Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1197
~
1210
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1197
-
1210
1197
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Modeli
ng, sim
ula
tion and
contr
ol of a do
ub
l
y
-
f
ed ind
uction
generat
or for wi
nd ene
rgy c
onversion s
yste
ms
Boumeri
d Be
nsa
hil
a
Med E
l Amine
1
,
Allali
A
h
med
2
,
Merabet
Bou
l
ou
ih
a
H
ouari
3
,
De
na
i
M
ou
lo
ud
4
1
,2,3
Facul
ty
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
y
o
f
Scie
n
ce
s
and T
ec
hnology
of
Or
an
Med
Boud
ia
f
,
Alger
i
a
3
Ec
ol
e
Nat
ional
e
Polyt
ec
hniqu
e of
Oran, Alge
r
ia
4
Univer
sity
of
H
ert
fordshire
,
U
ni
te
d
K
ingdo
m
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
r
16
, 201
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
8
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Apr
9
, 2
0
20
In
recent
y
ea
rs
,
wind
ene
rgy
has
bec
o
me
on
e
of
the
most
promi
sing
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
r
gy
source
s.
Var
ious
wind
turb
i
ne
con
ce
p
ts
wit
h
diffe
r
ent
gene
ra
tor
topol
o
gie
s
have
b
ee
n
deve
lop
ed
to
co
nver
t
th
is
abund
ant
en
erg
y
int
o
elec
tr
ic
po
wer.
The
doubly
-
fed
induc
t
ion
g
ene
ra
tor
(DF
IG)
is
cur
r
ent
ly
the
most
co
mmon
type
of
gen
e
rat
or
used
in
wi
nd
far
ms.
Us
ually
the
DF
IG
gene
ra
tor
is
a
wound
rotor
in
duct
ion
machin
e,
where
th
e
st
at
or
ci
r
c
uit
is
dire
c
tl
y
connect
ed
to
grid
whil
e
the
rotor’
s
win
ding
is
connect
e
d
to
the
grid
via
a
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
conv
erter.
T
his
pap
er
desc
r
ibe
s
an
appr
o
a
ch
for
the
inde
pend
ent
con
trol
of
the
a
ct
iv
e
and
react
iv
e
p
owers
of
the
var
ia
bl
e
-
spee
d
DF
IG.
The
sim
ula
ti
on
mode
l
i
ncl
uding
a
1
.
5
MW
-
DF
IG
drive
n
by
a
wind
turbi
ne
,
a
PWM
bac
k
-
to
-
ba
ck
in
ver
te
r
and
th
e
pr
oposed
cont
ro
l
s
tra
t
egy
are
deve
lop
ed
and
im
plemented
us
ing
MA
TL
AB/
Simul
ink/
SimPo
werSys
te
ms
envi
ronm
ent
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DF
I
G
M
PP
T
PWM
SimPo
we
rSystems
Simuli
nk
Win
d
e
nerg
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Alla
li
A
hme
d
,
Dép
a
rteme
nt de Gé
nie Elec
tri
qu
e
, F
ac
ulté
de
l’éle
ct
ro
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Unive
rsity
of S
ci
e
nces a
nd Tec
hnol
ogy of O
ran Me
d B
oudiaf
,
Alger
ia
.
Emai
l:
all
al
ia@
ya
hoo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
t
he
la
st
dec
ade,
i
nterest
in
wind
e
nerg
y
use
has
gro
w
n
c
on
si
der
a
bly.
I
n
Eu
rope
30
-
40%
of
ne
wly
instal
le
d
ren
e
wab
le
e
nergy
capaci
ty
wa
s
f
rom
wind
pow
er
[
1]
.
T
he
U.S
an
d
China
a
re
cu
rr
e
ntly
th
e
worl
d
le
ader
s
a
nd
do
minate
the
gl
obal
instal
le
d
w
ind
e
nerg
y
[
2,
3].
I
n
20
10,
th
e
world
’s
ge
ne
rati
on
ca
pacit
y
from
wind e
nerg
y w
as 19
6.630 G
W
a
nd r
eac
he
d 2
40 GW
by th
e en
d of 2
011 [
4].
With
t
he
e
xp
ansio
n
of
t
his
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y
resou
rc
e
an
d
it
s
inc
r
eased
pe
netrat
ion
into
the
el
ect
rical
gr
ids
,
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
(W
T
)
te
ch
nolo
gy
is
c
urren
tl
y
on
e
of
t
he
w
orl
d’s
fastest
gr
ow
i
ng,
cost
-
ef
f
ect
ive
ren
e
wa
ble en
e
r
gy tech
no
l
og
ie
s in
t
he
ma
rket
[5]
.
Win
d
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
is
s
ubje
ct
to
fl
uctua
ti
on
s
due
to
th
e
inter
mit
te
nt
natu
re
of
wind
ene
r
gy
a
nd
wind s
pee
d var
ia
ti
on
s.
T
his is
more e
vid
e
nt
wh
e
n mult
iple
gen
e
rato
rs
a
re
connecte
d t
o a
weak g
rid
[6].
M
a
ny
t
opologi
es
for
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
s
ha
ve
be
en
de
sig
ned
t
o
re
duce
the
f
luctuat
io
ns
of
the
outp
ut
powe
r.
D
oubly
-
fe
d
i
nductio
n
gen
e
rato
rs
(
DFIG
)
a
re
t
he
most
widel
y
us
e
d
typ
es
of
ge
nerat
or
s
in
wi
nd
e
nerg
y
conve
rsion
s
yst
ems.
T
his
to
polo
gy
can
offs
et
it
s
ou
tp
ut
power
t
o
sta
bili
ze
fluct
uations
by
a
facto
r
of
t
ypic
al
ly
up
t
o
±
30%.
Howe
ver,
this
dev
ic
e
is
sti
ll
small
con
si
deri
ng
the
range
of
var
ia
ti
on
in
pr
act
ic
e
of
th
e
wind
sp
ee
d.
Re
searc
her
s
ha
ve
pro
pose
d
that
ene
r
gy
st
or
a
ge
s
ys
te
ms
are
a
de
sirable
ch
oice
to
further
mit
igate
the
eff
ect
s
of s
hor
t
-
te
rm win
d flu
ct
uations [
5,
6].
Fixed
-
s
peed
in
du
ct
io
n
ge
ne
ra
tors
are
c
on
st
ra
ined
to
ope
rate
nea
r
the
sync
hro
nous
s
pee
d,
b
ecau
se
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
i
mpose
d
by
t
he
netw
ork;
th
e
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d
is
al
mo
st
c
onsta
nt.
Va
riable
-
sp
ee
d
wind
t
urbine
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
97
–
12
10
1198
sy
ste
ms
,
on
th
e
ot
her
hand,
are
a
ble
t
o
op
erate
ov
e
r
a
w
ide
range
of
wind
s
pee
ds
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
usi
ng
a
n
appr
opriat
e
m
aximum
po
we
r
point
trac
king
(
M
P
PT)
st
r
at
egy
,
va
riable
-
sp
ee
d
wind
tur
bin
es
ca
n
produce
maxim
um
power
at
va
ry
i
ng
wi
nd
s
pee
d
c
onditi
ons.
F
or
va
riable
-
sp
ee
d
wind
tu
r
bi
ne
s
ys
te
ms
with
li
mit
ed
sp
ee
d
ra
nge, e
.
g.
± 3
0% of sy
nchr
onous s
pe
ed,
t
he DF
IG c
an be the
s
olu
ti
on of c
hoic
e [
7].
Un
li
ke
c
onve
nt
ion
al
wind
t
urbi
ne
-
dr
i
ven
s
yn
c
hro
nous
ge
ner
at
or
s
,
t
he
outp
ut
c
har
act
e
r
ist
ic
of
the
var
ia
ble
-
s
peed
wind
e
nerg
y
c
onve
rsion
s
ys
t
e
ms
(
WECS
)
dep
e
nds
not
only
on
the
dy
na
mics
of
the
ge
ner
at
or
bu
t
al
s
o
on
th
e
co
nv
e
rter
c
ontr
ol
strat
eg
y
employe
d.
C
ontr
ol
strat
egies
of
D
FIG
have
bee
n
e
xtensi
vely
discusse
d
by
s
ever
al
a
uthors
[8,
9].
I
n
[
10],
var
io
us
c
on
t
r
ol
mecha
nisms
for
the
D
FIG
hav
e
bee
n
re
ported
us
in
g
sta
to
r
flu
x
or
ie
ntati
on
i
n
the r
efe
ren
ce
f
rame α
-
β. I
n
[
11]
an
d
[12],
t
he
sta
tor
flu
x
ori
ented
c
on
t
ro
l of
t
he
gen
e
rato
r
DFI
G
has
been
stu
died
but
with
out
an
y
c
ontr
ol
of
t
he
gr
i
d
si
de
an
d
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
s.
In
[
13]
,
the
auth
or
s
stu
died
the
e
ff
ect
of
act
ive
an
d
re
act
ive
powe
rs
var
ia
ti
ons
by
a
dec
ouplin
g
co
ntr
ol
meth
od
f
or
t
he
act
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive
po
wer
s
.
Howe
ver,
the
influ
e
nce
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
l
oad
ty
pes
on
t
he
gr
i
d
a
nd
powe
r
qual
it
y
accor
ding
to
t
he
loa
ds
co
nn
ect
ed
t
o
t
he
ge
ner
at
or
DF
I
G
ha
s
not
be
e
n
a
ddresse
d.
T
his
pa
per
pr
es
ents
a
com
pr
e
he
ns
ive
simulat
ion
st
udy
of
t
he
va
riat
ion
s
of
r
eact
ive
powe
r
on
t
he
gri
d
unde
r
dif
fer
e
nt
load
conditi
ons
(
res
ist
ive,
in
du
ct
iv
e
an
d
ca
pacit
ive)
an
d
a
naly
se
s
the
in
flue
nce
of
these
l
oads
on
the
DFIG
powe
r
factor w
hic
h re
flect
s the
qual
it
y
of t
he power
g
e
ner
at
e
d.
The
main
a
dva
ntage
of
usi
ng
DF
I
Gs
in
wind
tur
bin
es
is
tha
t
they
c
onnect
directl
y
t
o
the
netw
ork
via
the
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
sta
tor
windin
gs
an
d
do
not
r
e
qu
i
re
a
dd
it
io
na
l
conve
rters.
T
his
co
nfi
gurati
on
has
bec
ome
no
w
v
er
y
po
pu
la
r
f
or
var
ia
ble
-
spe
ed
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
s
[
14]
.
T
his
is
mai
nly
beca
us
e
the
po
wer
el
ect
ronic
c
on
ver
te
r
mu
st
handle
only
a
f
racti
on
of
20%
to
30%
of
t
he
total
power
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
DFIG
[
14,
15].
The
refor
e
,
the
losses
in
t
he
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
co
nverter
ca
n
be
re
duce
d.
T
oday
,
the
DFIG
is
t
he
mo
st
c
om
m
on
ly
us
e
d
var
ia
ble
-
s
peed
machine
in
produ
ct
io
n u
nits a
bove 1
MW.
This
pa
per
pre
sents
a
stu
dy
of
a
DFI
G
dual
-
powe
red
ge
ner
at
or
co
nnec
te
d
with
i
ndust
rial
loads
to
le
arn
t
he
im
pa
ct
o
n t
he q
ualit
y of v
oltage a
nd c
u
r
ren
t
by a
pplyin
g
i
nductiv
e or ca
pacit
ive
loads
.
The
ai
m
of
this
pap
e
r
is
t
o
desig
n
an
i
nd
i
rect
ve
ct
or
co
ntr
ol
decoup
li
ng
strat
eg
y
t
o
ac
hieve
ind
e
pende
nt
co
ntr
ol
of
the
act
ive
an
d
reacti
ve
powe
rs
of
th
e
DFIG
-
WT
c
onve
rsion
s
ys
t
em.
A
detai
le
d
mode
l
of
the
DF
I
G
is use
d
to
d
esi
gn an
d
e
valuate
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
ontrol
strat
e
gies.
Th
e
a
utho
rs
present
a
te
ch
nique o
f
the
sta
tor
qu
a
drat
ur
e
flu
x
al
ong
t
he
axis
to
con
t
ro
l
the
act
i
ve
an
d
reacti
ve
powers
of
the
DF
I
G.
The
pro
po
s
ed
con
t
ro
l
a
ppr
oa
ch
is
e
valuate
d
under
resist
i
v
e,
i
nductive
a
nd
capaci
ti
ve
l
oads
co
nnect
e
d
betwee
n
the
DFIG
and the
gri
d.
The
rest
of
th
e
pa
pe
r
is
org
anized
as
f
ollo
ws:
Sect
ion
2
introd
uces
the
ove
rall
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
structu
re
inclu
ding
mathemat
ic
al
models
of
the
wind
t
urbine.
Th
e
pro
po
s
ed
M
P
PT
meth
o
d
us
ed
in
the
mode
l
is
al
so
prese
nt
ed.
Sect
ion
3
of
t
he
pap
e
r
presents
t
he
m
odel
of
the
D
F
IG
a
nd
it
s
in
di
rect
vecto
r
c
ontr
ol
scheme
us
i
ng
Par
k
tra
ns
f
orm
at
ion
,
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
of
t
he
DC
side
volt
age
.
Finall
y,
t
he
si
mu
la
ti
on
res
ul
ts
and
con
cl
us
io
ns
a
r
e summariz
e
d
i
n
Sect
io
n 4 a
nd
5 resp
ect
ivel
y.
2.
PROP
OSE
D WIN
D
E
NER
GY CO
N
VER
SION S
YS
TE
M MO
DEL
The
pr
opos
e
d
ci
rcu
it
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure1
.
I
t
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
three
-
blad
e
wi
nd
t
urbine
c
onnected
to
a
var
ia
ble
-
s
peed
DF
I
G.
T
he
st
at
or
ci
rc
uit
of
the
DFIG
is
directl
y
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
gr
i
d,
wh
e
reas
the
ro
to
r
windin
g
is
c
onnected
to
the
gri
d
via
tw
o
P
W
M
-
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d
IG
BT
-
c
onve
rters.
T
he
t
wo
conve
rters
are
coupled
thr
ough a
DC l
ink
ca
pacit
or.
The
r
otor
-
si
de
co
nverter
c
ontrols
si
mu
lt
ane
ou
sl
y
t
he
a
ct
iv
e
an
d
reacti
ve
po
wer
s
by
a
dj
us
ti
ng
the
amplit
ude,
f
requen
c
y
an
d
pha
se
of
the
r
otor
vo
lt
age
s.
T
he
a
im
of
the
gri
d
-
sid
e
c
onve
rter
is
to
re
gu
la
te
the
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
a
ge.
T
he
in
puts
to
th
e
co
ntr
ol
syst
em
are
the
volt
ages
a
nd
c
urrent
s
on
the
sou
rc
e
side
a
nd
the
vo
lt
age
on
t
he
DC
si
de
.
These
quantit
ie
s
are
trans
f
ormed
int
o
their
d
an
d
q
co
mpo
nen
ts
.
A
phase
-
loc
ked
l
oop
ci
rcu
it
is
us
e
d
to
s
yn
c
hro
nize the
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y of t
he
s
ys
te
m
with t
he netw
ork fre
que
ncy.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling, sim
ula
ti
on
and
c
ontrol
of
a do
ubly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n
…
(
B
oumeri
d
Be
nsah
il
a M
ed
El A
mine
)
1199
I
ndu
c
t
i
on
G
e
ne
r
a
t
or
W
i
nd
T
ur
bi
ne
DC
AC
AC
R
f
L
f
AC
/
DC
/
A
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
gri
d
C
ro
t
o
r
P
s
Q
s
P
m
C
ont
r
ol
v
r
a
b
c
v
g
a
b
c
T
hr
e
e
phas
e
G
r
i
d
G
e
a
r
box
R
ot
or
S
t
a
t
or
i
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
l
o
a
d
Figure
1.
Win
d t
urbine
with
a
DF
I
G
2.1 Mo
deli
ng
t
he w
in
d turbi
ne
wi
th
MPP
T
str
at
e
gy
The
relat
io
nship
bet
ween
the
wind
sp
ee
d
a
nd
the
aer
odyna
mic
mecha
nical
power
e
xtract
ed
f
rom
the
wind ca
n be
de
scribe
d
as
foll
ows
[16
,
17
]:
23
1
.
.
.
(
,
)
.
2
mp
P
R
C
v
=
(1)
Pm: is t
he
mec
han
ic
al
powe
r of t
he win
d
t
urbine [
W]
,
β: i
s the
or
ie
ntati
on
a
ng
le
of t
he blades
[
°
].
The
po
wer
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
Cp
de
fines
the
ae
r
odynamic
ef
fici
ency
of
t
he
wind
tur
bin
e
.
It
dep
e
nds
on
the
char
act
e
risti
c of the
turbine
a
nd is a
fun
ct
io
n of t
he
s
pee
d rati
o
λ
a
nd the
ori
entat
ion
an
gle
β of the
b
la
de:
(
)
(
)
5
2
1
3
4
6
,
i
C
p
i
C
C
C
C
C
e
C
−
=
−
−
+
(2)
The val
ues
use
d for the
coe
ff
i
ci
ents C1
-
C
6 are
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble 1 [
18]:
Table
1
Coe
ff
i
ci
ents of the
tu
rb
i
ne
C
1
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
5
C
6
0
.51
7
6
116
0
.4
5
21
0
.00
6
8
With
3
1
1
0
.
0
3
5
0
.
0
8
1
i
=−
+
+
(3)
λ is d
e
fine
d
as
the r
at
io
of t
he l
inear
velocit
y at
the end o
f
th
e b
la
de
and is
giv
e
n by
:
m
R
v
=
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
97
–
12
10
1200
It
can
be
obser
ved
f
r
om
Fig
ure
2
that
t
he
power
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
reac
hes
a
ma
xi
mu
m
f
or
a
pitch
a
ngle
o
f
0°
a
nd
a
pa
rtic
ular
value
λ
nom
=
8.1
of
t
he
vel
ocity
rat
io.
T
he
po
wer
coeffic
ie
nt
va
lue
co
rr
es
pond
ing
to
λnom is C
pm
a
x
=
0.4
8.
Figure
2
.
Cha
r
act
erist
ic
o
f
t
he
powe
r
c
oeffi
ci
ent
as a
funct
ion
of
λ
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
wind
aer
odynamic
c
onditi
on
s
,
the
re
exists
an
opti
mal
operati
ng
point
wh
ic
h
al
lows
t
he
ma
ximum
powe
r
to
be
ext
racted
from
the
t
urbi
ne.
This
ca
n
be
achiev
ed
by
ei
ther
c
on
t
ro
ll
ing
th
e
ro
ta
ti
onal
s
pee
d
of
the
t
urbin
e
or
the
po
wer
of
the
t
urbine
.
Seve
ral
MPPT
meth
ods
ca
n
be
us
e
d
ei
the
r
w
it
h
or
without
the
knowle
dge
of
t
he
wi
nd
t
urbi
ne
cha
racteri
st
ic
s
[19].
I
n
th
is
study,
the
f
irst
method
ha
s
bee
n
app
li
ed
.
T
he
opti
mu
m
r
otati
on
Ω
m,
opt
f
or
the
mecha
nic
al
trans
missi
on
of
the
maxi
mu
m
wi
nd
tu
r
bin
e
is
giv
e
n by [
20]:
,
nom
m
o
p
t
v
R
=
(5)
the foll
owin
g
r
el
at
ion
ca
n be
deduce
d:
3
,
m
a
x
,
,
m
p
o
p
t
m
o
p
t
PK
=
(6)
wh
e
re:
5
,
,
m
a
x
3
1
2
p
op
t
p
nom
R
KC
=
(7)
thu
s
, th
e
corres
pondin
g op
ti
m
um
t
orq
ue
is:
,
m
a
x
2
,
,
,
,
m
m
o
p
t
p
o
p
t
m
o
p
t
m
o
p
t
P
TK
=
=
(8)
On
the
po
wer
char
act
e
risti
c
of
a
tur
bine
(F
ig
ur
e
3),
the
loc
us
of
t
he
point
r
epr
ese
ntin
g
t
he
ma
ximum
powe
r
is
ob
ta
i
ned by a
da
ptin
g
the
s
peed o
f
t
he
t
ur
bin
e
(thic
k
c
urve) t
o
t
hat
of the
w
i
nd spee
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling, sim
ula
ti
on
and
c
ontrol
of
a do
ubly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n
…
(
B
oumeri
d
Be
nsah
il
a M
ed
El A
mine
)
1201
Figure
3.
The
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
s
ys
te
m
opti
mu
m t
urbine
2.2 Mo
deli
ng
of t
he
DFIG
The Par
k
m
ode
l of the
DFIG
is g
i
ven by t
he follo
wing set
of e
qu
at
io
ns
[
21]:
(
)
(
)
ds
d
s
s
d
s
s
q
s
qs
q
s
s
q
s
s
d
s
dr
d
r
r
d
r
s
r
q
r
qr
q
r
r
q
r
s
r
d
r
d
v
R
i
dt
d
v
R
i
dt
d
v
R
i
dt
d
v
R
i
dt
=
−
+
=
+
+
=
−
−
+
=
+
−
+
(9)
The
sta
to
r flu
x equ
at
io
ns are:
d
s
s
d
s
m
d
r
q
s
s
q
s
m
q
r
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
=+
=+
(11)
Simi
la
rly,
t
he r
otor f
l
ux equat
ion
s
are:
d
r
r
d
r
m
d
s
q
r
r
q
r
m
q
s
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
=+
=+
(12)
In
these
e
qu
at
ion
s
,
Rs,
Rr
,
Ls
a
nd
L
r
de
note
r
especti
vel
y
t
he
resist
anc
es
an
d
in
du
ct
a
nces
of
t
he
sta
tor
windin
gs
an
d
r
otor,
L
m
is
the
c
yclic
mu
t
ual
in
duct
ance,
ω
r
=
P.Ωr
is
the
ro
t
or
sp
ee
d
(w
it
h
P
th
e
numb
e
r
of
po
l
e
pair
s)
an
d
ωs
is
the
s
yn
c
hro
nous
an
gula
r
s
peed.
vds,
vqs,
vdr
,
vqr,
ids
,
i
qs
,
id
r,
i
qr,
øds
,
øq
s
,
ødr
a
nd
øqr
are
res
pecti
vely
t
he
direct
a
nd
quad
rati
c
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
vo
lt
a
ges,
cu
rr
e
nts
a
nd
fl
ux
e
s
in
th
e
sta
tor
and r
otor.
The
act
ive and
reac
ti
ve
powe
rs o
f t
he
sta
tor
and
roto
r
are
obtai
ne
d
as:
(
)
(
)
3
..
2
3
..
2
s
d
s
d
s
q
s
q
s
s
q
s
d
s
d
s
q
s
P
v
i
v
i
Q
v
i
v
i
=+
=−
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
97
–
12
10
1202
(
)
(
)
3
..
2
3
..
2
r
dr
dr
qr
qr
r
qr
dr
dr
qr
P
v
i
v
i
Q
v
i
v
i
=+
=−
(14)
The me
cha
nica
l and el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
t
orqu
e
are
giv
e
n by th
e f
ollow
i
ng equati
ons:
r
m
e
m
r
d
T
T
J
f
dt
=
+
+
(15)
(
)
..
m
e
m
q
s
d
r
d
s
q
r
s
L
T
P
i
i
L
=
−
+
(16)
Wh
e
re J i
s the
mo
me
nt
of ine
rtia
and f is
the
v
isc
ou
s
fric
ti
on
c
oeffici
ent.
3.
CONTR
OL S
CHE
ME OF
THE
GENE
R
ATOR A
N
D CO
NV
E
RTERS
3.1.
Control of
th
e R
otor
Sid
e
Conver
te
r
The
sta
to
r
flu
x
vect
or
is
c
hose
n
to
be
al
ign
e
d
with
the
q
-
a
xis
Pa
rk
r
efere
nce
f
rame
.
The
gr
i
d
is
assume
d
t
o be
sta
ble and t
herefo
re
øsq is c
onsta
nt.
Th
e
r
esi
sta
nce Rs
of th
e D
F
IG stat
or i
s n
e
glect
ed.
0
ds
ds
q
s
s
s
v
=
=
(17)
0
d
s
s
qs
vV
v
=
=
(18)
Wh
e
re
Vs re
presents the
r.m.
s.
va
lue
of the
gr
i
d vo
lt
age
. T
he
to
r
qu
e
(
16) beco
mes:
3
22
m
e
m
q
s
d
r
s
L
P
Ti
L
=−
(19)
The
sta
to
r flu
x equ
at
io
ns (
11) beco
me:
0
s
d
s
m
d
r
q
s
s
q
s
m
q
r
L
i
L
i
L
i
L
i
=+
=+
(20)
Fr
om
(20
),
t
he e
qu
at
io
ns l
ink
i
ng the
sta
tor an
d ro
t
or
c
u
rr
e
nts ar
e:
m
d
s
d
r
s
qs
m
q
s
q
r
ss
L
ii
L
L
ii
LL
=−
=−
(21)
The
act
ive
and
reacti
ve powe
r
s of the
DFI
G give
n by (
18)
a
re r
e
-
wr
it
te
n
as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling, sim
ula
ti
on
and
c
ontrol
of
a do
ubly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n
…
(
B
oumeri
d
Be
nsah
il
a M
ed
El A
mine
)
1203
2
33
22
33
22
m
s
s
d
s
s
d
r
s
s
m
s
s
s
q
s
r
q
s
s
s
L
P
V
i
V
i
L
V
L
V
Q
V
i
i
LL
=
=
−
=
=
−
(22)
The
n
the
roto
r vo
lt
age
s ca
n b
e wri
tt
en
as:
'
'
m
d
r
d
r
slip
q
s
r
q
r
s
q
r
q
r
slip
r
d
r
L
v
v
L
i
L
v
v
L
i
=
−
+
=+
(23)
'
'
dr
d
r
r
d
r
r
qr
q
r
r
q
r
r
di
v
R
i
L
dt
di
v
R
i
L
dt
=+
=+
(24)
Wh
e
re t
he
sli
p
angular
v
el
ocity ωsli
p,
a
nd tot
al
leakage
co
e
f
fici
ent σ a
re
giv
en
by:
2
,1
m
sl
i
p
s
r
sr
L
LL
=
−
=
−
The rot
or side
con
t
ro
ll
er
co
nsi
sti
ng
of
t
he
ac
ti
ve
an
d react
ive
powe
r
c
on
tr
ollers is s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
4.
D
F
I
G
D
C
l
i
n
k
C
T
r
a
ns
f
or
m
e
r
T
hr
e
e
pha
s
e
G
r
i
d
e
nc
ode
r
θ
r
PI
PI
PI
PI
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
S
l
ow
e
r
C
ont
r
ol
L
oop
)
(
F
a
st
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Lo
o
p
)
R
o
t
o
r
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
bc
dq
i
s
abc
v
s
abc
P
L
L
i
dqs
v
dqs
a
bc
dq
i
dqr
i
r
abc
ω
s
d
/
dt
ω
r
ω
s
l
i
p
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
ω
s
l
i
p
P
*
Q
*
Pme
as
Q
m
e
as
i
d
r
*
i
q
r
*
i
d
r
i
q
r
ω
s
l
i
p
σ
Lr
i
d
r
ω
s
l
i
p
(
Lm
/
Ls
.
øqs
+
σ
L
r
i
dr
)
+
-
+
+
a
b
c
dq
v
d
r
’
v
q
r
’
P
W
M
ω
s
l
i
p
v
a
b
c
r
*
v
d
r
*
v
q
r
*
6
C
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
a
c
t
i
ve
a
nd r
e
a
c
t
i
ve
pow
e
r
ba
s
e
d on
dq
c
om
pone
nt
s
P
m
e
as
Q
m
e
as
Figure
4.
Roto
r
side c
ontrolle
r
f
or
t
he
DFIG
3.2
Contr
ol
of t
he
grid
side
converter
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S
N
:
2088
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
97
–
12
10
1204
The
gri
d
si
de
conve
rter
can
al
so
be
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
powe
r
facto
r
of
the
sy
ste
m
by
a
ddin
g
a
con
t
ro
l
l
oop
f
or
the
reacti
ve
powe
r
via
t
he
q
-
axis
cu
rr
e
nt
.
I
n
t
he
s
ys
te
m,
t
he
qu
a
drat
ic
com
pone
nt
of
the
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nt
is
set
to
zer
o
in
ord
er
mainta
in
a
unit
y
powe
r
facto
r.
A
simi
la
r
co
ntr
ol
strat
egy
wa
s
app
li
ed
to
the
gr
id
sid
e
co
nverter
,
si
nce
t
he
act
ive
and
rea
ct
ive
powe
rs
of
t
he
gri
d
side
co
nver
te
r
ca
n
be
c
ontrolle
d
ind
e
pende
ntly
by
act
in
g
on
t
he
d
a
nd
q
co
mpon
e
nts
of
the
gri
d
side
volt
age
[
5].
Th
e
gr
id
si
de
co
nv
e
rte
r
model i
n Par
k coor
din
at
es s
yst
em is [
22
-
25]:
1
f
s
f
d
d
d
o
d
q
q
q
o
q
f
f
s
f
R
L
i
i
v
v
d
i
i
v
v
R
d
t
L
L
−
−
=+
−
−−
(25)
Wh
e
re:
R
f
an
d
Lf
a
re
res
pect
ively
the
resist
ance
an
d
the
le
akag
e
i
nductan
ce
of
the
gr
i
d
-
side
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er,
vd
and
vq
a
re
t
he
s
ource
volt
age
c
omp
onent
s
a
nd
voq
vo
d
a
re
the
in
ve
rter
volt
ages.
Using
the
dec
ouplin
g
method
by c
ompe
ns
at
io
n,
t
he
inv
e
rter
volt
ages ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
a
s:
1
1
o
d
o
d
o
d
o
q
o
q
o
q
v
e
v
v
e
v
=−
=−
(26)
With the
c
on
tr
ol co
e
ff
ic
ie
nts:
1
1
d
od
f
q
oq
f
di
vL
dt
di
vL
dt
=
=
(27)
And
t
he
c
oeffici
ents of c
omp
ensati
on are
ob
ta
ined
as:
o
d
f
d
f
s
q
d
o
q
f
s
d
f
q
q
e
R
i
L
i
v
e
L
i
R
i
v
=
−
+
+
=
−
−
+
(28)
Neg
le
ct
in
g
th
e
co
nv
e
rter
l
osse
s,
the
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
vdc
va
ries
wit
h
the
po
wer
exc
hange
d
betwe
en
the
tur
bin
e a
nd the
n
et
w
ork
and is
g
ive
n b
y:
__
dc
d
c
d
c
r
o
to
r
d
c
g
r
ille
dv
C
I
I
I
dt
=
=
−
(29)
The
pr
opos
e
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
f
or
t
he
DC
li
nk
is
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
It
include
s
tw
o
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
ops,
an
in
ner
lo
op
and
a
n
ou
te
r
l
oop.
T
he
ou
te
r
lo
op
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
pro
portio
nal
an
d
integ
r
al
(P
I)
c
ontr
oller
for
regulat
ing
the
DC
li
nk
volt
age.
T
he
outp
ut
of
the
DC
volt
age
co
ntr
oller
represe
nt
s
the
d
-
a
xis
c
urrent
ref
e
ren
ce
id
ref
from
the
s
ource
wh
ic
h
is
th
en
c
ompare
d
with
t
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
c
urre
nt
I
dme
as.
The
qua
dr
at
ur
e
com
pone
nt
of
the
sou
rce
c
urren
t
i
q
is
us
ed
to
c
on
tr
ol
th
e
flo
w
of
reacti
ve
power.
As
discusse
d
e
arli
er,
t
he
reacti
ve powe
r
r
efe
re
nce is se
t t
o
zer
o
i
n ord
er to o
btain a
unit
y powe
r
fact
or.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling, sim
ula
ti
on
and
c
ontrol
of
a do
ubly
-
fe
d
in
duct
io
n
…
(
B
oumeri
d
Be
nsah
il
a M
ed
El A
mine
)
1205
D
C
l
i
n
k
Rf
Lf
P
o
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
rk
3
2
3
2
i
abc
v
abc
ω
s
ω
s
i
dq
v
dq
vdc
*
v
dc
PI
D
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
(
S
l
o
w
e
r
Co
n
t
ro
l
L
o
o
p
)
PI
PI
Cu
rr
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
ro
l
(
F
a
s
t
Co
n
t
r
o
l
L
o
o
p
)
id
*
+
-
P
W
M
6
+
-
+
-
id
iq
0
ω
s
v
od
1
*
v
oq
1
*
-
Rf
.
id
+
Lf
.
ω
s
.
iq
+
vd
-
Lf
.
ω
s
.
id
-
Rf
.
iq
+
vq
+
+
+
+
iq
*
3
2
v
od
*
v
o
q
*
v
oab
c
*
Figure
5.
Co
ntr
oller
side
of t
he
gri
d
DFIG
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
Figure
6
s
hows
the
ove
ra
ll
model
of
the
WECS
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
sc
heme
im
plem
entat
ion
in
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
/Si
m
Pow
erS
ys
te
ms.
I
n
t
he
f
ollo
wing,
s
om
e
si
mu
la
ti
on
te
sts
are
pres
ented
t
o
il
lustr
at
e
the
performa
nce
of the
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
ro
l s
ys
te
m
for t
he WECS
.
Figure
6.
MAT
LAB/Si
mu
li
nk
d
ia
gram
of
DFIG a
nd c
ontrol
scheme
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S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
11
97
–
12
10
1206
The
Side
G
rid
Converte
r
(SG
C)
a
dju
sts
t
he
amplit
ude
a
nd
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
t
he
si
gn
al
to
be
sent
to
the
ro
t
or
of
the
D
FI
G:
It
act
s
on
the
vo
lt
ages
at
the
te
rmina
ls
of
the
ro
t
or
ci
rcu
it
s.
It
va
ries
the
sp
ee
d
of
the
tur
bin
e a
nd th
us t
he p
ow
e
r
e
xtracted.
Figure
7
sho
w
s
the
res
pons
es
of
direct
(ir
d)
and
qu
a
dr
at
ur
e
(ir
q)
D
FIG
r
oto
r
cu
rr
e
nts
a
nd
the
sta
t
or
act
ive
(P
s
)
an
d
reacti
ve
(
Qs
)
powe
rs.
T
h
e
direct
com
pone
nt
ird
co
ntr
ols
t
he
act
ive
powe
r
Ps.
For
a
nominal
powe
r
of
P
s
=
1.5
MW,
the
require
d
f
orwa
rd
c
urre
nt
reac
hes
a
value
of
1.5
kA.
T
he
r
eact
ive
powe
r
Qs
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by
t
he
reacti
ve
co
mpon
e
nt
of
c
urre
nt
irq
.
T
he
r
esults
sho
w
a
good
trac
king
performa
nce
w
hen
the
reacti
ve powe
r
r
efe
re
nce is st
epp
e
d from
0 to
0.5MV
AR a
nd the
n
-
0.5
MVAR.
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
s
upplie
d
t
o
the
gri
d
can
be
c
on
tr
ol
le
d
by
t
he
rea
ct
ive
power
ge
ner
at
e
d
or
abs
orbed
by
t
he
Rot
or
Side
Conve
rter
(RSC)
c
onnected
to
the
r
oto
r
.
Th
e
reacti
ve
powe
r
is
exc
ha
ng
e
d
betwee
n
this
conve
rter
an
d
the
netw
ork
,
throu
gh
the
gen
e
rato
r.
Ind
eed,
it
abs
orb
s
reacti
ve
po
wer
t
o
com
pensat
e
f
or
m
utu
al
i
nduc
ta
nces
a
nd
le
akag
e
in
du
ct
a
nc
es.
T
he
c
onve
rter
c
onnecte
d
to
the
net
work
can
al
so
op
e
rate as
a reacti
ve p
ower c
ompensat
or.
It
is
note
d
that
any
va
riat
ion
in
the
r
otor
or
ro
t
or
volt
age
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
has
a
direct
in
flue
nce
on
t
he
powe
r
a
nd torq
ue.
The
qu
a
drat
ure
com
pone
nt
of
the
r
otor
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ols
the
act
ive
powe
r,
and
the
direct
com
pone
nt
con
t
ro
ls
the
re
ac
ti
ve
po
wer
e
xch
a
nged
betw
een
t
he
sta
to
r
and
the
ne
tw
ork
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
7.
It
c
an
be
ob
s
er
ved that
both acti
ve
a
nd
reacti
ve powe
r
s of the
DFI
G f
ollow t
heir
r
e
f
eren
ces
.
The
DC
li
nk
volt
age,
the
a
m
plit
ud
e
m
odula
ti
on
in
dex
(
M
I
)
an
d
the
vo
lt
a
ge
vra
an
d
c
urr
ent
ira
in
ph
a
se
A
of
the
ro
t
or
a
re
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
gure
8.
It
ca
n
be
note
d
that
t
he
DC
vo
lt
age
trac
ks
perfect
ly
it
s
re
fer
e
nce
of 1.5
kV.
Figure
9
sho
w
s
the
res
pons
e
s
of
t
he
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
t
orq
ue,
r
otor
a
ngul
ar
s
pee
d,
t
he
s
peed
rati
o
λ
and
the
po
wer
coeffic
ie
nt
C
p.
The
po
wer
fac
tor
C
p
is
ex
pec
te
d
to
reac
h
a
n
opti
mal
val
ue
of
0.4
8
a
fter
a
sh
ort
transient
w
hile t
he
s
pee
d
λ
re
aches
only t
he maxim
um
of
8.1.
Figure
7.
Acti
ve
and
reacti
ve powe
rs
of
sta
to
r
a
nd
ro
t
or
c
urre
nts
Figure
8.
DC li
nk
, mo
du
la
ti
on
ind
e
x (
M
I
),
c
urre
nt
and phase
A
volt
age
of the
r
ot
or
Figure
9.
Re
spon
s
e
of
t
he
el
e
ct
ro
ma
gnet
ic
torq
ue
,
ro
t
or
a
ngula
r v
el
ocity, tip
sp
e
ed rat
io
λ
an
d
powe
r
coeffic
ie
nt
C
p
Figure
10.
Acti
ve
a
nd r
eact
ive
pow
e
rs
of
the
sta
tor
and
r
otor
c
urre
nts
(
resist
ive l
oa
d
c
onditi
ons)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.