In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1951~
19
60
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1951-1960
1951
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Effects of power electronics dev
ices on the energy quality o
f
a
n
admi
nistrative building
Jor
ge
I
.
S
i
l
v
a
1
,
V
l
a
d
im
ir
S
o
u
s
a
2
,
Pa
ulo
Sa
rmi
e
nto
3
, Ju
l
i
o
R
.
Gó
mez
4
,
Percy
R. Viego
5
,
Enrique C
. Quisp
e
6
.
1
, 2
,
3
Energ
y
D
epart
m
en
t,
U
niversid
ad d
e la
C
o
s
t
a
, Co
lo
m
b
ia
4,
5
Cent
er of
Ene
r
g
y
an
d
E
nviro
n
m
ent
a
l St
ud
ies, Un
i
v
e
rsi
d
ad
d
e Ci
en
f
u
eg
os,
C
uba
6
En
ergy
a
nd
M
e
c
han
i
cal
D
epart
m
en
t,
U
nivers
idad
A
ut
ónom
a
de
O
ccid
e
n
te
,
C
o
lo
mbi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
4
,
201
9
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jun
6
,
2
019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
8
,
2019
Th
is
p
ap
e
r
p
rop
o
s
e
s
th
e
anal
ysis
o
f
th
e
eff
ect
s
o
f
pow
er
e
lect
r
oni
cs
d
evices
on
t
he
e
n
e
rgy qu
alit
y o
f
a
n
admini
st
rativ
e
b
uildi
n
g
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
ud
y
a
m
e
th
od
i
s
app
l
i
e
d
th
at
a
ll
o
w
s
the
an
alys
is
o
f
the
m
a
in
p
roblem
s
of
e
n
e
rgy
q
uality
s
uch
as
vol
tag
e
v
ari
a
ti
on,
h
arm
o
n
i
cs,
fl
ick
e
r,
a
n
d
t
he
e
f
f
ect
o
f
har
mo
nic
s
o
n
the
po
wer
f
actor.
As
a
cas
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
o
f
f
i
ces
o
f
an
a
dm
i
n
i
s
trativ
e
b
ui
lding
were
us
ed,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
m
easu
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
a
in
e
ne
rg
y
q
u
al
it
y
p
a
ramet
ers
were
carried
o
u
t
f
or
a
w
eek
.
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h
e
res
u
lts
s
how
ed
t
h
e
p
res
e
nce
o
f
c
u
r
r
ent
harm
on
ics
and
fl
ick
e
r
prob
lem
s
d
ue
t
o
no
n-
li
near
l
o
a
ds
s
uch
as
t
h
e
freq
u
e
n
c
y
in
verters
t
h
a
t
d
r
i
v
e
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
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s
o
f
t
h
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l
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a
l
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t
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s
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a
s
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l
l
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s
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L
E
D
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p
s.
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h
e
se
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rob
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em
s
caus
e
s
ys
tem
a
ti
c
d
a
mag
e
t
o
the
li
ghti
ng
s
yst
e
m,
U
P
S
and
i
m
p
r
op
er
c
o
rrect
io
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of
t
he
pow
er
f
acto
r
.
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h
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s
t
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dy
als
o
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em
onst
r
ates
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h
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d
t
o
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p
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n
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h
e
e
ffe
c
t
s
o
f
e
ne
rg
y
qu
a
l
ity
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o
t
o
nly
in
t
he
i
n
du
st
rial
a
nd
resi
den
tia
l
sect
o
r
s
.
I
n
a
d
diti
on
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e
ntio
n
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u
st
b
e
p
a
id
t
o
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erti
ary
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ecto
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p
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c
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ll
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o
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dm
in
is
tr
a
t
iv
e
bu
i
l
d
in
g
s
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ad
mi
ni
st
ra
ti
v
e
b
u
ild
in
g
Ef
fe
ct
s of
h
a
r
mo
n
i
cs
N
on-l
i
n
ear
loa
ds
Powe
r e
l
ectro
n
i
cs
d
e
v
ices
Energ
y
qua
l
ity
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
V
l
ad
imir
S
ousa,
Energ
y
D
epa
r
t
m
e
n
t
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
dad
de
la
Cos
t
a,
Ca
ll
e
5
8
N
o.55
-66,
B
arra
nqu
il
la,
Co
l
o
m
b
ia.
Em
ail:
vso
u
sa
1
@
c
u
c.
ed
u.c
o
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
C
u
rre
ntly,
t
h
e
e
f
fic
i
en
t
use
of
e
nerg
y
is
c
l
o
sel
y
l
in
ke
d
t
o
c
l
e
a
n
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
deve
l
opm
en
t
[1].
A
m
ong
c
o
n
s
ume
r
s
of
e
ner
g
y
g
l
oba
l
l
y,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
re
pres
ent
s
1
8.8%
o
f
fue
l
c
o
n
sum
p
ti
on
[
2]
and
pro
duce
s
4
2
%
o
f
CO
2
e
m
issi
ons
[
3],
w
ith
a
p
ro
jec
t
i
on
of
c
on
t
i
nu
o
u
s
grow
th
i
n
d
e
m
a
nd
[4].
F
o
r
t
h
i
s
rea
s
on, spe
cia
l
a
tt
e
n
tio
n sh
ou
l
d
be
pai
d
t
o i
t
s e
f
ficie
n
t
use
.
I
n
r
ece
nt
tim
es
,
new
form
s
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
a
nd
c
o
nsum
pt
ion
of
e
l
e
ctr
i
ci
t
y
h
ave
be
e
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
,
wi
t
h
an
i
ncre
ase
i
n
t
he
u
se
o
f
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
d
e
v
i
c
es
t
ha
t
ha
ve
i
ncre
ase
d
t
h
e
pro
b
l
e
m
s
of
e
ner
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[5-7].
A
mong
the
s
e
eq
ui
pme
n
t
ar
e
sta
tic
p
ower
c
on
verte
r
s,
d
ischa
r
g
i
ng
d
ev
ic
e
s
i
n
t
he
f
o
r
m
o
f
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
r
cs,
s
a
t
u
ra
ted
ma
gnet
i
c
de
vi
ces
a
n
d
u
n
i
nt
er
rupt
i
b
le
p
ow
er
s
ystem
s
(
U
P
S
)
[
8-10]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
sever
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
es
w
he
re
t
h
e
nega
t
i
ve
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
the
s
e
e
q
u
i
pm
en
t
o
n
t
he
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
nin
g
o
f
the
e
lec
t
rica
l
s
y
stem
a
nd
its
c
om
p
o
n
en
t
s
a
re
ana
l
yz
e
d
,
such a
s the
reduc
t
i
o
n
of t
h
e use
f
u
l
li
f
e
an
d the
i
n
c
r
ease
o
f
the
energy losses.
I
n
[
1
1
]
t
h
e
in
c
r
ea
se
i
n
the
harm
on
ics
tha
t
o
cc
urs
in
a
n
in
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
elec
t
r
ic
al
s
yste
m
whe
r
e
PWM
in
verter
s
predo
m
inate
i
s
e
va
lu
ate
d
, a
n
d it is d
em
ons
trated
h
o
w
the
harm
on
i
c
s r
eac
h h
i
g
h
v
alue
s t
h
a
t
a
ffec
t t
h
e
opera
tio
n
o
f
m
ot
ors,
t
ra
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
s
and
capa
c
itor
s
.
The
red
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
l
i
f
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
duc
ti
on
mo
tors
d
ue
to
t
he
o
ve
r
h
ea
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
he
h
arm
o
n
i
cs
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
lec
t
r
o
ni
c
de
v
i
c
e
s
is
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
i
n
[1
2-
14].
In
[1
5]
t
h
e
i
ncr
e
ase
i
n
c
o
ppe
r
l
o
s
s
es
o
f
the
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
rod
u
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
P
W
M
i
n
verter
s
is
a
na
lyz
e
d
,
whi
l
e
i
n
[1
6,
17],
the di
scha
rge
o
f
c
urre
nt
i
n t
h
e be
ari
ngs c
a
u
sed
b
y
t
h
ese
de
vices
i
s
evalua
te
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
5
1
– 1
960
1
952
The
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
ffe
c
t
s
d
u
e
to
t
he
c
omb
i
na
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
h
a
r
m
oni
c
s
a
n
d
the
vo
lt
ag
e
i
m
ba
l
a
n
ce
i
n
t
he
opera
tio
n
of
t
h
e
m
otors
ar
e
a
n
a
l
yz
e
d
i
n
[1
8
]
.
In
[
19]
e
m
p
ha
s
i
s
is
p
lace
d
on
the
inc
r
ea
se
i
n
the
osc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
the t
o
rq
ue
rip
p
l
e a
nd i
n
t
he
v
ibr
a
t
i
ons
p
ro
d
u
ced
by b
o
t
h p
h
e
nom
ena
.
The
s
t
ud
ies
de
vel
o
ped
in
[
20,
2
1],
foc
u
s
o
n
t
he
i
nc
rea
s
in
g
a
f
fe
c
t
at
i
o
n
tha
t
o
cc
urs
i
n
t
he
t
ra
nsf
o
rm
ers
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
he
i
nc
rea
s
e
of
t
he
n
o
n
-l
inea
r
lo
a
d
s
tha
t
t
he
y
f
eed.
In
[
20,
2
2
]
it
is
a
na
lyz
e
d
t
he
o
verhe
a
t
i
n
g
in
the
i
r
on
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
duc
ti
o
n
i
n
the
usef
u
l
l
ife o
f
a
t
ra
nsform
er
t
h
at
f
ee
ds
a
r
e
s
i
d
en
t
i
al
c
ircu
i
t
w
i
t
h
p
r
e
domi
n
a
n
c
e
of
e
lec
t
ro
n
i
c
lo
ads.
On
e
of
t
h
e
m
ain
co
mp
on
en
ts
o
f
th
e
el
e
c
t
r
i
cal
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
at
i
s
b
e
i
ng
h
ar
me
d
t
h
e
mo
st
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
of
e
le
c
t
ro
nic
d
e
vice
s
a
r
e
t
h
e
c
a
pac
i
tors.
In
[
23]
t
h
e
i
ncr
eas
e
of
t
he
t
e
m
pe
rature
,
the
n
o
i
s
e
a
n
d
t
he
a
f
f
ec
t
a
t
i
o
n
in
t
he
d
ie
l
e
c
t
ri
c
elem
ents
o
f
the
c
a
p
ac
i
t
ors
pro
duce
d
b
y
t
h
e
ha
rm
on
ics
a
r
e
stud
ie
d.
T
he
r
esona
nce
e
f
fec
t
i
s
stud
ie
d
i
n
[
2
4
]
a
nd
it
is
d
em
ons
trate
d
how
t
he
u
sefu
l
li
fe
o
f
t
hese
e
lem
e
nt
s
ca
n
be
s
i
g
ni
fican
t
l
y
re
du
c
e
d
by
opera
tin
g
i
n
a
n
e
l
ectric
a
l
sys
te
m w
ith d
ist
o
rt
ed
w
ave
s
.
The
s
t
ud
ies
o
n
ene
r
g
y
qua
l
ity
m
ent
i
o
n
e
d
,
a
n
d
ot
he
rs
s
uc
h
a
s
t
ho
se
r
ep
or
t
e
d
i
n
[
25-2
8
]
fo
cus
on
t
he
elec
tr
ic
p
ow
er
s
ys
t
e
m,
i
nd
u
s
tria
l
a
n
d
re
si
de
nt
ial
sec
t
or,
how
e
v
er,
in
no
ca
s
e
t
he
qua
li
ty
o
f
ener
gy
in
adm
i
n
i
s
t
rat
i
v
e
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
s
is
a
nal
y
z
e
d
.
The
r
e
f
ore,
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
ana
lyz
e
s
a
n
e
w
perf
orm
a
nce
eva
l
uat
i
o
n
of
t
he
e
n
ergy
q
u
a
li
ty
i
n
ad
mini
st
rati
v
e
b
uil
d
in
gs.
B
u
i
l
di
n
g
s
ar
e
a
n
i
mpor
ta
n
t
obje
c
t
i
v
e
i
n
e
ne
rgy
e
ffic
i
enc
y
s
tud
i
es
s
i
n
ce
t
hey
c
o
nsum
e
40
%
o
f
t
ota
l
ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
mit
3
0
%
of
g
l
oba
l
gree
n
hou
se
g
a
s
es
[
2
9
-3
1].
A
d
m
i
ni
s
tra
t
i
v
e
or
o
ff
i
c
e
bu
ild
i
n
g
s
,
due
t
o
t
h
eir
con
s
truc
t
i
ve
c
hara
cter
i
s
t
i
cs
a
nd
the
i
r
use
,
h
ave
a
hig
h
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
ce
i
n
t
he
r
efe
rre
d
cons
u
m
pt
i
o
n
[3
2,
33]
.
This
con
s
um
pt
io
n is
m
ainly d
u
e
t
o
the
i
n
t
en
si
ve
u
se
of
air
con
d
i
tio
n
in
g sys
t
e
m
s
[34,
35].
I
n
t
he
c
i
t
y
o
f
Ba
rra
nq
u
i
l
l
a,
C
olom
b
i
a,
w
her
e
t
he
s
tu
dy
i
s
ca
rri
ed
o
u
t
,
the
fie
l
d
of
c
on
struc
tio
n
ma
int
a
ins
a
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
d
y
n
am
ic
,
w
h
ic
h
is
r
ef
le
cted
i
n
the
gr
o
w
th
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
i
t
y
h
a
s
h
a
d
i
n
r
e
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
grow
t
h
p
ro
duc
e
s
a
n
i
n
cre
a
se
i
n
the
co
ns
u
m
pt
i
o
n
of
e
lec
t
rica
l
e
n
er
gy,
due
t
o
t
h
e
nee
d
t
o
sa
t
i
s
f
y
bu
il
d
i
n
g
requ
ire
m
e
n
ts
a
nd
use
r
c
omfort [3
6
]
.
The
use
o
f
n
on
-li
n
ea
r
lo
a
d
s
w
i
t
h
s
ig
n
i
fica
nt
e
ne
rg
y
co
ns
umpt
i
o
n
s
uc
h
a
s
f
reque
nc
y
i
n
ve
r
t
ers
for
t
h
e
dri
v
e
o
f
e
le
va
t
o
r
m
o
tors
[
3
7
]
,
a
i
r
c
ondi
t
i
on
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
verter
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
y
[38]
,
LE
D
lam
p
s
[3
9]
a
nd
U
P
S
[40],
amon
g
ot
hers
h
a
v
e
als
o
i
ncr
e
a
s
e
d
i
n
bu
i
l
di
n
g
s.
D
ue
t
o
t
h
e
se
a
spec
t
s
,
th
is
w
ork
i
s
i
m
por
tan
t
bec
a
u
s
es a
ims to
e
va
l
u
a
t
e
the
be
ha
v
i
or of t
h
e
qua
l
ity o
f ene
r
gy
i
n a
n
a
dmi
n
istra
tive
b
u
ild
i
ng.
Th
e
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
re
d
as
f
ol
lo
wing
.
Th
e
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
sti
c
s
of
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
q
u
a
li
t
y
p
r
o
bl
ems
a
n
aly
z
ed
,
and
t
h
e
me
th
od
use
d
f
or
t
he
s
t
u
dy
a
re
d
e
s
cribe
d
i
n
se
c
t
i
on
2.
S
ec
ti
on
3
p
resen
t
s
a
n
d
ana
l
yz
es
t
he
r
esul
t
s
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n
a
c
a
se
s
tu
dy
i
n
the
offi
c
e
s
of
a
n
a
d
m
i
ni
s
t
ra
ti
v
e
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
w
it
h
loa
d
s
n
o
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r,
w
hi
l
e
t
he
s
tu
dy
conc
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
ar
e pr
esente
d
i
n
s
ect
io
n 4.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
The
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
t
h
a
t
fee
d
t
he
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
trat
i
v
e
ar
e
a
s
can
b
e
a
f
fe
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
pr
o
b
l
e
ms
o
f
ene
r
g
y
qua
lit
y
t
h
at
are
com
m
onl
y
prese
n
t
e
d
i
n
e
le
ctr
i
cal
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
sys
t
em
s
suc
h
as
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
aria
ti
o
n
,
flic
ker
s
,
har
m
oni
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
ti
on
a
nd
d
ispl
ac
e
m
e
n
t
po
we
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
[
11
,
18
,
4
1
]
.
Th
e
mai
n
cha
rac
t
e
r
istic
s of
t
h
e
se
phe
n
o
me
na tha
t
w
e
r
e
eva
l
ua
t
e
d in t
h
e
s
t
u
dy
are
desc
ribe
d be
low
.
2.1.
Vo
l
t
ag
e
va
r
i
a
t
i
o
ns
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
(
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
)
o
f
t
h
e
st
ead
y
-
st
at
e
vo
lt
ag
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
a
t
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
6
0
H
z
)
[
4
1
]
.
A
l
ow
vol
tage
c
ircu
i
t
h
a
s
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
ar
i
a
t
i
o
n
pro
b
lem
s
i
f
th
e
e
ffe
ct
ive
va
l
u
e
is
o
u
t
s
i
de
t
he
r
ange
o
f
±
10
%
i
n
re
la
t
i
o
n
t
o
the
nom
i
n
al
v
al
ue
f
or
a
t
im
e
grea
ter
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
m
inute
[4
1].
2.2.
Flick
e
rs
Th
is
p
hen
o
m
e
no
n
is
d
e
f
in
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
perc
ept
i
on
of
f
lic
ke
r
in
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
l
i
g
h
t
s,
c
ause
d
b
y
c
ha
nges
in
the
e
ffe
c
t
i
v
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
t
he
v
ol
t
a
ge.
The
pa
ra
me
ters
u
se
d
for
the
e
va
l
u
a
tio
n
o
f
f
l
i
c
k
e
r
a
re
t
he
s
h
o
rt-ter
m
perc
ep
ti
o
n
(
P
s
t
)
,
obt
a
i
ne
d
by
p
eri
o
d
i
c
m
e
a
s
urem
ents
e
very
t
e
n
m
i
n
ut
e
s
a
n
d
t
he
l
o
n
g
-t
er
m
perc
epti
o
n
(P
lt
)
,
ob
ta
ine
d
b
y
pe
rio
d
ic m
ea
surem
e
nts of tw
o
h
ours
[4
1,
42]. The
P
l
t is o
bt
ai
ned from
P
s
t,
a
c
c
ord
i
n
g
t
o
(1) [42].
Plt
∑
Ps
t
(1
)
U
nde
r
ste
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
t
e
o
pera
t
i
ng
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
,
P
s
t
a
n
d
P
lt
mu
st
c
om
pl
y
w
ith
t
he
l
im
its
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Ta
b
l
e
1
for
a
volta
ge
b
elow
6
9 kV
[
4
2
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
f
e
c
t
s of
power el
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s de
vi
ce
s on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
a
n
ad
mini
st
rat
i
ve
buil
d
i
n
g
(J
o
r
ge
I. S
i
l
v
a
)
1
953
Ta
b
l
e
1.
Comp
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
le
v
e
l
s
for
P
s
t a
nd P
lt in
p
ow
er
s
yste
m
s
of vol
ta
ge
b
el
ow
69
kV
C
o
mp
at
ib
il
i
t
y l
e
v
e
ls
Ps
t
Plt
1.
0
0.
8
2.3.
H
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
A
harm
onic
is
a
c
om
pone
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
harm
o
n
ic
d
is
tor
tio
n
in
t
he
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
of
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
c
u
rren
t
pro
duce
d
p
rim
a
rily
by
non-
li
nea
r
d
e
v
ic
es.
H
a
rm
onics
a
re
d
ef
i
n
e
d
a
s
a
si
n
u
s
o
ida
l
c
om
po
ne
nt
o
f
a
fre
que
nc
y
tha
t
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
eg
ra
l
m
u
lti
ple of
t
he
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
ta
l
fr
eq
uenc
y
o
f
t
h
e
ele
c
t
r
i
c
ne
t
w
or
k
[4
3,
44]
.
A
dist
orte
d
w
a
ve
o
f
vo
lta
ge or
cur
r
ent i
s
the
re
s
u
l
t
of the
s
um
of
har
m
on
ics.
The
fu
nda
me
n
t
a
l
p
a
r
am
eter
s
for
the
harm
on
ic
c
har
acter
iz
ati
o
n
a
r
e:
t
o
t
al
h
arm
o
n
i
c
dis
t
ort
i
o
n
o
f
vo
lta
j
e
(
TH
D
v
)
and
c
u
rre
nt
(
TH
D
i
),
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
d
e
m
a
nd
d
i
st
ort
i
o
n
(TDD)
i
n
d
iv
idu
a
l
vo
lt
ag
e
di
st
o
r
t
i
on
(
IDv
)
and
in
di
v
i
d
u
a
l
cur
rent d
is
tor
tion
(ID
i). The
se
pa
r
am
eter
s a
r
e
c
alcul
a
t
e
d wit
h
(2)
,
(3),
Er
r
o
r
!
Ref
ere
nc
e
source
n
ot f
ound.
, (5) a
nd (6) [4
3,
44].
TH
Dv
∑
(
2
)
TH
Di
∑
(
3
)
TD
D
∑
(
4
)
ID
v
(
5
)
ID
i
(
6
)
w
h
er
e h
is
t
he or
d
er
o
f t
h
e
hi
g
h
e
r
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
and
I
L
is the
m
a
ximum
loa
d
c
urr
e
nt or
pea
k
dem
and.
A
c
cordi
n
g
t
o
t
he
I
EE
E
S
t
an
da
rd
S
td
1
15
9
-
20
14
[4
4]
f
or
v
o
l
tage
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
1
kV
a
n
d
t
he
r
a
tio
betw
ee
n
t
h
e
shor
t-circ
u
i
t
c
u
rr
ent
(
I
sc)
and
ma
xi
m
u
m
de
ma
nd
(I
L
)
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
1
0
0
a
n
d
1000
,
t
h
e
TH
D
v
,
I
D
v,
T
D
D
a
nd
TH
D
i
m
ust
no
t
e
x
cee
d
t
h
e
va
l
u
es
p
resen
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
le
2
.
For
the
e
v
al
ua
ti
on
of
I
D
i
,
the
li
m
i
ts
v
a
l
ues
show
e
d
i
n
Ta
bl
e
3
ar
e
c
o
nsi
d
er
ed
f
or
d
iffer
e
n
t
h
a
r
m
onic
i
n
ter
v
a
l
s
corre
spo
ndi
n
g
to
t
he
rela
tio
ns
hip
be
tw
ee
n Isc
and
IL
i
n
d
ica
t
e
d
[44
]
.
Tab
l
e
2.
L
i
m
its
o
f TH
D
v
, ID
v
a
nd TD
D
[44]
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
T
HD
v
ID
V
T
DD
T
HDi
L
i
m
its
(
%
)
8
%
5%
15%
20%
Tab
l
e
3.
C
urr
e
nt d
is
tor
t
i
o
n l
i
m
its for sys
te
m
s
f
rom
12
0
V
to 69
k
V
[44]
I
ndi
vi
dua
l
orde
r
of
h
a
r
m
onic
s
I
s
c
/
Il
3
≤
h
<
11
11≤h<
17
17≤h<
23
100<
1000
12.
0
5.
5
5.
0
2.4.
Displace
men
t
p
ower
fac
tor
The
p
o
we
r
factor
i
s
a
par
a
me
ter
th
a
t
r
e
l
ates
t
he
a
c
t
i
v
e
power
(
P
)
a
nd
t
h
e
ap
pa
ren
t
pow
e
r
(
S).
The
c
o
mp
one
nt
o
f
t
h
e
di
sp
lace
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
power
f
ac
tor
(DPF)
i
s
th
e
rel
a
ti
on
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
cated
pow
er
s
of
t
he
f
unda
me
n
t
a
l
c
om
po
ne
nt
w
a
v
e
.
t
he
(
7)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
c
or
resp
on
di
ng
e
qu
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
sed
on
t
h
e
power
trian
g
l
e
[1
0].
DPF
c
o
s
Ө
(
7
)
Th
e
p
a
ramet
e
r S fo
r t
h
e f
u
nd
ame
n
t
a
l
co
mp
on
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
vol
ta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
rrent
wa
v
e i
s
d
e
t
ermi
n
e
d
a
s
:
S
P
Q
(
8
)
F
o
r
system
s
wit
h
d
ist
o
rte
d
w
aves
w
here
h
a
r
monics
a
re
a
d
d
ed
t
o
t
he
f
u
n
d
am
enta
l
wave
,
the
pow
er
tria
ng
le is m
o
d
i
fie
d
a
nd t
h
e
appar
e
nt p
ow
e
r
is c
a
lc
ula
t
e
d
a
c
c
or
d
i
n
g
t
o (
9
) [43].
S
P
Q
D
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
5
1
– 1
960
1
954
U
nde
r
t
h
ese
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
s,
t
he
pow
e
r
f
ac
tor
is
d
ef
ine
d
a
s
a
True
P
ow
er
F
actor
(
TP
F).
Its
de
fi
n
i
t
i
on
repr
esente
d
i
n
(
10)
i
s
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
b
y
r
eplac
i
ng (9)
in
(
7)
t
ha
t
a
l
l
o
w
s
a
na
l
y
zi
n
g
t
he
i
nf
lue
n
ce
o
f
har
m
on
ics on
the
pow
er
fa
c
t
o
r.
TP
F
(
10)
2.5.
St
e
p
s
o
f
m
eth
o
d
I
n
the
p
resen
t
stu
d
y
,
the fo
llo
w
i
n
g
ste
ps w
e
r
e
estab
lis
he
d t
o
s
t
u
d
y
t
he
qua
lit
y
of e
nerg
y
:
a.
M
e
as
ure
m
e
n
t
in
t
he m
ain
bo
a
r
d w
i
th
a
pow
e
r
a
nalyze
r of t
h
e
e
lec
tric
a
l
par
am
eters
of vo
l
t
a
ge
, P
lt
,
harm
on
i
c
s a
n
d
di
sp
lac
e
m
e
n
t
a
nd tr
ue
pow
er
f
a
c
tor.
b.
Eva
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e gr
a
ph o
b
t
ai
ne
d
in
t
he m
ea
surem
e
nt
s.
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
i
f
t
h
e
ma
x
i
mu
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
v
a
lu
e
s
are
w
ithin
±
10%
of
the n
o
m
i
na
l v
o
lta
ge
o
f t
h
e
trans
f
orm
e
r.
c.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
o
f t
h
e
P
lt gra
ph o
b
ta
i
n
ed
i
n
the
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ents. E
v
a
lua
t
e i
f
t
he m
ea
sured
va
lue
s
a
re
b
elow
0.
8
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
9
5
%
pe
r
ce
ntile.
d.
A
n
al
ys
i
s
o
f ha
r
m
onic
d
i
st
ort
i
o
n
c
onsi
d
er
ing
the
fol
l
ow
in
g p
a
r
a
m
eters:
Eva
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
TH
D
v
g
raph
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n t
h
e
m
easure
m
ent
s
a
nd
v
e
r
i
f
y t
h
a
t
t
he
va
l
ue
s
ar
e be
l
o
w
8%.
Eva
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
TH
D
i
g
raph
a
nd ve
rify t
ha
t
t
h
e
val
u
e
s
a
re
be
l
ow
2
0
%
.
Eva
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
in
d
i
v
i
du
a
l
h
arm
onics a
n
d
TD
D
and c
o
mpa
r
e
the
va
l
u
e
s
w
ith t
he lim
i
t
s
of 15%
p
r
es
ent
e
d
in
Tab
l
e
3
.
e.
Eva
l
ua
t
i
o
n
o
f t
h
e
D
P
F
a
nd TP
F
me
asured
a
nd
com
p
are
the
val
u
es i
n
re
l
a
tio
n
to
0
.9
wh
i
ch
i
s th
e l
i
m
it
esta
bl
i
s
he
d
b
y
the
e
ne
r
gy su
p
p
ly
c
om
pa
n
i
es.
It is a
l
so
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
t
he
i
nc
i
d
enc
e
o
f t
h
e
h
a
rm
oni
c
s
o
n the
power
f
ac
tor
.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
The
st
u
dy
of
e
ne
rg
y
qu
a
l
ity
w
as
c
a
r
ried
o
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
off
i
c
e
s
of
a
c
om
pan
y
t
ha
t
occ
u
py
tw
o
fl
o
o
rs
o
f
a
ten-s
t
or
y
b
u
s
i
ne
ss
c
om
p
l
e
x
i
n
Bar
r
anq
u
i
ll
a
c
i
t
y
,
C
o
lom
b
ia.
The
c
o
mpa
ny
of
fice
s
h
a
ve
2
0
w
o
rk
sta
t
io
ns
w
ith
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
,
2
0
p
a
n
e
l
l
u
m
i
n
a
i
r
e
s
w
i
t
h
5
0
W
L
E
D
l
a
m
p
s
a
n
d
a
5
-
t
o
n
c
en
tral
a
ir
c
ondi
t
i
o
n
e
r
.
The
suppl
y
circ
u
i
t
of
t
he
se
o
f
f
ice
s
i
s
in
flue
nce
d
by
t
h
e
ne
tw
or
k
of
t
he
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
t
ha
t
prese
n
t
s
s
e
v
era
l
n
on-
l
i
near
l
oa
ds
s
u
c
h
as
fre
que
nc
y
var
i
a
t
ors
an
d
LED
l
a
m
ps,
be
l
ong
in
g
t
o
t
he
c
omm
on
are
a
o
f
t
h
e
com
p
le
x
an
d
to
t
he
e
sc
a
l
a
t
o
r
s
and
eleva
t
or
s.
T
hes
e
l
oads
c
au
se
d
is
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
th
e
w
a
vef
o
rm
a
nd
di
st
u
r
b
a
n
c
es
i
n
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
sy
st
em,
wh
i
c
h
can
be
t
he
cause
o
f
t
h
e
da
ma
ge
t
o
t
h
e
l
u
m
i
na
ir
es
o
f
the
offic
e
s
and
t
he
s
ho
ts
t
o
t
h
e
pr
ote
c
tio
ns
o
f
the
U
P
S
that
occ
u
rs sys
t
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
l
y
.
Th
e
mea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
w
ere
ma
de
w
i
t
h
a
p
o
w
er
a
n
a
ly
z
e
r
M
e
t
r
el
m
od
el
M
I2
892
.
Th
e
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
s
we
re
c
ar
ri
e
d
o
u
t
f
o
r
s
ev
en
d
ay
s
wit
h
d
at
a
rec
o
rdi
n
g
p
e
ri
od
ev
e
r
y
ten
m
i
nute
s
.
The
i
n
s
t
rume
nt
w
as
p
l
a
ce
d
i
n
the
m
a
in
s
w
i
t
c
h
of
t
he
d
is
tri
but
i
o
n
b
o
ard.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
t
he
o
ne
-
l
i
ne
d
i
a
gram
w
ith
t
h
e
c
o
nne
c
t
i
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
of
t
he
pow
er
ana
lyz
e
r
is
s
how
n.
N
ext,
t
he
e
va
lua
t
i
o
n
resul
t
s of
t
he
m
e
asur
ed pa
r
a
m
ete
r
s ar
e
analyze
d
.
F
i
gure
1.
O
ne-
l
ine
d
i
a
g
ram
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
f
e
c
t
s of
power el
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s de
vi
ce
s on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
a
n
ad
mini
st
rat
i
ve
buil
d
i
n
g
(J
o
r
ge
I. S
i
l
v
a
)
1
955
3.1.
A
n
al
ys
is of
vo
l
t
a
g
e var
iat
i
o
n
I
n
F
ig
ur
e
2
t
h
e
vo
lta
ges
m
easure
d
i
n
t
h
e
thr
ee
li
nes
(U
12,
U
23
an
d
U
31)
a
re
s
how
n.
T
he
a
ver
a
ge
o
f
the
vol
ta
ge
s
w
a
s
of
2
1
8
.63
V
,
w
hile
t
he
m
axim
um
a
n
d
m
i
n
im
um
v
a
l
ues
w
e
r
e
o
f
2
29.4
9
V
a
nd
2
10.
81
V
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
Cons
i
d
eri
n
g
tha
t
t
he
nomi
n
a
l
vol
ta
ge
i
n
the
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
na
l
y
ze
d
is
2
1
4
V
,
it
c
a
n
b
e
c
onc
l
u
d
e
d
tha
t
the
a
v
era
g
e
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
s 2.16
%
grea
ter
tha
n
t
h
e
nom
ina
l
vo
l
ta
ge,
the
ma
xim
u
m
vol
tage
i
s
7.
24%
h
i
gher
a
n
d
t
h
e
minim
u
m
i
s
1
.49
%
l
ow
e
r
,
there
f
ore
,
t
he
y ar
e w
i
th
in t
he
e
sta
b
l
i
s
he
d limi
t
o
f
±
10%.
F
i
gur
e 2.
Mea
s
u
red
vol
ta
ge
3.2.
A
n
al
ys
is of
fli
c
k
e
r
I
n
F
ig
ure
3
(a
)
t
h
e
P
l
t
o
f
t
he
t
hree
line
s
i
s
show
n.
A
s
can
b
e
s
een
,
mo
st
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
re
b
e
l
o
w
0
.8
w
h
ic
h
is
t
he
l
i
m
i
t
e
s
t
ab
l
i
s
h
ed
i
n
Ta
ble
1,
w
hi
le
s
ome
va
l
u
es
d
o
e
x
c
e
e
d
t
h
i
s
v
a
l
u
e
.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
i
t
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
be
o
bserve
d,
b
y
m
e
a
n
s
o
f
a
p
e
r
ce
ntile
g
rap
h
tha
t
t
he
v
a
l
ue
s
be
l
ow
t
he
l
i
m
i
t
c
ompri
s
e
8
6
.7%
o
f
t
he
d
ata
.
T
his
resul
t
i
mp
l
i
es
a
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
qua
lit
y
due
t
o
t
h
e
pre
s
ence
of
f
li
ck
e
r
,
si
n
c
e
i
t
i
s
exp
e
ct
ed
t
ha
t
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
s
must be less
than 1 in
95%
o
f
th
e
d
a
ta
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
.
F
i
gur
e 3.
Mea
s
u
rem
e
nt of P
lt,
(
a) gra
phic of
P
lt,
(
b)
p
erc
e
nt
il
e
gra
ph for
P
lt m
e
a
s
urem
ent
s
3.3.
A
n
al
ys
is of
THD
v
a
n
d
ID
v
I
n
F
igure
4
(a)
the
T
H
D
v
m
easur
em
ents
a
r
e
s
how
n,
w
hi
le
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4
(b)
t
h
e
be
hav
i
or
o
f
t
h
e
in
div
i
dua
l
v
o
l
t
a
ge
h
a
r
mo
nics
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
ser
v
e
d
.
In
t
he
se
g
ra
phs,
v
o
lta
ge
h
a
r
m
onic
prob
le
m
s
a
re
not
e
vide
nce
d
sinc
e
t
h
e
me
asured
v
a
l
ues
ar
e
l
o
we
r
than
8
%
a
nd
5%
r
e
s
pect
ive
l
y
,
lim
its
e
sta
b
li
sh
ed
b
y
t
h
e
sta
ndar
d
s
and
s
how
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
F
o
r
the
TH
D
v
,
the
ma
ximum
val
u
e
w
a
s
5.
69%
w
h
i
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
ind
i
vi
du
al
h
armo
ni
cs
i
t
w
a
s
1.75%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
5
1
– 1
960
1
956
F
i
gur
e 4.
Mea
s
u
rem
e
nt of TH
D
v
,
(a
)
graph
i
c
of TH
D
v
,
(
b
) ba
r gr
a
p
h
s
of
in
div
i
du
a
l
volt
a
g
e
h
a
r
mo
ni
c
s
3.4.
A
n
al
ys
is of
THD
i
F
i
gure
5
(a)
r
e
pre
s
e
n
t
s
t
he
m
e
a
sure
d
TH
D
i
v
al
ue
s.
I
n
this
case,
m
ost
of
t
he
d
a
t
a
are
a
b
o
v
e
20%,
the
li
m
i
t
va
lue
est
a
bl
i
s
he
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
ta
nda
r
d
s
a
n
d
prese
n
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
F
igure
5
(
b
)
i
t
i
s
o
b
serve
d
i
n
t
h
e
perc
en
ti
l
e
g
ra
p
h
,
t
h
a
t
76.3
%
o
f
the
da
t
a
e
x
cee
d
t
h
e
lim
it
,
ther
efor
e,
a
p
rob
l
em
o
f
har
m
onic
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
u
rren
t
ca
use
d
by n
o
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
l
o
a
d
s
is
e
vi
de
nt.
F
i
gure
5.
Mea
sur
e
m
e
nt of TH
D
i
,
(a
) gra
p
h
i
c
of TH
D
i
,
(b)
perc
ent
i
l
e g
r
a
p
h f
o
r THDi
mea
su
re
me
n
t
s
3.5.
A
n
al
ys
is of
TD
D
and
ID
i
The
m
e
a
s
ured
T
D
D
val
u
es
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
6
(a).
A
cc
ordin
g
t
o
t
he
I
EEE
S
t
d
519-
2014
[
44]
t
h
ese
v
a
l
u
es
m
u
s
t
be
l
ess
t
h
an
1
5
%
,
b
ecau
s
e
t
h
e
I
sc
/
I
L
r
ati
o
i
s
be
tw
ee
n
1
0
0
<
10
0
0
.
In
F
i
gur
e
6
(
b
)
the
perc
en
ti
l
e
g
rap
h
i
s
re
prese
n
te
d.
A
s
n
o
t
ed,
1
8
%
of
t
he
s
am
pl
e
s
d
uri
ng
t
h
e
m
e
asurem
ent
per
i
od
a
re
a
b
o
v
e
the
perc
en
tage
r
e
c
om
me
nded
by
t
he
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d.
T
h
i
s
be
ha
vio
r
r
e
p
resent
s
a
pr
o
b
le
m
o
f
e
ner
gy
qua
l
ity
due
t
o
harm
on
ics
o
f
c
urre
nt
s
ince
th
e
st
a
n
dard
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
she
s
t
ha
t
the
va
l
u
e
s
m
ust
b
e
l
ow
er
t
ha
n
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
9
5%
o
f
t
h
e
regis
t
ered sam
ples.
The
va
lue
s
o
f
indi
v
i
d
u
a
l
h
a
r
monics
b
y
a
bar
graph
are
prese
n
te
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re
7
.
C
o
mpari
n
g
t
h
ese
val
u
es
w
it
h
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
s
o
f
Ta
b
l
e
3,
i
s
s
how
ed
t
ha
t
harm
on
i
c
s
o
f
5
t
h
a
n
d
7t
h
orde
r
w
i
t
h
I
D
i
v
al
ues
o
f
12.9
9
%
and
3
1
.6
2%
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y,
a
re
a
bo
ve
t
he
l
im
i
t
o
f
12
%
in
d
i
ca
t
e
d
f
or
t
he
h
a
r
monic
s
b
etw
e
e
n
3
r
d
a
n
d
1
0
t
h
l
e
ve
l.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
f
o
r
d
e
r
1
1
w
i
t
h
a
n
I
D
i
o
f
7
%
i
s
a
b
o
v
e
the
li
mi
t
of
5
.5%
est
a
bl
i
s
h
e
d
fo
r
th
e
harm
on
ics be
tw
een
1
1
t
h
an
d 17
t
h
le
v
e
l
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
f
e
c
t
s of
power el
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s de
vi
ce
s on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
a
n
ad
mini
st
rat
i
ve
buil
d
i
n
g
(J
o
r
ge
I. S
i
l
v
a
)
1
957
F
i
gur
e 6.
Mea
s
u
rem
e
nt of TD
D
, (a)
g
r
a
phic
of TD
D
, (
b
) perce
n
t
i
l
e
gra
ph
for
TD
D m
e
a
s
urem
ents
F
i
gure
7.
I
D
i
b
a
r
g
raph
3.6.
A
n
a
lys
i
s
of p
ower
fac
tor
The
D
P
F
and
TP
F
a
r
e
sho
w
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
8
(a)
and
(b)
r
e
spec
tiv
el
y.
A
s
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n,
t
he
t
w
o
para
me
ters
a
re
a
b
ove
0
.9
i
n
m
o
st
o
f
the
r
e
cor
d
s
t
hus
f
u
l
fil
l
i
n
g
t
he
r
eq
u
i
rem
e
nts
o
f
t
he
e
n
e
rg
y
d
i
str
i
b
u
t
i
on
com
p
an
y.
T
he
r
e
s
ults
a
ls
o
sh
ow
t
ha
t
t
h
e
TP
F
valu
es
o
f
F
i
g
u
re
8
(
b
)
a
r
e
s
m
a
l
l
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
D
P
F
o
f
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
,
e
v
en
w
it
h
a
re
co
rd
o
f
0
.
853
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
a
rmo
n
i
c
s
.
T
h
e
z
ero
v
a
lue
s
a
r
e
d
ue
t
o
inte
rrup
t
ions
i
n
th
e
pow
er
sup
p
l
y.
F
i
gur
e 8.
Mea
s
u
rem
e
nt of p
o
w
er
fa
c
tor,
(a
)
gr
a
p
h
ic
o
f D
P
F
,
(b)
gra
phi
c
of
T
P
F
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
9
5
1
– 1
960
1
958
3.7.
C
au
ses
an
d
e
f
fec
t
s of th
e
d
istu
rb
an
c
e
s
i
d
en
tified
The
resu
lts
o
bt
aine
d
s
how
t
ha
t
t
h
e
va
r
i
ab
le
s
peed
d
ri
ves
o
f
t
he
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
mo
t
o
rs
o
f
th
e
el
ev
ato
r
a
nd
t
h
e
e
s
c
a
l
a
t
o
rs
s
y
s
t
e
ms
p
rovok
e
t
h
e
i
n
d
i
vidu
a
l
h
a
r
mon
i
cs
o
f
t
h
e
5
t
h
a
n
d
7
t
h
order,
w
hi
c
h
a
re
t
he
m
ost
gene
ra
ted
b
y
t
hree
-phase
r
e
c
t
i
f
iers
[
11,
4
5]
.
In
a
ddi
ti
o
n
,
i
t
w
as
p
o
s
sibl
e
t
o
d
emon
st
ra
te
t
h
e
p
ro
du
c
t
io
n
of
harm
on
ics by
the
LED
l
am
ps.
The
s
e
i
d
e
n
ti
fie
d
p
ro
b
l
em
s
co
ul
d
pa
r
t
ia
lly
e
xpla
i
n
t
h
e
pro
b
lem
s
tha
t
a
re
s
yste
ma
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
p
r
esen
ted
in
the
e
l
ec
tro
n
i
c
boar
d
s
of
t
he
l
i
ght
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
due
t
o
the
ind
i
v
i
d
ua
l
ha
r
m
o
n
ic
s
o
f
z
e
r
o
se
que
nce,
a
nd
t
he
pro
b
lem
s
p
rese
nte
d
by
fl
ic
ke
rs
i
n
the
l
u
m
i
na
i
r
es.
F
i
nal
l
y,
t
he
p
o
wer
fact
o
r
i
s
affec
t
e
d
b
y
the
pr
esenc
e
o
f
t
h
e
harm
on
ics,
d
e
c
r
easin
g
t
h
e
r
eal
v
a
l
ue
.
This
p
r
oduc
es
f
al
se
r
e
a
di
ngs
i
n
the
c
o
n
t
ro
l
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
fo
r
re
acti
v
e
com
p
en
sat
i
on,
a
nd
t
h
er
efor
e
detra
c
t
s
in
jec
ting
t
h
e
r
eac
tive
pow
e
r
n
ee
ded
for
com
p
e
n
sa
t
i
ng
the
p
o
w
e
r
fa
ct
or
of
t
he
sys
t
e
m.
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
The
pre
s
e
n
t
stud
y
de
mo
ns
tra
t
e
s
t
he
n
ee
d
t
o
f
oc
us
t
he
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
t
h
e
eff
e
c
t
s
of
p
oo
r
qu
a
l
ity
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
si
den
t
ia
l
s
e
ctor
but
a
l
s
o
i
n
t
he
t
e
r
tia
ry
s
ector
a
s
in adm
i
n
i
s
tra
t
i
v
e
bu
ild
i
n
g
s
.
The
re
sul
t
s
of
t
he
c
a
s
e
s
t
ud
y
prese
n
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
a
d
min
i
s
t
rat
i
v
e
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
he
a
ffe
c
t
ati
on
of
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
q
ua
li
t
y
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
inv
e
rters
of
e
le
vat
o
r
an
d
e
s
c
a
l
at
ors
mot
o
rs,
as
w
ell
as
L
ED
l
am
ps.
Th
is
w
a
s
r
efle
c
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e
par
a
me
ters
o
f
t
h
e
THDi,
IDi,
T
DD
a
nd
fl
i
c
ker,
w
i
t
h
va
l
u
es
t
ha
t
e
x
ce
e
d
e
d
t
he
l
im
i
t
s
esta
bl
ishe
d b
y
the
s
tan
d
ards.
I
t
w
as
p
oss
i
b
l
e
t
o
v
e
r
ify
how
t
he
i
de
n
t
i
f
ie
d
p
h
e
nom
e
n
a
c
oul
d
be
t
he
c
a
u
ses
of
p
r
o
ble
m
s
prese
n
t
in
t
he
i
nsta
l
l
at
i
on
o
f
t
he
b
u
ild
i
n
g
in
t
he
l
i
g
h
t
i
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
in
t
he
U
P
S
a
nd
i
n
t
he
i
na
de
qua
t
e
corr
ecti
on
of
t
he
p
ow
e
r
f
act
o
r
.
D
u
e
to
t
h
i
s,
t
he
i
n
s
ta
l
l
at
io
n
o
f
pa
ssi
ve
f
i
l
t
e
rs
i
s
re
com
m
e
nde
d
t
o
r
ed
uc
e
the
ide
n
tif
i
e
d har
m
on
ics.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
L.
H
e
n
s
, et
a
l
.
,
“
O
n
t
h
e
evo
l
u
t
i
on
o
f
“
Cl
eaner
P
rod
u
cti
o
n
”
a
s
a
concep
t
and
a
prac
tic
e
,
”
J
ourn
a
l o
f
c
l
e
a
ne
r
prod
uc
tion
,
vol.
17
2,
p
p.
3
3
23-333
3,
201
8.
[2]
IE
A,
“
Key
wor
l
d
energy st
a
ti
s
tics,
”
In
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l ener
gy a
g
en
cy
,
P
aris
,
20
18
.
[3]
IE
A,
“
CO₂
Em
iss
i
on
s
fro
m
F
u
e
l
Com
b
u
stio
n
2018,
”
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l ener
gy a
g
ency
,
Pa
ris, 2
01
8.
[4]
J
.
W
.
Grim
aldo,
et a
l
.,
“
F
o
recast
elect
ricity
d
em
an
d
m
o
d
e
l
us
i
n
g
p
r
edi
c
ted
val
u
es
o
f
s
ectori
a
l
g
r
oss
do
mestic
p
r
od
uct
:
C
ase
o
f
C
o
l
ombia,
”
Es
paci
os
,
v
o
l.
38,
pp.
3
-14
,
2
01
7.
[5]
S
.
R
ön
nb
erg
an
d
M
.
B
o
l
l
e
n,
“
Po
wer
qu
a
l
it
y
issu
e
s
i
n
th
e
elect
ri
c
pow
e
r
syst
em
o
f
the
f
u
ture,
”
T
h
e electr
i
city
jo
urna
l,
vo
l.
29,
p
p.
4
9–
61
,
20
16
.
[6]
R.
A
boels
a
ud
, e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
eview
o
f
t
h
r
ee-ph
a
s
e
in
v
e
rters
c
o
nt
rol
f
o
r
un
balan
ced
l
o
a
d
com
p
ens
a
t
i
o
n
,”
Internat
iona
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
po
wer
el
ectro
n
i
cs a
nd
dr
ive s
y
st
em
(
I
J
P
EDS)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p.
2
4
2
-25
5
,
2019
.
[7]
S
.
A.
Zegn
ou
n
, et
al
.
,
“Power
q
uality enhan
cement by
u
sing
D
-
F
A
C
TS
s
y
s
tems
a
pplied
t
o distrib
u
ted
gen
e
rat
i
on
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal journ
a
l of po
wer elect
r
oni
cs a
nd drive
syst
em
(
I
JP
EDS
)
,
vo
l
.
10
,
pp
. 3
30
-3
41
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8]
A.
R
a
s
h
, e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
armo
n
i
cs-w
h
a
t
are
they
,
h
o
w
to
m
eas
ure
t
h
e
m
a
n
d
h
ow
t
o
so
lv
e
the
p
r
ob
le
m
(i
n
co
nnect
ion
w
i
t
h
s
tan
d
ards
I
EEE
1
1
5
9
-1
995
and
IEE
E
5
19-199
2),
”
i
n
Proceedi
n
g
s
o
f
1
9
th
con
vent
i
o
n
o
f
el
ectri
cal
an
d
el
ectr
o
n
i
cs
engineer
s i
n
Is
ra
el
,
1
9
9
6
,
pp
.
83
-86
.
[9]
J
.
M
a
z
u
m
d
a
r
a
n
d
R
.
G
.
H
a
r
l
e
y
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
i
n
a
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
i
n
20
07
IE
EE
Po
wer e
l
ectro
ni
cs
s
p
eci
a
l
ist
s
conf
eren
ce
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p.
2
75
8-276
4.
[10]
IE
EE
,
IEEE
S
td
5
1
9
-1
992
:
Recom
m
e
nd
e
d
p
ractices
a
nd
r
eq
uirem
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
h
a
r
mo
nic
c
ontr
o
l
in
p
owe
r
sy
ste
m
s
, 1
99
3
.
[11]
V.
S
ou
sa
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
H
arm
onic
d
i
storti
on
eval
uati
on
g
e
n
erated
b
y
p
w
m
m
o
tor
dri
v
es
i
n
el
e
c
t
r
ical
i
n
dust
r
ial
sy
s
t
em
s
,
”
Internat
ional journal of elect
r
i
cal
an
d co
mputer
e
n
g
i
n
eerin
g (
I
JECE)
,
vol.
7
,
p
p
.
320
7-3
2
1
6
,
2
017.
[12]
S
.
R.
M
ov
ahed
,
et
al
.,
“
Es
tima
t
i
o
n
of
i
nsula
t
ion
li
f
e
o
f
i
n
verter-
f
e
d
induct
ion
mo
tors
,
”
i
n
20
1
0
1st Powe
r
el
ectr
o
n
i
c
&
drive sys
t
ems
&
t
e
c
h
no
lo
gi
e
s
co
nference (
P
ED
ST
C)
,
20
10
, pp
.
3
35
-
3
3
9
.
[13]
H
.
O
raee,
“
A
qu
antat
i
v
e
a
p
p
roach
t
o
est
i
m
a
te
t
he
life
exp
ectan
c
y
of
m
otor
i
ns
u
l
ati
on
sy
st
em
s,
”
IE
E
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns on
d
i
elect
r
i
cs a
nd elect
r
i
ca
l ins
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
vo
l.
7,
pp
.
79
0-7
9
6
, 20
0
0
.
[14]
A
.
I
nan
an
d
F.
A
ttar,
“
Th
e
l
i
f
e
e
xp
ectan
cy
a
n
a
ly
s
i
s
f
o
r
an
e
l
e
c
tric
m
o
t
o
r
d
ue
t
o
ha
rm
on
ic
s
,
”
in
Pr
oceedi
n
g
s
el
ectr
o
t
e
ch
ni
cal
con
f
er
e
n
ce, M
E
L
E
CO
N 98
,
v
o
l.
2,
199
8,
p
p
.
9
9
7
-9
99
.
[15]
G
.
K
.
Si
ng
h,
"
A
resear
ch
s
urv
e
y
of
i
ndu
c
t
i
o
n
mo
to
r
operat
i
o
n
w
i
th
n
on
-si
nusoi
d
a
l
sup
p
l
y
w
av
e
form
s,
"
El
ectric
power
sys
t
ems
resear
ch
,
v
o
l
. 75
, p
p. 20
0
-
21
3
, 20
0
5.
[16]
Y
.
W
ang,
et a
l
,
“
C
alcul
a
ti
on
o
f
h
i
g
h
f
req
u
ency
b
eari
n
g
curr
ent
s
o
f
PWM
i
n
v
e
rt
er-f
ed
V
F
i
ndu
cti
o
n
m
o
to
r,”
i
n
P
r
oceedings
20
14 Intern
a
t
ional
power
elect
ron
i
cs
and app
licati
o
n conf
erence
and ex
pos
ition
,
Shang
h
ai
,
2
014
.
pp
.
1
4
2
8
-
14
33
.
[17]
Y
.
W
ang,
et a
l
,
“
R
esearch
o
n
d
i
s
c
harg
ing
b
earin
g
cu
rrent
s
o
f
P
W
M
i
nvert
er-f
ed
v
ariab
l
e
f
r
eq
uen
c
y
ind
u
ct
io
n
motor
,
”
in
P
r
oceed
in
gs
electr
i
ca
l m
a
ch
ines a
nd
sys
t
ems
(
I
CEM
S
)
,
20
14
,
p
p
. 2
94
5-
2
9
4
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
f
e
c
t
s of
power el
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s de
vi
ce
s on
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
a
n
ad
mini
st
rat
i
ve
buil
d
i
n
g
(J
o
r
ge
I. S
i
l
v
a
)
1
959
[18]
V
.
S
o
u
s
a
,
e
t
a
l,
“
Est
i
m
a
ti
ng
i
n
d
ucti
on
m
otor
e
f
f
ici
e
n
c
y
un
der
n
o-cont
rol
l
ed
c
onditions
i
n
th
e
presences
of
un
ba
la
nc
e
d
a
nd
h
a
rmo
n
ic
s
vo
lt
a
g
e
s
,”
i
n
20
15
CH
IL
EAN
Confer
ence o
n
elect
rica
l,
elect
ro
n
i
cs
engi
neer
ing
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
and
co
mmu
ni
cati
on
te
ch
no
lo
gies
(
C
HIL
E
CON)
, 20
1
5
,
p
p
.
5
67
-5
72
.
[19]
P
.
D
on
o
l
o,
et al
.
,
“V
o
ltag
e
u
nb
alan
c
e
a
n
d
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
st
ortio
n
ef
f
ects
o
n
i
nduct
i
o
n
moto
r
po
w
e
r,
t
o
r
qu
e
an
d
vibra
t
io
n
s
,”
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r sy
ste
m
s
re
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol.
14
0,
p
p.
8
6
6
-8
7
3
,
20
16.
[20]
M
.
D
i
g
a
l
o
v
s
k
i
,
e
t
al,
“
I
mp
act
o
f
cu
rre
n
t
h
ig
h
order
h
a
rm
on
ic
t
o
c
o
r
e
lo
ss
es
o
f
th
ree-ph
ase
d
i
s
t
rib
u
tio
n
t
r
ansf
orm
e
r,” i
n
Proc
e
e
ding
s.
EUROC
O
N
,
2
0
1
3
,
pp
.
15
31
-15
35.
[21]
D.
M
.
Said
,
et a
l
, “An
a
ly
s
i
s
of
d
ist
r
ib
ution
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r lo
s
s
es an
d
lif
e expect
a
n
c
y u
s
in
g
me
a
s
ure
d
h
a
r
mo
nic
da
ta
,”
in
Proceedi
ngs
14th International
confer
ence on har
m
onics and
quality of
power - I
C
HQ
P
2010
,
2010,
p
p
.
1
-6.
[22]
M.
T
.
Bi
sh
op
,
et a
l
.,
“Ev
a
lu
a
tin
g
harm
o
n
ic-i
nd
uced
t
ran
s
f
o
rmer
h
eat
ing
,
”
IEEE
T
r
an
sact
io
n
s
o
n
Po
wer
D
e
li
very
,
vo
l.
11
,
p
p
. 3
05
-
3
1
1
,
1
99
6.
[23]
W
.
C
hen
an
d
Z.
C
hen
g
,
“
A
n
ex
peri
m
e
ntal
s
tu
dy
of
t
he
d
amag
ing
ef
f
ects
of
h
arm
oni
cs
i
n
pow
er
n
etw
o
rk
s
on
t
he
cap
a
c
it
or
d
ielectrics
,”
i
n
Pr
ocee
di
ng
s s
econ
d
i
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
conferen
ce
on
pr
op
er
ti
es a
n
d
ap
plicat
io
ns
,
v
o
l
.
2,
19
88
.
p
p
. 6
45
-6
4
8
.
[24]
C.
B
oon
sen
g
,
et
al
,
“
F
ail
u
re
a
n
a
lys
i
s
of
d
ie
l
ectric
o
f
l
o
w
v
olt
a
ge
p
ow
er
cap
ac
it
o
rs
due
t
o
rel
a
ted
harm
on
ic
res
o
n
a
nce ef
f
ects
,
” i
n
P
r
o
c
eed
in
gs
po
wer en
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
so
c
i
ety
win
t
er
meeti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
3,
200
1
,
pp.
1
0
0
3
-
10
08
.
[25]
A
.
S
.
Gu
ti
érrez,
et al
.,
“
El
ectri
city
m
anag
e
m
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
rod
u
ctio
n
of
l
e
a
d
-
acid
b
a
tt
e
ries
:
Th
e
ind
u
stri
a
l
case
of
a
p
r
od
uct
i
on
p
lant
i
n
Co
lo
m
b
ia,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
c
l
e
a
ne
r prod
u
c
tion
,
vol.
1
98
,
p
p
.
144
3-1
4
5
8
,
2
01
8.
[26]
E
.
C
.
Qu
isp
e
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Un
bal
a
nced vo
l
tag
e
s im
pacts
o
n
t
h
e
e
nerg
y
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce of
i
n
du
c
t
io
n
mo
to
rs,
”
International
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
e
l
ect
rical
and
co
mputer
eng
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
(IJE
C
E)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p.
1
41
2-1
422
,
2
018.
[27]
J.
I
.
S
ilva-Orte
ga,
et
al
.,
“
M
o
n
i
t
ori
n
g
e
l
ectrom
a
g
n
eti
c
f
i
e
lds
an
d
saf
e
o
perat
i
o
n
l
evel
s
in
e
lect
rical
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
sm
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
,”
Chem
i
c
al
en
g
i
n
eerin
g tra
n
s
a
ct
io
ns
,
vol.
67
,
p
p
.
7
15
-720
,
2
018.
[28]
J.
I
.
Si
lv
a
-
Or
te
g
a
,
et al
.,
“D
e
m
an
d
en
ergy
f
orec
as
tin
g
u
s
ing
g
e
n
e
ti
c
al
gorithm
to
g
uaran
t
ee
saf
e
t
y
o
n
electri
cal
t
r
ans
p
ortati
on syst
em,”
Chem
ical en
gi
neeri
n
g
tr
a
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p.
787
-79
2
,
201
8.
[29]
M
.
Liua
and
B.
M
i,
“
L
i
f
e
c
ycle
c
os
t
anal
ysis
o
f
energ
y
-ef
f
i
ci
en
t
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng
s
su
bj
ected
t
o
eart
h
q
u
akes
,”
Ener
gy an
d
bu
ild
i
ng
s
,
vol.
1
5
4,
p
p.
5
8
1–5
89
,
2
0
1
7
.
[30]
M.
B
a
l
b
i
s,
et al
.,
“
En
ergy
a
s
s
es
sm
ent
of
t
he
s
ystem
pum
p
i
n
g
a
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
o
n
t
r
ol
s
chem
e
w
i
t
h
w
a
t
er
c
o
o
l
e
rs
f
or
a
n
ed
ucat
io
nal
build
in
g
usi
ng
dy
nam
i
c
sim
u
latio
n,
”
Es
pa
c
i
o
s
, v
o
l
. 3
8, p
p.
19
-
31
,
20
17
.
[31]
M
.
B
arro
s,
e
t
al.
,
"
E
nerg
y
co
nsu
m
ptio
n
co
m
p
aris
on
b
e
tw
een
a
ir
c
ondition
i
ng
system
m
ini-sp
l
i
t
and
variable
ref
r
i
g
erant
flo
w
in
an ed
u
cati
o
n
a
l b
u
ild
in
g
,
"
Es
pacio
s
,
vol.
3
8
,
pp.
1
9
-
27
,
2
017.
[32]
Z
.
Z
h
e
ng,
et a
l
.
,
“S
t
udy
o
n
energy
c
on
sum
p
ti
on
r
at
io
n
f
o
r
o
ffice
bu
il
di
ng
s,
”
En
erg
y
pro
cedi
a
,
vo
l.
1
42
,
p
p
.
23
17-2
3
2
2
,
20
17.
[33]
J
.
J
ia
a
nd
W
.
L
ee,
“
The
ris
i
ng
e
nergy
ef
ficien
cy
o
f
office
b
u
il
d
i
ng
s
i
n
H
o
n
g
Kong,
”
Ener
gy a
nd b
u
i
l
ding
s
,
v
o
l.
16
6, pp
.
29
6
–
3
0
4
, 2
01
8.
[34]
J
.
J
.
C
.
E
r
a
s
,
et
al
.,
“
To
o
l
s
t
o
i
m
p
ro
ve
f
orecast
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
on
trol
o
f
the
el
ec
t
r
ici
t
y
c
on
su
m
p
ti
on
i
n
h
o
t
e
ls
,
”
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
c
l
e
a
ne
r prod
uc
ti
on
,
vol.
1
3
7
,
p
p.
803
-81
2
,
201
6.
[35]
J.
A
.
Ma
dr
iga
l
,
et
al
.
,
“
Eval
u
a
t
i
on
o
f
ai
r
c
o
ndition
i
ng
i
n
c
ommerci
a
l
buildi
ngs,
int
egrati
n
g
t
herm
ography
t
echn
i
q
u
es,
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
an
d
mo
delin
g
b
y
f
i
n
ite
e
l
e
m
e
nts,
”
In
formació
n
t
ecno
l
ógica
,
v
o
l
.
29
,
p
p
.
179-18
8,
201
8.
[36]
A.
O
sp
in
o
,
et
a
l
.
,
“A
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
e
n
e
rgy
m
a
nag
e
m
e
nt
a
n
d
f
inan
cial
p
lan
n
i
ng
i
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
ntat
ion
of
p
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
Int
e
rnat
ion
a
l jo
u
r
na
l of en
erg
y
econ
o
mi
cs
and po
li
cy
, v
o
l
. 9
, p
p.
1-1
1
, 2
01
9.
[37]
A
.
D
e
Alm
e
i
d
a,
et al
.,
“En
e
rgy-ef
fi
cient
elevat
ors
an
d
esc
a
lat
o
rs
i
n
Euro
pe:
An
a
na
l
y
si
s
of
e
n
e
rg
y
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
p
o
t
e
ntials
a
n
d
pol
icy
meas
ures
,
”
Ene
r
gy
a
n
d
bu
il
ding
s
,
vol.
47
,
p
p
.
1
51
-158
,
2
012.
[38]
X.
X
u
,
et
al
.,
“
A
revi
ew
o
n
t
e
m
p
eratu
r
e
and
hu
m
i
dity
c
on
trol
m
et
hod
s
fo
cus
i
ng
o
n
a
i
r-cond
it
io
ni
ng
equi
p
m
ent
an
d
con
t
ro
l
alg
o
rit
h
m
s
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
s
m
all
-
to
-med
ium
-
s
i
zed
bui
ldin
gs,
”
E
n
e
r
gy an
d bui
ldin
gs
,
v
o
l
.
162,
p
p
.
16
3–1
76
,
2
0
1
8
.
[39]
C.
K
.
Gan,
et a
l
.,
“Tech
no
-ec
o
no
m
i
c
an
a
l
ys
is
o
f
LED
l
i
ghti
n
g
:
A
case
s
t
u
dy
in
U
TeM
'
s
f
a
cu
lt
y
b
u
i
l
din
g
,
”
P
r
o
cedi
a
E
ngineer
in
g
,
v
o
l
. 53
,
p
p. 2
08
-21
6
, 2
01
3.
[40]
A
.
M
oren
o-M
u
n
o
z,
et
al
.,
“
D
i
s
tri
b
u
t
ed
D
C-UPS
f
o
r
energ
y
s
mart
build
in
g
s
,”
Ene
r
g
y
an
d
bu
ild
i
ng
s
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
93
-100
,
2
011.
[41]
IE
EE
,
IEEE
St
d
11
59:
I
EEE Reco
m
m
en
ded
practice
f
o
r
m
onit
o
ring
e
l
ectri
c power q
ual
i
ty
, 2
0
0
9
.
[42]
IE
EE
,
IE
EE
S
td
1
45
3-20
04
:
IEEE
R
ecom
m
e
n
d
ed
p
ract
ice
f
o
r
measu
r
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
l
imit
s
o
f
voltag
e
f
lu
ctu
a
ti
ons
a
n
d
as
so
ciat
e
d
l
ight flick
e
r on
ac po
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
s, 2
00
5
.
[43]
H
.
W
.
B
eat
y
,
et
al
., “
Elect
ri
cal
p
ow
er sy
s
t
e
m
s
q
u
a
l
i
ty
”, Chicago
:
McGr
aw
Hill
,
2
0
04
.
[44]
IE
EE
,
EEE
5
19
-20
1
4
:
R
ec
o
m
m
e
nded
pra
c
ti
ce
an
d
requ
irem
ent
s
f
or
h
arm
o
n
i
c
con
t
ro
l
in
e
l
ectric
po
wer
sy
ste
m
s
.
,
20
14
.
[45]
V.
S
o
u
s
a
,
et al
.,
“
A
s
s
e
ssm
ent
of
t
he
e
nergy
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
e
st
im
a
t
i
on
met
h
o
d
s
o
n
i
nd
uc
tio
n
mo
tor
s
c
o
n
side
ring
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
,”
M
e
asu
r
em
ent
,
vo
l.
1
3
6
,
p.
2
37
–
2
47,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
951
–
1
960
1
960
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Jorge
I.
S
i
l
va
wa
s
born
in
B
arranq
ui
ll
a,
C
olo
m
b
i
a
o
n
O
ct
ub
er
3
0,
1
988
.
Receive
d
the
B.S
deg
r
ee
in
E
l
ectri
cal an
d
e
l
ectro
ni
c En
g
i
n
eerin
g f
r
om
Univ
e
rsi
d
ad del
N
o
r
te, Colo
m
b
i
a
, in
2
0
1
0
. Recei
ved
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
deg
r
ee
in
E
l
ectri
cal
E
ng
in
eeri
n
g
f
r
om
U
n
i
v
e
rsid
ad
d
el
N
o
r
te,
Colom
b
i
a
,
i
n
201
3.
Cu
rre
ntly
i
s
stu
d
e
nt
a
t
e
n
gine
e
r
P
h
.
d.
P
ro
gra
m
a
t
Univ
e
r
sida
d
P
o
n
tif
i
cia
Bo
liari
ana
i
n
M
ed
ell
í
n
Col
o
m
b
ia.
He
i
s
an
acti
v
e
prof
esso
r
at
t
h
e
E
nerg
y
D
e
part
men
t
o
f
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
a
d
d
e
l
a
C
o
s
t
a
(
C
U
C
)
,
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
i
n
w
o
r
k
s
w
i
t
h
G
I
O
P
E
N
g
r
o
u
p
.
H
i
s
w
o
r
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
s
r
e
l
at
ed
t
o
th
e
elect
rical
e
n
e
rgy
wo
rks
s
ector.
H
i
s
research
i
nterests
i
nc
l
u
d
e
:
electri
cal
p
o
w
er
system
s,
e
l
ectri
cal
e
ngi
neeri
ng
e
d
uc
a
t
io
n
;
p
la
nn
in
g,
o
p
e
ra
ti
on
a
n
d
c
o
ntrol
o
f
p
owe
r
s
y
s
te
ms;
a
n
d
smar
t
grids.
ht
tps:/o
rci
d
.
o
rg/00
0
0
-
000
2-7
8
1
3
-0
142
Vla
d
im
ir
S
ou
sa
w
a
s
b
orn
in
C
ie
n
f
ue
g
o
s,
C
ub
a
on
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
21
, 1
98
0
.
Receiv
e
d t
h
e B.
S deg
r
e
e
in
El
ectr
i
ca
l
Eng
i
n
eeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
U
niversi
d
ad
C
entra
l
d
e
Las
V
illas,
Cub
a
,
i
n
2
00
4.
R
ecei
ved
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
degree
in
E
nergy
Effici
en
cy
f
ro
m
Universid
a
d
de
C
i
e
n
f
u
e
go
s,
C
ub
a,
i
n
2006
.
Receiv
e
d
th
e
Dr.C.
(P
h
.
D
.
)
degree
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsid
ad
C
en
tral
d
e
Las
Vill
as,
Cu
b
a
,
in
2
01
4.
C
urre
n
t
ly
i
s
w
i
t
h
GIO
P
EN
o
f
Energ
y
D
epart
m
ent
of
U
n
i
vers
id
ad
d
e
l
a
C
os
ta
(
CU
C),
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a.
H
i
s
a
re
a
of
i
nt
erest
in
clu
d
es
e
lectri
c m
achi
n
es
, power q
ual
i
t
y
an
d
en
e
rgy
effici
ency
.
Pau
l
o
Sar
m
ien
t
o
wa
s
bo
rn
i
n
Sa
ba
na
la
rga
,
A
tl
a
n
tic
o,
o
n
Oc
to
b
e
r
25
,
19
84
.
He
r
e
c
eived
th
e
B.
S
c
.
In
E
l
ectron
i
c
En
gi
neerin
g
from
th
e
U
n
i
v
ers
i
dad
de
l
a
Co
st
a,
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
H
e
i
s
sp
ecial
ist
in
p
ro
j
ect
m
anagem
en
t
at
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
d
ad
d
e
l
a
C
o
s
t
a
,
Co
l
o
m
b
i
a
.
He
h
as
e
x
p
eri
e
nce
in
lead
ersh
ip of
engi
neerin
g d
e
part
ment or
i
ented
to
t
he
p
lanning
,
execu
ti
on and
con
t
rol
of
pro
jects
of
ass
e
m
b
ly
o
f
e
l
ect
rical
s
y
s
tems
,
au
t
o
m
a
ti
on
,
indu
st
ri
al
m
ainten
a
nce,
i
nterv
e
nt
io
n
of
p
ro
ject
s,
anal
ys
is
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
qu
ali
t
y
o
f
e
l
ectri
cal
e
ne
rgy
and
co
m
m
erci
al
m
anag
emen
t
f
o
r
b
i
d
d
in
g
o
f
pro
j
ect
s. Cu
rrently
h
e d
e
vel
ops a res
earch i
ntern
s
h
i
p
at G
IOPE
N
gr
o
up
.
Ju
li
o
R.
Gó
m
ez
S
a
rduy
w
as
b
o
r
n
in
1
9
63
in
C
ienfuego
s,
C
ub
a
.
R
ec
eiv
e
d t
h
e B.S
d
e
gree
in
elect
rical
e
ngi
ne
eri
n
g
f
r
om U
n
i
v
e
rsi
d
ad
Cent
r
al d
e Las
V
ill
as,
S
a
nta
Clara, Cu
b
a, in
198
6
.
Receiv
e
d t
h
e M
.
S
c
.
degree
in
e
l
ectri
cal en
g
i
n
eering
f
r
om Univ
e
r
si
d
a
d Cen
t
ral de
Las V
ill
as
,
Santa
Clara,
C
u
b
a,
in 1
9
96
, f
r
om th
e
re
h
e recei
ved
his
Ph.
D
. d
e
gree i
n
2
0
06.
Currently
i
s wi
th t
he
Cent
er
f
or
t
he Stud
y
o
f En
ergy
a
nd
E
n
v
i
r
on
ment
(
CE
EM
A
)
.
F
acul
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
neerin
g, Un
i
v
e
rs
i
d
ad
d
e
C
i
e
n
f
ueg
o
s
,
Ci
en
fue
g
o
s
, Cub
a. His area o
f
int
erest
inc
l
ud
es
elect
ric m
achi
n
es
, p
ow
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
and
energ
y
e
f
f
i
c
iency
i
n
i
ndust
r
ia
l
po
wer
s
y
stems
.
P
e
rcy
R.
V
i
e
go
F
elip
e
was
b
o
rn
i
n
Ci
enf
u
eg
os,
Cub
a
o
n
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
19
,
19
44
.
Rece
i
v
ed
t
h
e
B
.
S
.
deg
r
ee
in
El
ectrical E
ngi
neeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
he U
ni
vers
i
d
ad
C
ent
r
al
d
e L
a
s
V
i
llas,
S
ant
a
Clara, Cu
b
a,
in
19
65
.
Recei
ved
th
e
D
r
.C.
(Ph.D
.
)
d
e
gree
f
r
om
t
he
C
entral
U
ni
ver
s
i
dad
Part
ic
ipated
i
n
a
po
st
do
ctoral
s
chol
arsh
ip
o
n
single-p
h
as
e
in
du
ction m
a
c
h
in
e
d
e
s
i
gn at
t
he
L
app
eenrant
a
U
n
iv
ersity
of
T
echn
o
lo
gy
,
F
i
n
l
an
d,
i
n
19
9
4
.
Currently
i
s
with
t
h
e
C
ent
e
r
o
f
En
ergy
a
nd
En
v
i
ro
nm
en
ta
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s (CE
E
MA), F
acult
y
o
f
Eng
ineeri
n
g
,
U
niversi
d
ad
de Ci
en
fu
e
gos
,
C
u
b
a.
En
riq
u
e
C.
Q
uisp
e
(M
´
9
5
.
S
M
’
12)
w
as
b
orn
i
n
L
im
a,
P
erú,
o
n
Jan
u
ary
20
,
19
56.
H
e
rec
e
iv
ed
t
h
e
B.S
c
.
in
E
l
ectri
cal
E
ngin
eerin
g
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
i
v
ersid
a
d
N
acio
n
al
d
e
Ing
e
ni
ería,
P
e
rú
i
n
19
80
.
M
.
S
c
.
in
E
l
ectri
cal
E
n
g
ineeri
n
g
,
M
.
Eng
.
i
n
In
du
st
rial
A
u
t
om
a
t
io
n
an
d
P
h
D
.
in
E
l
ectri
c
a
l
E
ngi
neeri
n
g
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsi
d
a
d
d
el
V
alle,
Colo
m
b
ia
i
n
19
94,
1
9
9
7
an
d
2
0
1
1
,
re
sp
ecti
v
ely
.
S
ince
19
92,
h
e
has
been
w
ith
U
ni
v
e
rs
idad
A
ut
ón
o
m
a
d
e
O
cciden
t
e,
C
ali
,
C
olombi
a,
w
h
ere
h
e
i
s
current
ly
F
u
l
l
P
r
of
essor
in
t
he
D
epart
m
ent
of
E
n
e
rgy
and
M
e
c
h
ani
c
s
an
d
t
h
e
D
i
r
ecto
r
o
f
t
h
e
E
n
erg
y
R
esearc
h
Grou
p.
H
is
c
u
rre
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
ts
i
n
c
lu
de
t
he
a
na
ly
sis
o
f
e
lect
rical
m
achi
n
es
a
n
d
d
rives
,
p
ow
er
quality and
m
anagement
and energy effici
ency.
H
e
i
s
a
n
IEE
E
S
e
n
ior Me
mber.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.