndit
ion
s
to
i
nv
e
sti
gate
the
fun
ct
ion
of
the
PV
-
T/w
sy
ste
m
.
T
he
par
a
mete
rs
include
PV
volt
age,
P
V
c
urre
nt,
el
ect
rical
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
l
oa
d.
These
pa
ramet
ers
ca
n
gi
ve
a
n
a
de
qu
at
e
in
di
cat
ion
wh
et
her
t
he
c
oo
li
ng
mecha
ni
s
m
co
uld
m
a
ke
im
prov
e
me
nts
in
the
el
ect
rical
per
f
orm
ance
of
the
P
V
-
T/
w
sy
ste
m.
Seve
ra
l
cl
imat
ic
factor
s
can
im
mens
el
y
aff
ect
the
pe
rformance
of
the
PV
s
ys
te
m
su
c
h
as
the
am
bient
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
the
so
la
r
ra
diati
on,
an
d
the
wind
s
pee
d
since
the
maxim
um
power
po
int
tracki
ng
c
urve
var
ie
s
with the
se f
act
or
s
.
The
te
m
pe
ratu
re
var
ia
ti
on
of
the
m
odule
s
urface
(
bac
k
a
nd
fron
t
)
a
nd
the
wind
s
pee
d
th
r
oughout
the
te
st
day
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
T
he
maxim
um
t
empe
rature
of
the
f
r
on
t
surfa
ce
of
t
he
PV
-
T
m
odule
was
49
℃,
wh
il
e
th
e
ma
xi
mu
m
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
t
he
back
surface
was
46
℃
at
noonti
me.
T
he
a
ve
ra
ge
wind
s
pee
d
durin
g
the test
d
a
y wa
s almost
4.5 m/
s.
Figure
6
.
ho
ur
l
y variat
io
n of t
he
m
odule te
m
per
at
ur
e
(
back
and f
ront)
an
d
the
w
i
nd s
peed th
rou
ghout t
he
te
st
da
y
PV
-
T
m
odule
reduces
t
he
hi
gh
te
mp
e
ratu
re
eve
n
if
the
a
mb
ie
nt
te
m
pe
r
at
ur
e
a
nd
the
i
rr
a
diati
on
a
re
high.
As
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
7,
the
maxim
um
PV
-
T
m
od
ule
surface
te
mp
e
ratur
e
was
at
noon
ti
me,
and
t
he
te
mp
erat
ur
e
re
ached
to
49
℃
.
T
his
high
te
mp
e
ratur
e
relat
ed
t
o
the
ma
xi
mu
m
am
bient
te
mp
erat
ur
e
(
w
hich
is
31 ℃
)
a
nd a
hig
h i
rr
a
diati
on (wh
ic
h
is
690 w
/m2).
Durin
g
the
sa
me
c
onditi
on
a
t
noonti
me,
the
ma
ximum
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
conve
ntion
al
pa
nel
s
urface
reache
d
59
℃,
an
d
t
his
me
an
s
that
t
her
e
is
10
℃
di
ff
e
rence
bet
ween
the
PV
-
T
an
d
the
co
nventio
nal
pan
e
l
su
r
faces,
s
o
the
tempe
ratu
re r
e
du
ct
io
n reac
he
d
to
16.9
5%
at
noonti
me.
The
volt
age
va
riat
ion
betwee
n
the
tw
o
pa
ne
l
s
decr
e
ased
if
there
is
hi
gh
or
low
am
bient
t
empe
rature.
Fo
r
the
high
ambient
te
mpe
ratur
e
case
,
t
he
heat
e
xc
ha
ng
e
betwee
n
coo
li
ng
water
an
d
pa
nel’s
su
r
faces
becomes
fast
wh
ic
h
s
horte
ns
the
co
olin
g
cycle.
For
the
lo
w
a
mb
ie
nt
te
mp
erat
ur
e
ca
se,
th
e
im
pact
of
t
he
coo
li
ng
s
ys
te
m
in
t
he
P
V
-
T
mod
ule
bec
ome
s
lo
wer,
be
cause
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
es
of
th
e
two
pa
nels’
su
r
faces
become l
ow.
F
igure
8
s
hows
the
vo
lt
age
s
of
t
he panels
at di
f
fer
e
nt p
a
nel te
mp
e
ratur
e
s
dur
ing
t
he
te
st
day.
The
im
pact
of
te
mp
erat
ur
e
cl
early
disp
la
ye
d
by
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
a
nd
P
V
-
T
pa
nels’
I
-
V
(c
urre
nt
vs
vo
lt
age
)
c
urve.
The
diff
e
re
nt
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
and
t
he
vo
lt
ag
e
that
can
pro
du
ce
d
by
P
V
-
T
an
d
conve
ntion
al
panels
unde
r
exi
sti
ng
co
ndit
ions
sh
ow
n
by
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s.
Ne
xt
Figure
sho
ws
two
I
-
V
cu
rv
e
s
of
the
conve
ntion
al
a
nd
P
V
-
T
pa
ne
ls
that
ge
ner
at
ed
at
69
0
W/
m2
of
so
la
r
i
ntensity
.
T
he
te
mp
erat
ur
e
of
the
conve
ntion
al
panel wa
s
57 ℃
, while
tem
perat
ur
e
of the
PV
-
T
pan
el
was
40 ℃
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Wind
speed
(m/
s)
Tem
perature
(
°
C)
Ti
me
(
Hr)
PVT
Front su
r
fa
c
e
PVT
b
ac
k s
ur
f
ac
e
W
i
nd
sp
eed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
ll
y
evaluati
ng
el
e
ct
ric
al outp
uts
of a PV
-
T sy
ste
m
in
Jord
an
(
Is
sa
Eti
er
)
427
Figure
7
.
V
aria
ti
on
of p
a
nels’
su
r
faces tem
pe
ratur
e
s at
dif
fe
ren
t s
olar
inten
sit
ie
s an
d
a
m
bient temp
eratu
r
es
durin
g
t
he
te
st
day
Figure
8
.
V
olta
ges of P
V
-
T
m
odule a
nd the
c
onve
ntion
al
p
a
nel w
it
h di
f
fe
r
ent p
a
nel tem
pe
ratur
e
s
durin
g t
est
day
Figure
9
.
I
-
V
c
urves o
f
c
onve
ntion
al
a
nd P
V
-
T
pan
el
s
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
200
400
600
800
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Te
m
per
ature
(
°
C)
Solar
intensi
ty (W/
m2)
Ti
me
(
Hr)
Irr
a
di
a
t
i
on
PVT
p
ane
l
s
urface te
mpe
rat
ure
Conv
e
nti
onal panel
su
rface temp
erat
u
r
e
Amb
i
en
t
tem
pe
rat
ure
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
17
18
19
20
21
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Te
m
per
ature
(
°
C)
Voltage
(V
)
Ti
me
(
Hr)
PVT
p
ane
l
volt
a
ge
-
Co
ol
i
ng
Conv
e
nti
onal panel
vol
tag
e
PVT
p
ane
l
s
urface te
mpe
rt
ur
e
- Cool
i
ng
Conv
e
nti
onal panel
t
e
mpe
rt
ure
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
5
10
15
20
Current
(A
)
Voltage
(V
)
I-V curve of
c
onventiona
l
pa
ne
l
I-V curve of
PVT
pan
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
42
1
–
4
3
0
428
As
sho
wn
a
bove
,
it
is
cl
e
ar
that
PV
-
T
pan
el
ha
d
a
bette
r
el
ect
rical
per
f
orma
nc
e
than
the
conve
ntion
al
pa
nel.
The
re
is
a
cl
ear
increa
s
e
in
the
ope
n
c
ircuit
vo
lt
age
a
s
the
te
mpe
rat
ur
e
de
creases
,
wh
il
e
the s
hort circ
uit c
urren
t i
s
alm
os
t t
he
same
f
or
bo
t
h pan
el
s.
Power
is
the
pro
du
ct
of
the
curre
nt
an
d
t
he
vo
lt
age
,
s
o
the
P
-
V
(
po
wer
-
volt
age
)
c
urves
of
the
conve
ntion
al
a
nd
P
V
-
T
pa
nel
s
in
Fig
ur
e
10
can
gen
e
rated
by
the
meas
ured
c
urren
t
an
d
volt
age.
P
-
V
curves
sh
ow
the
point
w
her
e
the
po
wer
is
ma
xim
um
(Pma
x).
A
s
sho
wn
in
t
he
fig
ur
e
,
t
her
e
is
a
sm
al
l
ga
p
in
the
powe
r
betwee
n
t
he
PV
-
T
m
odule
a
nd
t
he
conve
ntion
al
P
V
pa
nel,
beca
us
e
of
t
he
dif
f
eren
ce
betwee
n
t
heir
op
e
rati
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
es
.
T
he
powe
r
of
P
V
-
T
mod
ule
reac
hed
85.
6
Watt
,
w
hile
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
P
V
pan
el
reache
d 8
0.1 Wat
t p
rod
ucin
g 6.86%
r
ise
in
the elect
rical
pow
e
r.
The
ma
xim
um
powe
r
po
i
nt
tr
ackin
g
(
MPPT
)
gi
ves
a
cl
ea
r
er
vie
w
a
bout
the
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
the
PV
-
T p
an
el
an
d
t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
pa
nel
in
pow
e
r.
MPPT
is
the
e
ff
ic
i
en
cy
o
f
po
wer
tra
ns
f
er f
r
om
the so
l
ar
cel
l
dep
e
ndin
g
on
bo
t
h
the
am
ount
of
s
un
li
ght
that
incide
nts
on
the
s
olar
a
r
ray
(s
olar
pane
ls)
an
d
the
el
ect
rical
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
th
e
loa
d.
A
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
11,
the
MPP
T
of
t
he
co
nve
ntion
al
pan
el
i
s
al
mo
st
5.3
4
A
an
d
15
V
,
wh
il
e
t
he
M
P
PT
of
the
P
V
-
T
pan
e
l
is
nea
rly
5.3
5
A
a
nd
16
V
.
Alth
ough
t
he
re
is
no
re
mar
kab
l
e
diff
e
re
nce
in
t
he
M
P
PT
bet
ween
the
pa
ne
ls,
the
c
ooli
ng
sy
ste
m
on
the
PV
pa
nel
kee
ps
s
howi
ng
a
po
sit
ive
eff
ect
.
Figure
10
.
P
-
V
curves
of c
onve
ntion
al
an
d P
V
-
T
p
a
nels
Figure
11
.
M
P
PT
s of the
P
V
-
T
and t
he
c
onve
ntion
al
pa
nels
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
5
10
15
20
Pow
er (W
)
Voltage
(V
)
P-
V
c
urve
of P
VT pa
ne
l
at 40 C
P-
V
c
urve
of c
on
ve
nti
onal
pan
el at 57 C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
ll
y
evaluati
ng
el
e
ct
ric
al outp
uts
of a PV
-
T sy
ste
m
in
Jord
an
(
Is
sa
Eti
er
)
429
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
performa
nc
e
of
a
P
V
-
T
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
s
uccessfull
y
determi
ned
i
n
an
e
xp
e
riment
al
study.
T
he
sy
ste
m
te
ste
d
unde
r
the
cl
imat
ic
conditi
ons
of
Hash
e
m
it
e
Un
ive
rsity,
Jo
r
da
n.
Ba
se
d
on
the
st
ud
y,
the
fo
ll
owin
g
ta
sks
a
nd
c
on
cl
us
ion
s
s
ummari
ze
d:
A
water
ma
nif
old
is
fitt
ed
backsi
de
of
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
i
nc
reased
the y
ie
lde
d
el
e
ct
rical
p
ower
. T
he
im
pact of i
ncor
porati
ng a
thermal c
ollec
tor wit
h
t
he
P
V mo
du
le
i
nv
e
sti
gated
exp
e
rime
ntall
y.
T
he
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
P
V
panel
is
sensiti
ve
to
t
he
pan
el
te
mp
erat
ur
e
a
nd
it
dec
rease
s
as
t
he
pan
el
’s
te
m
perat
ur
e
i
ncr
eases
.
The
main
rea
so
ns
f
or
a
high
op
e
rati
ng
te
mp
e
ratur
e
of
t
he
P
V
panel
are
t
he
conve
rsion
of
li
gh
t
int
o
el
ect
rici
ty
an
d
t
he
ambient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
.
T
hro
ugh
backsi
de
c
ooli
ng
te
ch
niqu
e,
th
e
op
e
rati
ng
te
m
pe
ratur
e
of
t
he
modu
le
dro
ppe
d
sig
nifica
ntly
by
26%
a
nd
a
n
increase
of
6.86%
in
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
obs
erv
e
d.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
of
t
he
PV
-
T
m
odule
o
rg
a
nize
s
the
diff
e
re
nt
pr
ocesses
to
achiev
e
eff
ic
ie
nt c
ooli
ng
for
the
m
odul
e.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
The
Min
istry
of
ene
r
gy
and
Mine
ral
R
esourc
es
Annual
r
epor
t
201
6.
[2]
Et
ier
,
Iss
a,
Al
T
ara
bsheh,
Anas,
and
Mohammad
Ababne
,
“
Ana
l
ysis
of
solar
rad
ia
ti
on
in
Jordan
,”
Jor
dan
J
M
ech
Ind
Eng
.
,
vo
l.
4,
no.
6
,
pp
.
733
-
7
37
,
2010
.
[3]
Update
d
Mast
er S
tra
te
gy
of Ener
gy
Sect
or
in
Jordan
for
the pe
r
iod
(2007
-
2020).
[4]
Jäge
r
-
W
a
lda
u
,
Arnulf,
Márt
a
Szabó,
Nic
olae
Scar
lat,
and
Fabio
Monforti
-
F
err
ari
o
,
“
R
ene
w
abl
e
el
e
ct
r
ic
i
ty
in
Europe
,”
Ren
ewabl
e
and
Sustain
able
Ene
r
g
y Re
v
ie
ws
,
vo
l.
15
,
no
.
8
,
pp
.
3703
-
37
16
,
201
1
.
[5]
Aper
gis,
Ni
cholas,
and
Jam
es
E
.
Payn
e.
“
Ren
e
wable
en
er
gy
co
nsumpti
on
and
e
conom
i
c
g
rowth
:
evi
den
ce
fro
m
a
pane
l
of
OECD
count
ri
es
,”
Ener
gy
pol
ic
y
,
vol
.
3
8,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
656
-
660
,
2010
.
[6]
Al
-
oma
ry
,
Mura
d,
Mar
ti
n
Kal
tsc
hmi
tt,
and
Chris
ti
an
Be
cke
r
,
“
Elec
tr
ic
i
ty
sys
tem
in
Jordan
:
St
at
u
s
&
pr
ospec
ts
,”
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
R
ev
i
ews
,
2
01
7.
[7]
EPIA
Europ
ea
n
Photovolt
aic
Ind
ustry
As
socia
ti
o
n
,
“
Globa
l
ma
rk
et
outl
ook
for
ph
otov
olt
a
ic
s
2014
-
2018
,”
Bruss
el
s
,
Bel
gium 60, 201
4.
[8]
Dubey
,
Sw
apni
l
,
Ja
ti
n
Narot
am
Sarva
iya,
and
Bhar
at
h
Sesha
dri.
“
T
e
mpe
r
at
u
re
d
epe
nd
ent
p
hotovol
taic
(PV
)
ef
fic
i
enc
y
and
its
ef
fect
on
PV
pr
oduct
ion
in the
world
-
a
r
evi
e
w
,
”
En
er
gy
Pr
o
ce
d
ia
pp
31
1
-
321
,
2
013
[9]
Gr
if
fit
h,
John
S
.
,
Mulch
and
S
.
Rat
hod,
and
Jo
el
Paslaski.
“
Some
te
sts
of
flat
pl
at
e
pho
tovol
t
ai
c
modu
le
c
el
l
te
mp
era
tur
es
in
simul
ated
f
ie
ld
c
ondit
ions
,”
In
15
th
Pho
tov
ol
tai
c
Spec
ia
li
sts Conf
er
ence
,
1981
,
pp
.
822
-
830
.
[10]
Al
T
ara
bsheh,
Anas,
Spyr
ο
s
V
oute
t
aki
sb,
Atha
nasios
Ι.
Pap
ad
opoulosb,
Panos
Sefe
rl
isb,
Iss
a
Et
ier
,
and
Om
a
r
Sara
ere
h
a.
“
Inv
e
stiga
ti
on
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ef
fects
in
ef
fi
cienc
y
improveme
n
t
of
no
n
-
uniform
ly
coo
le
d
pho
tovol
t
ai
c
ce
l
ls
,”
Chemic
a
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
T
rans
act
ions
,
vo
l
.
3
5,
no
.
2
,
pp.
138
7
-
1392
,
2013
.
[11]
Al
T
ara
bsheh
,
A
nas,
Iss
a
E
ti
er
,
Hass
an
Fath,
Ab
dual
l
ah
Gha
zal,
Y
ousef
Morci
,
Mohame
d
As
ad,
and
Amg
ad
El
Haj.
“
Perform
an
ce
of
photovo
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s
in
pho
tovol
t
a
ic
the
r
mal
(PV
T)
modu
le
s
,”
IET
R
ene
wabl
e
Po
wer
Gene
rat
ion
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
101
7
-
1023
,
20
16
.
[12]
Ahmad
Fudhol
i,
Nur
Fa
rha
na
M
ohd
Ra
za
l
i,
Abr
ar
R
idwan,
R
ad
o
Y
endr
a
,
H
art
o
no,
Ari
Pani
Des
vina
,
Ma
ji
d
Kha
n
Bin
Maja
h
ar
Ali,
Kam
aru
z
zama
n
Sopian
,
“
Overvi
ew
of
Photovolt
a
ic
Th
e
rma
l
(PV
T)
W
at
er
Co
ll
e
ct
or
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
oni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(
I
J
PE
DS)
,
vo
l
.
9,
no
.
4,
pp.
1891
-
18
98
,
2018
.
[13]
S.
Singh,
S.
Agrawal
,
D.
V
.
A
va
sthi
and
A.
Sara
sw
at
,
“
El
e
ct
ri
cal
ene
r
gy
ana
lysis
and
opt
im
i
za
t
io
n
of
s
ingl
e
p
ass
ungla
z
ed
PV
T
sys
te
m
using
e
volut
iona
ry
al
g
orit
hm
,
”
2015
1st
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
r
ence
o
n
Nex
t
Gen
erat
ion
Computing
T
ec
h
nologi
es
(NGCT
)
,
Dehr
adun, 201
5,
pp
.
814
-
819
,
doi:
10
.
1
109/NGCT
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2015.
7375233.
[14]
F
.
Le
on
forte,
C
.
Del
Pero
,
N. A
st
e,
A.
Migli
ol
i,
L
.
Croc
i
and
G
.
B
esa
gni,
“
Ene
r
gy
assess
me
nt
and
moni
tori
ng
of
a
novel
photovo
ltaic
-
the
rm
al
col
l
ec
tor
d
esigne
d
f
or
solar
-
assisted
hea
t
pump
sys
t
em
s,
”
in
I
ET
R
ene
wabl
e
Pow
er
Gene
ration
,
vol
.
14,
no.
13,
pp.
2
323
-
2330,
5
10
2020,
doi
:
10
.
10
49/i
et
-
rpg.
2020
.
010
8.
[15]
Ahmad
Fudholi,
Muhamm
ad
Z
ohri,
Iv
an
T
aslim,
Mer
it
a
A
yu
Indria
nt
i,
In
ta
n
Noviant
ar
i
Man
yoe,
“
The
or
etic
a
l
appr
oac
h
model
of
buil
d
ing
in
te
gra
te
d
pho
tov
olt
aic
the
rm
al
ai
r
col
l
ec
tor
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
r
oni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS)
,
vo
l
.
1
1,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
1002~
1010
,
2020
.
[16]
H.
A.
Zond
ag,
D
.
W
.
d
e
V
ri
es,
W
.
G.
J.
v
an
Helden,
R
.
J.
C
.
v
an
Z
oli
ngen
,
and
A.
A.
van
Ste
enhov
en,
“
Th
e
the
r
ma
l
and
e
lectr
i
ca
l
yi
el
d
of
a
PV
-
the
r
ma
l
colle
ct
or
,
”
S
olar E
ner
g
y
,
vol
.
72,
no.
2,
pp.
1
13
–
128,
2002
.
[17]
H.
A.
Zonda
g
,
D
.
W
.
de
V
ri
es,
W
.
G.
J.
v
an
Held
e
n,
R
.
J.
C
.
van
Z
oli
ngen
,
and
A.
A.
v
an
Stee
nhov
en,
“
The
yi
el
d
o
f
dif
fer
ent c
o
mbi
n
ed
PV
-
the
rm
al collector
d
esigns,
”
Solar
Ene
r
g
y
,
vol.
74
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
253
–
269
,
2003
.
[18]
Adnan
Ibr
ahi
m
,
Sohif
Mat
,
A
hma
d
Fazliz
an
Ab
dull
ah,
Ah
m
ad
Fudhol
i,
Ka
ma
ruz
za
m
an
Sopian,
“
Outdoor
Perform
ance
Ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
Bui
l
ding
Int
egr
a
te
d
Photovolt
aic
Th
erm
a
l
(BIPV
T)
Solar
Col
le
c
tor
with
Spira
l
Flo
w
Abs
orbe
rConfigura
ti
ons,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal of
Powe
r E
lectr
o
nic
s and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m (
IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
4,
pp
.
1918
-
1925
,
201
8
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[19]
S.
Singh,
R.
K.
Singh
and
G.
N.
T
iwar
i,
“
Ef
fe
ct
of
Os
ci
ll
a
tory
W
ater
Flow
on
the
Perform
ance
of
Photovolt
a
ic
The
rm
al
Sys
tem
in
Summ
er
Co
ndit
ion,
”
2018
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
r
en
ce
on
Co
mputati
onal
and
Characte
rizatio
n
T
ec
hn
ique
s
in
Engi
n
ee
ring
&
Scienc
es
(CCT
ES)
,
Luc
know
,
Ind
i
a,
2018,
pp.
221
-
226,
d
oi:
10.
1
109/CCT
ES
.
2018.
8674075
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[20]
B.
Sandn
es
and
J.
Rekst
ad,
“
A
p
hotovol
taic/ther
ma
l
(PV
/T
)
co
llect
or
with
a
pol
yme
r
absorbe
r
p
la
t
e.
Exp
eri
m
ental
study a
nd
ana
lytical
mod
el,
”
Sol
ar E
ner
g
y
,
vol. 7
2,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
63
–
73,
2002
[21]
Baha
id
ara
h
,
H.
,
Abdul
Subhan,
P
.
Gandh
ida
san
,
and
S.
Rehman
.
“
Perfor
ma
n
ce
eva
lu
at
ion
of
a
PV
(photovol
t
aic)
modul
e
by
b
ac
k
surfac
e
wate
r
co
oli
ng
for
hot
cli
ma
tic
condi
t
ions
,”
Ene
r
gy
,
vol
.
59
,
pp
.
445
-
453
,
2013
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[22]
Junghoon
Lee,
Seong
Bae
g
Ki
m,
Gyung
-
Leen
Park
,
“
Da
ta
Analysis
for
Solar
E
ner
gy
Gene
ra
ti
o
n
in
a
Univ
ersity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
42
1
–
4
3
0
430
Microgr
id
,”
Int
e
rnational
Journ
al
of
E
lectric
a
l
and
Computer
E
ngine
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(I
JECE
),
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.
3,
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[23]
G.
N.
T
iwar
i
and
A.
Gaur
,
“
Photo
volt
aic
th
ermal
(
PV
T)
sys
te
ms a
nd
it
s a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
ns,
”
2nd
Int
ernat
ional
Confer
en
c
e
on
Gr
ee
n
En
er
gy
and
T
ec
hno
logy
,
Dhak
a, 2014, p
p.
132
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138
,
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109/ICGET
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[24]
A.
Haz
i
,
R.
Grig
ore
and
G.
Ha
zi,
“
Ene
r
gy
ef
fic
i
e
ncy
of
the
PV
T
sys
te
m
used
in
i
ndustry
,
”
2012
1
1th
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Confe
r
en
ce
o
n
Env
ir
onm
en
t
and
Elec
t
rical
Eng
ine
e
ring
,
V
enice
,
2012,
pp.
235
-
240,
d
oi:
10.
1
109/E
E
EIC.2012.6221579.
[25]
Bena
bed
Khadi
dja
,
Boudghene
Stam
boul
i
Amine
,
B
ena
bad
ji
Noureddi
ne,
“
C
ontrol
and
supe
rvision
of
a
sol
ar
el
e
ct
ri
c
sys
tem
,”
Int
ernati
onal
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
r
oni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
V
o
l.
10
,
No.
4,
pp
.
2096
-
2100,
2019
,
[26]
Othma
ne
Salam
a,
Abdelm
ou
men
T
abya
oui
,
M
oham
ed
Benc
h
a
gra
,
“
Control
Methods
on
Th
ree
-
phase
Pow
er
Convert
ers
in
Ph
otovol
taic
Sys
tems,
”
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
o
f
Po
wer
Elec
tr
on
ic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
9,
no
.
4,
pp.
1851
-
1865
,
2018
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Is
sa
Etie
r
was
born
in
Ramtha
,
Jordan
He
re
ceive
d
his
Mast
er’
s
and
Ph.
D.
De
gre
es
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng.
i
n
Institute
of
E
ner
gy
and
Auto
ma
ti
on
Te
chno
l
ogy
from
T
.
U.
Berl
in
in
1996
and
2005
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
includ
e
Ren
ewa
ble
E
ner
gy
sys
te
ms,
Ene
rgy
conve
rsion
and P
hotovol
ta
i
c
Sys
te
ms
.
Salem
Nijm
eh
was
born
in
Am
ma
n,
Jordan
He
rec
e
ive
d
his
Ph
D.
Degre
e
in
M
ec
han
ic
a
l
Eng.
fro
m
th
e
Univer
sity
of
R
ea
ding
,
U.K.
H
is
rese
arc
h
int
e
rests
in
cl
ud
e
R
ene
wabl
e
Ene
rgy and
HV
AC sys
te
ms
.
Mohammad
Al
Sh
daifat
was
b
orn
in
AL
Mafr
a
q,
Jord
an
He
re
c
ei
ved
his
b
ac
he
l
or's
and
Master
’s
Degre
es
in
mecha
ni
c
al
Eng.
And
en
erg
y
sys
te
ms
in
Instit
ut
e
of
M
ec
han
ic
a
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Hashem
ite
U
nive
rsity
Z
arq
a
in
2014
and
20
17.
His
r
ese
ar
ch
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
En
erg
y
s
ystem
s, Ener
gy
conve
rsion
and biom
ass sys
te
ms
.
Omar
k
halid
sh
ihab
Al
-
Obaidy
was
born
in
Baghda
d
ira
q
.
He
recei
ved
his
ma
ster’
s
degr
ee
in
mec
hani
c
al
Engi
n
e
eri
ng/
Ene
rgy
sy
stem
s
from
Th
e
Hashem
it
e
u
nive
rsity
za
rqa
_
jorda
n
in
20,
April
,
2017
.
His
rese
ar
ch
in
terests i
nc
lude e
ne
rgy
sys
te
ms
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.