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tel
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.
I
n
P
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ar
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ay
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D
C
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DC
co
n
v
er
t
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th
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tr
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l
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tech
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ly
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ef
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n
ex
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li
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t
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m
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[
1
]
.
P
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SL
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ter
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T
o
u
tp
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th
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ax
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ized
[
2
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s
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n
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ter
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o
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co
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ilit
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o
r
th
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p
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o
p
o
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ed
P
V
s
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te
m
[
3
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.
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
it
h
p
u
l
s
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th
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lati
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POESL
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th
e
n
u
m
b
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en
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
[
4
]
.
F
o
r
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p
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s
itiv
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tp
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t
s
u
p
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lif
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li
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O
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t
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b
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n
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m
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lati
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t
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ir
ec
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n
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b
y
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b
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t
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C
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ter
[
5
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n
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o
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re
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ter
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ef
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ec
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f
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ce
[
6
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L
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al
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d
f
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r
v
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ltag
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p
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p
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tech
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n
s
v
iz.
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
esti
m
ato
r
w
i
th
th
e
s
tate
-
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l u
s
es
s
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
in
cip
le.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
l
u
e
is
tr
ac
k
ed
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
a
n
d
g
ain
m
a
tr
ix
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
tab
il
it
y
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
d
esi
g
n
e
d
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
u
s
in
g
a
a
d
ap
tiv
e
n
e
u
r
o
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
A
NFI
S
a
n
d
P
I
is
u
s
e
d
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
b
y
ad
j
u
s
t
in
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
n
a
tu
r
e
d
u
e
to
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
s
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
co
n
s
ta
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
l
id
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
t
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lates
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
2
]
.
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
ac
to
r
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
f
o
r
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
lo
s
s
b
y
o
p
er
atin
g
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
at
th
e
lo
w
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
th
a
n
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al.
I
t
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
b
y
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ie
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
d
n
o
n
p
ass
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
in
t
u
r
n
h
e
lp
s
in
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ip
p
les
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
c
u
r
r
en
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
p
r
ed
icted
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
to
th
e
DP
W
M,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
s
tab
ilit
y
is
en
h
a
n
ce
d
,
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
d
it
h
er
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le
[
1
5
]
.
PI
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
POESL
L
i
s
tu
n
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
ar
tif
icial i
n
tell
ig
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
Z
ieg
ler
Nich
o
ls
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
u
s
in
g
a
r
tif
icial
in
tellig
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
6
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
o
f
P
I
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
r
ej
ec
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
a
n
d
ch
an
g
es
i
n
cir
cu
i
t
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
s
et
p
o
in
t
o
f
P
I
Dco
n
tr
o
ller
is
tu
n
ed
b
y
f
i
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
3
p
h
ase
5
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
f
ed
b
y
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
p
ar
es
P
I
an
d
FLC
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lat
i
n
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Fo
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
P
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
M
ax
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
in
t
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
(
MP
PT
)
is
u
s
ed
.
Fin
all
y
T
o
tal
Har
m
o
n
ic
Di
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
m
ad
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
r
es
u
lt
s
[
1
8
]
.
2.
L
UO
CO
NVE
RT
E
R
Dr
a
m
atic
c
h
an
g
es i
n
t
h
e
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
d
u
e
to
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t .
T
h
e
y
ar
e
t
h
e
h
ig
h
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
i
t
y
an
d
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
s
ch
e
m
a
tic
o
f
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
P
OE
SLL
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
;
th
er
e
ex
i
s
ts
a
p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
e
n
s
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
n
o
is
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
.
Am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
ed
in
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
tr
an
s
f
er
r
atio
is
li
m
ited
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
e
ase
i
n
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
itc
h
es,
p
o
w
er
d
io
d
es
an
d
th
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
s
er
ies
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
as
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
m
a
y
r
es
u
lt
i
n
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
e
v
ices
.
I
ts
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
es
s
to
m
o
d
el
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
SMC
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
u
ar
an
tees
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
tab
il
it
y
.
I
t
s
r
esp
o
n
s
i
v
e
to
r
ea
l
a
n
d
r
elativ
el
y
f
ast
alter
atio
n
s
i
s
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
s
o
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
b
e
f
aster
to
r
ea
ch
s
et
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
s
ettli
n
g
ti
m
e
is
le
s
s
t
h
e
SM
C
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
f
ed
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
lo
ad
an
d
lin
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
3
.
W
O
RK
IN
G
O
F
S
UPERLI
FT
LUO
CO
N
V
ERTE
R
T
h
e
DC
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
f
ed
to
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
i
,
co
n
n
ec
te
d
p
ar
allel
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
C
l
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
,
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
,
f
r
ee
w
h
ee
li
n
g
d
io
d
es
D1
,
D2
,
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
tch
S
1
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
s
u
p
er
li
f
t
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
w
itc
h
ON
a
n
d
S
w
i
t
ch
O
f
f
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
li
f
t
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
i
.
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
cir
c
u
it
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
o
s
iti
v
e
s
u
p
er
lif
t
L
UO
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
3
th
at
is
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
w
itc
h
ON
m
o
d
e
th
at
is
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
clo
s
ed
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
704
–
711
706
cu
r
r
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
ith
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
v
o
ltag
e,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
in
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
f
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
l.
.
I
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
is
o
p
en
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es w
it
h
V
O
-
2V
in
.
T
h
e
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
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cr
o
s
s
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
1
1
2
L
i
n
l
VV
iT
L
(
1
)
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
g
ain
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
2
1
L
in
V
M
V
(
2
)
L
i
n
V
M
V
(
3
)
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
w
itc
h
o
n
p
er
io
d
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
ca
p
ac
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C
i
,
b
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
itc
h
o
f
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it
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a
l
to
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en
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ac
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o
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
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w
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&
Dr
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N:
2
0
8
8
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8
694
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OFF
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h
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alu
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ig
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t
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o
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g
e
,
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d
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r
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alu
e,
ca
p
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e,
s
w
itc
h
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n
g
f
r
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e
n
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d
u
t
y
c
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cle,
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u
t
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esis
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ce
,
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esis
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n
ce
.
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h
e
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n
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ter
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t
p
o
w
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,
e
n
er
g
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atio
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a
th
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m
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ical
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o
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s
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er
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n
,
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s
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et
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g
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e
,
d
am
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atio
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o
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tain
ed
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h
e
co
d
in
g
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
f
o
r
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
1
is
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
.
clc
clear
x=menu(
'menu'
,
'ENTER THE VALUE'
,
'Thanks'
);
if
(x==1);
Vin=input(
'Vin='
); R=input(
'R='
);
EL1=input(
'EL1='
);
V1=input(
'V1='
);
EFF=input(
'EFF='
);
f=input(
'f='
);k=input(
'k='
);
t=1/f;
M=(2
-
k)/(1
-
k);
Vo=M*Vin; Io=Vo/R;
disp(
'Po'
)
Po= Vo* Io
disp(
'Pin'
)
Pin= (Po/ EFF)*100
disp(
'Iin'
)
Iin= Pin/Vin
disp(
'L'
)
L=Vin*k/(f* EL1)
disp(
'C1'
)
C1= ((1
-
k)* Vo) /(f* VC1*R)
disp(
'C2'
)
C2= (1
-
k)* Vo /(f* VC1*R)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
704
–
711
708
IL1=( Vo/L*M);
VC1= Vin;
VC2= Vo*K/(2
-
K);
WL=0.5*IL1^2*L;
WC=0.5*C1*VC1^2+0.5*C2*VC2^2;
T=1/f;
Po=Vo*Io;Ploss=r*IL1^2;
Iin=(Po+Ploss)/Vin;
disp(
'The efficiency'
)
eff=abs((Vo*Io)/(Vin*Iin))
disp(
'pumping Energy'
)
PE=abs(Vin*Iin*T)
disp(
'Stored Energy'
)
SE=abs(WC+WL)
disp(
'Capacitor
-
Inductor stored Energy ratio'
)
CIR=abs(WC/WL)
disp(
'Energy Factor'
)
EF=abs(SE/PE)
disp(
'time constant'
)
A = [0
-
1/L
-
1/L; 1/C1 0 0;1/C2 0
-
1/R*C2]
B = [(1
-
k)/L; k/
C1;0]
C = [0 0 1]
D =[0]
% Create a Matlab state
-
space model.
sys = ss(A, B, C,D);
sys = ss2tf(A, B, C,D)
[num, den] = ss2tf(A,B,C,D)
G = tf(num,den)
bode(tf(num,den))
close
'all'
;
% Compute and plot the step response.
figure;
[y, t] = step(sys);
plot(t,
y);
title(
'Step Response'
);
% Compute and plot the impulse response.
figure;
[y, t] = impulse(sys);
plot(t, y);
title(
'Impulse Response'
);
end
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
t
h
e
co
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
m
et
h
o
d
2
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
co
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
f
o
r
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
y
cles
b
y
w
r
iti
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
u
s
i
n
g
w
h
ile
lo
o
p
.
T
h
e
ta
b
le
I
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
s
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
in
p
u
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
1
.
T
h
e
ass
i
g
n
ed
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
Vi
n
,
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e%
=0
.
.
1
2
,
%in
d
u
cto
r
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
=0
.
6
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
=9
2
,
k
=0
.
5
,
s
w
it
ch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
=1
0
k
Hz,
R
=5
0
Oh
m
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
as
s
i
g
n
ed
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle,
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
e,
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
etc.
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
b
o
d
e
p
lo
t,
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el,
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
u
s
it h
e
lp
s
in
co
llecti
n
g
d
ata
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
it
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
S
No
V
i
n
(V)
V
o
u
t
(V)
Io
u
t
(A)
Po
u
t
(
W
a
t
t
s)
C1
(
µ
F)
C2
(
µ
F)
L
(
µ
H)
1
12
36
0
.
7
2
2
5
.
9
2
30
30
1
0
0
2
36
1
0
8
2
.
1
6
2
3
3
.
7
8
90
90
3
0
0
3
52
1
5
6
3
.
1
2
4
8
6
.
7
2
1
3
0
1
3
0
4
3
0
4
.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
ed
w
it
h
d
c
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
s
i
m
u
lated
f
o
r
co
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
p
u
t,
li
n
e
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
I
n
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
s
en
s
ed
in
d
u
cto
r
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
a
m
p
w
h
i
ch
is
a
s
tate
v
ar
iab
le
is
u
s
ed
in
g
e
n
er
atin
g
p
u
ls
e
s
to
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
Fo
r
1
2
V
DC
in
p
u
t,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
d
iag
r
a
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
ea
k
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
is
al
m
o
s
t
1
a
m
p
er
e
f
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
an
d
n
ea
r
5
0
V
f
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
li
n
e
d
i
s
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
al
s
o
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
a
m
e.
T
h
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
it
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
s
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o
n
Aer
o
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
ms
,
Ye
a
r:
2
0
1
7
,
Vo
lu
m
e
:
5
3
,
Iss
u
e
:
5
[5
]
W
e
n
tao
Jia
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
d
e
sig
n
f
o
r
th
e
su
p
e
r
-
li
f
t
re
-
li
f
t
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
rter
”,
IET
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
Ye
a
r:
2
0
1
7
,
Vo
lu
m
e
:
1
0
,
Is
s
u
e
:
10
,
P
a
g
e
s:
1
1
4
7
-
1
1
5
5
[6
]
A
.
S
iv
a
k
u
m
a
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“.
Imp
lem
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
fo
r
f
o
r
Po
si
ti
v
e
Ou
tp
u
t
Re
li
ft
L
UO
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
,”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Circu
it
s,
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
[
ICC
P
CT
-
2
0
1
4
]
,
Ye
a
r:
2
0
1
4
P
a
g
e
s:
1
0
1
1
-
1
0
1
7
[7
]
Div
y
a
N
a
v
a
m
a
n
i
Ja
y
a
c
h
a
n
d
ra
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
O
f
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
L
UO
Co
n
v
e
rter”
,
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
Of
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
[8
]
G
.
A
l
w
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
.
A
n
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
O
n
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
W
it
h
F
u
z
z
y
In
fe
re
n
c
e
S
y
ste
m
F
o
r
A
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
H
a
rm
o
n
iz
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
In
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
(
2
),
IS
S
N2
3
4
7
-
7
3
9
3
P
P
-
2
6
6
-
2
7
3
[9
]
N.A
ru
n
k
u
m
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Of
L
in
e
a
r
Qu
a
d
ra
ti
c
Re
g
u
lato
r
P
lu
s
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
F
o
r
P
o
siti
v
e
Ou
t
p
u
t
S
u
p
e
r
-
L
if
t
L
UO
-
Co
n
v
e
rter
”
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
t
ric
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ye
a
r
2
0
1
6
[1
0
]
Ra
i
M
u
n
o
z
;
X
u
e
ji
a
n
R
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
p
th
-
a
w
a
re
in
d
o
o
r
sta
irc
a
se
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
isu
a
l
ly
imp
a
ire
d
p
e
o
p
le
"
Ye
a
r:
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
(ICM
EW
)
Ye
a
r
2
0
1
6
[1
1
]
Ra
v
in
d
e
r
K
.
Kh
a
rb
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
A
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
NFI
S
b
a
se
d
M
P
P
T
S
c
h
e
m
e
w
it
h
Op
e
n
L
o
o
p
B
o
o
s
t
Co
n
v
e
rter
F
o
r
S
o
lar
P
V
M
o
d
u
l
e
”,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
In
E
lec
trica
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
An
d
In
stru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Vo
l
3
,
issu
e
1
,
jan
2
0
1
4
[1
2
]
A
.
G
o
u
d
a
rz
ian
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
An
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
Co
n
sta
n
t
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
li
d
i
n
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
l
ler
F
o
r
A
L
UO
Co
n
v
e
rter”
,
IJ
E
T
RA
NS
ACT
IONS
B
:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
Vo
l.
2
9
,
No
.
2
(F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
6
)
2
0
2
-
2
1
0
[1
3
]
A
h
m
e
d
Ha
m
m
o
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Esti
ma
ti
o
n
Of
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Dc
/Dc
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
b
a
se
d
On
En
e
rg
y
Fa
c
to
r
An
d
S
u
b
-
S
e
q
u
e
n
ti
a
l
Pa
r
a
me
ter
s
”
ENERGYCO
N 2
0
1
4
•
M
a
y
1
3
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
4
•
Du
b
r
o
v
n
ik
,
Cro
a
ti
a
[1
4
]
Jo
n
e
s.D.C
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
Eff
icie
n
c
y
M
a
x
i
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
v
ia
a
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
Dig
it
a
l
Co
n
tr
o
l
M
a
p
p
in
g
f
o
r
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
”
,
Eme
rg
in
g
a
n
d
S
e
lec
ted
T
o
p
ics
i
n
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
I
EE
E
-
2
0
1
3
[1
5
]
Bo
L
i
,
X
u
e
f
a
n
g
L
in
-
S
h
i
;
Bru
n
o
A
ll
a
rd
,
“
A
Di
g
it
a
l
Du
a
l
-
S
tate
-
V
a
riab
le
P
re
d
ict
iv
e
Co
n
tro
l
ler
f
o
r
Hig
h
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rter
W
it
h
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
Σ
−
ΔD
P
W
M
”
,
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
:
8,
Iss
u
e
:
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
[1
6
]
S
a
ra
n
y
a
.
S
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
u
n
in
g
o
f
P
ID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
f
o
r
P
o
siti
v
e
Ou
tp
u
t
El
e
m
e
n
tar
y
S
u
p
e
r
-
L
if
t
L
u
o
-
Co
n
v
e
rters
u
sin
g
A
I
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ER
T
),
IS
S
N
-
2
7
8
-
0
1
8
1
,
V
o
l.
2
Iss
u
e
1
1
,
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
–
2
0
1
3
[1
7
]
Ola
d
im
e
ji
Ib
ra
h
i
m
,
No
r
Zaih
a
r
B
Ya
h
a
y
a
,
No
rd
in
S
a
a
d
,
“
P
ID
C
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
Re
sp
o
n
se
to
S
e
t
-
P
o
i
n
t
Ch
a
n
g
e
in
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
Co
n
tro
l
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
Vo
l
7
,
No
2
:
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
[1
8
]
M
.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
a
n
,
R.
Ra
jes
h
w
a
ri,
N.
De
v
e
ra
jan
,
M
.
Ka
li
y
a
m
o
o
rth
y
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
T
h
r
e
e
P
h
a
se
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
In
v
e
rter
Us
in
g
P
I
a
n
d
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
w
it
h
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
L
o
ss
e
s
Ca
lcu
latio
n
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
V
o
l
.
7
,
N
o
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
5
4
3
~
5
5
0
IS
S
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
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