Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 91
4
~
92
0
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p91
4-9
20
9
14
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Com
p
arison between single-
d
iode
and two diodes m
o
dels of
a
gri
d
connected PV techn
o
l
ogies: numerical study and
experi
m
e
ntal val
i
d
ati
o
n
L.
Bo
uhak
i
,
R.
Sa
adan
i,
M
.
R
a
hmou
ne
Lab
o
r
a
to
r
y
o
f
Ad
van
ced
S
t
udy
o
f
M
a
ter
i
al
s
an
d
a
p
pl
ic
at
ion
s
(
L
E
M
2
A
)
,
M
o
ul
ay I
s
mail
Un
iver
s
i
t
y
,
Sup
e
rio
r
Sc
ho
ol of Te
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
,
M
o
rocco
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Se
p 1
7
, 2
019
Rev
i
sed
No
v 28
, 20
19
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Dec 11
, 20
19
Th
is
ar
t
i
c
le p
r
esen
ts
a si
mul
a
tio
n
mo
del
comp
ar
is
o
n
betw
e
e
n a
dio
d
e
an
d
two
diod
es o
f
a
ph
otov
olta
ic
cell.
Th
e si
mulatio
n
mo
del
cr
eate
d
und
er th
e
M
a
tlab-S
imu
l
in
k
env
i
ron
m
e
n
t
p
r
edicts
an
nu
al perfo
rm
an
ces
of th
e
thr
e
e
ph
otov
olta
ic f
i
e
l
d tech
no
log
i
es
c
o
n
n
ect
ed to
the
grid
.
Th
e
s
i
mula
tion
mo
d
e
ls
h
a
ve
be
e
n
va
li
da
te
d by
t
h
e
e
xpe
rime
n
t
al d
a
ta of th
e ph
ot
ov
olta
ic
sy
ste
m
i
n
th
e
me
teo
r
o
l
og
ic
al
cond
i
t
i
o
n
s
of
t
h
e
cit
y
o
f
M
e
kn
es.
Th
e
in
ter
e
s
t
i
s
to
in
sp
ec
t
th
e
clo
s
es
t
mo
d
e
l
th
at
a
l
lo
ws
to
o
b
t
ai
n
mo
r
e
r
e
li
a
b
l
e
r
e
su
lt
s
i
n
or
d
e
r
t
o
f
o
l
l
ow
th
e p
e
rfo
r
m
a
nc
e
s
and
th
e
op
er
ation
of
th
e in
st
al
lat
i
o
n
in
th
e
co
mi
ng
y
ear
s
,
Also
to
co
m
p
are be
tween
th
e effici
ency
of the thr
ee
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
tech
no
log
i
es
(m
o
nocry
stallin
e
,
p
o
lycrys
ta
llin
e an
d amorp
hou
s) in
the sa
m
e
clim
ati
c
con
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
of M
e
k
n
es
city
in
M
o
rocco
w
h
ich
is
a
M
e
diterran
ean
c
l
ima
t
e
wi
th ve
ry
c
o
l
d
win
t
e
r
s an
d ve
ry
hot sum
m
e
r.
Ke
yw
ords:
Ce
l
l
a diode
Ce
l
l
tw
o di
o
d
e
s
P
h
o
t
ov
la
ti
c
P
o
w
e
r
p
r
odu
c
e
d
Si
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Lami
ae Bo
u
h
a
k
i
Lab
o
ra
t
o
i
r
e
d’
Etude
des
M
a
t
é
ri
au
x
Ava
n
cé
s
et
A
p
pli
c
a
t
ions (LE
M
2A
),
Uni
v
ersi
t
é
M
o
ul
ay
Isma
il
,
F
a
cul
t
é
des
sc
ie
nce
s
,
E
c
ole
S
upé
ri
eu
re
de
Te
ch
n
o
lo
gi
e
Mek
n
ès,
Km
5,
R
u
e
A
g
ou
ra
y,
Me
kne
s
,
5
0
0
4
0
/B
.
P:
3
1
0
3
-
Toul
a
l
,
M
o
roc
c
o
.
Emai
l:
la
mi
ae
.bo
u
h
aki
1
@
g
m
a
i
l
.com
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
In 2
0
1
7
, ac
co
rdi
n
g
t
o
p
r
el
imi
n
ary est
i
ma
te
s by
the
IE
A
,
globa
l e
n
e
r
g
y
de
ma
nd
gre
w
by
2.1%, w
h
i
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
dou
bl
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
rat
e
i
n
t
h
e
pre
v
i
o
us ye
a
r
[1
].
Gl
obal
e
n
erg
y
d
e
ma
nd
reac
he
d
a
b
out
14
0
50
mil
l
i
on t
ons
o
f
oi
l
e
qui
val
e
n
t
(Mt
o
e
)
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
10 0
3
5
Mtoe
in
20
0
0
[1,
2
]
. Nat
u
ra
l
ga
s
de
ma
nd
re
ac
hes
a re
c
o
rd 22
% of
t
o
ta
l ene
r
gy
, al
so
R
e
ne
wa
bl
e
ener
gy g
r
e
w
b
y
a qua
rt
er
of
g
l
oba
l en
e
r
gy d
e
ma
n
d
,
whil
e
nucl
e
a
r
use
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
d
fo
r
2%
o
f
t
h
e
grow
t
h
.
In
2
017, t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
sha
r
e
of fossil
fue
l
s i
n
e
n
er
g
y
de
ma
n
d
rea
c
he
d
81
%,
t
h
i
s
pe
rc
e
n
t
a
ge
r
e
m
a
i
n
s st
ab
l
e
o
v
e
r
th
e p
a
st
t
e
n
y
e
a
r
s
eve
n
i
f
th
e in
cr
e
a
se
of re
newa
bl
e
e
n
ergi
es.
t
h
e
growt
h
in
gl
obal
e
n
erg
y
dema
nd
has
be
en c
onc
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
Asia
, C
h
ina
a
n
d In
dia
a
c
c
ount
for 4
0
%
of t
h
e i
n
c
r
e
a
se.
[
3
] E
n
e
r
g
y
de
man
d
in
al
l a
d
v
a
n
ced
e
c
o
n
o
m
ie
s ac
co
un
t
e
d
fo
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
2
0
% of
g
l
ob
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy
d
e
man
d
g
r
ow
th
, a
lth
ou
gh
t
h
e
i
r
share
of
t
o
t
a
l
ene
r
g
y
c
o
ns
u
m
pti
o
n
de
c
r
e
a
s
ed.
An
Im
po
rt
ant
growt
h
w
a
s
al
s
o
re
c
o
rd
ed
in
S
out
hea
s
t
Asi
a
(w
hi
ch acc
o
unt
e
d
for 8%
of
gl
o
b
al
e
n
e
r
gy
de
ma
n
d
g
r
ow
t
h
)
a
nd A
f
ric
a
(6%
)
[4,
5
]
, a
l
t
hou
g
h
per
c
a
p
i
t
a
ene
r
g
y
c
o
ns
um
pt
ion
in t
h
e
s
e r
e
gi
o
n
s
i
s
st
il
l
we
l
l
bel
o
w
t
h
e
glo
b
a
l
ave
r
a
g
e
N
o
w
a
days
, Re
newa
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
c
c
o
unt
s for 2
5
% o
f
gl
ob
a
l
el
ec
tric
i
t
y p
r
o
d
u
ct
ion
[6]. C
h
ina
a
n
d
t
h
e Uni
t
e
d
St
a
t
es a
cco
unt
e
d
for
hal
f
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
crea
se
in
sa
le
s of
thi
s
ene
r
g
y
[7
].
T
h
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
wi
n
d
an
d
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
sol
a
r e
n
erg
y
i
n
20
17
wa
s
unpr
ece
dent
e
d
[8
];
Win
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
re
corde
d
a
gro
w
t
h
o
f
3
6
%, fol
l
owe
d
by
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
sol
a
r
(2
7%
)
,
h
y
d
ro
po
wer
(22%
) a
n
d bi
oe
ne
rg
y (1
2
%
).
C
h
ina
a
c
c
ount
ed
fo
r 4
0
%
of
t
h
e com
b
ine
d
gr
owt
h
o
f
wi
n
d
an
d s
o
la
r p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
ene
r
gy
, wi
t
h
rec
o
r
d
c
a
p
ac
it
y addi
t
i
o
n
s
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Com
pari
s
o
n
be
t
w
een si
ngl
e-
diode
a
n
d
t
w
o
di
ode
s
m
o
de
ls
of a gri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d PV
…
(
L
. B
o
u
h
a
ki
)
9
15
a re
duc
t
i
o
n
in
t
h
e co
mp
ress
i
on ra
t
i
o. Ne
a
r
l
y
40%
o
f
t
h
e i
n
cre
a
se i
n
hy
d
r
oel
e
ct
ri
c
po
we
r t
o
ok pl
ace
i
n
t
h
e U
n
i
t
e
d
St
a
t
es, w
h
i
l
e
cl
imat
i
c
con
d
i
t
i
ons
i
n
the
E
u
ro
pe
an U
n
i
on
re
du
ce
d
hy
droe
le
ct
ri
ci
t
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
b
y
al
most
a te
nth
[9
,
10
].
The
e
n
er
g
y
t
r
a
n
si
t
i
on ha
s
be
c
o
me a st
rat
e
gy
fo
r
ma
ny c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s i
n
re
c
e
nt
years. The t
r
a
n
si
ti
on
from
fossi
l
fue
l
s
t
o
rene
wa
bl
e ene
r
gi
es is
a c
ons
t
r
a
i
nt
(a
dmi
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
ive
,
pol
it
i
cal
, te
ch
ni
cal
b
a
rri
e
rs
, fina
nci
a
l
bu
t
al
so
i
n
t
e
rms
of pr
o
f
essi
o
n
al
ski
l
l
s
) an
d a r
eal
oppo
rtu
n
i
t
y
(j
ob c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
de
ve
lo
pme
n
t
,
i
n
c
r
e
a
sed
a
c
c
e
ss to en
e
r
g
y
,
r
e
sp
on
se to
c
lim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
)
fo
r count
ri
es t
h
at
h
a
v
e
a
p
p
e
ar
ed in
su
ch
d
e
v
e
lo
pme
n
ts.
The
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
sit
i
o
n
c
onsi
d
ers
a
g
o
od
cont
rol
o
f
gre
e
nh
o
u
se
ga
s
emissi
o
n
s,
whi
c
h a
l
lo
ws
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
nde
pen
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
face
o
f
inc
r
ea
sin
g
en
e
r
g
y
de
man
d
[1
1].
In
pa
rt
i
c
ul
ar,
Mo
rocc
o i
s
i
n
c
l
ude
d i
n
t
h
e
«
A
f
r
i
can
l
o
c
o
m
o
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
ergy
t
r
a
n
si
tio
n
»
,
Si
n
c
e
A
f
e
w
y
ear
s ag
o, t
h
ey
o
ccu
py
ing
th
e
CO
P
(C
OP 2
2
)
in
20
1
6
, w
h
i
c
h
b
u
i
l
t
o
n
a
m
bi
t
i
ous
goa
ls
fo
r
an e
n
e
r
g
y
stra
t
e
gy
[1
2]. T
o
re
d
u
ce
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
de
pe
nde
nc
e an
d
t
h
e
gree
n
house
ga
s
e
m
i
ssi
ons,
the
c
o
u
n
tr
y
a
i
ms t
o
reac
h
52
%
of i
n
st
al
le
d
e
l
ect
ri
ci
t
y
capa
c
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
rene
wabl
e
e
n
ergy
b
y
2030
[
1
3
]
.
The
mai
n
obje
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
thi
s
st
ud
y is to
prese
n
t
a
p
r
ec
ise
me
t
hod,
ea
s
y
t
o
fol
l
o
w
the
pa
ra
met
e
rs
t
h
at
i
n
fl
ue
nce
t
h
e
o
p
erat
io
n
o
f
g
r
i
d
-c
onne
ct
e
d
p
hot
ov
olt
a
ic
pl
a
n
t
s
,
t
h
e va
li
di
t
y
of
t
h
e tw
o
mo
del
s
i
s
obt
a
i
ned b
y
com
p
ari
ng t
h
e
si
mula
ti
on
res
u
l
t
s
of
one
di
o
d
e
an
d
t
h
a
t
o
f
tw
o
di
ode
s w
i
th t
h
e ex
peri
ment
al
res
u
l
t
s of t
h
e
Me
knes
si
t
e
.
2.
P
R
ES
EN
TATION
OF
T
H
E
P
R
O
P
RE
.MA P
R
O
J
E
C
T
2.1. Th
e
ge
og
rap
h
i
c
al
c
o
or
di
n
a
tes of
th
e
ci
ty
o
f
Me
kn
e
s
Me
kne
s
i
s
a ci
t
y
l
o
cat
e
d
t
o
t
h
e no
rt
h
of t
h
e
ki
n
g
d
o
m,
w
h
o
s
e
ge
o
g
rap
h
i
c
a
l
coo
r
di
nat
e
s are as foll
o
w
s
latitude: 33°53 36
Nort
h,
L
ongitude:
5°32 50 W
e
st
and Altitude
relative to sea leve
l:
531 m
,
whi
c
h
has
a su
bt
ro
pi
ca
l
cl
i
m
a
t
e, cha
r
ac
te
ri
ze
d b
y
a
ver
y
hot
and
h
u
mi
d
sum
m
er
peri
od, a
n
d by
a very
col
d
wi
nt
e
r
per
i
od
[14
]
.
2.2. Ph
oto
vol
tai
c
Ins
t
al
l
a
tio
n
The
p
r
oje
c
t
i
n
s
t
al
l
e
d wi
thi
n
th
e
E
S
T
M
co
nsi
s
t
s
of t
h
re
e
so
u
t
h-fac
i
ng
ph
ot
o
v
ol
t
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gi
es
wit
h
an a
ngl
e
of ba
nk o
f
3
0
°
,
ass
u
me
d
t
o
be
c
l
ose
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
val
u
e t
o
p
r
ovi
de ma
xim
u
m a
nnua
l
yi
el
d,
wi
th a
n
in
s
t
a
lle
d
p
o
wer
o
f
2
,
0
40 k
W
c
for
mono
c
r
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
,
2,
04
0kW
c fo
r p
o
l
y
c
ry
sta
l
li
n
e
a
nd
1,
086
kW
c f
o
r
a
m
or
pho
u
s
[15].
2.3. Ph
oto
vol
tai
c
fi
el
d
Mo
n
o
cr
yst
a
l
l
i
n
e a
n
d
pol
ycryst
al
l
i
ne
i
s
c
o
mp
o
s
ed
of 8
pa
nel
s
i
n
se
ri
es,
fo
r
a
m
o
r
p
h
ous
c
ons
i
s
t
i
ng
of
t
w
o
c
h
a
i
ns t
o
ta
li
ng 12
mod
u
l
e
s [15
]
.
Fi
gu
re 1.
Mo
n
o
c
r
ysta
ll
i
n
e pa
nel
F
i
gu
re
2.
A
m
o
r
p
h
ous
pa
ne
l
F
i
g
u
re 3
.
P
o
l
y
c
r
yst
a
l
l
i
n
e
pa
ne
l
Ta
ble
1. C
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
of t
h
e
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
p
a
rk
Photovolta
ic i
n
stal
l
a
ti
o
n
s
P
o
lycr
ista
lli
n
e
Monocr
i
sta
lline
A
m
or
phous
Num
b
e
r
of str
i
n
g
s per
pla
n
e
1
1
2
Num
b
e
r
of m
odules per
stri
n
g
8
8
6
Nom
i
na
l Pow
e
r
204
0
W
2040
W
1860
W
Te
nsion open c
i
r
c
uit (
V
oc)
304V
302,
4
513V
Te
nsion m
a
x
i
m
a
l
(V
m
a
x)
247,
2V
251,
2V
391,
2
Short
-
c
i
r
c
uit c
u
r
e
nt (
I
cc)
8,
88A
8,
66
5,
12A
M
a
xim
a
l
cur
e
nt
(Im
a
x
)
8,
32A
8,
15A
4,
76A
Or
ient
ati
o
n
S
outh
Inc
line of
pane
ls
30°
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
9
1
4
– 92
0
91
6
3.
MAT
H
E
M
AT
IC
AL
MODE
L
OF
A
P
H
O
T
OVOLT
A
IC
CEL
L
To
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l
o
f
the
pho
tov
o
lta
ic
g
e
ne
r
a
t
o
r,
it is f
i
rst n
e
c
e
ssa
ry
to d
e
fin
e
th
e
el
e
c
tr
ic
al
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
e
qui
va
le
nt t
o
t
h
is sou
r
ce.
Ma
ny
ma
t
h
e
m
at
ic
al
model
s
ha
v
e
be
en de
vel
o
ped t
o
re
pr
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
ei
r
ver
y
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r be
h
a
vi
o
r
w
h
ic
h r
e
sult
s fr
om
t
h
at
of
se
mi
c
o
n
duc
t
o
r
j
unct
i
o
n
s
w
h
i
c
h are
t
h
e basi
s of
t
h
ei
r
ac
h
i
e
v
emen
ts [1
6]
. T
h
is p
a
r
t
co
mp
a
r
es two
mod
e
ls o
f
t
h
e
GPV
:
M
o
d
e
l
w
i
t
h
one
d
i
od
e,
Mo
de
l wi
th two
d
i
od
es
.
3.
1.
One
diod
e equi
v
a
le
nt ci
rc
ui
t
T
h
e equ
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
p
l
an of a pho
to
v
o
lta
ic
ce
ll,
w
h
ich cor
r
e
spo
n
d
s
to a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
o
f
cu
rrent I co
nn
ec
te
d
in
p
a
r
a
lle
l w
ith
a
d
i
od
e [1
6]
,
two
p
a
ra
sit
i
c
r
e
s
i
sta
n
c
e
s
a
r
e
in
trod
u
c
e
d
i
n
t
h
is d
i
a
g
ram
Rs s
e
r
i
e
s
resis
t
an
c
e
i
s
th
e
in
t
e
rn
a
l
r
e
sista
n
c
e
of
the
cel
l -
R
sh
shu
n
t
r
e
si
sta
n
ce
is
du
e
to
a
le
aka
g
e c
u
rr
en
t a
t
th
e ju
n
c
tion
[1
7-18
],
t
h
i
s
is
th
e
mo
d
e
l
c
h
o
s
en
for
th
e
simu
l
a
ti
o
n
of
t
h
e c
h
ara
c
t
e
r
i
st
ic
s of
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
ai
c
p
a
n
e
ls
.
∆
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
(1
)
:
S
hor
t cir
c
u
it
cu
rr
e
n
t
(A
)
,
:
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e co
e
ffi
ci
en
t
su
pp
l
i
e
d
b
y
th
e sho
r
t-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t cu
rren
t
man
u
f
a
c
t
ure
r
(A
/°
C),
: Op
er
a
ting
temp
er
atu
r
e
(K
),
: S
o
lar
irr
a
d
i
atio
n
(W
/m²
)
,
,
: Sol
a
r
i
r
r
a
di
at
ion
ref
e
re
nce
an
d te
mpe
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
3.
2.
E
q
u
i
val
e
n
t ci
rcu
i
t
o
f
t
w
o di
o
d
es
The
ope
ra
ti
o
n
of
a
s
o
la
r
ce
l
l
c
a
n be
m
o
d
e
l
l
e
d
by
c
o
nsi
d
e
r
i
ng t
h
e
eq
u
i
va
l
e
nt
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
dia
g
ra
m
b
e
l
o
w
,
th
i
s
is
th
e
ca
se
of a
n
id
ea
l so
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
c
o
mp
r
i
sing
a cu
rre
n
t
so
urc
e
a
n
d
t
w
o
d
i
od
e
s
in
p
a
r
a
lle
l [1
9]. Th
e
I
p
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
so
urce
mode
ls t
h
e
ph
oto
cu
r
r
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
[2
0]
.
T
h
e
bra
n
c
h
e
s
of eac
h
di
o
d
e
re
prese
n
t t
h
e
di
ff
usi
o
n
c
u
rre
nt
i
n
t
h
e
base
and
t
h
e
t
r
ans
m
it
t
e
r
(I
d1
)
r
e
sp
ec
ti
vel
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
co
mbi
n
a
n
t
gene
rat
i
o
n c
u
r
r
en
t
(Id2
)
i
n
t
h
e J
u
nct
i
o
n
Spac
e L
o
ad
Are
a
(EC
A
).
To
co
nsid
e
r
t
h
e
case
o
f
a
rea
l
sol
a
r
c
e
l
l
,
t
h
e eq
ui
val
e
nt
ci
rc
uit
must
i
n
cl
u
d
e, A
re
si
st
anc
e
s
e
ri
es
R
s
,
whi
c
h
mo
de
ls the
resi
st
i
v
e l
o
sse
s
wi
t
h
in t
h
e p
hot
o
pi
l
e
and
the
r
e
f
ore t
h
e
me
ta
lliz
a
tio
n
,
a
p
a
r
a
lle
l
re
sist
an
c
e
Rsh
,
mod
e
l
lin
g
t
h
e
curr
e
n
ts t
h
at
sho
r
t-
ci
rc
u
it
th
e
jun
c
tio
n
(
l
ea
ks b
y
t
h
e
e
dge
s of
t
h
e ce
l
l
a
n
d
at
t
h
e
j
u
nct
i
on
)
[2
1
]
.
The
o
u
t
p
ut cu
r
r
e
nt
i
s
e
x
pres
s
e
d as
f
o
ll
ow
s:
∗
1
∗
1
∗
(2
)
:
C
u
r
r
e
nt
passi
ng
t
h
ro
u
g
h
di
o
d
e
d1
an
d
d
2
.
:
R
e
ve
rse
sat
u
r
a
t
i
on
c
u
r
r
ent
of
di
o
d
e
d1 an
d
d2
.
: Ph
ot
o
-
S
o
la
r c
e
l
l
c
u
rre
n
t
.
:
Th
e
r
m
ody
namic
po
t
e
n
t
ial
of
d
i
od
e
d
1
an
d
d
2
.
:
Q
u
a
lity
f
a
c
t
or (
: id
ea
l
jun
c
tio
n
,
1
2
d
e
p
e
nds
on
p
o
l
ari
z
a
tio
n,
Schro
c
k
l
e
y
mod
e
l, r
eco
mb
i
n
at
ed
by
l
eaka
g
e
cu
rr
en
t
s
)
.
:
The
Re
sist
an
c
e
se
ri
es.
:
The Shunt Resistance.
Fi
gu
re
4.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
c
i
r
c
ui
t o
f
a di
o
d
e
Fi
gu
re
5.
Eq
ui
val
e
nt
c
i
r
c
ui
t
o
f
tw
o di
o
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Com
pari
s
o
n
be
t
w
een si
ngl
e-
diode
a
n
d
t
w
o
di
ode
s
m
o
de
ls
of a gri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d PV
…
(
L
. B
o
u
h
a
ki
)
9
17
4.
R
E
S
U
LTS AN
D
DISCU
S
SION
4.1. C
h
ar
ac
te
r
i
stic
I-V
,
P-
V
U
nde
r the
Mat
l
ab-S
i
m
ul
i
nk e
nvi
ro
nme
n
t
,
a
si
mula
t
i
on
mo
de
l o
f
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
cu
rre
nt
of
a
di
o
d
e a
n
d
t
w
o di
o
d
es
a
s
a
funct
i
o
n
of v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
de
v
o
lo
pe
d i
n
t
h
e
fo
rm
o
f
s
ubsyst
e
m
s
[15]
.
The
ba
si
c
cha
r
ac
te
ri
sti
c
of
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
vol
t
a
i
c
gene
rat
o
r f
o
r a
gi
ve
n
ir
ra
di
anc
e
a
nd t
e
mpe
r
a
t
ure
is
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
cu
rv
e
I
=
f
(V
)
.
Th
e
loa
d
v
a
lu
e
wi
th
in
t
h
e g
e
n
e
ra
tor
l
i
mi
ts w
i
ll
d
e
t
e
r
m
in
e
th
e
op
era
t
i
n
g
po
i
n
t
of the
p
hot
ovol
t
a
i
c
syst
e
m
.
Fi
gu
re
6.
Cha
r
ac
te
ri
s
t
i
c
I-
V
-
P
W
e
id
en
ti
fy
thre
e ar
e
a
s:
- Z
one
I:
What
e
v
er the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e for t
h
i
s
re
gi
o
n
t
h
e
cu
rre
nt
re
ma
ins c
o
nsta
nt
,
so
thi
s
z
o
ne
t
h
e
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
gene
r
a
t
o
r
wo
r
k
s
as
a c
u
rr
e
n
t
g
e
ne
rat
o
r.
-
Zo
n
e
II
: Th
e
in
t
e
r
m
ed
ia
te
r
e
g
i
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e two
z
o
n
e
s c
o
rr
esp
ond
ing
t
o
th
e
b
e
nd
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
a
c
t
eris
tic
whi
c
h rep
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e pre
f
e
r
re
d
re
gio
n
fo
r the
ope
rat
i
o
n
of t
h
e
ge
ne
rat
o
r,
w
h
e
r
e
the
o
p
t
i
ma
l poi
nt
(MP
P
)
[
1
5
]
whi
c
h
i
s
c
h
ara
c
t
e
riz
e
d by
a ma
ximu
m po
we
r
c
a
n be
de
te
rmine
d
.
-
Z
one
I
II:
T
h
i
s
i
s
t
h
e
re
gio
n
whic
h i
s
di
sti
n
gui
s
h
e
d
by
a c
u
rre
n
t
va
ri
a
t
i
on c
o
rre
s
po
n
d
i
n
g t
o
a
n
a
l
m
o
st
c
o
nsta
n
t
v
o
lta
ge
,
in
t
h
is
c
a
se t
h
e g
e
n
e
r
a
tor
i
s
si
mil
a
r
t
o
a vo
l
t
a
g
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
tor
,
Th
is
c
u
r
v
e p
a
sse
s
thr
oug
h
a
maxi
mum w
h
i
c
h i
s
t
h
e pr
odu
c
t
of Ima
x
*
V
m
ax.
4.2. C
o
mp
ar
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
ud
y
be
twe
e
n
one
-
di
od
e
an
d tw
o di
o
d
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
.
A
f
ter th
e
s
i
mu
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
g
r
id-
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
pho
t
o
v
o
l
ta
ic
pane
ls w
ith
M
a
tla
b
/
S
i
mu
link
so
f
t
w
a
re
[2
2]
-
[2
3], w
e
co
mp
are
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
ge
ne
ra
te
d
by
t
h
e
PV
s
y
ste
m
s
,
i
n
order t
o
h
a
ve a
n
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
e visi
on
o
n
t
h
e
mo
d
e
l c
l
o
s
e
s
t
to
th
e
r
e
su
lts
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce.
D
a
ily
so
la
r
irra
d
i
a
tio
n
&
Temp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Ou
r
acqu
i
s
itio
n
sy
st
em
i
n
s
t
a
lle
d
on
t
h
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
th
e
scho
o
l
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
,
a
l
lo
ws u
s
t
o
re
c
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
so
l
a
r
i
rra
dia
t
i
o
n rece
i
v
e
d
o
n
the
p
a
n
e
l,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
t
h
e ambie
n
t t
e
m
p
era
t
ure a
n
d
t
h
e te
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
of t
h
e
c
e
l
l
s.
F
i
g
u
re
7
.
I
rra
dia
t
i
on a
n
d
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
p
r
ofi
l
e fo
r
a
pa
rt
ic
ula
r
da
y
A
cco
rdi
n
g to
t
h
e
gra
p
h, it
is rec
o
g
n
iz
ed
tha
t
sola
r
i
r
ra
di
at
i
o
n re
ache
s
a
ma
xi
mu
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
88
0 W/m²
at
no
on
a
n
d
t
h
e c
e
l
l
t
e
mpera
t
ure fol
l
o
ws
t
h
e same
rat
e
o
f
ambi
ent
t
e
mp
erat
ure
,
the
hourl
y
sol
a
r ra
dia
t
ion
varie
s
bet
w
ee
n
a
ma
xi
mu
m
at
n
o
o
n
a
n
d a
mi
ni
mu
m
at
s
u
ns
et
a
n
d
s
u
n
r
i
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
1
4
–
920
91
8
Dai
l
y
prod
u
c
t
i
on
pr
ofi
l
e
In orde
r to
qu
ant
i
fy
t
h
e i
n
fl
uence
o
f
sol
a
r i
rra
dia
t
i
o
n a
n
d
t
e
mpe
r
at
u
r
e
on t
h
e
o
p
e
r
at
i
on o
f
t
h
e P
V
sy
st
em
,
w
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
th
e
pr
oduc
tiv
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
t
h
re
e
p
h
o
t
ovolta
ic
p
a
n
e
ls (
m
o
n
o
c
ry
s
t
a
llin
e
,
p
o
l
y
c
ry
sta
l
l
i
ne
a
n
d
amo
r
p
h
ous
)
du
ri
n
g
a
day
o
f
t
h
e
ye
ar,
the
n
we c
o
m
p
are
d
t
h
e sim
u
l
a
t
e
d re
sult
s i
n
the
ca
se of
a o
n
e
di
o
d
e a
n
d
t
w
o di
o
d
es
.
F
i
gu
re
8.
O
u
t
p
ut
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
mo
noc
ryst
al
li
ne
pa
ne
l for a
ty
p
i
c
a
l
da
y
F
i
gu
re
9.
O
u
t
p
ut
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
pol
yc
ryst
al
li
ne
pa
ne
l for a ty
p
i
ca
l
day
F
i
gu
re 1
0
. O
u
t
put
p
o
we
r of t
h
e
a
m
o
r
p
hous
pa
n
e
l
fo
r a
t
ypi
cal
day
Th
e
v
a
r
i
a
tio
n o
f
t
h
e
d
a
il
y outp
u
t
po
w
e
r i
s
pr
ese
n
ted
in
Fig.8-
9-
10
. I
t
ca
n
b
e
se
e
n
t
h
at
f
o
r
h
i
gh
so
l
a
r
ra
dia
t
i
o
n, t
h
e
a
-
Si
an
d
p-S
i
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
have a
n
out
put
pow
e
r
gre
a
t
e
r t
h
a
n
t
h
at
del
i
v
ere
d
by
t
h
e a
-
Si
, b
y
a
g
ai
nst
th
e
a-Si
mo
d
u
le
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
s be
tte
r
ou
t
p
u
t
po
wer
fo
r l
o
w
so
l
a
r r
a
d
i
a
t
io
n
du
e
t
o
its b
e
tte
r
li
g
h
t
ab
sor
p
ti
o
n
cha
r
ac
te
ri
sti
c
. F
o
r t
h
e
mo
de
l
s
de
vel
o
ped
u
nde
r S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
,
t
h
ere
i
s
a
go
od
ag
re
eme
n
t
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
r
e
sul
t
s
simul
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
singl
e
di
ode
a
n
d t
w
o
di
o
d
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
x
perim
e
nt
al
me
as
ure
m
ent
s
.
Mo
nt
h
l
y
pro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
pr
ofi
l
e
In
the
fol
l
o
w
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
we
pro
pose
t
o
ge
ne
ral
i
ze o
u
r
mode
li
ng
ove
r t
h
re
e
m
o
n
t
hs
o
f
t
h
e
ye
a
r
(
O
cto
b
e
r
,
Jan
u
a
r
y
an
d
M
a
y)
, th
e
F
i
g
11-
12
-13
sho
w
s th
e
e
n
e
r
gy p
r
odu
c
e
d
b
y
th
e t
h
re
e PV
te
ch
no
log
i
e
s
,
u
s
i
ng
singl
e
di
ode
a
n
d t
w
o
di
o
d
e
mode
ls
.
F
i
gu
re
1
1
. P
r
o
duct
i
o
n p
r
o
f
il
e
pro
duce
d
fo
r mo
noc
rystt
a
l
i
ne
pa
nel
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
. P
r
od
u
c
ti
on
pr
of
ile
p
r
od
u
c
e
d
f
o
r po
ly
cr
ista
ll
in
p
a
n
e
l
Fig
u
r
e
13
.
Prod
u
c
tion
pr
ofi
l
e
pro
duce
d
fo
r
a
m
o
r
p
h
ous
pa
ne
l
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
1
, F
i
g
u
re
12
a
d
F
i
g
u
re
1
3
, the
prod
uc
ti
o
n
ge
ne
r
a
l
l
y varie
s
a
c
c
o
r
d
in
g t
o
t
h
e
i
rra
dia
t
i
o
n
rec
e
i
ved, t
h
e
mo
de
l
s
devel
o
ped
u
nde
r Si
m
u
li
n
k
fo
r a si
ngl
e
di
ode
a
n
d
t
w
o di
o
d
es
gi
ves
a
l
mo
st
t
h
e
same r
e
sults
.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In
th
is a
r
t
i
c
l
e,
w
e
pr
e
s
en
t th
e
mo
d
e
l
t
h
at
w
i
ll
a
llo
w
u
s
t
o
mon
ito
r t
h
e
o
p
er
a
t
io
n o
f
a
pho
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
on
c
o
nnect
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
gri
d
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
h
e
mo
de
l
wi
t
h
t
w
o
mode
l
s
a
n
d t
h
e
mode
l
wi
t
h
a
n
onl
y
o
n
e
dio
d
e
,
B
a
se
d
on
th
e
da
ta
fro
m th
e dat
a
sh
e
e
t
o
f
the
pho
tov
o
l
tai
c
i
n
sta
l
la
tio
n
tak
i
n
g
p
l
a
c
e
on
the ro
of
of
th
e ESTM,
t
h
e sim
u
l
a
t
i
on
i
s
c
a
rri
e
d
ou
t
b
a
sed
o
n
t
h
e
no
n-li
ne
a
r
e
qua
ti
on
o
f
the
c
u
rre
n
t, w
e
det
e
rmi
n
e t
h
e
cha
r
act
e
r
i
s
t
i
cs
I-V
an
d
P
-
V
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
volt
a
ic
pane
ls
, t
h
e
c
o
mpa
r
i
s
o
n
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
of t
h
e
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
a
di
o
d
e
and
tw
o
dio
d
e
s
gi
ve
s a
g
o
o
d
a
ccurac
y
.
The
r
e
f
ore,
t
h
e
choi
ce
o
f
an
e
qui
val
e
nt
el
ec
t
r
ic
mo
de
l
be
tw
e
e
n t
h
ese
t
w
o
mo
de
ls i
s
bas
e
d
o
n
a
stu
d
y
of the
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
rist
i
c
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r ce
l
l
s.
T
h
e
m
o
del
w
i
t
h
a
sin
g
l
e
di
ode
i
s
more
rec
o
mm
en
ded
bec
a
us
e it
save
s
p
a
rame
te
r
s
and ca
lc
u
l
a
tio
n ti
me.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Com
pari
s
o
n
be
t
w
een si
ngl
e-
diode
a
n
d
t
w
o
di
ode
s
m
o
de
ls
of a gri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d PV
…
(
L
. B
o
u
h
a
ki
)
9
19
AC
KN
OWL
E
DGM
E
NT
S
Th
e
a
u
thor
s ack
now
le
dg
e
t
h
e supp
or
t p
r
ov
i
d
ed b
y
th
e “
Inst
itu
t
d
e
Re
ch
erc
h
e
e
n
En
erg
i
e So
l
a
ire e
t
Ene
r
g
i
e
s
Nouv
el
l
e
s (IR
E
S
EN)
”
un
de
r
t
h
e p
r
oj
ec
t PR
O
P
R
E
.MA
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
J
ä
ger-Wa
l
dau
,
A
.
,
“
PV status
rep
o
r
t
2
0
1
7
,”
J
RC10
810
5,
20
17
.
[2]
S
i
ngh
, G
.
K.
,
“S
olar po
wer
g
e
n
e
ra
tion
by
P
V
(pho
to
vo
ltaic)
te
c
h
no
lo
gy
: a
rev
i
ew
,
En
ergy
,”
vo
l.
53
,
p
p
. 1
–
1
3
,
20
13
.
[3]
Pho
t
ov
ol
ta
ic
s re
po
rt,
“Fr
a
un
ho
fe
r In
st
it
ut
e fo
r So
la
r
E
n
e
r
gy
Syste
m
s
,
”
Avai
la
b
l
e a
t:
ht
tp
:
/
/
w
ww.
i
se
.
f
ra
u
n
h
o
f
e
r.d
e
/c
onte
n
t/
da
m
/
i
s
e
/
de
/d
oc
u
m
ents/publications/studies/P
ho
tov
o
lta
i
cs
Repo
r
t
.p
df
(acc
ess
e
d d
a
te
1
0
.1
1.
18)
,
20
18
.
[4]
“
T
ec
hn
ol
og
y Roa
d
m
a
p
So
la
r Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
ic E
n
ergy,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
at
io
nal
E
n
erg
y
Ag
enc
y
(
I
E
A)
, http://www.
i
ea.org,
2018.
[5]
Lu
o
,
W
.
, Kho
o
, Y.
S.,
Hack
e, P.
, Nau
m
an
n, V., L
a
u
s
ch,
D., H
a
rvey
, S
.
P
.
,
R
a
mak
r
is
hn
a,
S.
,
“P
oten
ti
al-
i
ndu
ced
d
e
gr
ada
t
io
n i
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
i
c
mod
u
l
e
s:
a cr
it
ica
l
r
e
vi
ew,”
En
er
gy E
n
vir
o
n
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
68,
20
17
.
[6]
Morocco-Countr
y
, “Energy I
n
forma
t
i
o
n A
d
mi
ni
s
t
rati
on
,
Ana
l
ysis,
”
ht
tp:
/
/
w
ww.e
i
a.
go
v/
co
un
tri
e
s/c
o
un
try-
d
a
ta
.cfm
?fip
s¼
M
O
,
(last
ac
cess
e
d N
o
v
e
mb
er 2
0
1
4
)
.
[7]
Co
nno
lly,
D
.
,
L
und
, H.
, M
a
th
ie
sen
,
B.V
.
,
P
i
ca
n
,
E.,
Leahy
,
M
.,
“The
tech
ni
ca
l
and
econo
m
i
c
im
p
lica
t
ions
of
integr
ating
flu
c
tu
a
t
in
g
ren
e
w
a
b
l
e en
erg
y
using
e
n
erg
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e,”
Renew
.
Ener
gy
,
vol. 4
3
,
pp
. 47
–6
0,
20
12
.
[8]
V
i
llalv
a
,
M
.
G.
,
Gazo
li,
J
.
R.
, F
ilh
o,
E.
R
.
,
“Co
m
prehen
sive
ap
pr
o
ach
to
mod
e
lin
g
and
simu
latio
n of
ph
otovo
ltaic
arrays
,”
I
E
EE
T
r
an
s.
Po
w
e
r
E
l
ect
r
o
n
,
vo
l. 24
, pp
.
1
1
9
8
–
1
2
0
8
,
2
009.
[9]
Hi
rt
h, L.
, “Th
e
m
a
rket
v
a
l
u
e
of va
ri
a
b
le re
ne
wa
b
l
e
s
:
T
h
e
effect of
solar wind
power va
ri
ab
i
l
i
ty on
thei
r
relati
ve
pri
c
e,
”
Ener
gy E
c
on
., vo
l. 3
8
,
pp. 21
8–
23
6, 2
0
1
3
.
[10]
C.
E. Chit
our
,
M
r
B.
Bouzi
d
i
et
Mme
S
.
Kh
arzi, “P
ou
r une s
t
r
a
t
é
gie
én
erg
é
tiqu
e
de l'
Alg
é
rie à
l'
h
o
rizo
n 2
0
0
3
”
7e
J
o
u
r
né
e d
e
l
'
é
n
erg
i
e
1
6
av
ril
Hilto
n, b
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
d
e
s
é
n
e
r
gi
e
s
re
n
ouve
l
ab
le
s N°
3
j
u
i
n
20
03
, Pub
lic
a
t
io
n
du
Ce
nt
re
de
D
é
velo
pp
e
m
ent
des
En
e
r
g
i
es
R
e
no
uvelab
l
es,
ISS
N
11
12
-38
50,
20
03
.
[11]
Zo
lt
á
n
Ki
sa, Niku
l Pa
n
dya
a,
Rem
b
ra
n
d
t H.E
.
M
.
Ko
pp
e
l
a
a
r
b,
“Elect
rici
ty gen
e
rati
on
t
e
c
h
nol
og
ie
s: C
o
m
p
a
r
iso
n
o
f
m
a
te
rial
s u
s
e, ene
r
g
y
re
tu
rn
o
n
in
ve
st
m
e
n
t
, jo
bs c
r
e
a
tio
n a
nd CO2 e
m
issi
on
s
redu
c
t
i
on,
”
E
n
ergy Policy
,
vol. 1
20,
p
p
. 144
–1
57
,
20
18
.
[12]
A
.
Boh
a
rb
,
A.
Allou
h
i,
R.
S
a
id
u
r
,
T.
K
ous
ks
ou
, A
.
Ja
mil,
Y.
Mo
urad
, A
.
B
e
n
b
a
ss
ou,
“Au
d
i
t
i
n
g
and
an
alys
is
of
en
erg
y
cons
ump
t
ion
of
an
in
du
strial
site
in
M
o
ro
cco,
”
En
ergy
,
vo
l. 101
,
p
p
.
33
2-3
4
2
, 20
16
.
[13]
C.O
.
Ho
llid
ay
Jr
., “S
u
s
taining
hu
man
li
fe thro
ugh
su
stainab
l
e en
er
g
y
,”
Energy Strategy
R
e
v
.,
v
o
l
.
2
,
pp
. 20
9-2
10,
2
013
.
[14]
Al
lo
u
h
i A.,
Saad
an
i R., Kou
s
k
s
o
u
T
.
, Said
ur
R
., Jami
l
A
., Rahm
ou
ne M
., “Grid
-
con
n
ec
ted
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
in
sta
l
led
o
n
ins
titut
io
nal
b
u
i
ld
in
gs:
Te
chn
o
l
o
g
y
co
mp
ariso
n
,
en
ergy
a
n
aly
s
is
and
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
perfo
rman
ce,”
Ener
gy
an
d
Buil
dings
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0,
pp 18
8-2
0
1
,
20
16
.
[15]
L. Bo
uhak
i
,
R
.
S
aadan
i, M
.
R
a
h
m
o
u
n
e
, K
.
S
b
ai,
“M
o
d
eling
an
d
S
i
mulat
i
o
n
of a
P
o
ly
crys
tall
in
e P
a
nel Con
n
ect
ed t
o
the N
e
two
r
k
Bas
e
d o
n
Exp
e
r
i
me
ntal
Meas
ure
m
e
n
ts,
”
1
8
0
7
0
5
-
3434
-IJ
M
M
E
-
IJ
E
N
S
, O
c
tob
e
r 20
18
IJENS
[16]
L.
Bo
uh
ak
i,
R.
S
aadan
i,
R.
A
gou
no
un
, K
.
S
b
ai,
M
.
Ra
h
m
ou
ne
,
“
Exp
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al st
ud
y
a
n
d
mo
de
lin
g
of
th
ree
gr
id1
4
-
co
nnec
t
ed
p
h
o
t
o
v
oltai
c
te
ch
no
lo
g
i
es
of
M
ekn
es
City
,
”
v
o
l
.
9, no
.1,
pp.
3
90 –3
9
6
,
20
18
.
[17]
IREN
A,
“C
ase S
t
u
d
y
2
0
1
3
M
o
ro
cc
o
Win
d
Atlas
,
”
I
n
te
rn
at
io
n
a
l Re
ne
wa
ble
E
n
e
r
g
y
A
g
e
n
cy
,
h
t
t
p
:/
/w
ww
.r
cr
e
e
e
.
o
r
g
/si
t
es
/d
ef
au
lt
/f
i
l
es
/i
r
e
n
a
_
cas
e_moro
c
c
o.p
d
f
,
(last ac
cess
e
d
N
ovemb
er
20
14
).
[18]
O
l
ivier
G
E
RG
AUD
, “M
od
élisati
o
n
énerg
é
ti
q
u
e
e
t
op
tim
isa
t
io
n
é
c
on
omiqu
e
d'
un
s
y
s
t
ème d
e
prod
uctio
n
éol
i
en
e
t
p
hotov
olta
ïqu
e
c
o
uplé au r
é
seau
et
as
so
cié à un
a
ccumu
lat
e
ur,”
T
h
ès
e d
e
Doc
t
or
at d
e
l’
éco
le No
r
m
a
le
S
u
p
é
r
i
eu
re
de
Ca
c
h
a
n
9
, dé
cembr
e
2
0
0
2
.
[19]
Ne
z
i
h
e
Y
ı
ld
ı
ra
n
,
E
m
i
n
T
a
c
e
r
,
“
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
ic
at
io
n of ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
ce
ll sin
g
l
e
d
i
o
d
e
d
i
sc
re
te
m
o
de
l p
a
ram
e
te
rs
ba
se
d
on
d
a
tash
e
e
t v
a
lu
es,
”
So
la
r E
n
e
r
gy
,
vo
l.
12
7
,
pp
.
75
–
1
83,
20
16
.
[20]
Ah
m
e
d
Bo
ura
i
ou,
M
e
ssa
ou
d
Ham
o
ud
a
,
Abd
e
l
k
ad
e
r
Cha
k
e
r
,
Moh
a
m
m
e
d
Sa
d
ok, Mo
ha
mm
e
d
M
o
st
e
f
a
o
u
i
,
Sa
la
h
Lach
tar
,
“M
od
eling
and
s
i
mul
a
ti
on
o
f
ph
otov
o
ltaic
mod
u
le
and
array
b
a
s
e
d
on
on
e an
d
two
d
i
od
e mo
d
e
l
us
in
g
matlab/simuli
nk
,”
En
erg
y
Proced
ia
,
vol
.
7
4
, pp
. 8
6
4 –
8
77,
20
15.
[21]
Ne
m
a
S.
, Ne
ma R.
K.,
&
Ag
ni
hotr
i
G
.
, “
M
a
t
l
a
b
/
si
m
u
l
i
nk b
a
s
e
d
stud
y
of p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
ta
i
c
ce
l
l
s/m
o
d
u
l
e
s/a
rra
y a
n
d t
h
e
i
r
ex
perimen
t
al ver
i
fic
a
tion
,”
Intern
atio
nal
jour
na
l o
f
En
er
gy a
n
d
En
vir
o
n
m
ent
, vo
l.
1
,
p
p
.
48
7-5
0
0
,
20
10
.
[22]
K
e
shavani
K.
,
J
o
shi J., Trived
i V.,
&
Bhav
sar
M
.
, “M
od
ell
i
n
g
an
d S
i
mu
latio
n of P
hotov
olta
ic
Array
Us
in
g
Mat
l
ab/Simul
ink,”
In
terna
tion
a
l
jo
ur
nal o
f
en
gine
ering
de
velop
m
e
nt an
d r
e
sea
r
ch
,
vo
l.
2
,
pp
.
37
42
-
375
1,
20
14
.
[23]
A
l
do
Orio
li, Al
essan
d
ra Di Ga
ng
i, “A
p
r
o
cedu
r
e to ev
alu
a
te t
h
e sev
e
n par
a
m
e
te
rs
of th
e
two
-
d
i
o
d
e mod
e
l fo
r
p
hotov
olta
ic
mo
d
u
les
,
”
R
e
newab
l
e Ener
gy
,
13
9
,
pp
.
5
8
2
-5
99,
2
019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
1
4
–
920
92
0
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
Lamiae
B
O
UHAKI is
a Ph.D
studen
t
a
t
Moulay Ismail Univers
i
t
y
.
She re
ce
ived
the Engineer
ing
D
e
gree
En
erg
y
at
F
acu
lty
of
S
c
ienc
e an
d
Tech
n
o
log
y
. her
P
h
.D su
bjec
t
is
ab
o
u
t
ph
o
t
ov
oltaic
techn
o
l
ogies.
Rachid
SAA
DANI
is a full
pr
ofes
sor at Univer
s
i
ty Moul
ay I
s
mail
, Mo
roc
c
o. W
a
s
born
in
M
o
rocco
in
1
9
7
7
.
H
e
r
e
c
e
iv
ed
t
h
e MS
c. Deg
r
e
e
(M
agis
ter)
in
th
e
r
mal
an
d
en
erg
e
tic
s
y
stem
from
the
Un
iv
ersité
M
a
rne
La
Val
l
é
e
, P
a
ris
Est, P
a
ris,
F
r
an
ce
an
d
th
e
P
h
.D
d
e
gr
ee
in
s
c
ienc
e
for
engineers fro
m the Université Pari
s E
s
t, Créte
i
l
,
Pa
ris. H
e
is
an
a
c
tiv
e
resear
cher
at
Th
erma
l
&
M
a
terial R
e
sear
ch U
n
it (
a
d
v
an
ced
m
a
ter
i
als
and
en
ergy
sy
stem). His
are
a
of r
e
search
in
c
l
u
d
es
Therm
a
l Co
mfor
t, Bu
ilding
Th
er
mal
S
i
mu
lation
,
ren
e
wabl
e
energ
y
an
d P
o
rou
s
M
e
dia.
M
i
lo
ud
RA
HMOU
NE
is a full pro
f
ess
o
r at M
o
u
l
ay
Is
ma
il
U
n
iversity
. He re
c
e
iv
ed h
i
s M
s
c.
De
g
r
e
e
in a
p
p
l
ie
d me
c
h
a
n
ic
s from
Uni
v
ersi
té
Mo
nt
pe
l
lie
r 2 (Fra
n
c
e
)
a
nd hi
s
Ph
.
D
.
de
g
r
e
e
s
in
M
ech
atro
n
i
cs
fr
o
m
U
n
ivers
i
té
M
o
n
t
p
e
llier 2
(F
rance)
and
U
n
iv
ersité
Has
s
an II
– M
o
h
a
m
m
ed
ia
,
in
1
9
9
3
a
n
d
1
996
re
spec
tiv
e
l
y
.
Hi
s
re
sea
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
re
sts i
n
c
l
u
d
e
struc
t
u
r
al
Dyn
a
m
i
c
s
,
a
c
ti
ve c
o
nt
rol,
an
d smar
t mat
e
rials.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.