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1912
J
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:
h
ttp
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JP
E
DS
O
v
ervi
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P
ho
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ltaic Ther
m
a
l
(
PV
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S
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ste
m
s
Nurul S
ha
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inti
Ru
k
ma
n
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d F
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o
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f
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id
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d
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ste
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v
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o
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r
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h
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ste
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u
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d
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e
m
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t
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n
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se
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ter
a
n
d
a
ir
-
b
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se
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P
V
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ste
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n
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ir
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se
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s
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h
a
s
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n
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e
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th
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h
d
if
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e
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t
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e
r
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ig
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ir
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e
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e
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n
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se
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m
i
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se
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e
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te
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d
:
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2
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stit
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uth
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:
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itu
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u
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as
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h
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o
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s
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n
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o
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Du
e
to
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d
h
o
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f
icial
m
a
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s
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n
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f
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m
o
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o
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ap
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licatio
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n
o
w
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a
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s
;
s
u
c
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as
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r
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g
o
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C
u
r
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en
tl
y
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co
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ce
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d
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u
t
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s
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ce
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t
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u
s
a
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o
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s
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e
n
e
r
g
y
in
d
r
y
in
g
o
f
a
g
r
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
o
d
u
cts
,
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
a
g
r
ea
t
w
a
y
i
n
it
s
r
o
le
as
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V
)
p
a
n
e
l
is
th
e
m
o
st
o
u
t
is
ta
n
d
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
w
h
ich
c
o
n
v
e
rts
th
e
su
li
g
h
t
o
r
so
lar
ra
d
i
a
ti
o
n
o
p
o
n
th
e
p
a
n
e
l.
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
P
V
stu
d
ies
h
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
sy
ste
m
wh
ich
c
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
th
e
rm
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
b
e
sid
e
s
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
sly
f
ro
m
o
n
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
sy
ste
m
.
It
c
o
n
sists
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l,
i
n
su
lati
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
li
n
g
s
y
ste
m
w
h
ich
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
f
lu
id
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
as
t
h
e
p
an
e
l
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t,
th
e
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
an
el
w
i
ll
b
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
ev
en
t
ex
tr
a
h
o
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
co
o
lan
ts
o
r
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
f
l
u
id
s
u
s
ed
w
il
l
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
o
t
air
o
r
h
o
t
w
ater
a
n
d
b
o
th
if
t
h
ese
h
ad
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
s
a
m
e
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
]
-
[
13
].
T
h
e
P
V
T
s
y
s
te
m
h
ad
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
elec
tr
ical
d
ef
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
as
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
el
h
ad
b
ee
n
ex
tr
ac
ted
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
P
VT
s
y
s
te
m
h
ad
b
ee
n
a
n
ti
cip
ated
b
y
lo
t
s
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
w
h
ic
h
i
n
te
n
d
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
o
n
h
o
w
it
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
i
n
g
en
er
ati
n
g
b
o
th
e
lectr
ical
an
d
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
.
A
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
lis
t o
f
s
t
u
d
ies co
n
d
u
cted
h
ad
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
cli
m
atic,
d
e
s
ig
n
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
P
VT
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
Si
n
g
le
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
w
ater
an
d
air
-
b
ased
P
VT
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
lo
w
p
at
ter
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
w
h
ic
h
d
ef
in
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
te
m
its
el
f
[
1
4
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
n
P
VT
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
y
ield
as
co
n
d
u
cted
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
ev
ie
w
,
d
escr
ib
e
o
f
b
if
lu
id
(
air
an
d
w
ater
)
-
b
ased
PVT
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
A
ls
o
,
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
o
th
er
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
b
if
lu
id
-
b
ased
P
VT
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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2.
T
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S O
F
B
I
F
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UID
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AS
E
D
P
VT
SYS
T
E
M
S
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V
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e
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lar
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ased
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ased
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VT
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ase
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n
b
e
ca
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in
to
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t
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ar
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le
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v
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s
h
o
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n
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g
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r
e
1
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(
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g
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r
e
1
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.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
if
lu
id
-
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ased
P
VT
S
y
s
te
m
s
; (
a)
Sin
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-
p
ass
w
it
h
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3.
ST
UD
I
E
S CO
NDUC
T
E
D
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N
B
I
F
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UID
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B
AS
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D
P
VT
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YST
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T
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f
b
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ate
r
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air
in
a
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P
VT
s
y
s
t
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m
lead
s
to
th
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n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
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er
all
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n
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m
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v
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lar
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llecto
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w
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th
s
a
m
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llecto
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h
ey
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er
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p
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i
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m
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id
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w
il
l
b
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p
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a
te
d
co
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cu
r
r
en
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y
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
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r
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d
u
ce
h
o
t
w
a
te
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ased
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1
7
].
Ass
o
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[
1
8
]
h
av
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also
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r
r
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t
s
tu
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ies
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n
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h
e
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f
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V
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m
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q
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asi
2
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al
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s
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ca
r
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d
a
s
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t
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esig
n
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h
e
p
o
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itio
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th
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th
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al
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m
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en
t
o
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t
h
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co
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an
d
P
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to
r
s
alter
n
ates
w
h
ich
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u
l
ts
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n
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i
g
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m
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w
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h
o
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t
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p
e
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n
th
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p
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s
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m
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lat
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s
s
h
o
w
t
h
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h
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f
ac
to
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v
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all
p
er
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o
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m
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is
ac
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ie
v
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w
h
en
t
h
e
f
lu
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s
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o
p
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ated
in
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t
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e
tech
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m
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h
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h
in
v
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l
v
e
ex
p
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m
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f
ab
r
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n
[
1
9
].
A
d
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n
in
i
m
p
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g
b
i
f
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VT
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y
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te
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r
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2
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4
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lt
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d
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i
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n
t
t
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m
a
l
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f
icien
c
y
f
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d
ep
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t
f
l
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f
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t t
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al
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t th
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l
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s
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lo
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r
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[
2
0
].
A
h
y
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r
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P
V
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m
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t
r
an
s
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P
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e.
A
tta
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esp
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Su
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[
2
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m
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p
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m
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Fro
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ch
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it
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s
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d
es
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ated
P
VT
s
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ttai
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g
r
ea
t
p
er
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ased
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ased
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[
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1
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.
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[
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3
3
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.
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[
3
4
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
N.S
.
Na
z
ri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
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y
e
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o
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Rev
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l.
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p
p
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1
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[2
]
N.S
.
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z
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e
t
a
l.
,
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M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
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o
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T
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a
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In
ter
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Dr
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EDS
)
,
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9
,
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o
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2
,
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p
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7
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5
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8
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[
3
]
M
.
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e
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to
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[4
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),
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8
.
[5
]
A
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Driv
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o
.
1
,
p
p
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4
1
4
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9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
A
.
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u
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t
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,
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Driv
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9
(
2
),
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p
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2
0
1
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.
[
7
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
rim
a
r
y
stu
d
y
o
f
trac
k
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
sta
ti
o
n
in
M
a
lay
si
a
.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s (IJP
EDS
),
v
o
l.
9
(1
),
p
p
.
4
2
7
-
3
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
te
stin
g
o
f
so
lar d
ry
e
r
f
o
r
d
ry
in
g
k
in
e
ti
c
s
o
f
se
a
w
e
e
d
in
M
a
lay
si
a
,
"
in
P
r
o
c
.
o
f
th
e
5
th
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
-
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
–
Bio
m
e
d
icin
e
(EDE
P
’
1
1
,
Co
rf
u
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
2
4
.
[9
]
C.
N.
A
is
y
a
h
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ke
c
e
k
a
p
a
n
p
e
n
g
u
m
p
u
l
P
V/T
m
e
n
g
g
u
n
a
k
a
n
p
e
n
g
u
m
p
u
l
term
a
re
k
a
b
e
n
tu
k
p
i
li
n
(Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
/T
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
u
si
n
g
sp
iral
t
h
e
rm
a
l
a
b
so
rb
e
r
d
e
sig
n
),
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
s
ian
a
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
5
3
-
8
5
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
10
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
rg
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
w
it
h
▽
-
g
ro
o
v
e
,
"
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
5
9
,
p
p
.
7
4
2
-
5
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
w
a
t
e
r
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs,"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
p
p
.
6
4
1
-
6
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
12
]
M
.
Z
o
h
ri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ex
e
rg
y
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
t
h
e
rm
a
l
with
v
-
g
ro
o
v
e
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
stu
d
y
.
T
EL
KO
M
NIK
A
,
v
o
l.
1
6
(
2
),
p
p
.
5
5
0
-
5
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
A
.
Ib
ra
h
im
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ef
f
icie
n
c
ies
a
n
d
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
b
u
il
d
in
g
in
teg
ra
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
r
m
a
l
(BIP
V
T
)
s
y
ste
m
,
"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
7
,
p
p
.
5
2
7
-
3
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
A
.
Ib
ra
h
im
e
t
a
l
,
“
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
f
lat
p
late
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/th
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
/T
)
so
lar
c
o
l
lec
to
rs,”
R
e
n
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
–
3
6
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
M
.
J.
A
d
e
d
e
ji
e
t
a
l
,
“
En
e
rg
y
,
E
x
e
rg
y
,
Eco
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
Co
o
li
n
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l.
1
4
2
,
p
p
.
9
1
6
–
9
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
L
.
X
ia
e
t
a
l
,
“
A
m
o
d
e
l
-
b
a
se
d
o
p
t
im
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
g
ro
u
n
d
so
u
rc
e
h
e
a
t
p
u
m
p
s
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
i
n
teg
ra
ted
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic t
h
e
rm
a
l
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
9
–
1
4
1
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
Y.
T
rip
a
n
a
g
n
o
sto
p
o
u
l
o
s,
“
A
sp
e
c
t
s
a
n
d
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
h
y
b
rid
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/t
h
e
rm
a
l
so
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
s,”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
7
–
1
1
3
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
8
]
Y.
B.
A
ss
o
a
e
t
a
l
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
a
n
e
w
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
–
th
e
rm
a
l
h
y
b
rid
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r,
”
S
o
la
r
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
2
–
1
1
4
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Na
z
a
ri
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
/t
h
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
/T
)
so
lar
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
w
it
h
b
i
-
f
lu
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
h
e
mic
a
l
a
n
d
En
v
ir
o
n
me
n
ta
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
M
.
N.
A
b
u
Ba
k
a
r
e
t
a
l
,
“
De
sig
n
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
b
i
-
f
lu
i
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/th
e
rm
a
l
(
P
V
/T
)
so
la
r
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
–
1
6
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
M.
Y.
Oth
m
a
n
e
t
a
l
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
P
V
/T
Co
m
b
i
w
it
h
w
a
ter
a
n
d
a
ir
h
e
a
ti
n
g
s
y
ste
m
:
An
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
–
7
2
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
D.
S
u
e
t
a
l
,
“
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
–
t
h
e
rm
a
l
so
lar
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r
w
it
h
d
u
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
f
o
r
d
if
fe
re
n
t
f
lu
id
s,”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
2
0
,
p
p
.
13
–
24,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
D.
L
.
S
tae
b
ler
e
t
a
l
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
h
y
b
rid
P
V
-
t
h
e
rm
a
l
m
o
d
u
les
,
”
in
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Rec
o
rd
o
f
th
e
T
we
n
ty
-
Nin
t
h
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
p
e
c
ia
li
sts C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
0
–
1
6
6
3
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
4
]
H.
A
.
Zo
n
d
a
g
e
t
a
l
,
“
T
h
e
y
i
e
ld
o
f
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
P
V
-
t
h
e
rm
a
l
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
d
e
sig
n
s,”
S
o
la
r
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
–
2
6
9
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
5
]
J.
I.
R
o
se
ll
e
t
a
l
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
si
m
u
latio
n
o
f
a
lo
w
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/t
h
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
n
o
.
1
8
–
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
4
–
3
0
4
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
6
]
A
.
T
i
w
a
ri
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
S
o
d
h
a
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
so
lar
P
V
/T
s
y
ste
m
:
A
n
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
,
”
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
, v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
5
1
–
7
5
9
,
2
0
0
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1912
–
1
9
1
7
1916
[2
7
]
G
.
L
i
e
t
a
l
,
“
Ou
td
o
o
r
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
a
ir
-
g
a
p
-
len
s
-
w
a
ll
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r
(AL
CP
C)
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
te
d
w
it
h
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic/th
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
4
–
2
2
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
M
.
Y.
Oth
m
a
n
e
t
a
l
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
P
V
/T
Co
m
b
i
w
it
h
w
a
ter
a
n
d
a
ir
h
e
a
ti
n
g
s
y
ste
m
:
An
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
–
7
2
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
9
]
S
.
S
.
S
.
Ba
lj
it
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
o
f
a
d
u
a
l
-
f
lu
id
c
o
n
c
e
n
trati
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
th
e
rm
a
l
(
P
V
-
T
)
so
lar
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
8
–
1
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
0
]
A
.
Ch
a
u
h
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
u
tu
risti
c
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
th
e
rm
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
so
lar
P
V
/
th
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
p
o
ss
ib
le
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
1
6
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
–
3
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
1
]
C.
F
e
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
so
lar
m
u
lt
if
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
P
V
/T
/D
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
g
re
e
n
b
u
il
d
in
g
r
o
o
f
s,”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
v
o
l
9
3
,
p
p
6
3
–
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
2
]
Ca
n
d
a
n
e
d
o
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
n
v
e
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
t
tran
sf
e
r
c
o
e
ff
i
c
ien
ts
in
a
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
-
in
teg
ra
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/t
h
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
rg
y
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
v
o
l
1
3
3
(
2
),
p
p
:
0
2
1
0
0
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
3
]
Bu
o
n
o
m
a
n
o
A
e
t
a
l.
,
“
BIP
V
T
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
c
li
m
a
tes
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
v
o
l
1
8
4
,
p
p
:
1
4
1
1
-
1
4
3
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
4
]
W
a
n
g
,
G
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
P
V
/T
-
a
ir
c
o
m
p
o
site h
e
a
t
p
u
m
p
h
o
t
w
a
ter s
y
ste
m
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
v
o
l
70
,
p
p
:
5
3
7
-
5
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Nu
ru
l
S
h
a
h
irah
b
in
t
i
Ru
k
m
a
n
,
g
r
a
d
u
a
ted
in
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
Isla
m
M
a
la
y
sia
(USIM
)
2
0
1
7
.
F
o
c
u
si
n
g
o
n
P
V
T
e
n
e
rg
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
d
u
ri
n
g
h
e
r
f
in
a
l
y
e
a
r
stu
d
y
h
a
d
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
h
e
r
to
f
u
rth
e
r
th
e
stu
d
y
o
f
P
V
T
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
y
ste
m
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
u
n
d
e
r
su
p
e
rv
iso
n
o
f
Dr
A
h
m
a
d
F
u
d
h
o
li
f
o
r
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
(R
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
),
o
n
e
x
e
r
g
y
-
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic an
a
l
y
sis
o
f
b
i
-
f
lu
id
P
V
T
sy
ste
m
.
A
h
m
a
d
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
P
h
.
D,
M
.
S
c
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
S
.
S
i
(2
0
0
2
)
i
n
p
h
y
si
c
s.
He
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
1
9
8
0
i
n
P
e
k
a
n
b
a
ru
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
wa
s
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
th
e
P
h
y
sic
s
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Ra
b
Un
iv
e
rsity
P
e
k
a
n
b
a
ru
,
Riau
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
f
o
r
fo
u
r
y
e
a
r
s
(2
0
0
4
–
2
0
0
8
).
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
sta
rted
h
is
m
a
ste
r
c
o
u
rse
in
En
e
rg
y
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(2
0
0
5
–
2
0
0
7
)
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(
UK
M
).
Af
ter o
b
tain
in
g
h
is
M
a
ste
r’s,
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
a
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ss
istan
t
a
t
UK
M
u
n
ti
l.
Af
ter
h
is
P
h
.
D
(2
0
1
2
)
in
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
p
o
std
o
c
to
ra
l
i
n
th
e
S
o
lar
E
n
e
rg
y
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
In
stit
u
te
(S
ERI)
UK
M
u
n
ti
l
2
0
1
3
.
He
jo
in
e
d
th
e
S
ERI
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
2
0
1
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
U
S
D
3
8
9
,
0
0
0
w
o
rth
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
g
ra
n
t
(1
6
g
ra
n
t/
p
ro
jec
t)
in
2
0
1
4
–
2
0
1
8
.
He
su
p
e
rv
ise
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
7
M
.
S
c
p
ro
jec
ts.
T
o
d
a
te,
h
e
h
a
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
to
su
p
e
rv
ise
f
iv
e
P
h
.
D
(
se
v
e
n
a
s
m
a
in
su
p
e
rv
iso
rs
a
n
d
o
n
e
a
s
co
-
su
p
e
rv
iso
r),
t
h
re
e
M
a
ste
r’
s
stu
d
e
n
t
b
y
re
se
a
r
c
h
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
f
iv
e
M
a
ste
r’s
stu
d
e
n
t
b
y
c
o
u
rse
w
o
rk
m
o
d
e
.
He
w
a
s
a
lso
a
n
e
x
a
m
in
e
r
(th
re
e
P
h
.
D
a
n
d
o
n
e
M
.
S
c
).
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
r
c
h
f
o
c
u
s
is
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
icro
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,
so
lar
d
ry
in
g
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
so
lar
th
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
(
so
lar
-
a
ss
ist
e
d
d
ry
in
g
,
so
lar
h
e
a
t
p
u
m
p
s,
P
V
T
sy
st
e
m
s).
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
2
0
p
e
e
r
-
re
v
ie
w
e
d
p
a
p
e
rs,
o
f
w
h
ich
2
5
p
a
p
e
rs
a
re
i
n
th
e
IS
I
in
d
e
x
(2
0
Q1
,
im
p
a
c
t
fa
c
to
r
m
o
re
th
a
n
4
)
a
n
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
7
0
p
a
p
e
rs
a
re
in
th
e
S
c
o
p
u
s
in
d
e
x
.
He
h
a
s 1
6
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
c
e
p
ted
m
a
n
u
sc
rip
ts,
2
0
m
a
n
u
sc
rip
ts
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
u
n
d
e
r
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
tw
o
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
,
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
7
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
h
a
s
a
to
tal
c
it
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
8
5
4
a
n
d
a
h
-
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
1
5
i
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
(A
u
t
h
o
r
ID:
5
7
1
9
5
4
3
2
4
9
0
).
He
h
a
s
a
to
tal
c
it
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
1
4
93
a
n
d
a
h
-
in
d
e
x
o
f
2
0
in
G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
in
ted
a
s
re
v
ie
w
e
r
o
f
h
ig
h
-
im
p
a
c
t
(Q1
)
j
o
u
rn
a
ls.
He
h
a
s
a
ls
o
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
e
d
it
o
r
o
f
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
He
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
wa
rd
s.
He
h
a
s
a
lso
b
e
e
n
in
v
it
e
d
a
s
sp
e
a
k
e
r
in
th
e
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Jo
u
rn
a
l
W
rit
in
g
;
W
rit
i
n
g
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
P
a
p
e
rs
S
te
p
s
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
S
u
c
c
e
ss
f
u
l
P
u
b
li
sh
i
n
Hig
h
Im
p
a
c
t
(Q1
)
Jo
u
rn
a
ls.
He
o
w
n
s o
n
e
p
a
ten
t
a
n
d
tw
o
c
o
p
y
rig
h
ts.
P
r
o
f
Dr.
S
a
lee
m
H.
Zaid
i
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
i
n
p
h
y
sic
s
(Qu
a
id
-
i
-
A
z
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Isl
a
m
a
b
a
n
d
,
P
a
k
istan
).
He
w
a
s
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
M
.
S
c
(M
ich
ig
a
n
S
tate
,
Eas
t
L
a
n
sin
g
,
M
ich
ig
a
n
,
USA
)
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
(Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
N
e
w
M
e
x
ico
,
A
lb
u
q
u
e
r
q
u
e
,
NM
,
USA
)
in
p
h
y
sic
s.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
S
il
ico
n
n
a
n
o
a
n
d
m
icro
stru
c
tu
re
s,
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
m
o
n
o
a
n
d
b
if
a
c
ial
s
o
lar
c
e
ll
s,
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
th
in
-
f
il
m
sili
c
o
n
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
,
h
e
teo
e
p
it
a
x
ial
g
ro
w
th
o
n
S
i,
S
ix
G
e
1
-
x
so
lar
c
e
l
ls,
lo
w
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
so
lar
c
e
ll
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
in
so
lar
c
e
ll
s,
so
lar
c
e
ll
c
h
a
ra
c
terz
z
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
(
L
IV
,
S
P
V
,
S
R,
EQE,
4
-
p
o
i
n
t,
c
o
n
tac
t
re
sistiv
it
y
)
a
n
d
o
p
t
ica
l
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