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d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
m
er
it
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ese
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
s
etu
p
s
led
to
h
ig
h
er
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
t.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
s
b
ased
o
n
d
is
cr
ete
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
21
]
-
[2
7
]
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
co
s
t.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
v
ie
w
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
d
is
cr
ete
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
es
ig
n
b
ased
o
n
g
en
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
d
is
cr
ete
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
ase
A
C
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
w
it
h
an
e
f
f
i
cie
n
t
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
NI
-
M
u
lti
s
i
m
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
A
ll t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tag
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
its
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
Sy
s
t
em
M
o
del
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
p
h
ase
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
(
SP
I
M)
to
a
v
o
id
v
ar
iab
le
to
r
q
u
e
-
s
p
ee
d
cu
r
v
e
s
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
is
co
n
s
ta
n
t
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
v
ar
ied
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
v
ar
y
t
h
e
s
ta
to
r
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
w
it
h
v
ar
iat
io
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
o
o
b
tain
co
n
s
tan
t
to
r
q
u
e
o
v
er
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
[
3
]
.
So
,
th
e
V/F
m
et
h
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
SP
I
M
in
th
is
p
ap
er
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
Fu
l
l H
-
B
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
SP
I
M
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
u
n
ip
o
lar
as
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
s
a
m
p
led
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
i
th
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
atio
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
atio
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
So
,
w
h
e
n
c
h
an
g
e
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
t
h
is
lead
to
a
v
ar
ia
b
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
atio
(
1
)
:
F
R
= f
C
/ f
O
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
FR
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
at
io
,
f
C
is
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
Hz)
,
f
O
is
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
Hz)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
ase
v
ar
iab
l
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
P
W
M
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
.
As
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
tar
ted
b
y
a
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
an
d
,
w
h
ich
is
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
V
to
1
0
V
to
c
o
v
er
th
e
w
h
o
le
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
VC
O
b
lo
ck
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
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d
u
ce
a
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
w
it
h
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
1
0
0
Hz
-
2
.
2
KHz
.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
v
id
er
an
d
d
ec
ad
e
co
u
n
ter
b
lo
ck
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
s
et
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
r
o
m
5
Hz
–
1
1
0
Hz.
Nex
t
b
l
o
ck
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
p
r
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d
u
ce
a
f
u
ll
w
a
v
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
s
ig
n
al
(
Vf
o
1
)
w
i
th
a
v
ar
iab
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
2
.
5
Hz
–
5
5
Hz.
Vo
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
lo
ck
is
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
n
e
w
D
C
le
v
el
v
o
lt
ag
e
f
r
o
m
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
a
n
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
b
etter
f
lu
x
at
lo
w
s
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ee
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f
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r
m
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r
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o
w
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i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
b
lo
ck
is
ap
p
lied
to
m
u
l
tip
l
y
t
w
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n
p
u
t
s
,
to
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a
v
e
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
v
ar
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le
f
r
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en
c
y
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d
v
ar
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le
v
o
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e
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
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e.
T
h
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PW
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p
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ls
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er
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r
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ce
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ir
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P
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ls
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it
h
f
le
x
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le
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e
tti
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g
o
f
th
e
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r
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en
c
y
o
f
t
h
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t
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g
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lar
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ig
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e
last
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s
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s
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late
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n
d
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le
t
h
e
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ls
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r
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th
e
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SF
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T
s
w
itc
h
es o
f
th
e
f
u
ll H
-
b
r
id
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e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
6
9
4
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4
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er
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u
r
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r
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t
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to
r
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r
iv
e
2
.
2
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lect
ro
nic
Desig
n
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
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ic
d
esig
n
co
m
p
l
etel
y
b
ased
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n
d
is
cr
ete
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m
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r
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ts
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n
s
tr
u
cted
,
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le
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le
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d
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er
to
tal
co
s
t.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
s
tar
ted
b
y
t
h
e
VC
O.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
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ts
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
VC
O
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
elec
ted
R
C
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
v
alu
es a
s
w
ell
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h
e
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lu
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o
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in
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u
t v
o
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g
e.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
f
r
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e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
V
C
O
is
d
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g
n
e
d
at
2
.
2
KHz
.
T
h
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
en
ter
s
to
th
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
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y
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id
er
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n
d
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r
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er
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h
m
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x
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m
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m
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e
n
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y
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en
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y
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6
6
(
A
n
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g
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o
n
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S
w
itc
h
e
s
)
,
an
d
Op
-
Am
p
s
(
d
esi
g
n
ed
as
Ad
d
er
)
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
t
o
ad
d
a
s
u
itab
le
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
el
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
r
ep
r
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ts
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
to
s
ati
s
f
y
t
h
i
s
in
cr
e
m
en
t i
n
t
h
e
V/F r
atio
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
E
lectr
o
n
ic
C
ir
cu
it o
f
Var
iab
le
Fre
q
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en
c
y
VC
O
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
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lectr
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n
ic
C
ir
cu
it o
f
Set V
o
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g
e
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o
n
tr
o
ller
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l
t
a
g
e
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o
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t
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e
d
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s
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i
l
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a
t
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(
V
C
O
)
F
r
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q
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e
n
c
y
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v
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&
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e
c
a
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e
C
o
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n
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e
r
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a
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b
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e
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q
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e
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c
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f
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l
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e
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e
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l
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l
l
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i
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Am
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ican
Un
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ah
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U
A
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www
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a
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RE
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NC
E
S
[1
]
Be
n
,
A
.
H
e
t
a
l.
.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
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n
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e
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e
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tal
e
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P
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M
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d
a
p
t
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e
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
-
M
RA
S
stra
teg
y
”
,
IEE
E
J
o
f
Eme
rg
a
n
d
S
e
l
T
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p
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Po
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,
2
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p
p
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2
8
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.
[2
]
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
ia,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Am
in
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A
.
T
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c
h
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o
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m
u
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le
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ti
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o
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u
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n
g
M
AT
LAB/S
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k
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v
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n
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e
lec
tri
c
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l
m
a
c
h
in
e
lab
o
ra
to
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”
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Pro
c
e
d
ia
Soc
Be
h
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v
S
c
i.
1
0
3
,
p
p
:
9
1
2
-
9
2
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
A
ra
b
a
c
i,
H.,
a
n
d
Bil
g
in
,
O.
“
A
n
o
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m
o
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n
m
e
t
h
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d
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sin
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re
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n
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sig
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ls
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st F
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T
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J
El
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c
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Co
mp
S
c
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.
2
0
,
p
p
:
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.
[4
]
Da
l,
M
.
,
a
n
d
T
e
o
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re
sc
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,
R.
,
“
S
li
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m
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h
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s”
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J
El
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,
1
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,
p
p
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.
[5
]
Jia
n
,
S
.
,
a
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T
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Ca
i,
L
.
,
“
Ne
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m
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in
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m
u
m
c
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m
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m
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”
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IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
In
d
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tro
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6
0
,
p
p
:
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1
3
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,
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[6
]
Ay
a
su
n
,
S
.
,
“
S
tab
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a
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o
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DC
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c
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T
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rk
J
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En
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S
c
i
.
2
1
,
p
p
:
3
8
1
-
3
9
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
Ha
ll
,
R.
D.,
a
n
d
Ko
n
sta
n
ty
,
W
.
J.,
“
Co
m
m
u
tatio
n
o
f
DC m
o
to
rs
”
,
I
EE
E
In
d
Ap
p
l
M
1
6
,
p
p
:
5
6
-
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
a
,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
f
u
z
z
y
slid
in
g
-
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
in
t
o
c
h
a
tt
e
rin
g
-
f
re
e
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r
d
ri
v
e
”
,
IEE
E
2
0
1
2
In
d
A
p
p
li
c
S
o
c
.
,
IE
EE
.
p
p
:
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
G
Ö
KSU,
Ö.,
a
n
d
Ha
v
a
,
A
.
M
.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sh
a
f
t
tran
sd
u
c
e
rles
s
sp
e
e
d
a
n
d
p
o
siti
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
c
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
terio
r
p
e
rm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
m
o
to
rs”
,
T
u
rk
J
El
e
c
E
n
g
&
Co
mp
S
c
i.
1
8
,
p
p
:
8
6
5
-
8
8
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
0
]
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
a
b
a
d
,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
A
C
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
tran
sm
is
sio
n
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
c
o
n
stra
in
ts”
,
T
u
rk
J
El
e
c
En
g
&
Co
mp
S
c
i.
,
2
1
,
p
p
:
1
1
2
0
-
1
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
ia,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
u
sin
g
h
y
b
rid
F
u
z
z
y
-
P
I
a
n
d
P
I
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs:
a
Re
v
ie
w
”
,
In
t
Rew
El
e
c
tr
En
g
-
I
RE
E,
5
,
p
p
:
2
0
0
0
-
2
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
2
]
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
ia,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
n
so
re
d
f
ield
o
rien
ted
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
ro
b
u
st
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
u
si
n
g
a
n
o
v
e
l
b
o
u
n
d
a
ry
la
y
e
r
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r.
S
e
n
s
o
rs”
,
1
3
,
p
p
:
1
7
0
2
5
-
1
7
0
5
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
A
tt
ia,
H.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
a
h
ig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
s
y
ste
m
”
,
ICRE
GA’1
4
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
p
p
.
6
8
3
-
6
9
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
R
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
L
o
a
d
P
o
w
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V
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C
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m
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n
d
(
V
)
L
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P
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r
(
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)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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SS
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Dis
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o
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ts
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ed
S
p
ee
d
C
o
n
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o
ller
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u
ctio
n
Mo
to
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(
Hu
s
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in
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)
1084
[1
4
]
A
b
d
e
lk
ri
m
,
T
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tu
d
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
5
-
lev
e
l
P
W
M
re
c
ti
f
ie
r
-
5
-
lev
e
l
NP
C
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
il
ter
c
a
sc
a
d
e
u
sin
g
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
re
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
v
e
c
to
rs”
,
T
u
rk
J
El
e
c
En
g
&
Co
mp
S
c
i.
,
2
0
,
p
p
:
6
5
5
-
6
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
ia,
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
f
u
z
z
y
slid
in
g
-
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
in
t
o
c
h
a
tt
e
rin
g
-
f
re
e
IM
d
riv
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
In
d
A
p
p
l
.
,
5
1
,
p
p
:
6
9
2
-
7
0
1
,
2
0
1
5
[1
6
]
Ch
risto
p
h
e
r,
I
.
W
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
icr
o
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
si
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
sim
p
li
f
ied
n
i
n
e
-
lev
e
l
in
v
e
rter
f
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r”
,
IICPE
,
IEE
E
.
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
Vi
n
a
y
,
K.C.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
P
G
A
b
a
s
e
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
v
a
riab
le
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
v
a
riab
le
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
f
o
r
a
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r”
,
I
n
t
C
o
n
f
o
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(
P
A
CC),
IEE
E,
p
p
:
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
8
]
A
sh
u
to
sh
M
.
,
a
n
d
P
ra
sh
a
n
t
C.
,
“
A
rti
f
icia
l
Ne
u
ra
l
N
e
t
w
o
rk
Ba
s
e
d
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
S
p
e
e
d
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
a
n
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
to
r
u
si
n
g
In
d
irec
t
V
e
c
to
r
C
o
n
tro
l
M
e
th
o
d
”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
V
o
l
.
2
,
No
.
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
0
2
~
4
0
8
.
[1
9
]
M
a
ji
d
S
,
a
n
d
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
.
,
“
In
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
S
p
e
e
d
Co
n
tro
l
u
si
n
g
In
d
irec
t
Z
-
s
o
u
rc
e
M
a
tri
x
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
P
S
O
-
P
I
Co
n
tro
l
ler
u
n
d
e
r
V
a
rio
u
s
Bre
a
k
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
V
o
l
.
3
,
No
.
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
~
5
2
.
[2
0
]
R.
G
u
n
a
b
a
lan
,
a
n
d
V
.
S
u
b
b
iah
,
“
S
p
e
e
d
S
e
n
so
r
les
s
V
e
c
to
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
Driv
e
w
it
h
P
I
a
n
d
F
u
z
z
y
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
V
o
l.
5
,
No
.
3
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
1
5
~
3
2
5
.
[2
1
]
A
tt
ia,
H.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Du
a
l
A
x
is
S
o
lar
Trac
k
e
r
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
u
m
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
”
,
S
DIW
C
,
p
p
:
1
4
4
-
1
5
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
2
]
G
e
tu
,
B.
N.,
a
n
d
A
tt
ia,
H.A
.
,
“
R
e
m
o
te
Co
n
tro
ll
i
n
g
o
f
L
i
g
h
t
in
ten
s
it
y
U
sin
g
P
h
o
n
e
De
v
ice
s”
,
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
1
0
,
(
1
0
)
,
p
p
:
1
2
0
6
-
1
2
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
A
tt
ia,
H.
A
.
,
“
T
h
re
e
S
tep
s
A
C
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Re
g
u
lato
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
On
e
S
t
e
p
-
d
o
w
n
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
1
0
,
(
1
9
),
p
p
:
3
9
8
9
8
-
3
9
9
0
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
A
tt
ia,
H.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
rtab
le
S
o
la
r
Ch
a
rg
e
r
w
it
h
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
Ch
a
rg
i
n
g
Cu
rre
n
t
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
P
h
o
n
e
De
v
ice
s”
,
In
t.
J
.
o
f
T
h
e
rm
a
l
&
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
7
,
(1
)
,
p
p
:
1
7
-
2
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
5
]
Al
-
M
a
sh
h
a
d
a
n
y
,
Y.I.
,
a
n
d
A
tt
ia,
H.A
.
,
“
No
v
e
l
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
P
o
rta
b
le
Ch
a
rg
e
r
th
ro
u
g
h
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
P
V
En
e
rg
y
”
,
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
a
ter
ia
ls
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
9
2
5
,
p
p
:
4
9
5
-
4
9
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
A
tt
ia,
H.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Exp
e
rime
n
ta
l
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DTM
F
d
e
c
o
d
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
c
irc
u
it
t
o
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
re
mo
te
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
o
f
a
n
a
g
ric
u
lt
u
ra
l
p
u
mp
sy
ste
m
”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Bio
-
M
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Clea
n
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Gre
e
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(EBE
CEG
C,
2
0
1
5
),
p
p
:
5
2
-
5
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
7
]
A
tt
ia,
H.A
.
,
a
n
d
G
e
tu
,
B.
N.,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Re
m
o
te
ly
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
1
0
,
(
1
2
),
p
p
:
3
2
6
0
9
-
3
2
6
2
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Hu
ss
a
in
A
tt
ia
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
B
a
g
h
d
a
d
,
in
1
9
9
9
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
in
e
lec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
in
1
9
9
1
.
M
.
S
c
.
Hu
ss
a
in
’s
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
A
C
&
D
C
S
p
e
e
d
Co
n
tro
l
Driv
e
s,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Circu
it
s
De
sig
n
,
P
W
M
In
v
e
rters
(sin
g
le
p
h
a
se
&
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
s).
A
li
S
a
g
h
a
f
in
ia
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
,
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
,
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
a
P
o
st
d
o
c
t
o
ra
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
a
t
th
e
UM
P
o
w
e
r
En
e
rg
y
De
d
ica
ted
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Ce
n
tre
(UMP
EDA
C),
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
e
lec
tri
c
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
e
sig
n
,
f
a
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
in
d
u
strial
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
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