In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
2
0
7
~1
2
1
4
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1207-1214
1207
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Comparison of differen
t magnet
arrangement on p
erforman
ce
o
f
flux reversal permanen
t magn
et (FRPM
) mach
i
n
e
M
.
H
R
emlan, R.
A
z
iz,
S
.
S
alimi
n
Dep
a
rtem
ent
o
f
Elect
rical
a
nd
El
ectron
i
c E
ngin
eeri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
rsit
y
Tun
Hu
ss
e
i
n
On
n Ma
la
y
s
ia
, Ma
l
a
y
sia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Sep 9,
2018
Re
vise
d Jan
1
6
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 2
7
,
2
019
Th
is
p
aper
o
f
f
e
rs
t
h
e
a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
p
e
r
f
o
rm
ance
o
f
F
l
u
x
Rev
e
rs
al
Pe
rma
n
e
n
t
M
a
gn
et
(
F
R
P
M
)
m
achin
es
w
ith
d
iff
e
rent
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
ag
net
arrangem
e
n
ts.
Th
ere
are
two
des
i
g
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
been
p
ro
pos
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
ep
ort,
w
h
i
c
h
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
h
as
a
p
air
of
p
erm
a
nent
m
ag
nets
(
P
M
)
wit
h
a
l
t
ern
a
te
p
ol
ari
ties
p
l
ace
on
su
rf
ace
o
f
s
tato
r
tooth
an
d
th
e
p
o
l
a
riti
es
o
f
two
adj
acent
P
M
a
t
the
s
e
two
st
ato
r
s
are
i
d
ent
i
cal
.
T
h
i
s
P
M
arran
g
em
ent
i
s
called
as
N
S
-
S
N
c
on
figu
rati
on.
S
econ
d
d
es
ign
is
N
S-N
S
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ratio
n
th
at
h
as
d
iff
e
ren
t
P
M
pol
a
riti
es
o
n
diff
erent
s
t
ato
r
t
oo
th
.
By
c
om
pari
ng
t
h
i
s
PM
a
rrang
em
ent
,
g
ener
ally
t
he
N
S-
N
S
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
h
i
g
h
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
N
S
-
S
N
con
f
ig
urati
o
n
s
h
ow
s
hig
h
er
m
axi
m
u
m
t
orqu
e
com
p
ared
t
o
the
p
r
evi
ou
s
des
i
g
n
.
The
desig
n
p
roces
s
f
o
r
both
co
nfi
gu
ra
ti
o
n
s
is
c
om
p
l
ete
ly
u
s
i
n
g
f
in
i
t
e
elem
en
t
anal
ys
is
(
F
E
A)
w
h
i
ch
i
s
J
M
AG
-Des
ig
n
e
r.
T
o
m
a
ke
s
u
r
e
th
e
c
oil
ph
ase
i
s
i
n
c
o
rrect
p
os
itio
n,
t
he
d
esi
g
n
config
urati
o
n
with
c
o
i
l
arran
g
em
ent
tes
t
s
are
ev
aluat
e
d.
F
in
a
lly,
each
f
lu
x
o
f
b
o
t
h
desi
gn
s
b
een
o
b
se
r
v
e
d
b
y
anal
ys
e th
eir t
o
rqu
e
with
vari
ous
arm
at
ure cu
rren
t d
e
nsit
y
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Fini
te e
lem
e
n
t
ana
lys
i
s
F
l
ux r
e
ver
s
al
Ma
gne
t a
rra
ng
em
ent
Pe
rm
anent
ma
g
n
e
t
Polar
ities
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
R
o
zi
ah
Azi
z
,
Depa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
i
c
a
l a
n
d
Electro
n
i
c
En
gine
eri
n
g,
University T
un Hussein
O
n
n
Ma
l
ays
i
a
(UTHM),
86
4
00 Pa
rit Ra
ja,
Joh
o
r,
M
alays
i
a.
Em
ail:
rozia
h
@u
t
h
m
.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
e
rm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t
(
P
M)
m
o
t
ors
bas
i
ca
l
l
y
c
ons
is
t
of
t
w
o
p
arts
w
hi
ch
a
re
s
t
a
t
o
r
and
r
o
t
o
r.
T
h
e
s
t
a
to
r
is
a
sta
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
pa
rt
i
n t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
po
w
e
red
b
y
a
lt
e
r
nat
i
n
g
c
u
rren
t
the
n
pr
od
uc
es
a
n
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
f
ie
l
d
.
Whi
l
e
the
r
o
t
o
r
i
t
se
lf
i
s
a
m
o
v
i
n
g
p
ar
t
i
n
a
n
ele
c
t
r
i
c
m
o
t
o
r
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rac
t
i
o
n
be
tw
ee
n
w
i
n
d
i
ng
i
n
t
h
e
sta
t
o
r
a
nd
ma
gnet
i
c
fie
l
d
s
w
il
l
m
a
ke
i
s
rotate
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
torq
ue
a
r
o
u
nd
r
o
t
or’s
a
xi
s
[
1
].
P
ermane
n
t
m
ag
net
usu
a
ll
y
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
a
t
r
o
t
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
r
o
t
o
r
-
P
M
b
u
t
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
e
w
d
e
s
ig
ns
o
f
P
M
t
ha
t
ca
n
be
l
oc
a
t
e
d
a
t
sta
t
or
w
hic
h
kn
ow
a
s
s
t
at
or-P
M
[2-5].
T
her
e
a
re
t
hre
e
t
yp
e
s
o
f
s
t
a
t
or
-PM
m
a
c
hi
n
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
are
dou
bl
y
sal
i
e
nt
P
M
(DS
P
M
)
,
f
l
u
x
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
P
M
(
F
S
P
M
)
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
,
a
n
d
l
a
s
t
l
y
i
s
f
l
u
x
-
r
e
v
e
r
s
a
l
P
M
(
F
R
P
M
)
m
ach
in
e
[6-
12].
Flu
x
r
e
v
ersal
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t
(F
RP
M
)
m
ac
hine
w
a
s
f
irst
i
ntr
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
1
997
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
rpo
s
e
of
c
ombi
n
i
ng
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
swi
t
c
h
ed
r
el
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
mac
h
in
e
(SR
M
)
wi
th
t
h
e
r
ob
ust
r
ot
or
s
t
r
uct
u
re
a
nd
p
e
rm
anen
t
m
a
gn
e
t
ma
chine
w
i
t
h
l
ar
ge
t
or
que
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
[
1
3
].
T
hi
s
com
b
i
n
a
tio
ns
p
r
o
d
u
ce
hi
g
h
p
e
r
form
anc
e
s
of
m
a
c
h
i
ne
e
sp
ec
i
a
ll
y
in
t
he
i
r
s
im
pl
e
co
ns
truc
ti
o
n
,
hi
gh
fau
l
t
t
o
le
ra
nce
,
e
a
s
y
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
a
n
d
fas
t
t
r
a
ns
i
e
nt
r
espo
nse
[1
4].
Th
is
ma
kes
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
hine
h
ad
b
ee
n
use
d
a
r
o
un
d
th
e
w
o
rl
d
i
n
m
a
ny
a
p
pli
c
a
tions
s
uch
as
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
ic
le
,
low
-
spee
d
serv
o
syste
m
s
an
d
dire
c
t
-dri
ve
w
in
d
i
n
g
p
ow
er
g
e
n
e
r
at
io
n
[
15-
16
]
.
F
ig
ure
1
sh
ow
s
tha
t
t
he
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
t
h
r
e
e
-
phase
F
RP
M
ma
chi
n
e
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
P
Ms
a
re
m
oun
te
d
on
t
he
i
nner
part
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
or
t
ee
th
a
n
d
t
h
e c
o
n
cent
r
a
t
ed
wi
n
d
i
ngs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
2
0
7
–
1
214
1
208
F
i
gur
e
1.
C
r
o
ss
secti
on
o
f
a
c
onve
n
t
i
o
nal
F
R
P
M
m
achine
The
firs
t
do
u
b
l
y
s
a
lie
n
t
s
ta
tor
pe
rm
anen
t
m
a
gne
t
ma
ch
i
n
e
(
D
SP
MM
)
w
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
1
955,
cal
le
d
f
l
u
x
s
w
i
tc
h
a
l
t
e
r
n
at
or
.
Thi
s
m
ac
hi
ne
w
as
m
ade
b
y
c
om
b
i
n
i
ng
S
RM
a
nd
b
r
us
h
l
e
s
s
D
C
m
o
t
or
(
B
L
D
C
M
)
d
ue
to
h
i
g
h
c
o
st
o
f
ra
re
ear
t
h
p
e
r
m
a
ne
n
t
m
a
g
ne
t.
H
ow
ever
,
t
h
e
ro
t
o
r
v
ol
u
m
e
w
a
s
po
or
,
sta
t
or
v
ibr
a
ti
on
a
n
d
di
ff
i
c
ult
y
i
n
s
t
ator
m
an
uf
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
o
v
er
c
o
me
t
h
e
p
r
ob
lem
o
f
t
or
q
u
e
de
ns
it
y,
s
ta
tor
vi
br
a
tio
n,
a
n
d
sim
p
li
fy
t
he
p
r
o
c
e
ss
of
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tur
i
ng,
t
he
f
ir
st
s
in
g
l
e
p
h
as
e
f
lux
r
e
ver
s
a
l
m
ac
hi
ne
(
F
R
M
)
w
as
i
ntr
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
19
9
7
.
To
m
ain
t
ai
n
t
h
e
a
d
van
t
age
s
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
pha
se
F
RM
a
t
the
sam
e
ti
me
t
o
re
du
ce
t
h
e
c
o
ggi
ng
t
o
r
qu
e
,
t
h
e
thr
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
F
R
M
w
a
s
i
n
tr
od
u
c
e
d
i
n
1
9
99
[
1
7]
.
N
o
w
a
da
ys,
se
ve
r
a
l
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
h
a
ve
b
ee
n
m
a
d
e
i
n
or
der
t
o
a
nal
y
se
a
n
d
im
pr
ove
t
he
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ance
o
f
F
R
P
M
m
achi
n
es.
The
perfor
m
a
n
ce
o
f
F
R
P
M
m
ach
i
n
e
m
a
y
be
i
m
p
rove
d
i
f
t
h
e
p
er
ma
nen
t
m
agne
t
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt
i
s
r
e
ar
r
a
nge
d
.
T
he
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
n
t
c
an
b
e
m
a
de
by
com
p
a
r
i
ng
t
h
e
mag
n
e
t
arran
g
e
me
nt
b
ased
on
the
i
r
p
o
lar
i
t
i
es.
In
t
h
i
s
re
sear
ch,
a
com
p
rehe
nsive
a
n
al
ys
i
s
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
w
i
t
h
va
r
i
ous
m
ag
ne
t
ar
r
a
ngem
e
n
t
s
i
n
p
r
o
v
i
ded.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
t
w
o
a
r
r
ange
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
P
M
t
h
a
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
d
.
F
i
r
s
t
o
n
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2(
a
)
i
s
a
pair
o
f
P
M
p
ie
ce
s
of
a
l
t
e
r
nate
p
o
l
ar
it
ies
is
m
ou
n
t
ed
o
n
the
i
nne
r
sur
f
ac
e
o
f
e
a
c
h
st
at
o
r
t
oot
h
, and
t
h
e
pol
a
r
it
i
e
s
o
f
t
w
o
a
d
j
a
c
e
nt
magn
e
ts
b
e
l
on
g
in
g
to
two s
tato
rs are ide
n
t
i
cal.
The
o
t
her
one
i
s
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
igur
e
2(
b)
w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
po
l
a
r
i
ti
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
tw
o
a
d
ja
ce
n
t
m
a
gne
t
s
i
s
in
o
pp
os
i
t
e
polar
it
ies.
(a)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
2.
D
i
f
fe
r
e
nt
P
M
ar
r
a
nge
me
nt
2.
RESEARCH METHOD
The
ge
om
etr
y
e
di
tor
is
u
sed
in
t
h
i
s
pr
o
j
e
c
t
t
o
de
s
i
g
n
eac
h
pa
r
t
o
f
th
e ma
ch
i
n
e su
ch
a
s sta
t
o
r
, ro
t
o
r,
pe
r
m
anen
t
m
a
gne
t
(
P
M)
,
and
a
r
m
a
tur
e
c
oi
l
sepa
r
a
te
l
y
.
To
d
es
ign
t
h
e m
achi
n
e,
t
he f
oll
o
win
g
pa
r
am
eter
s
in
T
a
bl
e 1
mu
st
be f
o
llo
we
d
.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
D
esign
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
f
12S
-
14P
F
RPM
M
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
Va
l
u
e
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
V
a
l
u
e
Sta
t
or
pole
/
s
l
ot
n
u
m
b
e
rs
1
2
Sha
f
t
ra
dius
10
m
m
R
o
tor
pole
nu
m
b
e
r
s
14
I
nne
r
ra
di
u
s
o
f
sta
t
or
27.
5
m
m
Out
e
r
r
a
dius
o
f
st
at
or
45
m
m
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
nt m
agn
e
t
w
i
dth
2
m
m
Ai
r
ga
p
l
e
ngth
0.
5 m
m
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
turns
p
e
r
pha
s
e
4
2
R
o
tor
pole
le
ngth
5 m
m
R
a
t
e
d
sp
ee
d
600
r
/
m
i
n
O
u
te
r
r
a
dius
o
f
r
o
tor
25
m
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Com
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
dif
f
e
r
e
n
t m
a
g
n
e
t
arr
a
n
g
em
en
t
on pe
r
f
orm
a
n
c
e of
f
l
ux
reve
r
s
a
l
perm
a
n
en
t …
(
M
.
H
Rem
l
an)
1
209
Tab
l
e
2
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
ma
t
e
r
i
al
a
nd
c
o
nd
i
tio
n
s
e
tt
i
ng
f
o
r
F
R
PM
m
ac
h
i
ne
p
a
r
ts.
The
r
o
t
a
tio
n
o
f
m
otor
i
s
se
t
to
6
0
0
r/mi
n
a
nd the
arr
a
ng
em
ent
of F
EM coi
ls o
f
ea
ch a
rm
atu
r
e
c
o
i
l
al
so
b
e
e
n
s
et
.
Ta
ble
2.
M
ater
i
a
ls
a
nd
co
n
d
it
i
on
se
tt
i
ng
f
o
r
FRP
M
m
a
c
hi
nes
P
a
rts
Ma
te
ri
a
l
s
C
onditions
R
o
tor
N
i
ppon
St
ee
l
35H
210
M
otion:
r
ota
tion
Torque
:
noda
l
for
c
e
Sta
t
or
N
ippon
St
ee
l
35H
210
—
A
r
m
a
ture
C
oil
C
onduc
tor
C
oppe
r
FE
M C
o
i
l
P
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t Ma
gn
e
t
N
e
o
m
a
x-
35A
H
(
i
r
r
e
v
e
r
sible
)
(
M
ag
n
e
t
i
zat
io
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
:
r
a
d
i
a
l d
i
r
ecti
o
n
)
—
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
The
des
i
g
n
c
o
n
f
i
gur
a
t
ion
li
k
e
r
ot
or
,
stat
or
,
per
m
a
n
en
t
m
a
gne
ts
and
arma
t
u
re
w
i
ndi
ng
h
ad
b
een
c
o
mple
te
d
b
y
us
i
n
g
Ge
o
me
t
r
y Ed
itor
.
3.
1.
N
o
-
l
o
a
d
an
alys
is
F
i
gur
e
3
sh
ow
s
the
U
V
W
f
l
u
xes
f
o
r
N
S
-S
N
conf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
h
in
e
a
nd
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
s
how
s
t
h
e
U
V
W
f
l
u
xe
s
f
o
r
NS
-
N
S
conf
ig
ur
a
t
i
on
F
R
P
M
m
ac
hine
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
U
VW
f
l
uxe
s
for
N
S
-S
N
conf
i
g
ur
a
tio
n
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
hi
ne
F
i
gur
e
4.
U
VW
f
l
uxe
s
for
N
S
-N
S
c
onf
i
g
ur
a
tio
n
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
hi
ne
The
usage
o
f
z
e
r
o
r
o
t
o
r
p
o
sit
i
on
is
t
o
ver
i
f
y
t
he
m
a
x
imum
f
l
u
x
a
s
l
ea
d
t
o
t
he
h
i
g
he
st
t
or
que
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
be
ach
ie
ve
d.
T
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
ze
r
o
-
r
o
tor
p
o
s
iti
on,
m
a
x
im
um
o
f
U
f
l
u
x
w
a
s
18
0°
a
nd
the
i
r
i
n
ter
cep
t
at
9
0
°
a
nd
27
0°
a
t
t
h
e
gr
a
ph.
T
he
r
o
t
or
w
as
a
djuste
d b
y
e
stim
at
in
g
t
h
e
deg
r
e
e
o
f
c
ha
nge
w
he
n
U
fl
ux
is
n
o
t
i
n
z
e
r
o
r
ot
or
pos
i
tio
n.
F
igur
e
5
f
o
r
bo
th
N
S
-
S
N
a
nd
N
S
-N
S
c
onfi
gur
a
t
i
on
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
a
cc
ur
ate
z
e
r
o
r
otor
p
os
it
ion
in
t
he
U
flux
g
rap
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
120
7
– 1
214
1
210
F
i
gure
5.
U
flux in z
ero
rotor
pos
i
tio
n for N
S
-S
N a
nd N
S
-N
S
con
fi
gura
t
i
o
n
F
i
gure
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
flu
x
l
i
n
e
a
nd
t
h
e
f
l
ow
o
f
forc
e
fie
l
d
thr
o
u
g
h
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
.
F
i
gure
6(
a)
show
s t
h
e f
l
ux
line
stray
an
d t
h
i
s
w
il
l ca
use ba
ck E
MF
and
lead
t
o
ba
d
eff
ect to
the
de
si
g
n
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gur
e 6.
F
l
ux
l
in
e
(a
)
N
S
-S
N
(
b
)
NS
-N
S
confi
gura
t
i
o
n
F
i
gure
7
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
co
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
rq
ue
f
or
b
o
t
h
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
hi
ne.
Co
g
g
in
g
tor
q
u
e
h
a
ppe
ned
due
t
o
in
t
e
rac
t
i
on
be
tw
e
e
n
r
o
tor
and
sta
t
or
w
ith
p
er
ma
nent
m
ag
net.
T
hr
o
u
gh
the
ana
l
y
s
is,
f
i
gur
e
be
l
o
w
sh
ow
s
t
h
at
N
S
-
S
N
config
ura
tio
n has hi
g
h
er
p
ea
k
c
o
g
g
i
ng t
o
r
q
u
e
w
h
i
c
h
is
0.
1
4
2
3
N
m
t
ha
n
N
S
-N
S
conf
igur
at
ion w
h
ic
h is
0.11
3
2
N
m
.
Be
si
de
s
tha
t
,
N
S
-S
N ha
s low
tor
que
ri
p
p
l
e
com
p
a
r
ed
t
o
NS-S
N
FRPM
machine.
F
i
gure
7. Co
g
g
i
n
g
f
or
N
S
-
S
N
and
N
S
-N
S c
onfi
gurat
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
o
m
p
a
r
iso
n
o
f
di
f
f
ere
n
t m
a
g
n
e
t
arr
a
n
g
em
en
t
on per
f
orm
anc
e of
flux
rev
e
r
s
a
l
perm
a
n
en
t …
(M.
H Rem
l
an)
1
211
3.2.
Load
an
a
ly
sis
F
i
gure
8
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
gra
p
h
tor
que
v
ers
u
s
var
i
o
u
s
a
r
ma
t
u
re
d
e
n
si
t
i
es,
J
A
.
T
h
e
grap
h
w
a
s
p
l
o
tte
d
i
n
J
A
st
art
f
r
om
0
A
/mm
2
-
30
A
/
m
m
2
b
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
5
A
/
m
m
2
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
t
e
p.
T
he
n,
i
nj
e
c
te
d
c
u
r
r
ent
w
e
re
c
alc
u
late
d
by us
i
n
g equa
ti
on be
low
. A
rmatur
e
co
il s
l
ot
a
re
a is
s
a
m
e for bo
t
h
de
s
ig
ns w
hic
h
a
r
e
69.
45
195
7
A
/
mm
2
.
√
(1
)
Whe
r
e,
I
A
= I
n
j
ected
c
urrent
J
A
=
A
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
co
il
c
u
r
r
e
nt
d
en
si
t
y
(
s
e
t
t
o
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
30
A
/
m
m
2
)
A=
A
r
ma
ture
c
oil fi
lli
ng
fac
t
or
(set
t
o
0
.5)
S
A
= A
rma
t
ure
coil s
l
o
t
a
re
a
N
A
= N
um
ber of
t
ur
n o
f
a
rm
a
t
ure
c
o
il
Ta
b
l
e
4.
V
alue
of
I
A
w
he
n J
A
i
n N
S
-S
N
and
N
S
-
N
S
confi
g
urat
io
n
J
A
(
A/
mm
2
)
I
A
(A)
30
35.
079
25
29.
232
20
23.
338
15
17.
54
10
11.
693
5
5.
846
0
0
F
r
om
t
he
t
orq
u
e
v
e
rsus
c
urrent
d
e
n
si
t
y
a
na
l
y
sis,
t
he
m
aximum
t
o
rq
u
e
can
b
e
o
b
s
e
rve
d
f
r
o
m
di
ffe
re
nt
a
rm
ature
co
il
cur
r
en
t
de
nsi
t
y.
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
sh
ow
s
tha
t
t
h
e
hi
gh
e
s
t
to
rqu
e
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
a
ch
ie
v
e
i
s
2
.
682
Nm at
3
0
A/
mm
2
f
or NS
-
S
N
con
fig
u
ra
tio
n a
nd 2.
64
2
N
m
a
t
30 A
/
m
m
2
f
or
N
S
-
N
S
c
onfig
urat
io
n.
F
i
gur
e 8.
Tor
que
ve
r
sus
var
i
o
u
s a
r
m
a
ture
c
urr
e
nt de
n
si
ty
Tor
q
u
e
v
er
sus
spe
e
d
gra
p
h
is
u
se
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
s
ed
t
he
m
a
x
im
um
t
orque
a
nd
ma
x
i
mum
spee
d
o
f
t
he
motor.
F
i
g
ure
9
s
h
ow
s
tha
t
w
he
n
spee
d
is
4
1
3
98.6
rpm,
t
he
t
orqu
e
i
s
0
.2
887
N
m.
M
e
a
n
w
hi
l
e
,
in
F
ig
u
r
e
10
show
s
a
t
s
peed
i
s
1
7
9
2
3
.3
r
p
m
,
the
torq
ue
i
s
low
w
h
ic
h
is
a
bo
u
t
0
.
1
6
30
N
m
.
From
t
his
anal
ys
is
s
how
s
th
a
t
N
S
-
S
N
confi
g
ura
tio
n ha
s h
i
g
h
in t
o
rq
ue
a
n
d
spe
e
d c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o N
S
-NS
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n.
F
o
r
the
p
o
w
e
r
ver
s
us
s
p
e
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
9
s
how
s
t
h
at
t
he
h
ighe
s
t
s
pee
d
t
ha
t
ge
ne
rate
f
or
N
S
-
S
N
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n
i
s
1
81
8.5
W,
w
hi
l
e
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
0
s
h
ow
s
N
S
-N
S
conf
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
ha
s
l
o
w
spe
e
d
t
ha
n
pre
v
i
o
u
s
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n
w
h
ic
h is o
nl
y 3
19.7
7
W
.
The
pow
er
can
b
e
calc
u
la
t
e
d
by us
in
g t
h
e
equa
t
i
o
n
be
l
ow
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
2
0
7
–
1
214
1
212
(
2
)
Where,
P =
p
o
w
er g
en
e
r
at
e
S
=
spee
d
of
m
otor
T
=
torque
F
i
gur
e
9.
T
or
q
u
e
and
p
o
w
e
r
ver
s
us
s
pe
ed
g
r
a
ph
f
o
r
N
S
-S
N c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
Tor
que
a
n
d
p
ow
er
ve
r
sus
spee
d
g
r
aph
for
N
S
-
N
S
confi
g
u
r
at
ion
4.
CONCLUSION
I
n
t
hi
s
pr
ojec
t,
t
he
s
tu
dy
o
f
12
S
l
ot-
14P
o
l
e
F
R
P
M
m
ach
i
n
e
s
o
f
N
S
-
S
N
and
N
S
-
N
S
conf
igur
a
tio
n
ha
d
be
en
i
n
v
es
tiga
t
e
d
.
The
pr
oc
e
d
ur
es
t
o
de
si
gn
F
R
P
M
ma
chi
n
e
ha
d
be
en
d
i
s
cu
s
s
e
d
c
l
e
arly
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
ed
.
Th
e
coi
l
a
r
r
a
ngem
e
nt
t
e
s
t
for
t
h
e
des
i
gn
had
b
e
e
n
e
x
a
mined
to
v
a
l
i
d
ate
e
ac
h
of
t
h
e
a
rm
ature
co
i
l
p
h
ase
a
n
d
to
p
ro
of
t
h
e
op
era
t
i
n
g
pri
n
ci
pl
e
o
f
m
ach
i
n
es.
Be
sid
e
s
th
a
t
,
th
e
p
e
rfo
rma
nc
es
o
f
b
o
t
h
d
es
ig
n
F
R
P
M
m
ac
hine
s
su
c
h
a
s
flu
x
l
i
n
e
,
f
i
n
a
l
t
orq
u
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
h
ave
been
i
n
v
est
i
ga
t
e
d.
F
r
o
m
the
i
nve
stiga
tio
n,
b
o
t
h
de
sign
had
its
o
w
n
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
es.
Ther
e
ar
e
sig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
i
n
per
f
or
m
a
nce
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
N
S
-
S
N
a
nd
N
S
-
N
S
c
onfi
g
ur
at
i
on
of
F
R
P
M
m
a
c
hin
e
,
w
h
er
e
N
S
-S
N
confi
g
ur
a
tio
n
pr
od
uc
es
h
i
g
h
tor
q
ue
a
n
d
sp
eed
a
s
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
t
o
NS-
N
S
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n.
T
h
i
s
show
s
t
h
a
t
N
S
-
S
N
c
onf
igur
a
tio
n
be
tter
tha
n
N
S
-
N
S
con
f
ig
ur
at
io
n.
F
ina
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
pr
o
pos
e
d
de
sig
n
s
a
r
e
suita
ble
f
o
r
var
i
o
u
s
ap
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
t
ha
t
nee
d
v
ar
ious
p
erfo
rmances.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
C
o
m
p
a
r
iso
n
o
f
di
f
f
ere
n
t m
a
g
n
e
t
arr
a
n
g
em
en
t
on per
f
orm
anc
e of
flux
rev
e
r
s
a
l
perm
a
n
en
t …
(M.
H Rem
l
an)
1
213
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
t
h
ors
g
r
atefu
lly
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
t
he
c
on
tri
b
ut
ion
of
R
ese
a
rc
h
M
a
n
agem
en
t
Ce
n
t
er
(
RM
C
)
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
u
n
H
u
sse
i
n
O
n
n
Ma
lays
ia
(
U
T
H
M
),
B
a
t
u
P
a
hat,
J
o
hor,
Ma
l
a
ysia
f
or
t
he
f
ina
n
c
i
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
t
h
is
rese
arc
h
.
Thi
s
r
esea
rch
is
p
ar
t
l
y b
y
R
M
C
u
n
d
er
the
U
85
0 (Tier
1
)
G
r
an
t.
REFE
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d
J.
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rasi
a P
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d
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su
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ov
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D
esig
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of
D
o
u
b
l
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P
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rm
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M
a
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r
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ase
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ub
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erma
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M
ag
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in
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i
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d
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Z
hao,
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b
l
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erm
a
nent
M
agn
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t
Mot
o
r
D
e
vel
op
me
nt
R
e
v
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,
”
Third Internationa
l
Conf
eren
ce on
Ins
t
rumen
t
ati
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n
,
M
e
a
s
u
r
emen
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M
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g
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,
“
S
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a
t
i
c
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
A
N
e
w
D
o
u
b
l
y
S
a
li
en
t
P
e
rm
anent
M
a
gn
et
M
o
t
or,
”
IE
E
E
T
r
an
sa
cti
ons o
n
E
n
erg
y
Con
vers
i
o
n
, Vo
l
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,
No
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X.
Liu,
D
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Z
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Zh
u
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A
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P
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R.
P
Deod
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a
n
d
T
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S
a
saki,
“
E
f
fi
c
iency
Im
p
r
ov
em
ent
o
f
S
w
i
t
c
hed
F
l
ux
PM
Mem
o
ry
M
ach
in
e
Ov
er
I
nt
erior P
M
M
achin
e
f
o
r EV/HEV Appli
c
ati
ons
,”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
cti
ons on ma
gnet
i
cs
,
Vo
l.
5
0,
No.
11,
N
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4
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[7]
S
.
Z
h
u
,
M
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
W
.
H
u
a
,
X
.
C
a
i
a
n
d
M
.
T
o
n
g
,
“
F
i
n
i
t
e
E
l
e
m
e
n
t
A
n
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
F
lu
x-
S
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
P
M
M
a
c
h
in
e
Cons
idering
Oversaturati
on
a
nd
Irrevers
ible
D
em
agneti
zat
i
o
n,”
IEE
E
Tra
n
s
ac
tio
n
s o
n
Ma
gn
e
t
ic
s
,
V
o
l
.
5
1
,
N
o
.
1
1
,
Nov
20
15
.
[8]
Y
.
P
a
n
g
,
Z
.
Q
.
Z
h
u
,
D
.
H
o
w
e
,
S
.
I
w
a
s
a
k
i
,
R
.
D
e
o
d
h
a
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
r
i
d
e
,
“Co
m
p
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
dy
o
f
Flux
-Swi
tc
hing
a
nd
Interi
or
P
erm
a
n
e
n
t
M
ag
net
Mach
in
es,”
P
r
o
c
eed
in
g o
f
Intern
a
t
io
nal Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
E
l
ectr
i
cal
M
a
chi
n
es
an
d
Syst
ems
,
2
007
.
[9]
A.
T
ho
m
a
s,
Z
.
Q
.
Zhu,
G
.W
.
J
e
well
,
an
d
D.
H
owe,
“
Flux
-S
witch
i
ng
PM
B
rushless
Machines
w
it
h
Alternat
iv
e
Stator
and
Roto
r P
o
l
e
Com
b
i
n
a
tio
n
s
,
”
In
tern
atio
nal Confer
ence o
n
Elect
ri
cal M
a
chin
es
a
n
d
Sys
t
em
s
, 20
0
8
.
[10]
H.
Y
.
L
i
a
nd
Z
.
Q.
Z
hu,
“
Ana
l
ysis
o
f
Flux
-Revers
a
l
P
e
rman
ent
-
Ma
g
n
et
M
ach
in
es
W
ith
D
iff
e
rent
C
o
n
s
e
qu
ent-Po
le
P
M
T
op
o
l
og
ies,”
IEEE T
r
ansa
c
tio
ns
on
M
a
g
n
e
tics
,
V
o
l
.
5
4
,
No
.
11
,
N
ov
2
0
18.
[11]
Z.Ha
n
,
L
.
Gua
n
gy
ou
,
S
.
Y
u
p
i
ng
a
nd
X
.Ya
n
lia
ng
,
“C
o
m
p
a
ra
tive
a
n
a
l
ysis
o
f
the
me
th
od
s
to
r
e
d
uc
e
flu
x
l
in
ka
g
e
i
n
F
l
ux Revers
al Mach
ine,
”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l Conferen
ce on
El
ectrica
l
M
a
chi
n
e a
nd Sys
t
em
s
, 20
1
0
.
[12]
X.
Z
hu
a
nd
W
.
H
u
a
,
“
A
n
Im
pro
v
ed
C
on
fi
gurat
io
n
f
o
r
Cog
g
i
n
g
To
rque
Reduct
i
o
n
i
n
Flux
-Revers
a
l
P
e
rm
anen
t
Mag
n
et
M
achi
n
es,
”
I
E
EE Tra
n
s
c
a
tion
s
o
n
Mag
ne
tic
s
,
V
o
l
.
53
,
No.
6
,
J
un
e
20
17
.
[13]
R.
P
.
Deodhar,
S
.
Andersson
,
I
.
B
o
ldea,
a
nd
T
.
J.
E
.
M
iller,
“
T
h
e
f
l
u
x
-
r
e
v
e
r
s
a
l
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
:
A
n
e
w
b
r
u
s
h
l
e
s
s
d
o
u
b
l
y
-
sali
en
t
perm
an
ent-m
a
g
n
et m
achine,”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
Ap
pl
.
,
v
ol.
33,
n
o.
4
,
pp
.
92
5
–
93
4,
1
99
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[14]
C.
W
ang,
S
.
a.
N
as
ar,
an
d
I.
B
o
l
d
ea,
“
T
h
ree-p
h
a
s
e
flu
x
r
evers
a
l
m
ach
in
e
(F
RM
),”
IEE P
r
oc. - E
l
ect
r. Power
App
l
.,
v
o
l
.
14
6,
p.
1
3
9
,
1
99
9.
[15]
X.
Z
hu
,
W.
H
u
a
,
M.Ch
e
n
g
a
n
d
G.Zha
n
g,
“
An
I
mp
rov
e
d
Con
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
ion
f
or
C
o
g
gin
g
T
o
r
qu
e
Red
u
cti
o
n
i
n
F
lux-
Re
v
e
rsal
P
erm
a
nent
M
agn
e
t M
ach
ines
,”
IE
EE
Co
nf
eren
ce on
El
ectr
o
ma
gn
e
t
i
c
Fi
eld
Comp
u
t
atio
n
(CE
F
C)
, 20
1
6
.
[16]
M.
C
h
e
ng
a
nd
Y
.
S
hu,
“
F
l
ux
W
eaken
in
g
Contro
l
f
o
r
Stat
or-D
ou
bly
-
F
ed
D
oubly
S
alient
M
o
t
or,”
Worl
d E
l
e
c
tric
Vehi
cle Jo
ur
nal
,
Vo
l. 4
, I
SS
N
2
0
32
-66
5
3
, 20
1
0
.
[17]
Y.
G
a
o
,
D.
Li,R
.
Qu
,
a
n
d
J.Li,
“
D
e
sign
P
ro
c
e
d
ure
of
F
lu
x
Re
ve
rsa
l
P
erm
a
nent
M
ag
net
M
ach
ines
,”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind.
Appl
.
,
v
o
l
.
53,
no.
5
,
pp
4
232
-4241
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
2
0
7
–
1
214
1
214
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Muha
m
a
d
H
a
z
w
a
n
r
e
ceiv
e
d
th
e
deg
r
ee
i
n
e
lectrical
e
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
U
n
i
vers
ity
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
i
n
O
nn
M
a
lays
ia i
n
2019.
Roziah
A
z
i
z
i
s
a
lectu
r
er
i
n
F
acul
t
y
of
E
l
ect
rical
E
ngi
neeri
ng
(FKEE),
UTH
M
.
A
fter
g
radu
ated
f
r
o
m
h
er
f
i
r
st
d
egree
i
n
E
l
e
tri
c
al
E
ng
in
eering
(UTM
-20
0
5
)
,
she
worked
a
s
a
tut
o
r
in
U
THM
and
pu
rsue
h
er
s
tu
dy
i
n
M
a
ster
E
n
g
ineerin
g
in
P
ower
E
lect
rical
E
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g
in
U
T
H
M
.
S
he
i
s
no
w
pu
rsui
ng
h
er
P
hD
i
n
El
ectrical
E
ng
in
eering
at
N
ew
castl
e
Un
i
v
ers
it
y
,
UK.
H
er
r
esearch
i
nt
eres
ts
are in
elect
rical m
achin
e des
i
g
n
an
d
p
erm
a
nen
t
m
ag
net mach
in
es
Suria
na
S
al
im
in
i
s
a
lect
urer
i
n
F
acul
t
y
o
f
E
l
ectri
c
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l
E
ngin
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ering
(F
K
E
E),
U
T
H
M.
A
ft
e
r
grad
uated
f
r
om
h
er
f
i
r
st
d
egree
i
n
E
le
tri
cal
E
ngineeri
n
g
(UTM
-2
00
6),
s
h
e
wo
rked
a
s
a
tuto
r
in
UT
HM
f
o
r
6
m
on
th
s
an
d
contin
ued
f
o
r
M
S
c
in
P
o
w
er
D
istri
b
ut
io
n
E
ngin
eerin
g
in
N
ew
c
a
s
t
l
e
Un
iversit
y
(
2007).
S
h
e
com
p
l
e
ted
her
P
h
D
in
E
lectri
cal
E
n
g
in
eer
ing
i
n
2014
als
o
f
rom
Newcas
tl
e Universi
ty
,
UK. S
h
e
h
as
pu
b
l
i
s
h
ed a f
ew p
apers
in
J
ur
nal
s
an
d
proceed
in
g sin
ce 20
13
.
Her
res
earch
i
n
t
eres
ts
a
re
o
n
po
wer
q
u
ali
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y
im
p
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ov
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m
en
t,
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istri
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te
d
g
e
ne
ra
tion
s
y
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te
ms,
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n
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wa
ble
e
n
e
r
gy a
n
d h
a
rmon
ic
s m
i
tiga
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i
o
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.
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