In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
459~
4
6
5
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
4
59-
46
5
459
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Electrical profile o
f ultra violet (U
V
)
curable renewable
polymer graph
i
te (PG) composi
t
es
N
u
r
M
u
nira
h
Abdu
l
l
a
h
1
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A
. Z.
M
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, M
.
F
.
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b
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lymer
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dv
anced
M
an
uf
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g
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Mat
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enter (SPEN
-
A
MMC),
F
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lty
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ani
cal an
d
M
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f
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E
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M
alay
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a
2,
3
De
pa
rtm
e
nt o
f Co
m
m
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ic
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tion
En
g
i
ne
e
r
in
g,
Fa
c
ulty
o
f E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
and
El
ectro
n
i
c En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
Universiti
T
un
Hussein
Onn
Ma
l
a
ysi
a
,
86400 Parit
Raja,
Bat
u
P
ah
a
t
,
J
o
h
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,
M
al
ay
s
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Au
g
1
9
,
2
019
Re
vise
d O
c
t
2
8
,
20
1
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
1
3
,
2
019
Th
e
el
ectrical
p
rofi
les
o
f
t
h
e
r
en
ewabl
e
p
ol
ym
e
r
g
raph
it
e
(P
G)
com
p
os
ites
upon
u
l
t
ra
v
iole
t
(UV)
c
uring
we
re
i
n
v
es
tig
ated
.
Renew
a
bl
e
P
G
f
i
l
m
s
w
ere
prep
ared
b
y
m
i
xi
ng
w
it
h
v
a
ry
i
ng
we
i
g
h
t
p
ercent
of
g
rap
h
ite
(w
it
h
an
in
crem
e
n
t
o
f
5
w
t
.
%
o
f
prepared
g
rap
h
i
t
e)
u
p
to
30
wt.%
a
n
d
c
r
oss
l
i
n
ker.
Th
en,
th
e
co
mp
o
s
it
es
s
o
l
utio
n
wa
s
slip
cas
ted
and
cu
red
u
p
o
n
s
t
imul
ated
U
V
irrad
i
ation
(UV
acc
elerat
ed
w
eat
herin
g
t
es
ter)
at
d
iff
e
rent
t
i
m
e
expos
ure
(up
to
1
0
0
0
ho
urs
)
w
as
a
pp
li
ed.
S
m
al
l
chang
e
s
o
n
t
he
f
unct
i
o
n
a
l
g
ro
u
p
s
of
t
he
c
o
mpo
s
ite
s
we
re
o
bse
r
ve
d
du
e
to
U
V
e
x
po
su
re
time
by
F
o
u
rie
r
T
ra
nsform
Inf
r
ared
S
p
ectros
c
op
y
(F
TIR).
Su
gg
esti
ng
t
h
a
t
chem
i
c
a
l
c
ros
s
lin
k
and
chain
sci
ssio
n
s
o
ccurred
w
i
t
h
in
r
enew
a
b
le
p
ol
ym
er
g
raph
it
e
com
p
o
s
i
t
es
.
Fu
rther
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
w
o
p
o
i
n
t
p
r
o
b
e
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
p
r
o
b
e
m
e
t
ho
d
record
ed
v
isi
b
l
y
f
l
u
ct
uating
values
f
or
b
o
t
h
re
s
i
stiv
it
y
an
d
co
nd
uct
i
v
i
ty
within
its
c
omp
o
sites
range.
P
r
o
po
se
d
h
e
re
t
ha
t
the
re
mo
va
l
o
f
o
r
gani
c
con
t
am
in
ants
a
n
d
w
eak
m
a
t
erials
f
orm
bo
t
h
r
enew
able
p
o
l
ym
er
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
i
t
e
part
icl
e
s
th
rou
g
h
th
e
UV
curing
m
a
y
hav
e
a
n
eff
ect
o
n
t
h
e
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
conductive net
w
ork stabili
ty.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
C
o
ndu
ct
iv
it
y
Elec
tric
a
l
prof
ile
Re
new
a
b
l
e
po
l
y
me
r gr
aphi
t
e
R
e
si
st
ivi
t
y
UV cu
ra
b
l
e c
o
mp
o
s
i
t
es
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
BY-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
A.
Z
.
M. Rus,
S
u
sta
i
na
b
l
e
P
o
lym
e
r
Eng
i
ne
e
r
in
g,
A
dvance
d
Ma
n
u
f
act
uri
ng a
n
d Ma
t
e
r
ia
ls
C
e
n
te
r
(
S
P
E
N
-
A
M
M
C
)
,
Fac
u
l
t
y
of
M
ech
a
n
i
c
a
l
a
nd
M
an
uf
a
c
t
u
ri
ng
En
g
i
n
ee
rin
g
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia,
86
4
00 Pa
rit Ra
ja,
Ba
tu P
ah
at,
Jo
ho
r, M
al
ay
si
a
Em
ail:
zafi
a
h
@
u
t
hm
.e
du.my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
O
n
e
of
t
he
f
as
t
e
s
t
g
row
i
n
g
m
etho
ds
o
f
s
u
rfac
e
m
od
ifica
t
i
on
is
t
ha
t
o
f
r
adia
tio
n
c
u
res.
T
hi
s
are
a
i
s
di
vide
d
i
n
to
s
e
v
e
r
al
t
y
p
e
s
:
ra
dica
l
u
ltra
vio
l
et
(
U
V
)
c
u
r
e
syst
em
s,
i
o
n
i
c
c
ure
sys
t
e
m
s,
e
-bea
m,
p
lasm
a
an
d
laser
t
r
eatm
e
n
t
s
[1-4]
.
U
nifor
m
ly,
a
l
l
the
s
e
t
r
ea
t
m
ents
l
ea
d
to
t
he
b
rea
k
a
g
e
of
c
o
v
a
l
e
n
t
bon
ds,
prom
oti
o
n
of
cross l
i
n
k
age
s
,
form
ati
on
o
f
c
a
r
bo
n
c
l
u
s
ter
s
,
li
ber
a
t
i
on
of vol
a
til
e
s
p
ec
ies and
i
n
c
e
r
ta
in
c
ases
c
re
at
ion
of
n
ew
che
m
ica
l
b
o
n
d
s
[5,
6].
U
V
c
uri
n
g
s
i
gn
ific
an
t
l
y
rel
i
es
o
n
the
re
q
u
i
r
e
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
ion
p
r
op
e
r
ti
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
che
m
is
try
c
h
o
s
e
n
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
the
perf
ormance
re
q
u
i
r
em
ent
s
a
n
d
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
econ
o
m
i
cal
a
sp
ec
t
s
o
f
c
o
ati
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
gy.
M
oreo
ve
r,
t
he
U
V
cur
i
n
g
i
s
m
u
ch
b
e
tter
k
n
o
w
n
for
i
t
s
5
E
c
hara
cteris
t
i
c
s
(
effi
c
i
e
n
t,
e
na
bl
i
n
g
,
ec
onom
ica
l
,
e
n
ergy
sa
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
nv
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
f
rien
d
l
y),
in
dic
a
tes
l
o
w
e
n
erg
y
co
ns
u
m
pti
on.
A
s
f
or
t
he
c
om
posi
t
es
f
i
l
m,
t
h
e
d
eve
l
ope
d
f
i
l
m
s
posse
sse
d
pha
se
s
epar
a
t
i
on
s
t
ruc
t
ur
es
a
nd
t
h
e
fil
l
e
r
di
spe
r
se
d
u
n
if
orm
l
y
i
n
t
he
p
o
l
yme
r
ic
pha
se
[
7,
8
].
T
he
s
tra
tif
i
c
a
t
i
on
ca
use
d
b
y
t
h
e
re
l
a
t
e
d
c
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
in
orga
n
i
c
f
iller
and
orga
nic
p
h
ases
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
surfa
ce
of
t
he
f
il
m
do
wn
wa
rd
h
ad
g
av
e
ri
se
t
o
th
e
c
o
lu
mn
-li
k
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
459
–
46
5
46
0
in
orga
n
i
c
co
n
f
ig
ura
t
i
ons.
T
h
us,
t
h
is
c
ross
l
i
nk
i
ng
pr
oce
ss
had
i
ndu
b
ita
b
l
y
i
m
prove
d
t
h
e
ele
c
t
rica
l,
t
h
e
rma
l
,
a
n
d
me
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
p
rop
e
rti
e
s
in
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
es
[
9–11
].
P
re
v
i
ou
s
r
e
searchers
des
c
ribed
bipolar
p
lates
con
s
is
tin
g
of
s
yn
t
h
et
i
c
g
rap
h
i
t
e
an
d
m
i
lle
d
c
a
r
bon
f
i
be
rs
a
s
co
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
l
l
er
a
n
d
e
p
o
xy
as
a
pol
ym
er
m
atri
x
[
1
2
]
.
Li
k
e
wi
se
,
t
h
e
hi
gh
est
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
on
duc
t
i
vi
ty
o
bt
a
i
n
e
d
i
s
69.8
S
/
cm
f
or
t
he
i
n-
p
l
a
n
e
co
nd
uc
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
50.3
4
S
/cm
for the t
h
ro
u
gh-
pl
ane
co
nd
uc
t
i
v
i
t
y
for the
c
om
p
o
s
i
te
c
on
ta
in
i
n
g 2 w
t
.% car
bo
n fiber
(CF
)
w
ith 80
w
t
.%
f
il
ler
lo
a
d
i
n
g.
T
h
i
s
va
l
u
e
is
3
0%
g
re
ater
t
han
t
h
e
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
c
ond
uc
t
i
vi
t
y
o
f
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c
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l
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aph
i
t
e
/e
p
oxy
com
p
o
s
ite
w
i
t
h
80
w
t
.%
f
ill
er
l
oad
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n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
is
53
S
/
c
m
f
or
t
he
i
n-
p
l
a
n
e
c
o
n
duc
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
4
0
S
/
cm
f
or
t
he
thr
o
u
g
h
-pla
ne
c
ond
uc
ti
vi
t
y
.
More
ove
r,
t
he
c
rit
i
c
a
l
e
l
ec
tr
ic
al
p
er
co
la
ti
on
t
h
re
sh
old
for
th
e
terna
r
y
c
o
n
d
u
ct
i
v
e
po
lym
e
r
c
o
mpos
ites
w
a
s
fo
u
nd
to
b
e
m
o
re
t
ha
n
8
tim
es
l
ow
er
t
ha
n
t
he
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
ase
sys
t
em
s
[1
3].
It
w
as
furt
her
o
b
ser
v
e
d
t
ha
t
U
V
trea
t
m
ent
o
n
t
he graph
i
t
e
or
its
p
o
l
ym
er
c
om
po
site
s
al
so
p
la
y
e
d
a
sig
n
i
fican
t
role
i
n
the pe
rform
a
n
c
e
o
f the
p
o
l
ym
er
carbon ba
se
d c
o
mpo
s
i
t
es [14,
1
5
].
P
a
rticu
l
ar
ly,
our
free
-
stan
d
i
ng
re
new
a
b
l
e
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
gra
phi
t
e
c
om
p
osite
s
cur
e
d
a
t
r
o
o
m
tem
p
era
t
ure
have
b
e
e
n
d
i
s
clo
s
ed
[
16,
1
7
].
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
for
the
first
ti
m
e
,
w
e
show
t
ha
t
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
rofi
le
o
f
re
ne
w
a
ble
po
lym
e
r
graph
ite
c
om
po
sites
ca
n
be
m
od
ifi
e
d
by
t
i
me
d
U
V
curin
g
.
T
he
g
raph
i
t
e
par
tic
les
w
e
re
i
ncor
po
r
a
ted
in
to
r
e
n
ew
ab
le
m
onome
r
a
nd
M
et
h
y
l
e
ne
D
i
p
he
n
y
l
D
i
is
oc
yana
te
(
M
D
I
)
as
c
rosslinker
thr
o
ugh
s
lip
c
a
sti
n
g
me
tho
d
t
o
for
m
ulate
a
U
V
c
u
rab
l
e
film
f
or
m
u
lat
i
o
n
;
2
5
0
,
5
00,
7
5
0
an
d
1
000
h
o
u
r
s
up
o
n
U
V
e
xpo
sure
.
Th
e
com
p
o
s
ites
o
b
t
a
ine
d
w
e
r
e
c
h
a
r
ac
terize
d,
a
na
lyze
d
a
n
d
in
ve
st
iga
t
ed
.
In
p
a
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
,
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
cal
p
ro
fil
e
o
f
th
e
com
p
o
s
ites
film
w
as a fo
c
us.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
F
r
ee-stan
di
n
g
of
rene
w
a
b
l
e
p
o
lym
e
r
-
graph
i
t
e
c
om
po
s
ites
w
e
re
pre
pare
d via
se
vera
l
ste
p
s.
2.1.
Pre
p
arati
o
n
of
g
rap
h
ite
The
fl
a
k
e
grap
hi
te
(
s
u
p
p
lie
d
by
M
ay
&
B
a
k
er
L
td.)
i
s
mi
x
w
i
t
h
a
c
i
d
s
u
lf
u
r
ic
a
c
i
d,
H
2
SO
4
an
d
pl
ac
ed
in
to
a
f
las
k
t
o
un
derg
o
s
o
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
a
t
ro
om
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
f
or
60
m
in
ut
e
s
.
Aft
e
r
th
e
so
ni
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
y
e
l
lo
w
solu
ti
o
n
prese
n
ce
in
dic
a
tin
g
a
h
i
gh
o
x
i
d
a
tio
n
o
f
g
r
a
ph
i
t
e
.
T
he
p
r
e
c
i
p
i
ta
t
e
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
i
t
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
w
a
s
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
n
d
w
a
she
d
t
o ne
ut
ra
l
i
ty w
i
t
h w
a
t
e
r (confirm
e
d
via pH
pa
p
e
r), deh
y
d
ra
te
d,
a
nd
d
r
ie
d in a
n o
v
en.
2.2.
S
yn
th
e
s
is of
rn
ew
ab
le
m
on
ome
r
I
n
-ho
u
se
c
a
t
a
l
ys
t
w
a
s
pre
p
a
r
ed
b
y
0.
6
m
L
o
f
d
i
s
t
i
l
led
w
a
ter
an
d
1
.2
6
mL
h
ydr
oge
n
pero
xi
de
(
30
%
w
/
w
)
.
The
solu
ti
o
n
w
as
h
eate
d
a
t
5
0
°
C
a
n
d
s
tirr
e
d
(for
a
b
o
u
t
3
0
m
i
n
u
t
es).
T
he
n
le
t
i
t
s
it
a
t
r
o
om
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
a
nd
co
nce
n
tra
t
ed
a
q
u
e
o
us
o
rt
hoph
os
ph
oric
a
ci
d
(9
0
m
g,
85%
w
/
w
)
(1.
2
mL)
w
as
p
o
u
re
d
i
n
.
O
n
the
o
t
her
ha
nd,
v
ege
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
o
k
i
ng
o
il
o
f
3
0
gm
i
n
w
e
i
g
h
t
w
as
h
e
a
t
e
d
a
t
50
°
C
a
n
d
t
he
i
n-h
o
u
se
c
a
t
al
yst
prepa
r
ed
ear
lie
r
w
a
s
a
dded,
f
oll
o
w
e
d
b
y
5
0
mL
o
f
w
a
ter
.
F
urther
m
o
re
,
O
r
t
h
o
p
hos
p
hor
ic
a
ci
d
(15
gm
,
85
%
w
/
w
)
a
nd
hydr
oge
n
pe
ro
x
i
de
(
18
m
L
,
30
%
w
/
w
)
w
e
re
a
dde
d
dro
p
w
is
e
to
t
he
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
.
The
mix
t
ur
e
was
hea
t
e
d
u
p
to
9
0
°
C
a
n
d
s
tirred
for
6
h
our
s
un
til
d
o
u
b
l
e
la
ye
rs
o
f
m
i
x
tur
e
w
e
r
e
obse
r
v
a
ble.
T
h
i
s
yie
l
ded
t
h
e
rene
w
a
ble
mon
o
m
e
r
.
2.3.
Pre
p
arati
o
n
of u
ltr
a
vi
o
l
et
c
u
r
ab
l
e
r
ene
w
ab
le
p
ol
ym
e
r
-gr
a
p
hite co
m
po
sites
B
y
m
ix
i
n
g
o
f
v
ege
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
o
k
in
g
o
i
l
(
V
CO
)
base
d
m
onom
er
w
i
t
h
Me
t
hy
le
ne
D
i
p
hen
y
l
D
iisoc
ya
nat
e
(MDI)
a
n
d
ac
i
d
t
re
a
t
ed grap
h
ite
(
w
i
th
5
, 10,
15,
2
0,
2
5
a
n
d
30
w
t
%
)
[18],
the
m
i
xt
ure
w
a
s
c
a
ste
d
i
n
t
o
s
qua
re
con
t
a
i
ner
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
he
n
pre
-
cur
e
d
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
room
t
e
m
pe
rature
for
1
ho
ur
t
o
f
o
rm
g
el
ati
o
n.
F
urther
c
ured
us
i
n
g
A
cce
l
e
r
a
te
U
V
Weat
her
o
me
t
e
r
(Ch
a
m
b
er
U
V
Lamp
T
este
d
M
ode
l
H
D
-
703,
H
aida
I
n
t
ern
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Eq
uipm
en
t
Co.
, LTD
) upon
v
a
rio
u
s
time
ex
pos
ure
s
(25
0,
500,
7
5
0
an
d
10
00
h
o
u
rs) [19].
2.4.
Testing
c
h
a
ract
eriz
a
t
i
o
n
The
re
su
l
t
i
ng c
o
mpo
s
i
t
e
s
fi
l
ms w
er
e subjec
t
e
d t
o
f
unc
t
i
ona
l
gro
ups ide
n
t
ifi
cati
o
n w
i
th r
es
pect
t
o U
V
curi
ng
us
in
g
P
e
rki
n
E
l
m
er
F
our
ie
r
Tra
n
sf
o
r
m
Infra
r
e
d
S
pec
t
rosc
o
py
(
F
T
IR)
i
n
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
600
–400
0
c
m
-1
w
ith t
he r
eso
l
uti
o
n o
f
4 cm
-
1 a
t
ro
o
m
tem
p
era
t
ure.
F
urther e
lec
t
r
i
c
al pro
file
w
as me
a
sure
d thro
u
gh Tw
o
po
int
p
r
ob
e
me
th
od
(
u
s
ing
Keit
h
l
e
y
6
517
A
el
ec
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
)
a
nd
F
o
u
r
p
oi
nt
p
ro
b
e
m
et
ho
d
(u
si
ng
K
ei
thl
e
y
2
400
source
/
m
ete
r
,
P
r
o4,
L
uc
as
L
abs)
a
s
in
F
i
g
ure
1
a
n
d
eq
u
a
ti
o
n
(
1)
a
nd
(
2
)
.
W
h
ere
w
is
w
id
th
,
L
i
s
e
l
e
ct
ro
d
e
di
sta
n
c
e
,
t
i
s
f
ilm
t
hic
k
ness,
R
i
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
i
st
anc
e
s
de
ter
m
ined
from
t
h
e
sl
opes
o
f
t
he
c
ur
rent
–v
o
lta
g
e
(I-
V)
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tics,
ρ is
electric
a
l re
sist
i
v
i
t
y,
Rs is shee
t
r
esis
tan
c
e
in Ω a
n
d
σ,
the
co
n
duc
t
i
v
it
y.
ρ
=
σ
–1 Rt
(
w/L)
(
1)
ρ
=
Rs
•
t
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ele
c
t
ric
a
l
pr
o
f
i
l
e of
u
ltr
a
v
i
ole
t
(
U
V) curab
l
e re
ne
wa
b
l
e
po
ly
m
e
r
grap
h
i
te
(
P
G
)
…
(
N
ur
M
u
n
i
r
a
h Abdu
ll
a
h
)
46
1
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
1.
S
che
m
a
t
i
c
d
iagr
am
of
(
a
)
Tw
o-
po
i
n
t
pr
obe
m
eth
o
d
(
b)
F
our
-
p
o
i
nt
p
r
obe
m
eth
o
d
f
or
I
-
V
me
asurem
ent.
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ON
It
i
s
q
u
i
t
e
d
i
fficu
l
t
t
o
e
sta
b
li
sh
t
he
c
orre
l
a
tio
ns
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
he
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
duc
t
i
vi
t
y
o
f
c
o
mp
osi
t
es.
H
o
w
e
ve
r
,
a
s
a
f
or
em
ent
i
o
n
e
d,
t
he
m
at
er
i
a
l
s
b
e
h
a
v
ior
wa
s
m
a
inly
a
ttri
but
e
d
t
o
a
sc
at
t
e
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
he
U
V
cur
i
ng
ir
r
a
dia
t
i
on
due
t
o
the
pr
e
s
e
nce
of
t
h
e
g
r
a
ph
i
t
e
par
t
icle
s
i
n
t
he
p
o
l
yme
r
m
a
tr
ix.
The
r
ef
or
e,
t
hr
o
u
g
hou
t
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n,
t
he
bul
k
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l
r
esi
s
t
i
vi
ty
a
nd
c
o
ndu
ct
i
v
it
y
of
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
po
l
y
m
e
r
gr
aph
ite
c
ompo
si
tes
w
ith
r
e
s
p
onse
to
U
V
cur
i
n
g
ir
r
a
diat
i
on
wi
ll
be
d
isc
l
o
s
ed
v
ia
f
o
u
r
po
int
pr
o
b
e
a
nd
tw
o
po
i
n
t
pr
o
b
e
m
easur
e
m
e
n
t.
3.
1.
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
of
U
V
c
u
rin
g
o
n
fu
n
c
t
i
on
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
of
r
en
e
w
ab
le
p
o
ly
me
r
grap
h
i
t
e
The
spec
tr
osc
o
p
y
t
hr
o
ugh
F
T
I
R
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
(
a
)-
F
i
gur
e
2
(
g
)
con
fir
m
ed
t
he
f
i
n
ge
r
p
r
i
n
t
o
f
U
V
c
u
r
a
b
l
e
r
e
new
a
ble
p
o
lym
e
r
gr
ap
hi
te
c
om
p
o
sites
d
i
d
n
o
t
e
xhi
bi
t
a
ppr
ec
i
a
ble
c
h
a
nge
s
upo
n
U
V
i
r
r
adiat
i
on,
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
al
ly
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
17
00
-
400
0
c
m
-1
r
e
g
i
on.
A
t
t
h
e
lef
t
s
i
d
e
of
t
he
g
r
a
ph
r
e
v
ea
l
s
a
s
tr
etc
h
in
g
of
th
e
N
-
H
gr
oup,
w
hic
h
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
ug
ges
t
t
he
f
or
m
a
tio
n
o
f
p
o
l
y
u
r
i
a.
M
o
vi
n
g
f
ur
t
h
er
t
ow
a
r
ds
r
ight
o
n
t
h
e
gr
aph,
a
ll
ty
p
i
cal
a
bs
orb
a
nce
pea
k
s
o
f
r
e
n
ewable
p
o
l
yme
r
,
such
t
h
o
se
a
t
28
00
-3
10
0
c
m
-1
(
C
H
2
a
nd
C
H
3
)
,
172
4
cm
-1
(
C
=O
)
,
1
03
0-
1
2
3
0
c
m
-1
(
C-
N),
and
1
110
c
m
-1
(C
-O
-C
),
i
n
d
i
c
at
e
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
ce
of
u
re
th
a
n
e
in
s
ynt
hesi
zed
r
e
new
a
ble
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
gr
aph
i
te
c
om
posi
t
es.
Mor
e
ove
r
,
t
he
s
tr
e
t
c
h
i
n
g
v
ib
r
a
ti
on
ba
nd
ar
ou
n
d
2
2
7
0
cm
-1
w
a
s
dim
i
n
i
s
h
ed
d
u
e
t
o the
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
of isoc
yana
te
g
r
o
up
d
ur
i
ng po
l
y
m
e
r
izat
io
n
whic
h
c
o
nf
i
r
me
d
the
com
p
le
t
i
o
n
of
p
r
o
c
e
ss und
er
U
V
c
u
r
i
n
g
[
20].
O
n
t
he
o
t
h
er
h
a
nd,
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
ce
o
f
pea
k
s
at
1
733
c
m
-1
,
16
05
cm
-1
(
C
=O
)
,
154
0
cm
-1
(
C
=
C
)
,
a
n
d
1
0
6
5
cm
-1
(
C-
O)
p
r
ovi
de
t
he
e
vi
dence
o
f
i
n
t
er
a
c
tio
ns
b
e
t
w
e
en
c
ar
b
o
n
y
l
a
n
d
hy
d
r
oxyl
g
ro
up
s
f
r
o
m
g
r
a
p
h
it
e
pa
r
t
i
c
les
an
d
r
e
ne
w
a
ble
p
o
l
yme
r
m
oi
e
t
i
e
s.
H
ow
eve
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
si
g
n
i
fica
n
t
c
h
a
ng
es
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
p
eak
s
we
re
obs
er
ved
f
o
r
a
l
l
r
e
su
l
t
i
ng
f
i
l
m
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
b
jec
t
ed
t
o
U
V
cur
i
n
g
.
H
a
v
ing
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I
nt
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5
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2
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igure
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
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D
r
i
S
y
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S
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N
:
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94
Ele
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[24,
25]
.
F
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5
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
459
–
46
5
46
4
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
U
V
c
u
rab
l
e
rene
w
a
ble
po
l
y
me
r
gra
p
h
i
te
w
as
s
ucc
e
s
s
fu
l
l
y
fa
br
ic
a
t
ed.
D
u
ri
ng
p
r
o
l
onge
d
U
V
curi
ng
irr
a
d
i
at
ion,
t
w
o
c
om
pe
ti
n
g
p
roc
e
ss
ar
e
ex
pe
cte
d
t
o
t
a
ke
place
:
(
1
)
the
ad
d
iti
on
a
n
d
r
ea
rra
ngem
e
nt
o
f
fu
nc
ti
o
n
al
g
r
o
up
s
o
n
g
ra
p
h
ite
p
ar
tic
l
e
s
a
nd
re
new
a
ble
po
l
y
me
r
r
esulti
ng
in
i
nc
rea
s
e
of
t
he
m
ateria
l
s
pro
p
er
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
(2)
dete
ri
orat
i
on
of
g
rap
h
i
t
e
par
t
ic
l
e
s
a
n
d
rene
w
a
ble
po
l
y
m
e
r
lea
d
i
n
g
t
o
q
ue
nc
h
i
ng.
T
hes
e
phe
n
o
m
e
na
w
e
r
e
respo
n
si
b
l
e
for
the
fl
uct
u
a
t
in
g
va
lue
s
i
n
func
t
i
on
ali
t
y
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
cal
p
ro
fil
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
rene
w
a
ble
p
o
l
y
m
er gra
phite
c
om
po
sites.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
t
hors
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
ke
t
o
th
a
nk
Min
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
E
duca
t
io
n
Ma
lays
ia
t
h
ro
ug
h
Fun
d
am
en
tal
Resea
r
ch
Gran
t
Sch
e
me
(
Ph
a
s
e
1
/
2
0
1
5
)
,
v
o
t
153
4
a
nd
MyB
r
a
i
n15
(
M
y
Ph
D
)
,
a
s
w
el
l
a
s
U
niv
e
rsit
i
Tun
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia (
U
T
H
M
),
J
ohor,
for
suppor
tin
g t
h
is re
s
ear
ch.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N.
M
.
E
l
sayed,
et
a
l
.,
"
Inv
e
st
ig
atio
n
o
f
t
he
e
ffects
of
f
ulleren
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
on
an
d
pl
as
ma
e
xposure
o
n
opti
c
al
p
ropert
i
e
s
of
p
o
l
ysty
rene f
ilms,
"
I
O
S
R
J.
Appl.
Phys.
,
vo
l. 7
, no
.
6,
pp
.
6
4
–
7
0
, 20
1
5
.
[2]
H
.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
W
a
n
g
,
D
.
L
i
u
,
Z
.
S
u
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
W
a
n
g
,
"
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
a
d
d
i
t
i
ves
on
weat
her-resi
st
a
n
ce
propert
ies
of
po
ly
uret
hane
f
ilm
s
exp
o
s
e
d
t
o
u
lt
ravi
o
l
et
r
adi
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
o
zo
ne
a
t
m
osp
h
ere,"
J.
Nano
ma
ter
.
,7
pg
s, 20
1
4
.
[3]
A.
J
av
adi
,
H
.
S.
M
ehr,
M
.
S
o
b
a
ni
,
an
d
M
.
D
.
S
ouce
k
,
"P
rog
r
ess
i
n
org
a
n
i
c
c
o
a
ting
s
c
u
r
e
-
on
-c
om
ma
nd
t
e
c
h
no
lo
g
y
:
a rev
i
ew
o
f
t
h
e cu
rren
t
s
t
at
e o
f
the art,"
Pr
og.
O
r
g.
Coati
ngs
,
v
o
l.
1
00
,
p
p
.
2
–3
1,
201
6.
[4]
S
.
W
an,
et,
et
a
l
.
,
"
S
e
q
u
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
b
r
i
d
g
e
d
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
s
h
e
e
t
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
,
t
o
u
gh
ness
,
a
nd
electri
cal
c
o
nd
uc
tiv
i
ty
,
"
PNAS
,
v
o
l.
10,
p
p
.
6–1
1,
2
0
1
8
.
[5]
N.
D
e
t
d
u
ang
c
ha
n
an
d
T.
W
it
tay
a
,
"Eff
ect
o
f
UV-T
reatm
e
nt
on
prop
ert
i
es
o
f
bio
d
eg
radabl
e
film
from
rice
s
t
arch,"
I
n
t.
Fo
od
Re
s
.
J
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o.
3
,
pp.
4
6
4–4
69
,
2
013.
[6]
F.
T
.
The
m
a
,
et
a
l
.,
"
Sy
nt
hesis
a
n
d
ch
aracterizat
io
n
of
g
raph
ene
thi
n
f
ilms
b
y
c
h
emical
r
eduction
of
e
xf
oliated
and
in
tercal
ated
g
rap
h
it
e oxid
e
,"
J. Chem
.
, vo
l
. 3
, 20
1
3.
[7]
N.
M
.
A
b
d
u
llah,
A
.
Z.
M
.
Rus,
a
nd
M
.
F.
L
.
Ab
du
ll
ah,
"Enhancem
e
n
t
o
f
gra
p
hi
te
f
un
ctio
nalit
y
i
n
renewab
l
e
po
ly
m
e
r co
m
p
os
i
t
e p
r
op
erti
es
,"
Int
.
J.
En
g. T
ech
no
l.
,
v
o
l
.
7(3
.
14
)
,
p
p. 2
15
–2
20
,
2
0
18
.
[8]
N.
M
un
irah,
A
.
Z
afi
a
h
,
M
.
Ru
s,
a
nd
M
.
F
.
L
.
Ab
du
llah
,
"
Sy
nerg
i
s
ti
c
i
n
fl
uen
ce
o
f
g
rap
h
i
t
e
on
b
io
pol
y
m
er
com
p
os
it
e
s
p
ro
p
e
rt
ies
,
"
J. T
ekno
l
.
,
v
o
l
.
7
7
, n
o
. 32
,
p
p. 1
1–
19
,
2
0
1
5
.
[9]
T.
Z
ho
u
,
X
.
W
a
ng
,
P
.
C
h
e
ng,
et
al
.
,
"
Imp
r
ov
in
g
th
e
the
r
ma
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
tivi
ty
o
f
e
p
ox
y
re
sin
by
t
he
a
d
di
tio
n
of
a
mixture
of
g
rap
h
ite
n
a
n
oplat
elet
s
and
silicon
carbide
m
i
c
ropart
ic
l
e
s,"
Expr
es
s
P
o
l
y
m.
Let
t
.
,
vol.
7,
n
o.
7
,
pp
.
5
8
5
–
59
4,
2
0
13.
[10]
A.
Z
.
M.
R
us,
N.
M
.
Ab
dull
a
h
,
M
.
F.
L
.
A
bdul
lah,
a
n
d
M
.
I.
F
.
I
d
r
is
,
"
G
ra
ph
ite
/
bio-b
a
se
d
e
p
o
x
y
c
o
mp
osite
s:
st
ruct
ural, opti
cal an
d
el
ectri
c
a
l
propert
ies
,
"
Ap
pl
.
Me
c
h
. Ma
te
r.
,
vol
.
7
99–
80
0,
pp.
15
3
–
1
5
7
,
2
01
5.
[11]
N.
M
.
A
bdull
a
h
and
M
.
F
.
L.
A
bdu
llah
,
"
Mech
an
i
c
al
r
einf
o
r
cem
e
n
t
o
f
co
nd
ucti
ve
g
rap
h
i
t
e
/
b
i
op
o
l
ym
er
t
hin
f
i
lm
com
p
os
it
e
,
"
A
R
P
N J.
E
ng.
App
l
.
Sci.
,
vol.
10(2
0
),
pp.
9
7
7
2
–
9
775
,
2
0
1
5
.
[12]
M.
Y
.
Zakari
a,
et
a
l
.,
"
Eff
ect
o
f
th
e
ad
dit
i
on
of
m
ill
e
d
car
bon
f
i
b
er
a
s
a
seco
ndar
y
f
i
ll
er
o
n
t
h
e
electri
cal
c
o
nd
uc
tiv
i
ty
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
i
te
/e
po
xy
c
om
po
site
s
fo
r
e
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
tive
materi
al
,"
Co
mp
os. Pa
rt B
E
n
g.
,
vo
l.
8
3,
p
p
.
75
–8
0,
201
5.
[13]
P
.
J
. Bri
g
andi, "
E
l
ect
ricall
y
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ive m
u
ltip
hase po
l
y
m
er
b
l
e
n
d
carbon
-bas
ed co
m
p
o
sit
e
s,"
PhD
Thesi
s
.
20
17
.
[14]
T
.
C
.
M
o
k
h
e
n
a
,
M
.
J
.
M
o
c
h
a
n
e
,
J
.
S
.
S
e
f
a
d
i
,
S
.
V
.
M
o
t
l
o
u
n
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
M.
A
n
d
ala,
"
T
h
erm
a
l
co
nd
uct
i
vi
ty
o
f
grap
hi
te-b
a
s
ed
p
o
l
y
m
er
c
om
p
o
sites
,
"
i
n
Im
pa
c
t
o
f
T
h
er
mal Cond
u
c
t
i
vity on
En
ergy
T
echn
o
l
o
g
i
es
,
A
.
S
h
a
hzad,
Ed
.
Int
echO
p
en,
pp
. 1
8,
2
01
8.
[15]
Y.
J
ia
ng
,
S.
Y
.
Zh
a
n
g,
X
.
L.
Z
h
a
ng
,
a
n
d
T.
Z
ha
n
g
,
"
I
mp
rov
i
n
g
t
h
e
perf
o
r
man
ce
o
f
UV-cu
rab
l
e
co
a
t
in
gs
w
it
h
carbo
n
n
a
no
m
a
terial
s,
"
eXPR
E
S
S Polym.
Let
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
2,
no.
7
,
p
p
. 6
28–
63
9,
201
8.
[16]
A.
Z
.
M.
R
u
s
,
N.
M
.
Ab
du
llah
,
M
.
F
.
L
.
Ab
du
ll
ah,
and
M.
I
.
F.
I
dris,
"
G
ra
p
h
ite
/
b
i
o-b
a
se
d
e
p
oxy
c
om
po
si
te
s:
t
h
e
m
echan
ical
p
rop
e
rti
e
s i
n
t
e
rface,
”
App
l
. Mech. Ma
ter.
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
9
–800,
p
p
.
1
1
5
–
1
1
9
,
201
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[17]
N
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
M
.
S
.
K
a
m
a
r
u
d
i
n
,
A
.
Z
.
M
.
R
u
s
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
L
.
A
b
d
ullah,
“
P
r
eparat
ion
o
f
c
o
n
du
cti
v
e
pol
y
m
er
g
r
aph
i
te ( pg
) c
o
mp
os
i
t
es,”
IO
P Co
nf
.
S
e
r.
Ma
te
r. Sc
i.
En
g
,
v
o
l
. 22
6
(1
21
81),
20
1
7
.
[18]
A.
Z
.
M.
R
u
s
,
et al
.,
“
In
t
e
rcon
ne
cted
i
n
t
erf
ace
en
han
ced
e
lectri
cal
p
ro
pert
ies
of
g
r
aph
i
t
e
i
n
bio-b
a
sed
ep
ox
y
f
r
o
m
insulating
t
o
con
du
c
t
or c
o
m
po
si
te
s,”
In
di
an J.
S
c
i.
T
ech
no
l.
,
v
o
l
. 8
, no
.
1
7
, p
p.
8–
1
2
, 20
1
5
.
[19]
Z.
M
.
Ru
s,
N
.
M
u
n
i
rah
A
bdu
llah,
an
d
M
.
F
.
L.
A
bdull
a
h,
"
M
echan
i
cal
b
eh
avi
o
r
o
f
u
lt
ra
v
io
let
(U
V)
c
urab
le
renew
a
bl
e
po
lym
e
r/
graph
i
t
e
(
PG),
"
In
di
an J.
S
c
i. T
ech
no
l.
,
v
o
l
.
9, no
48
,
p
p
. 1
–4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[20]
T.
X
u
,
"
Uv
-Curabl
e
H
y
b
ri
d P
o
lyureth
a
nes
,
"
M
a
ster
T
h
es
is
.
20
14
.
[21]
S
.
I
.
K
h
an,
"A
S
t
u
d
y
O
n
Graph
e
ne
B
a
s
ed
N
ano
c
om
p
o
si
te
C
oa
ti
n
g
s
S
ub
j
ected
T
o
U
v
D
egrad
a
tio
n
,
"
Deg
r
ee T
h
esis
,
no
. D
ecemb
e
r. 200
7.
[22]
Y.
P
eret
s
,
et a
l
.,
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l
u
en
ce
of
u
ltrav
iolet/
ozo
noly
s
is
t
reat
m
e
nt
o
f
nan
o
carbo
n
f
ill
e
r
on
t
h
e
el
ectrical
r
esi
s
tiv
i
t
y
o
f
e
p
ox
y c
o
mpo
s
i
t
e
s
,"
N
a
no
sc
a
l
e
R
e
s. Le
tt.
,
vo
l. 11
,
no
.
1
,
p
p
. 3
70
,
2
0
1
6
.
[23]
J.
L
i,
J
.
K.
K
im
,
an
d
M
.
L
u
n
g
S
h
am,
"Con
du
cti
v
e
graph
i
t
e
n
ano
p
l
a
t
elet/ep
oxy
n
ano
c
om
p
o
si
tes:
E
ff
ect
s
o
f
exf
o
li
ati
on
and
UV/
ozo
n
e t
r
eatm
e
nt
o
f
graph
i
t
e
,
"
S
c
r. Ma
te
r.
,
vol
.
5
3
,
no.
2
,
p
p
. 2
35–
24
0,
200
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
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c
&
D
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IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
El
e
c
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ic
al
p
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o
f
i
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e
o
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ult
r
a
v
i
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et
(U
V)
cu
r
a
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r g
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phi
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)
…
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u
r
Mu
ni
rah
Ab
dul
lah
)
46
5
[24]
M
.
B
rass,
F
.
Mori
n,
a
nd
T
.
Me
l
d
ru
m,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
lly
r
esol
ved
m
easu
r
e
m
e
nt
s
of
c
ross
li
nkin
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uv
-curab
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id
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R
,
"
M
a
gnetoch
emi
s
tr
y
,
vo
l.
4, n
o
. 8
, pp
. 1–
9
, 20
1
8
.
[25]
A.
J
.
M
a
rsd
e
n,
D
.
G
.
P
apag
eorg
io
u,
C
.
Valles,
A
.
Lisc
i
o,
V
.
Pal
e
r
m
o
,
M
.
A
.
B
i
s
s
e
t
t
,
R
.
J
.
Y
o
u
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g
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
.
Ki
n
l
och
, "El
e
c
t
r
ical
perco
lati
on in
g
ra
p
h
en
e–p
o
ly
m
e
r com
p
osites
,"
2D
M
a
ter
.,
vo
l
. 5
, 2
01
8.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
Nu
r
Mu
nira
h
A
b
d
u
lla
h
i
s
a
g
ra
du
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d
P
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ol
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M
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E
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gi
neerin
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at
erials
)
f
r
o
m
U
n
i
v
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ti
T
un
H
uss
e
in
O
nn
M
alay
si
a
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THM
)
,
M
a
lay
s
i
a
u
nder
th
e
s
u
p
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rv
ision
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ss
oci
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te
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r
o
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esso
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D
r
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Anik
a
Z
a
fiah
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t
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hd
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and
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ssociat
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P
r
o
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esso
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D
r
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M
u
h
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mm
ad
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ai
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ew
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in
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d
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ll
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e
r
res
earch
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u
r
po
s
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i
s
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e
n
t
ered
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n
g
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a
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hi
te/
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olym
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pos
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re t
hat, sh
e
r
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d M.A
. (b
y
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earch) i
n
M
ec
h
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nical
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g
i
n
eeri
ng (Ma
t
erials)
f
r
om
U
n
i
versiti
Tun
Hussei
n
O
nn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UTH
M
),
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al
ays
i
a
(20
1
2
)
b
a
sed
o
n
s
em
i
c
ond
uct
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m
a
t
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als
with
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ye
a
s
s
e
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or
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si
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sol
ar
cell
appl
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cation
wh
ilst
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S
c
.
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i
n
P
hy
sics
f
ro
m
Un
i
v
ersiti
Putra
Ma
l
a
ysi
a
(
U
P
M),
Malays
ia
(
20
09
)
foc
u
sing
o
n
d
i
el
e
c
t
r
ic p
rop
e
rti
e
s of
org
anic material
s
.
A
n
i
k
a
Za
f
i
ah
M
oh
d
Ru
s
is
a
n
A
s
s
o
ciat
e
Prof
ess
o
r
i
n
t
he
F
acul
t
y
o
f
M
echan
ical
a
n
d
M
a
n
u
f
actu
r
in
g
E
n
g
i
n
eering
at
t
he
U
ni
versit
y
of
T
un
H
uss
e
in
O
nn
Malaysi
a
(
UT
HM)
.
S
he
o
b
t
a
ined
h
er
P
h
D
i
n
M
a
rch
20
07
f
ro
m
U
n
i
v
ersity
o
f
W
a
rwi
c
k,
U
nit
ed
K
i
n
g
dom
i
n
P
o
l
y
m
e
r
Ch
emi
s
t
r
y
and
E
n
g
i
neeri
ng,
B
Sc
(
Ho
ns
)
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
ni
cal
E
ng
in
eerin
g
(
M
a
nu
fa
c
t
u
r
ing
)
i
n
19
98
an
d
M
S
c
in
T
ec
hn
ical
a
nd
V
ocati
o
n
a
l
in
1
99
9
fro
m
U
n
i
versity
o
f
T
echno
lo
gy
M
al
a
y
si
a
(U
TM
),
an
d
her
Di
ploma
in
R
ub
ber
and
P
l
astics
T
e
c
hno
lo
gy
f
ro
m
U
n
i
v
ersi
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
A
R
A
(U
iTM
)
i
n
1
9
9
3
.
S
h
e
st
art
e
d
h
e
r
career
a
s
a
lect
urer
a
t
t
h
e
P
o
l
ytechn
i
c
S
e
beran
g
P
r
ai
(
PS
P
)
i
n
1
9
9
9
a
nd
w
as
t
rans
f
e
rred
t
o
UTH
M
i
n
200
0
(f
ormerl
y
k
now
n
as
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LS
P
)
.
A
t
t
h
e
p
r
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s
e
n
t
s
h
e
’
s
a
t
h
e
P
r
in
c
i
p
l
e
Res
earch
er
i
n
th
e
Ad
vanced
M
anu
f
act
uri
ng
an
d
Mat
e
rial
s
Ce
nt
er
(
AM
M
C
),
F
acu
lty
o
f
M
echani
cal
a
nd
M
a
n
uf
act
urin
g
E
n
g
i
ne
eri
n
g
.
S
he
h
ad
m
o
re
t
han
10
y
e
a
rs
e
xperi
ence
o
f
t
each
in
g
i
n
h
igher
edu
c
a
t
io
n
in
P
ol
y
t
ec
h
n
i
c
a
n
d
U
T
HM,
which
in
vo
lv
ed
t
eaching
in
E
lectri
ca
l
T
echno
lo
gy
,
E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
S
c
ien
ces,
M
i
cro
Teach
i
n
g
,
M
ech
a
n
ical
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
S
k
il
ls
,
M
a
te
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
nce,
E
ng
in
e
e
ri
ng
M
ateri
a
ls
S
elect
ion,
M
ech
anical
E
ngi
neerin
g
De
sig
n
,
En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g
Po
ly
me
r
an
d A
d
v
a
nced
P
o
l
y
m
er.
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o
ham
m
a
d
F
a
iz
L
iew
Ab
dull
a
h
is
a
P
rof
e
ssor
i
n
th
e
F
acul
t
y
o
f
E
l
ectri
cal
a
n
d
E
l
e
ct
ronic
E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
a
t
t
he
U
ni
vers
ity
of
T
un
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
nn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UT
HM
).
H
e
co
m
p
l
e
ted
h
i
s
P
h
D
i
n
A
u
g
u
st
2
00
7
from
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n
iv
ersity
o
f
W
a
rwick,
U
nit
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
W
i
r
el
ess
O
p
tical
C
om
m
unicatio
n
E
n
g
i
neeri
ng.
H
e
rec
e
i
v
ed
M
E
n
g
by
r
es
earch
i
n
O
p
ti
cal
F
i
b
er
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
catio
n
i
n
2
00
0,
B
S
c
(H
ons
)
in
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rical
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
(Co
m
m
u
n
i
cation)
i
n
19
97
a
n
d
D
i
p
Ed
ucation
in
1
99
9
f
r
om
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
(
U
T
M
)
.
H
i
s
c
a
r
ee
r
p
a
th
s
ta
r
t
e
d
as
a
l
ect
urer
a
t
P
o
lytechn
i
c
Se
be
ra
ng
P
ra
i
(PSP)
i
n
1
9
9
9
a
nd
w
a
s
t
ra
n
s
fe
rre
d
i
n
2
00
0
t
o
U
TH
M
(
f
o
r
m
a
l
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
P
L
S
P
)
.
A
t
t
h
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
h
e
’
s
a
n
A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
P
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
e
p
u
t
y
D
e
a
n
(Research
a
n
d
D
ev
elo
p
m
e
nt
),
F
acu
lty
o
f
El
ectri
cal
&
E
l
ectron
i
c
En
gin
eerin
g,
U
ni
versit
y
Tun
H
u
ss
ein
O
nn
Ma
laysia
(
UTHM)
.
H
e
h
ad
1
5
yea
r
s
exp
e
rien
ce
o
f
t
e
achin
g
in
h
ig
her
edu
cati
o
n
,
w
h
i
ch
i
n
v
o
l
ved
the
s
ubj
ect
O
p
t
i
cal
F
i
ber
Comm
u
n
ica
t
io
n,
A
dv
anced
O
pt
ical
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
cation
,
A
dv
an
ced
D
ig
ital
S
ig
nal
P
r
ocess
i
n
g
an
d
etc.
H
is
r
esea
rch
area
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
es
t
are
w
i
rel
e
ss
a
n
d
opti
cal
c
om
m
unicatio
n,
p
h
o
t
o
n
i
cs
a
n
d
ro
bo
tic
i
n
com
m
un
icat
ion.
H
a
nani
A
bd
W
a
h
ab
i
s
a
lectu
r
er
i
n
F
acu
lty
o
f
M
ech
a
n
ical
a
n
d
M
a
n
uf
actu
r
in
g
Eng
i
n
eerin
g
at
t
he
U
n
i
v
ersi
ty
o
f
Tu
n
H
u
ss
e
i
n
Onn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
(
UTH
M
).
S
he
i
s
current
ly
a
P
h
D
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
i
n
M
ech
a
n
ical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
(M
at
e
r
ials
)
at
U
n
i
versiti
Tu
n
H
u
ssei
n
O
n
n
Ma
l
a
ysia
(
U
T
HM).
S
h
e
o
b
t
a
ined
M
sc.
in
M
echatro
ni
cs
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
i
n
2
0
0
7
f
r
o
m
I
ntern
a
t
io
n
a
l
I
s
la
m
i
c
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
(
IIU
M
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an
d
BEn
g
o
f
A
r
tifi
cia
l
I
n
t
e
l
ligen
ce
S
y
stem
E
ngi
neeri
ng
i
n
2001
f
rom
K
y
u
s
h
u
Institute
o
f
T
echnology
(
KI
T
)
,
Ja
pan.
S
he
h
ad
m
ore
than
1
0
y
ear
s
experi
enc
e
o
f
teach
in
g
an
d
res
earc
h
es
i
n
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
cati
o
n
.
H
er
i
nt
erest
is
i
n
con
t
rol
sy
st
em
s
t
r
ategi
e
s
an
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
zatio
n
wh
ic
h c
a
n
b
e
us
e
d
in
solu
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
ma
ny
e
ng
ine
e
r
ing
pro
b
l
e
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.