I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
6
~
1
4
1
1
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijp
ed
s
.
v
9
.
i
3
.
pp
1
4
06
-
1
4
1
1
1406
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
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d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
E
DS
Inv
estig
a
tion
o
f
t
he Ex
p
erimen
tal
C
ha
ra
cter
iza
tion
o
f
the
D
iff
e
rent
I
no
rg
a
nic
L
ig
ht
E
mi
tt
ing
D
io
des (LEDS
)
a
nd t
he
P
ho
tov
o
ltaic
E
ff
e
ct
o
n t
hese LE
Ds
K
.
Rem
idi
1
,
A.
Chek
na
ne
2
,
M
.
H
a
dd
a
di
3
1
De
p
ar
tme
n
t
o
f
P
h
y
si
c
s E
c
o
le No
rm
a
le S
u
p
é
rieu
re
(ENS
),
Alg
e
ria
2
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
o
f
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
rs an
d
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
M
a
teria
ls,
Un
i
v
e
rsi
té Am
a
r
Teli
d
ji
d
e
Lag
h
o
u
a
t
,
Alg
e
ria
3
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
De
p
a
r
tme
n
t
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic S
c
h
o
o
l
o
r
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le Na
ti
o
n
a
le P
o
l
y
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
(
ENP
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,
Al
g
e
ri
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
May
22
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
is
ed
J
u
l
17
,
2
0
1
8
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
6
,
2
0
1
8
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
d
e
sc
rib
e
s
o
u
r
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
ts
o
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th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
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teriz
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ti
o
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o
f
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
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g
d
i
o
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e
s
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
l
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rs
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
ir
p
h
o
to
e
lec
tri
c
e
ffe
c
t.
Th
is
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
wa
s
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o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
t
t
h
e
IM
S
o
f
Bo
rd
e
a
u
x
,
wh
ich
h
a
s
a
m
e
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su
re
m
e
n
t
b
e
n
c
h
a
ll
o
wi
n
g
th
e
i
n
tri
n
sic
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
iffere
n
t
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
in
d
irec
t
a
n
d
re
v
e
rse
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
b
e
n
c
h
a
lso
m
a
k
e
s
it
p
o
ss
ib
le
to
c
o
m
p
a
re
th
e
se
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
v
a
lu
e
s
with
t
h
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
v
a
lu
e
s
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
.
A
se
c
o
n
d
wo
rk
d
o
n
e
a
t
th
e
ENP
o
f
El
-
Ha
rra
c
h
a
ll
o
we
d
u
s
to
p
u
t
i
n
p
lac
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
m
e
a
n
s
to
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
re
is
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
LE
Ds
.
F
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
se
,
we
h
a
v
e
m
e
a
su
re
d
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
d
iffer
e
n
t
LE
Ds
a
n
d
stu
d
ied
t
h
e
ir
li
g
h
t
in
ten
siti
e
s
u
sin
g
a
n
E
P
LE
Y
p
y
ra
n
o
m
e
ter.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
re
d
,
g
re
e
n
,
y
e
l
lo
w
,
wh
i
te
a
n
d
b
l
u
e
LE
Ds
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s
(LE
Ds
)
wa
s
stu
d
ied
a
t
EN
P
D'
El
Ha
rra
h
Alg
e
ria,
fo
r
a
p
e
rio
d
o
f
t
h
re
e
d
a
y
s
in
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
LE
Ds
we
re
e
x
p
o
se
d
t
o
so
l
a
r
ra
d
iatio
n
in
th
e
f
o
rm
o
f
u
n
it
a
r
y
u
n
it
s
o
f
LE
Ds
.
9
-
1
6
h
o
u
rs
Th
e
se
irrad
iate
d
LE
Ds
we
re
m
o
n
it
o
re
d
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
-
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
a
t
o
n
e
-
h
o
u
r
in
ter
v
a
ls.
S
o
lar
ra
d
ia
ti
o
n
o
n
a
h
o
rizo
n
tal
su
r
fa
c
e
wa
s m
e
a
su
re
d
u
sin
g
a
P
y
ra
n
o
m
e
ter.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
L
ig
h
t
e
m
itti
n
g
d
i
o
d
es (
L
E
DS)
E
NP
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
K.
R
em
id
i,
Dep
tem
en
t o
h
Ph
y
s
ics E
co
le
No
r
m
ale
Su
p
ér
ieu
r
e
(
E
NS)
Ko
u
b
a
1
6
0
5
0
Alg
er
Alg
ér
ie
.
E
m
ail:
r
em
id
ik
am
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
E
Ds
ar
e
n
o
w
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
lig
h
ti
n
g
an
d
ac
ce
n
t
lig
h
tin
g
.
th
e
y
ca
n
r
ep
lace
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
1
9
6
2
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
ed
L
E
D
was
cr
ea
ted
b
y
Nick
Ho
l
o
n
y
ak
J
r
an
d
S.
B
ev
ac
q
u
a.
Fo
r
s
ev
er
al
y
ea
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lim
ited
to
a
f
ew
co
lo
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
(
1
9
6
2
)
,
y
ello
w
an
d
b
lu
e
(
1
9
7
2
)
[
1
,
2
]
.
o
r
g
r
e
en
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
lo
w
p
o
wer
L
E
Ds
ar
e
an
attr
ac
tiv
e
alter
n
ativ
e
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
o
r
escen
t
lig
h
ts
,
in
ca
n
d
escen
t
o
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
y
o
f
f
e
r
s
u
ch
a
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
wh
ich
is
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
lo
n
g
life
tim
e
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
elec
t
a
v
er
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
lo
r
am
o
n
g
m
an
y
o
th
er
s
.
Hig
h
p
o
wer
wh
ite
L
E
Ds
(
o
v
er
1
W
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
g
ai
n
in
g
m
o
m
en
tu
m
s
in
ce
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
0
s
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
b
ac
k
lig
h
tin
g
d
is
p
lay
s
,
ca
r
h
ea
d
lig
h
ts
an
d
g
en
er
al
lig
h
tin
g
.
O
n
Octo
b
er
7
,
2
0
1
4
,
Sh
u
ji
Nak
am
u
r
a,
I
s
am
u
Ak
as
ak
i
an
d
Hir
o
s
h
i
Am
an
o
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
No
b
el
Priz
e
in
Ph
y
s
ics
f
o
r
th
eir
w
o
r
k
o
n
b
lu
e
L
E
Ds
[
9
]
[
3
]
L
ig
h
t
-
em
it
tin
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D)
is
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
io
d
e
th
at
g
iv
es
o
lig
h
t
w
h
en
f
o
r
war
d
b
iase.
[
4
,
5
]
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
o
f
a
p
h
o
t
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
/
h
o
le
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
[
6
,
7
]
I
n
th
e
g
en
er
al
ca
s
e,
an
L
E
D
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
ia
a
cu
r
r
en
t
lim
itin
g
r
esis
to
r
[
5
,
8
]
.
L
E
Ds
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
g
alliu
m
ar
s
en
id
e
(
GaA
s
)
,
g
alliu
m
ar
s
en
id
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
(
GaA
s
P),
o
r
g
alliu
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
id
e
(
GaP)
.
GaA
s
L
E
Ds
em
it
in
f
r
ar
ed
(
I
R
)
r
a
d
iatio
n
,
GaA
s
P
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
eith
er
r
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
ff th
e
E
xp
erimen
ta
l
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
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o
f th
e
d
iffer
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t in
o
r
g
a
n
ic…
(
K
.
R
emid
i
)
1407
o
r
y
ello
w
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t,
an
d
G
aP
em
its
r
ed
o
r
g
r
ee
n
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t.
L
E
Ds
th
at
em
it
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
(
s
u
ch
as
tr
i
-
co
lo
u
r
L
E
Ds)
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
wid
e
b
an
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
s
u
ch
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g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
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a
n
d
in
d
i
u
m
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
I
n
GaN
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
s
o
lar
ce
ll
m
ater
ial,
s
ilico
n
,
h
as
a
les
s
f
av
o
u
r
ab
l
e
b
an
d
g
ap
1
.
1
eV,
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
2
9
%)
b
u
t
is
ch
ea
p
an
d
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
I
-
V
m
ater
ials
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ia
l
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
b
a
n
d
g
ap
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
1
]
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
L
E
D
co
n
v
er
ts
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
to
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
elec
t
r
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
with
in
th
e
L
E
D
d
ev
ice,
wh
ich
r
elea
s
es
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
h
o
to
n
s
.
A
s
o
lar
ce
ll
is
ess
en
tially
a
PN
ju
n
ctio
n
with
lar
g
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
wh
ile
L
E
D
h
as
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
.
A
f
ew
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
i
o
d
es.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
was
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
a
lo
w
c
o
s
t
s
o
lar
tr
a
ck
er
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
h
is
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
es
with
L
E
Ds
,
h
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
y
g
en
e
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e
in
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
So
m
e
wo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
s
in
ce
t
h
e
9
0
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t
in
L
E
Ds
b
u
t
m
ain
ly
o
n
o
r
g
an
ic
L
E
Ds
(
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
n
p
o
ly
[
2
-
m
et
h
o
x
y
,
5
-
(2
-
et
h
y
lh
ex
o
x
y
)
-
1
,
4
-
p
h
e
n
y
len
e
v
i
n
y
len
e)
.
T
h
is
s
am
e
ef
f
ec
t
ca
n
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
o
r
g
a
n
ic
L
E
Ds
(
OL
E
Ds)
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
]
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
b
y
Kar
za
zi
[
1
2
]
.
Oth
er
wo
r
k
s
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
L
E
Ds o
b
tain
ed
b
y
p
u
tin
g
a
th
i
n
lay
er
o
f
in
d
iu
m
o
x
i
d
e
o
v
er
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
s
ilico
n
P
b
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
ty
p
e
(
Ma
r
u
s
k
a,
H.
Pau
l,
E
n
er
g
y
b
a
n
d
s
in
q
u
an
tu
m
co
n
f
in
e
d
s
ilico
n
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es,
[
1
3
]
.
W
o
r
k
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
ef
f
ec
t
i
n
c
o
m
m
er
cial
L
E
Ds
d
o
es
n
o
t
a
p
p
ea
r
to
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
.
I
t
will
b
e
u
p
to
u
s
to
f
ill
wh
at
we
th
i
n
k
is
a
g
ap
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t o
f
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es (
L
E
Ds).
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
le
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
-
r
e
g
u
late
d
L
E
D.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
C
r
y
o
s
tat
with
co
n
tr
o
lled
liq
u
id
n
itro
g
en
ci
r
cu
latio
n
.
2
.
1
.
Cha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
C
o
nv
ent
io
na
l LE
D
s
o
f
Dif
f
er
ent
Co
lo
rs
B
en
ch
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
4
]
.
,
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
was
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
b
en
c
h
an
d
th
e
o
u
ts
id
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
ass
em
b
ly
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
Diag
r
am
o
f
th
e
B
en
ch
I
=f
(
V)
T
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t u
s
ed
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
:
1.
An
aly
ze
r
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
KE
I
T
HL
E
Y
6
4
3
0
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
an
I
E
E
E
b
u
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
C
PU
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
u
ter
.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
(
1
0
-
1
6
A
t
o
0
.
1
A)
1
0
-
1
7
A
r
eso
lu
tio
n
(
er
r
o
r
0
.
1
%)
a
n
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
0
to
1
0
V)
r
eso
lu
tio
n
1
0
-
6
V
(
er
r
o
r
0
.
1
%)
;
2.
L
iq
u
id
n
itr
o
g
en
f
lo
w
cr
y
o
s
t
at
L
N2
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
wh
er
e
in
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
I
t
allo
w
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
in
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
8
0
K
t
o
3
5
0
K
with
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
0
.
1
K;
Com
p
u
t
e
r l
i
n
k
(IEEE
/
RS23
2
/
USB)
Con
tro
l
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
(Dat
a
e
x
tra
c
ti
o
n
)
Cry
o
s
t
a
t
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
d
c
i
rc
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
L
i
q
u
i
d
n
i
tro
g
e
n
(c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
)
O
h
m
m
e
te
r
(T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
r
e
p
ro
b
e
)
m
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
Am
m
e
t
e
r
KE
IT
HL
EY
6
4
3
0
El
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
Con
n
e
c
i
o
n
Con
tro
l
l
e
r
BT5
0
0
t
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
V
o
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
0
6
–
1
4
1
1
1408
3.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
u
n
it
(
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
C
o
n
tr
o
lle
r
B
T
5
0
0
)
u
s
ed
f
o
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
d
u
r
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
I
t
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
r
esis
to
r
o
f
th
e
cr
y
o
s
tat
u
s
in
g
a
PID
au
to
m
atic
s
y
s
tem
(
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
al
I
n
te
g
r
al
Der
iv
ati
v
e;
4.
Dr
y
p
u
m
p
(
ADI
XE
N)
wh
o
s
e
r
o
le
is
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
p
r
im
ar
y
v
a
cu
u
m
(
1
:
-
2
T
o
r
r
)
in
th
e
v
ac
u
u
m
ch
am
b
er
o
f
th
e
cr
y
o
s
tat;
5.
Oh
m
m
eter
g
iv
i
n
g
a
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
d
en
o
ted
R
s
o
n
d
e,
c
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
PT1
0
0
h
ea
t sen
s
o
r
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es a
cc
ess
to
th
e
T
P p
ac
k
ag
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
L
E
D;
6.
T
o
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ical
ca
b
les,
th
e
L
E
D
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
m
ea
s
u
r
e
4
s
o
n
with
T
r
iax
ca
b
les
(
Keith
ley
)
)
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
V
D
if
f
er
ent
L
E
D
E
f
f
ect
Dif
f
er
en
t
L
E
D
co
lo
r
s
(
r
e
d
,
g
r
ee
n
,
y
ello
w,
wh
ite,
b
lu
e
)
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
lo
ca
lly
f
r
o
m
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
r
e.
T
h
ese
wer
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
to
s
tan
d
o
n
a
b
r
ea
d
b
o
ar
d
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
k
ep
t
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
in
a
s
u
n
n
y
ar
ea
an
d
W
e
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
an
y
wo
r
k
w
h
er
e
th
e
L
E
Ds
wer
e
b
u
ilt
an
d
r
ad
iated
b
y
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es (
L
E
Ds).
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
is
b
ased
o
n
a
p
y
r
an
o
m
ete
r
d
e
v
ice
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
lu
m
i
n
an
ce
i
n
W
/
m
2
an
d
wh
ic
h
is
d
is
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
lan
e
as
th
e
L
E
D
u
n
d
er
test
.
W
e
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
o
r
ien
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
at
its
ter
m
in
als.
Sev
er
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
will
b
e
tak
en
(
twen
ty
)
o
n
e
d
ay
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
p
y
r
a
n
o
m
eter
is
:
C
=
9
,
5
6
x
1
0
-
6
V/
(
W
/ m
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
L
ig
h
t M
ea
s
u
r
in
g
Dev
ice
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
L
E
D
V
p
=f
(
I
d
)
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t o
f
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es (
L
E
Ds)
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
was r
ea
lized
at
E
NP E
l H
ar
r
ac
h
Alg
er
ia,
f
o
r
a
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
th
r
ee
d
ay
s
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
6
.
T
h
e
L
E
Ds
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
as
s
in
g
le
u
n
its
o
f
L
E
Ds
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
f
r
o
m
9
–
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
t
h
ese
ir
r
ad
iated
L
E
Ds
wer
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
-
g
e
n
er
ated
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
at
h
o
u
r
ly
i
n
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
a
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
s
u
r
f
ac
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
p
y
r
a
n
o
m
eter
5
0
0
w/m
2
.
I
n
2
5
°c
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
m
e
r
cu
r
y
-
in
-
g
lass
th
er
m
o
m
eter
wh
ile
th
e
p
h
o
to
-
g
en
er
at
ed
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t w
er
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Curre
nt
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ic
o
f
a
Cla
s
s
ic
Red
,
Yello
w,
G
re
en
,
White
a
nd
B
lue
L
E
D
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
l
ta
g
e
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
i
s
tic
o
f
a
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
L
E
D
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
d
r
aw
n
i
n
lin
ea
r
s
c
ale
s
h
o
ws
a
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lt
ag
e
Vs
b
e
twe
en
tw
o
m
ai
n
a
r
e
as:
B
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
d
i
o
d
e
is
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
(
V
>V
s
)
an
d
w
h
e
r
e
A
d
io
d
e
is
b
l
o
c
k
e
d
(
V
<
Vs)
.
T
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
is
t
h
e
o
n
e
o
f
a
d
i
o
d
e.
T
h
is
p
l
o
t
is
i
d
e
a
l
f
o
r
h
ig
h
i
n
je
cti
o
n
lev
els
(
V
>
Vs)
.
T
h
o
s
e
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
is
ti
cs
I
(
V
)
ch
ar
ac
t
e
r
is
ti
c
o
f
a
r
e
d
L
E
D
,
y
ell
o
w
,
g
r
ee
n
,
w
h
ite
a
n
d
b
l
u
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
3
a
n
d
4
.
Py
r
an
o
m
et
e
r
M
illi
v
o
ltm
eter
L
ed
Mic
r
o
Am
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
ff th
e
E
xp
erimen
ta
l
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
d
iffer
en
t in
o
r
g
a
n
ic…
(
K
.
R
emid
i
)
1409
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
I
d
=
f
(
V)
a
R
ed
; a
G
r
ee
n
;
Y
ello
w
L
E
D,
in
Di
r
ec
t
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
I
=f
(
V)
a
W
h
ite
an
d
a
B
lu
e
L
E
D
in
D
ir
ec
t
Ta
b
l
e
1
.
led
s
b
lu
e
w
h
i
t
e
y
e
l
low
g
r
e
e
n
red
V
o
(
v
)
2
.
8
2
.
4
2
.
1
2
1
.
9
Th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
th
a
t
th
e
b
l
u
e
L
ED
h
a
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
o
t
h
e
b
l
u
e
o
f
2
.
8
V
th
e
n
th
e
2
.
4
V
c
u
b
i
c
l
e
a
f
te
r
th
e
2
.
1
V
y
e
l
l
o
w;
1
th
e
g
re
e
n
2
V
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
t
h
e
we
a
k
e
s
t
1
.
9
re
d
V
Fig
u
r
e
.
5
:
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
lo
g
I
i
=f
(
V)
a
g
r
ee
n
L
E
D,
in
in
v
er
s
e
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ig
u
r
e
lo
g
I
(
V)
,
c
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
to
th
e
f
ir
esto
n
e
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
cu
r
r
en
t in
jectio
n
r
eg
io
n
s
: p
o
s
s
e
we
ch
o
o
s
ed
th
e
g
r
ee
n
led
C
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
lo
g
I
i to
r
ep
r
esen
t
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ig
u
r
e
lo
g
I
(
V)
,
c
o
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
to
th
e
f
ir
esto
n
e
p
o
s
s
ess
es f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
cu
r
r
en
t
in
jectio
n
r
eg
io
n
s
:
*
Ver
y
lo
w
in
jectio
n
lev
el
(
Z
o
n
e
I
)
: I
≤
1
n
A;
*
L
o
w
lev
el
o
f
in
jectio
n
(
Z
o
n
e
I
I
)
: 1
n
A
≤
I
≤
1
m
A;
*
Mid
d
le
in
jectio
n
lev
el
(
Z
o
n
e
I
I
I
)
: 1
m
A
≤
I
≤
1
0
0
m
A;
*
Fo
r
t in
jectio
n
lev
el
(
Z
o
n
e
I
V)
: I
≥
1
0
0
m
A.
T
h
is
p
lo
t
is
v
e
r
y
well
s
u
ited
to
lo
w
in
jectio
n
lev
els
(
V
<
Vs).
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
els
will
f
o
llo
w
th
e
I
(
V)
o
r
lo
g
I
(
V)
r
o
u
te,
a
g
r
ee
n
L
E
D
h
as
b
ee
n
c
h
o
s
en
,
d
ep
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
in
jectio
n
lev
els.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
to
r
ec
all
th
e
well
-
k
n
o
w
n
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
a
r
ea
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
o
f
a
Cla
s
s
ic
Red
,
G
re
en,
Yello
w
a
nd
B
lue D
el
M
o
dels
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
tai
c
ef
f
e
ct
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
L
E
D:
C
=
9
,
5
6
x
1
0
-
6
V/
(
W
/
m
2
)
t
h
is
c
o
e
f
f
ici
e
n
t
all
o
ws
u
s
to
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
(
v
)
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
p
y
r
an
o
m
et
er
i
n
lig
h
t
i
n
t
en
s
it
y
(
W
/
m
2
)
T
a
b
l
e
l
ig
h
t
i
n
te
n
s
i
ty
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
L
E
Ds.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
V
o
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1
4
0
6
–
1
4
1
1
1410
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
Py
r
an
o
m
eter
in
Vo
lts
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
C
u
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
L
E
Ds
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
t
h
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
with
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
es
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
etwe
en
1
h
o
u
r
s
-
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
im
p
les
co
m
m
er
cial
L
E
Ds
y
ield
ed
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
m
V
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
1
.
5
μ
A.
W
e
n
o
tice
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ality
b
etwe
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
led
I
d
te
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
at
th
e
ter
m
in
als o
f
th
e
Py
r
a
n
o
m
eter
Vp
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
i
g
h
t
P
o
wer
(
W
/
m
2
)
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
u
r
r
en
t I
d
(
u
A)
T
h
is
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
ese
L
E
Ds
an
d
we
s
ee
th
at
th
e
g
r
ee
n
L
E
D
(
7
5
w/m
2
)
is
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
th
a
n
th
e
b
lu
e
(
1
5
0
w/m
2
)
;y
ello
w
(
3
1
5
w/m
2
)
)
an
d
th
e
r
ed
(
3
7
5
w/
m
2
)
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
least
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
th
at
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
is
lin
ea
r
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
led
’
s
P=Aid
+
b
with
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
an
d
b
:
lig
h
t
p
o
we
r
wh
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t I
=
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
ar
ticle
r
ep
o
r
ts
two
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
n
co
m
m
er
cial
L
E
D
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
t
h
eir
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
L
E
Ds
in
r
ev
er
s
e
h
as
allo
wed
u
s
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
L
E
Ds
as
a
p
h
o
to
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
ce
d
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t is o
f
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
n
A
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
will
v
a
lid
ate
o
u
r
h
y
p
o
th
eses
,
alr
ea
d
y
estab
lis
h
ed
,
t
h
ey
will
also
allo
w
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
p
o
ten
tia
liti
es
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
f
ield
an
d
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
n
i
ch
es
in
wh
ich
th
ey
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
b
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
.
T
h
is
s
ec
o
n
d
wo
r
k
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
et
u
p
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
ea
n
s
to
s
h
o
w
th
at
0
,2
0
,4
0
,6
0
,8
1
,0
1
,2
1
,4
1
,6
0
,5
1
,0
1
,5
2
,0
2
,5
3
,0
3
,5
4
,0
4
,5
5
,0
V
v
V
r
V
j
V
b
Vd
(mv)
I
d
(µ
A)
Vp
(v
)=f
(I
d
)
0
,0
0
,2
0
,4
0
,6
0
,8
1
,0
1
,2
1
,4
1
,6
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
P
(w
/
m
2
)
I
d
(µ
A)
l
e
d
v
e
rt
e
l
e
d
ro
u
g
e
l
e
d
j
a
u
n
e
l
e
d
b
l
e
u
e
Pv
=75
w
/
m
2
Pb
=15
0
w
/
m
2
Pj
=31
5
w
/
m
2
Pr=37
5
w
/
m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
ff th
e
E
xp
erimen
ta
l
ch
a
r
a
cteriz
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
d
iffer
en
t in
o
r
g
a
n
ic…
(
K
.
R
emid
i
)
1411
th
er
e
is
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
L
E
Ds
o
f
th
e
E
NP
"E
l
Har
r
ah
"
(
p
o
ly
tech
n
ic
s
ch
o
o
l
o
f
Alg
ier
s
)
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
we
s
tu
d
ied
th
eir
lig
h
t in
te
n
s
ities
u
s
in
g
an
E
PLE
Y
p
y
r
an
o
m
e
ter
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
lo
r
e
d
L
E
Ds
v
is
-
à
-
v
is
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
ed
L
E
D
h
as a
lu
m
in
o
u
s
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
(
3
7
5
w
/ m
2
)
,
y
ello
w
(
3
1
5
w
/ m
2
)
,
b
lu
e
(
1
5
0
w
/ m
2
)
an
d
g
r
ee
n
(
7
5
w
/ m
2
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Ne
e
l
V.
P
a
tel:
“
No
b
e
l
S
h
o
c
k
e
r:
R
CA Ha
d
th
e
F
irst
Blu
e
L
ED
in
1
9
7
2
”
;
7
o
c
t
2
0
1
4
[
2
]
C.
No
a
h
P
h
o
to
b
io
m
o
d
u
latio
n
d
e
rm
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2
0
1
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3
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h
tt
p
s:/
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ra
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2
0
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.
[
4
]
V.K.
M
e
h
ta,
R
.
M
e
h
ta.
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
o
f
El
e
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ics
,
S
.
Ch
a
n
d
&
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m
p
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n
y
Lt
d
,
I
n
d
ia,
1
8
1
–
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8
2
(1
9
8
0
[
5
]
T.
L.
F
lo
y
d
.
El
e
c
tro
n
ic De
v
ice
s,
P
e
a
rso
n
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
In
c
,
I
n
d
ia.
1
3
5
,
(2
0
0
2
).
[
6
]
Li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
,
h
tt
p
:/
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n
.
wi
k
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rg
/wik
i/
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g
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t
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it
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_
d
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e
,
Re
tr
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d
2
0
1
0
-
04
[
7
]
To
o
lBas
e
S
e
rv
ice
s L
ED
Li
g
h
ti
n
g
,
(2
0
0
8
)
.
h
t
tp
:/
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to
o
lb
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>
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Re
tri
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2
0
1
0
-
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1
3
[
8
]
W.
S
h
o
c
k
ley
,
H.J.
Q
u
e
isse
r.
“
De
tailed
b
a
lan
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p
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s
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c
e
ll
s”
,
J.
Ap
p
l.
P
h
y
s.
3
2
,
510
-
5
1
9
,
(1
9
6
1
).
[
9
]
J.
Ne
lso
n
.
P
h
y
sic
s o
f
S
o
lar Cells,
Im
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
P
re
ss
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
1
7
7
,
(2
0
0
3
).
[
1
0
]
C.
H.
He
n
ry
.
“
Li
m
it
i
n
g
e
fficie
n
c
ie
s
o
f
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e
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l
sin
g
le
a
n
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
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n
e
rg
y
g
a
p
terre
strial
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lar
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e
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s”
,
J.
Ap
p
l.
P
h
y
s.
5
1
,
4
4
9
4
-
4
4
9
9
,
(1
9
8
0
).
[
1
1
]
Dire
c
t
a
n
d
In
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irec
t
Ba
n
d
G
a
p
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
,
h
t
tp
:/
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i
p
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d
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rg
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a
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a
p
,
Re
tri
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d
2
0
1
0
-
04
-
13
[
1
2
]
Ka
rz
a
z
i
Y.,
Org
a
n
ic L
ig
h
t
Emitt
i
n
g
Di
o
d
e
s: De
v
ice
s a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
J.
M
a
ter.
E
n
v
.
S
c
i.
5
(
1
)
(2
0
1
4
)
1
-
1
2
.
[
1
3
]
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
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sic
s L
e
tt
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rs,
Vo
l
u
m
e
:
6
3
,
Iss
u
e
:
1
,
Ju
l
9
3
).
[
1
4
]
Ra
p
h
a
ë
l
Ba
il
l
o
t
;
Th
e
sis
p
re
se
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ted
b
y
th
e
u
n
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v
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rsity
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f
b
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a
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x
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to
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lp
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l
sc
ien
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e
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d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
[
1
5
]
J J.
S
in
g
leto
n
,
“
Ba
n
d
t
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic p
r
o
p
e
rti
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s
o
f
so
l
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s”
;
Ox
fo
rd
Un
i
v
e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
1
.
[
1
6
]
J.
R.
Ba
rn
e
s,
“
Ro
b
u
st ele
c
tro
n
ic d
e
sig
n
re
fe
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e
b
o
o
k
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l.
1
”
S
p
r
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g
e
r,
2
0
0
4
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