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I
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1
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3
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,
Alex
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[
1
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[
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[
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[
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No
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[
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[
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,
p
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s
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co
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tr
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l [
7
]
,
an
d
p
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s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2088
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694
A
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v
es f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
ettin
g
[
1
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PV m
o
d
u
le
ch
a
r
ac
te
r
i
s
tic
cu
r
v
es p
lo
tted
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
watt
p
er
m
eter
s
q
u
ar
e
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
PV
cu
r
v
e
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
illu
m
in
atio
n
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
th
e
PV c
ell
Po
wer
(
W
)
ag
ain
s
t V
o
ltag
e
(
V)
cu
r
v
es with
d
if
f
er
en
t so
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
s
As
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
ia
n
c
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cy
a
r
e
b
o
th
cr
u
cial
to
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
a
m
u
s
t
to
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
STC
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
[
12
]
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
lit
er
atu
r
e.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
p
ass
iv
e
air
-
co
o
led
s
y
s
tem
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
,
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
wate
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
15
]
,
air
-
c
o
o
led
s
y
s
tem
[
16
]
,
an
d
wate
r
s
p
ar
k
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
17
]
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Pas
s
iv
e
air
-
co
o
led
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
h
ea
t sin
k
s
a
s
a
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
th
at
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
h
e
at
f
r
o
m
a
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
en
e
r
g
y
to
a
lo
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
id
e
a
n
d
th
en
co
o
led
-
u
p
b
y
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
air
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
tr
an
s
f
er
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
p
o
t
to
an
o
th
er
,
n
am
ely
a
co
n
v
ec
ti
o
n
,
r
a
d
iatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
clo
s
ed
l
o
o
p
wate
r
co
o
li
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
,
th
e
p
i
p
elin
e
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
m
m
p
ip
elin
e
is
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
r
eser
v
o
ir
s
u
p
p
lies
wate
r
to
th
e
c
o
o
l
in
g
p
an
el
with
an
in
s
u
latio
n
p
ip
e
with
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
1
0
m
m
.
T
h
e
p
u
m
p
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tlet
tan
k
f
o
r
cir
cu
l
atin
g
an
d
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
wate
r
f
l
o
w
in
s
id
e
th
e
co
o
lin
g
p
an
el
a
n
d
b
r
in
g
th
e
war
m
wate
r
to
th
e
c
o
llecto
r
.
Simp
le
air
-
co
o
le
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
v
ia
th
e
b
r
u
s
h
le
s
s
DC
m
o
to
r
f
a
n
.
M
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
ce
c
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
f
an
s
-
a
r
r
ay
as
th
e
co
o
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
149
4
–
150
4
1496
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
T
h
e
f
a
n
in
s
talled
at
th
e
b
ac
k
s
id
e
o
f
PV p
an
el
e
x
tr
ac
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
a
n
el
an
d
co
n
v
er
t it
to
h
ea
t,
an
d
af
ter
war
d
co
o
l
-
u
p
th
e
p
an
el.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
th
e
r
ei
n
,
it
is
p
r
o
v
en
th
at
air
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
[
1
9
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e;
(
a
)
1
5
0
W
s
o
lar
p
an
el
with
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
; (
b
)
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
wate
r
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
; (
c)
air
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
DC
m
o
to
r
f
a
n
; (
d
)
h
y
b
r
id
a
ctiv
e
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
W
ater
s
p
ar
k
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
co
o
l th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
PV so
lar
with
liq
u
id
(
m
o
s
tly
wate
r
)
.
T
h
e
co
o
lin
g
p
e
r
io
d
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
PV
m
ater
ial
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic/
t
h
er
m
al
(
PV/T)
s
o
lar
f
o
r
co
o
lin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
with
a
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
W
ater
is
cir
cu
lated
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
PV
p
an
els
f
o
r
co
o
lin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
war
m
wate
r
leav
in
g
th
e
p
an
els
is
pump
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
r
eser
v
o
ir
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
tin
g
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
o
lv
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
o
f
o
v
e
r
h
ea
tin
g
d
u
e
to
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
ca
n
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
els
u
s
in
g
least
p
o
s
s
ib
le
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
wate
r
.
B
ased
o
n
b
r
ief
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
d
esp
ite
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
with
I
o
T
f
ac
ilit
y
is
r
ath
er
h
ar
d
to
o
b
tain
in
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
I
n
th
is
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
er
a
with
I
.
R
4
.
0
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
I
o
T
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
n
ec
ess
ity
to
m
an
k
in
d
liv
in
g
s
ty
le
[
2
1
]
,
as we
ll a
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
an
d
q
u
ality
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
As
s
u
ch
,
an
I
o
T
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
is
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t.
T
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
4
s
ec
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
R
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
ch
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
S
ec
tio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
W
h
ile
ch
ap
ter
4
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
As
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
ad
ia
n
c
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
ar
e
b
o
th
cr
u
cial
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
th
e
aim
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
th
en
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
.
T
h
u
s
,
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
ted
i
n
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t e
m
b
ar
k
s
in
to
th
r
ee
(
3
)
m
ai
n
o
b
jectiv
es.
Firstl
y
,
a
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
d
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
th
e
b
a
tter
y
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
an
au
to
m
atic
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
t
em
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
e
l
.
T
h
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at
em
b
ar
k
s
in
to
t
h
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
c
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
m
a
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
L
astl
y
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ac
tiv
e
c
o
o
lin
g
to
war
d
s
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
a
n
d
SOC
ar
e
a
n
aly
s
ed
.
Plu
s
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies o
f
ac
tiv
e
-
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
als
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
co
n
c
l
u
s
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
ctive
co
o
lin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
w
ith
I
o
T fa
cility
(
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u
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2
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2
.
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lig
h
t
i
n
ten
s
ity
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
(
PV)
p
a
n
el
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
GUI
d
is
p
la
y
in
g
d
ata
g
at
h
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
b
ly
n
k
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
ctive
co
o
lin
g
p
h
o
to
v
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lta
ic
w
ith
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o
T fa
cility
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iz
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a
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Pro
g
r
am
f
lo
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ch
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t
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a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e;
(
a
)
Sy
s
tem
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e;
(
b
)
GUI
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
S
U
N
W
A
Y
S
O
LA
R
P
o
l
y
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
S
o
l
a
r
M
o
d
u
l
e
M
o
d
e
l
:
S
W
2
0
P
-
3
6
(
S
U
N
W
A
Y
S
O
L
A
R
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
(
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m
a
x
)
:
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0
W
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
v
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l
t
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g
e
(
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m
p
)
=
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8
V
O
p
e
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c
i
r
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i
t
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o
c
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4
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M
a
x
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m
u
m
p
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w
e
r
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u
r
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e
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t
(
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mp
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2
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S
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r
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r
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D
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me
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M
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x
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m
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m
sy
s
t
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m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
=
6
0
0
V
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
o
p
er
ati
o
n
o
f
co
o
lin
g
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y
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tem
is
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li
s
h
ed
o
n
th
e
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
4
5
°C
.
W
h
en
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
4
5
°
C
el
s
iu
s
,
th
e
DC
p
u
m
p
is
tu
r
n
ed
ON
to
ac
tiv
ate
co
o
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
em
ain
s
s
h
u
t d
o
wn
wh
en
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
elo
w
4
5
°C
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
149
4
–
150
4
1500
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
I
-
V
t
o
wa
rds
co
o
lin
g
a
nd
no
n
-
co
o
lin
g
pro
ce
s
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as
h
elp
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
3
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
t
h
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
1
6
.
0
0
1
2
5
v
o
lts
to
1
6
.
7
8
7
5
v
o
lts
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
8
2
5
a
m
p
er
e
to
1
.
0
1
2
5
am
p
er
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
p
o
r
tr
ay
s
th
e
I
-
V
p
atter
n
an
d
h
is
to
r
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
I
-
V
p
ea
k
s
d
u
r
in
g
1
2
.
0
0
-
1
3
.
0
0
h
o
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
PV
r
ec
eiv
es
h
ig
h
i
n
ten
s
e
o
f
lig
h
t.
I
n
lin
e
with
I
-
V
i
n
cr
em
en
t
d
u
e
to
co
o
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
is
also
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
4
.
9
7
1
2
5
W
att
to
1
8
.
0
5
7
5
W
att
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
c)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
p
o
wer
ar
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
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f
ec
t.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
atter
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
d
)
.
T
ab
le
3
. I
-
V
d
ata
-
with
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
with
o
u
t
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
Ti
me
(
2
4
-
H
o
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r
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t
h
A
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t
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e
C
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l
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m
W
i
t
h
o
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t
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
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u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
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o
w
e
r
(
W
)
9
0
0
1
3
.
6
0
.
4
3
5
.
8
4
1
3
.
5
3
0
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4
1
5
.
5
6
1
0
0
0
1
3
.
8
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4
8
6
.
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1
3
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7
3
0
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4
5
6
.
2
2
1
1
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0
1
7
.
6
1
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1
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.
9
2
1
6
.
6
5
0
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7
1
6
.
6
7
1
2
0
0
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.
7
1
.
3
6
2
5
.
4
4
1
7
.
1
5
0
.
1
7
2
0
.
2
1
1
3
0
0
1
9
.
3
1
.
4
6
2
7
.
4
2
1
7
.
9
8
1
.
2
6
2
2
.
7
1
4
0
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1
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.
8
1
.
2
2
2
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.
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1
7
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1
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8
9
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1
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8
.
9
9
1
6
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6
8
1
6
0
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6
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6
1
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1
7
.
6
4
1
5
.
6
8
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8
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1
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8
4
A
v
e
r
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g
e
1
6
.
7
8
7
5
1
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0
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2
5
1
8
.
0
5
7
5
1
6
.
0
0
1
2
5
0
.
8
8
2
5
1
4
.
9
7
1
2
5
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e;
(
a
)
v
o
ltag
e,
(
b
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
(
c)
p
o
w
er
,
(
d
)
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
with
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
with
o
u
t c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
n t
he
ef
f
iciency
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
ed
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
will
b
e
d
eter
io
r
ated
.
T
h
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
n
o
r
m
ally
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
b
l
o
ck
e
d
s
u
n
lig
h
t
(
b
y
th
e
clo
u
d
)
,
as
well
as
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
wea
th
er
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
in
p
u
t,
u
p
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
in
p
u
t
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
t
h
e
ir
r
ad
ian
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
ctive
co
o
lin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
w
ith
I
o
T fa
cility
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
N
iz
a
m
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
)
1501
(
in
W
−
2
)
with
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el
in
m
eter
s
q
u
ar
e
.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
th
e
o
p
e
n
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e,
tim
es th
e
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it c
u
r
r
en
t,
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
(
2
)
ex
p
r
ess
es th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
ƞ
.
ƞ
=
(
2
)
B
ased
o
n
PV
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
,
th
e
id
ea
l
p
o
wer
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PV
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
as
in
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
=
PV A
r
ea
×
I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
(
W
−
2
)
=
(
0
.
495
∗
0
.
350
)
×
1000
−
2
=
173
.
25
(
3
)
=
18
×
1
.
12
=
20
.
16
(
4
)
T
o
th
is
e
n
d
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
as
a
r
o
u
n
d
ƞ
=
11
.
63
%
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l
v
alu
e
is
h
ig
h
ly
b
ased
o
n
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
1000
−
2
)
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
is
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
4
.
T
h
e
p
l
o
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
t
o
war
d
s
tim
es
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
lo
t th
at
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
PV h
as im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ar
o
u
n
d
1
7
.
0
8
% b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
-
with
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
with
o
u
t
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
Ti
me
(
2
4
-
H
o
u
r
s)
Ef
f
e
c
i
e
n
c
y
O
f
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
e
l
(
%)
W
i
t
h
A
c
t
i
v
e
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
C
o
o
l
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
9
0
0
3
.
3
7
%
3
.
2
1
%
1
0
0
0
3
.
8
7
%
3
.
5
9
%
1
1
0
0
1
1
.
5
0
%
9
.
6
2
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u
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t c
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atter
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ata
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atter
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ay
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ay
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er
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
149
4
–
150
4
1502
T
ab
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5
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A
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atter
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ly
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ad
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d
in
T
ab
le
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
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p
atte
r
n
in
7
d
ay
s
.
W
h
er
ea
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
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s
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ates
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e
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to
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atter
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ig
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(
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ay
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CO
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d
d
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m
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f
in
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ip
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T
d
ev
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p
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d
in
th
is
m
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u
s
cr
ip
t
s
h
o
wed
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ter
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ata
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ata
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at
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r
d
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B
ac
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elo
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’
s
Deg
r
ee
in
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lectr
ical
E
n
g
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with
h
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s
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Facu
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lectr
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n
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Un
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s
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T
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lay
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Me
lak
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ec
ial
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k
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r
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to
th
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Min
is
tr
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o
f
Hig
h
er
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d
u
ca
tio
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Ma
lay
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ia
,
C
en
ter
f
o
r
R
o
b
o
tics
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d
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Au
t
o
m
atio
n
,
an
d
all
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
esp
ec
ial
ly
Mr
.
Mo
h
am
a
d
B
ad
r
u
l
His
y
am
M
ah
alli
wh
o
h
elp
t
o
r
ea
lize
th
e
p
r
o
ject.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
ctive
co
o
lin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
w
ith
I
o
T fa
cility
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
N
iz
a
m
K
a
ma
r
u
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in
)
1503
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
Qa
z
iac
,
H.
F
a
y
a
z
,
A.
Wad
i
,
R
.
G
.
Ra
j,
N
.
A.
Ra
h
im,
a
n
d
W
.
A
.
Kh
a
n
.
,
“
Th
e
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
t
wo
rk
fo
r
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
p
re
d
ictio
n
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
i
n
g
so
lar
sy
ste
m
s:
a
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
iew
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Clea
n
e
r
Pro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
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0
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5
,
DO
I:
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0
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6
/
j.
jcle
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
4
.
0
4
1
.
[2
]
M
.
Rio
r
d
a
n
a
n
d
L.
Ho
d
d
e
so
n
,
“
T
h
e
o
ri
g
in
o
f
t
h
e
P
N j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
,
”
IE
EE
S
p
e
c
tru
m
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
6
-
5
1
,
1
9
9
7
.
[3
]
R.
S
.
O
h
l,
“
Li
g
h
t
-
S
e
n
s
it
i
v
e
El
e
c
tr
ic De
v
ice
,
”
W
a
sh
in
g
to
n
,
DC: U.
S
.
Pa
te
n
t
a
n
d
T
ra
d
e
ma
rk
Offi
c
e
,
1
9
4
6
.
[4
]
J.
H.
S
c
a
ff
a
n
d
R.
S
.
Oh
l,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
sili
c
o
n
c
r
y
sta
l
re
c
ti
fiers
fo
r
m
icro
wa
v
e
ra
d
a
r
re
c
e
iv
e
rs,”
Bell
S
y
ste
m
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
0
,
1
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4
7
,
d
o
i
:
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2
/j
.
1
5
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8
-
7
3
0
5
.
1
9
4
7
.
tb
0
1
3
1
0
.
x
.
[5
]
Z.
Ha
m
e
iri
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
li
ter
a
tu
re
su
r
v
e
y
”
,
Pro
g
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
Res
A
p
p
l
.
,
v
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doi
:
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0
.
1
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/
p
i
p
.
3
2
6
6
.
[6
]
M
.
N.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
,
N.
S
h
a
h
a
ru
d
i
n
,
N.
H.
Ab
d
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
H.
H
a
iri
,
S
.
M
d
.
Ro
z
a
li
,
a
n
d
T.
S
u
ti
k
n
o
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
n
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
fo
r
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NI
KA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
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a
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
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4
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0
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1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/
TE
LKOMNIKA.v
1
9
i2
.
1
6
1
1
8
.
[7
]
M
.
C
o
u
t
o
,
J.
A.
P
e
ç
a
s
Lo
p
e
s,
a
n
d
C.
L
.
M
o
re
ira,
“
C
o
n
tr
o
l
stra
teg
ies
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
-
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
islan
d
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
th
ro
u
g
h
sm
a
rt
tran
sfo
rm
e
rs,”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
m R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
7
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
p
sr.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
5
8
6
6
.
[8
]
Z.
Q.
Bo
,
X.
N.
Li
n
,
Q.
P
.
Wa
n
g
,
Y.
H.
Yi,
a
n
d
F
.
Q
.
Zh
o
u
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
o
f
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
Pro
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
M
.
Xi
n
g
,
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Q.
S
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
R.
Wa
n
g
a
,
“
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
p
h
o
to
v
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l
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rm
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n
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o
f
Ti
O
2
/
P
b
S
h
e
tero
ju
n
c
ti
o
n
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
9
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
do
I:
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.
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o
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.
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.
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0
.
[1
0
]
M
.
S
.
Ja
m
ri
a
n
d
M
.
N.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
,
“
P
o
we
r
sta
b
i
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
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lar
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
p
e
rtu
rb
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
e
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
ri
th
m
,
”
Glo
b
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
we
r Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Op
ti
miza
t
io
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
S
.
M
.
R
o
m
p
ich
e
rla,
“
S
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
:
Th
e
f
u
t
u
re
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
T
re
n
d
s
a
n
d
T
e
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h
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y
,
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o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
3
-
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5
1
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
N.
A.
Wi
n
d
a
rk
o
,
M
.
N.
Ha
b
i
b
i
,
B.
S
u
m
a
n
tri
,
E
.
P
ra
se
ty
o
n
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
Efen
d
i,
“
A
n
e
w
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
pho
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
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ifo
rm
a
n
d
p
a
rti
a
l
sh
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s,”
E
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
4
8
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
2
,
2
0
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1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/e
n
1
4
0
2
0
4
8
3
.
[1
3
]
M
M
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
M
a
sh
u
d
,
C
M
Ch
u
,
M
S
b
i
n
M
isa
ra
n
,
M
S
a
rk
e
r
a
n
d
S
Ku
m
a
re
se
n
,
“
A
p
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
ste
m
o
f
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
i
n
su
m
m
e
r
o
r
h
o
t
se
a
so
n
”
,
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X/
1
0
0
/1
/
0
1
2
0
3
1
.
[1
4
]
X.
Ya
o
,
B.
J.
De
wa
n
c
k
e
r,
Y.
G
u
o
,
S
.
Ha
n
a
n
d
J.
Xu
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
n
p
a
ss
iv
e
v
e
n
ti
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
l
in
g
st
r
a
teg
ies
fo
r
c
o
ld
lan
e
s
a
n
d
c
o
u
rt
y
a
rd
h
o
u
se
s
-
a
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
f
ru
ra
l
tra
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
v
il
l
a
g
e
i
n
S
h
a
a
n
x
i,
C
h
in
a
,
”
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
il
i
ty,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
-
3
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/su
1
2
2
0
8
6
8
7
.
[1
5
]
G
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
g
u
ru
p
a
ra
n
,
M
.
Ka
m
e
s
wa
ri,
R.
S
a
ra
v
a
n
a
n
,
M
.
Viv
a
r,
a
n
d
K.
S
rit
h
a
r,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
with
u
n
if
o
rm
wa
ter
flo
w
o
n
to
p
su
rfa
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
o
to
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
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1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
0
/8
4
7
3
2
5
3
.
[1
6
]
D.
D.
P
rij
a
Tj
a
h
jan
a
,
S
.
Ha
d
i,
R.
Ad
h
i
Ra
c
h
m
a
n
t
o
,
G
.
S
e
ty
o
h
a
n
d
o
k
o
,
a
n
d
B
.
S
u
tan
t
o
,
“
Nu
m
e
rica
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
ir
c
o
o
li
n
g
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
a
n
e
ls
u
si
n
g
a
l
u
m
in
iu
m
h
e
a
t
sin
k
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
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2
0
2
0
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d
o
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:
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0
.
1
1
5
5
/2
0
2
0
/1
5
7
4
2
7
4
.
[1
7
]
K.
A.
M
o
h
a
rra
m
a
,
M
.
S
.
Ab
d
-
El
h
a
d
y
,
H.
A.
Ka
n
d
il
,
a
n
d
H.
El
-
S
h
e
rifa,
“
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
ls
b
y
wa
ter
c
o
o
li
n
g
,
”
Ai
n
S
h
a
ms
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
8
6
9
-
8
7
7
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
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6
/
j.
a
se
j.
2
0
1
3
.
0
3
.
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
M
.
A.
G
h
a
z
a
li
a
n
d
A.
M
.
Ab
d
u
l
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
Th
e
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
re
e
d
iffere
n
t
so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
fo
r
s
o
lar
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
so
lar
trac
k
in
g
d
e
v
ice
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
a
lay
sia
n
c
li
m
a
te
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
t
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
-
2
4
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
M
.
A.
Kh
a
n
,
B.
Ko
,
E
.
A.
Ny
a
ri,
S
.
E
.
P
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
He
e
-
Je
Kim
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
lar
sy
ste
m
with
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
o
l
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
b
i
-
re
flec
to
r
P
V
sy
ste
m
(BR
P
VS):
An
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
st
u
d
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/en
1
0
0
6
0
8
2
6
.
[2
0
]
S
.
Du
b
e
y
,
J.
N.
S
a
r
v
a
iy
a
,
a
n
d
B.
S
e
sh
a
d
ri,
“
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V)
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
i
ts
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
P
V
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
th
e
wo
rl
d
:
A
re
v
iew
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pr
o
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
-
3
2
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
g
y
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
5
.
0
7
2
.
[2
1
]
W.
S
.
Ala
l
o
u
l
,
M
.
S
.
Li
e
w,
N.
A.
Wan
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
Zaw
a
wi
a
n
d
B
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
In
d
u
stry
r
e
v
o
lu
t
io
n
IR
4
.
0
:
fu
t
u
re
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
in
d
u
str
y
,
”
M
AT
E
C
W
e
b
o
f
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
doi
:
1
0
.
1
0
5
1
/ma
tec
c
o
n
f/
2
0
1
8
2
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
V.
S
ima
,
I.
G
.
G
h
e
o
rg
h
e
,
J.
S
u
b
i
ć
,
a
n
d
D.
Na
n
c
u
,
“
I
n
flu
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
In
d
u
str
y
4
.
0
Re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
p
it
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
b
e
h
a
v
io
r:
A
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
iew
,
”
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/s
u
1
2
1
0
4
0
3
5
.
[2
3
]
S
.
I.
Tay
,
T.
C.
Lee
,
N.
Z.
A.
Ha
m
id
,
A.
N.
A.
Ah
m
a
d
,
“
An
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
In
d
u
stry
4
.
0
:
De
fin
it
i
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
it
iati
v
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Dy
n
a
mic
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
9
-
1
3
8
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
K.
Um
a
c
h
a
n
d
ra
n
e
t.
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
str
y
4
.
0
:
T
h
e
n
e
w
i
n
d
u
strial
re
v
o
lu
t
io
n
,
”
I
n
d
u
stry
4
.
0
Bo
o
k
c
h
a
p
ter
,
Ch
a
p
ter
6
,
p
p
.
138
-
1
5
6
,
d
o
i:
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0
1
8
/
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7
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-
5
2
2
5
-
6
2
0
7
-
8
.
c
h
0
0
6
.
[2
5
]
M
.
N.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
h
a
rd
wa
re
-
in
-
t
h
e
-
lo
o
p
fo
r
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li
q
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i
d
lev
e
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wit
h
o
p
e
n
-
lo
o
p
Zi
e
g
ler
Nic
h
o
ls
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
7
-
5
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
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