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s
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s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
MP
PT
m
et
h
o
d
v
ar
ies
in
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
,
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
i
n
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
d
s
e
n
s
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
MP
PT
f
o
r
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
u
c
h
as
h
il
l
-
cl
i
m
b
i
n
g
/
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
l
[
6
]
,
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
7
]
,
r
esis
tan
ce
m
at
c
h
in
g
[
8
]
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ased
MP
PT
[
9
]
,
c
o
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
0
]
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
ex
tr
e
m
u
m
s
ee
k
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
[
1
1
]
.
P
&
O
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
i
m
p
le
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
f
u
el
ce
ll
MP
PT
.
Oth
er
t
h
a
n
P
&
O,
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
al
s
o
u
s
u
all
y
u
s
ed
a
s
i
t
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
s
i
n
g
le
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
r
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
ee
d
s
.
A
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
c
-
d
c
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
it
s
li
m
itati
o
n
in
f
a
v
o
u
r
o
f
f
u
lf
il
th
e
f
u
el
c
ell
s
y
s
te
m
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
I
n
ter
lea
v
ed
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
(
I
B
C
)
i
s
a
s
u
it
ab
le
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
w
i
n
g
to
it
s
ab
ilit
y
to
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
r
ip
p
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
s
m
all
p
as
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
s
ize.
I
t
a
ls
o
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
aise
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
h
i
g
h
e
n
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
lo
ad
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
s
ta
ck
f
o
r
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
I
B
C
s
an
d
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
ce
t
o
g
et
th
e
s
u
itab
le
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
v
alu
es
s
u
c
h
as
in
p
u
t
in
d
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ter
leav
ed
s
w
itc
h
in
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
lead
s
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
f
u
e
l c
ell
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t [
1
4
-
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
to
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
lo
w
co
s
t
o
f
I
B
C
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
a
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
A
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll,
th
e
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
d
etails
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
Secti
o
n
2
.
I
n
Sectio
n
3
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
4
.
2
.
SYST
E
M
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
MP
P
T
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
m
o
d
el,
a
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
,
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
lo
ad
.
A
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
its
s
i
m
p
licit
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
s
w
el
l
as
s
tep
u
p
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
ac
t
as
t
h
e
d
c
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
s
w
ell
as
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
MP
PT
.
T
h
e
MPPT
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
n
g
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
f
u
el
ce
ll c
a
n
b
e
o
b
tain
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
SN
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
1
8
5
2
–
186
2
1854
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
F
C
-
MP
PT
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
P
E
MFC
2
.
1
.
F
uel C
ell
M
o
del
2
.
1
.
1
.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l M
o
dellin
g
T
h
e
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
P
E
MFC
is
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
-
ch
e
m
ical
eq
u
at
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
P
E
MFC
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
m
u
lated
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
l
i
n
k
a
n
d
u
s
ed
to
an
al
y
s
ed
t
h
e
V
-
I
an
d
P
-
I
cu
r
v
es o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
H
-
500
o
f
Ho
r
izo
n
f
u
el
ce
l
l
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ho
r
iz
o
n
H
-
500
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
S
y
mb
o
l
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
m
pp
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
4
5
0
.
4
W
V
m
pp
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
8
V
I
m
pp
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
2
2
.
2
5
A
V
o
c
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4
4
V
T
h
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
cu
r
v
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
v
er
s
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t d
en
s
it
y
in
a
s
tead
y
s
tate.
I
t i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
o
x
y
g
en
p
ar
ti
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
ar
tial p
r
ess
u
r
e
a
n
d
w
ater
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
co
n
te
n
t
[
19
]
.
W
h
en
cu
r
r
en
t is d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
a
f
u
el
c
ell,
th
e
ce
ll v
o
lta
g
e
V
cell
d
ec
r
ea
s
es f
r
o
m
its
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
t
h
er
m
o
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
ten
tial,
E
nerst
.
T
h
is
v
o
lta
g
e
lo
s
s
es c
o
n
s
is
t o
f
ac
ti
v
atio
n
lo
s
s
,
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
ℎ
,
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lo
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3.
T
y
p
ical
f
u
el
ce
l
l p
o
lar
izatio
n
an
d
p
o
w
er
cu
r
v
e
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
ce
ll is
d
ep
icted
b
y
th
e
Ner
n
s
t e
q
u
a
tio
n
.
=
0
+
2
2
2
1
/
2
2
(
4
)
E
0
is
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
o
r
o
x
y
g
e
n
r
ea
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
ab
o
u
t
1
.
2
3
V,
R
is
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
g
as
co
n
s
tan
t,
F
is
th
e
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t,
T
is
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
P
H2
is
p
ar
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
at
an
o
d
e,
P
H2O
an
d
P
O2
ar
e
p
a
r
tial
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
f
wate
r
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
at
t
h
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e.
E
cell
is
th
e
o
p
en
F
UE
L
C
E
L
L
M
OD
E
L
M
P
P
T
&
P
W
M
DC
-
DC
B
OO
S
T
C
ON
VE
R
T
E
R
L
O
A
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
F
u
el
C
ell
E
mu
la
to
r
w
ith
MPP
T Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
B
o
o
s
t Co
n
ve
r
ter
(
N
u
r
Hid
a
ya
h
A
b
u
K
h
a
n
i
p
a
h
)
1855
cir
cu
it
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
an
d
it
is
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
ce
ll
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
ef
f
ec
t
b
y
lo
s
s
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
,
o
h
m
ic
lo
s
s
es
,
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
tack
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
[
1
4
-
25]
:
=
=
−
−
ℎ
−
(
5
)
W
h
er
e:
E
=
Op
en
C
ir
cu
it Vo
lta
g
e
=
A
cti
v
atio
n
L
o
s
s
es Vo
lta
g
e
ℎ
=
Oh
m
ic
L
o
s
s
es Vo
lta
g
e
=
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
L
o
s
s
es
Vo
ltag
e
=
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
C
e
ll
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
a
n
o
b
tain
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
as:
=
−
(
)
−
(
−
)
−
(
6
)
W
h
er
ea
s
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll,
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
a
n
g
,
C.
,
M
.
H.
Ne
h
rir
,
a
n
d
S
.
R
.
S
h
a
w
,
"
D
y
n
a
m
i
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o
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a
n
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o
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e
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v
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li
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f
u
e
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c
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ll
s
u
sin
g
e
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tri
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l
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ircu
it
s"
,
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
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io
n
,
2
0
0
5
.
20
(
2
):
p
.
442
-
451
.
[2
]
Kic
k
u
li
e
s,
M
.
,
"
Fu
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
we
r f
o
r ma
riti
me
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
"
,
F
u
e
l
C
e
ll
s Bu
ll
e
ti
n
,
2
0
0
5
.
2
0
0
5
(
9
):
p
.
12
-
15
.
[3
]
L
a
ra
m
ie,
J.
a
n
d
A
.
Dic
k
s,
"
Fu
e
l
c
e
ll
sy
ste
ms
e
x
p
la
in
e
d
",
2
0
0
0
,
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s L
td
.
,
W
e
st S
u
ss
e
x
,
En
g
lan
d
.
[4
]
M
a
n
n
,
R.
F
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
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n
t
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
a
g
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e
ra
li
se
d
ste
a
d
y
-
sta
te
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tro
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e
m
ica
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
a
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
p
o
we
r so
u
r
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e
s
,
2
0
0
0
.
86
(
1
):
p
.
1
7
3
-
180
.
[5
]
El
-
S
h
a
rk
h
,
M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
d
y
n
a
mic
mo
d
e
l
fo
r
a
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
PE
M
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
we
r
p
la
n
t
f
o
r
r
e
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s"
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
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r
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s
,
2
0
0
4
.
138
(
1
):
p
.
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9
9
-
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.
[6
]
Ho
ss
e
in
i,
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
"
M
u
lt
i
-
i
n
p
u
t
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
h
y
b
rid
P
V/
FC/
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
",
in
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
r
g
y
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(EP
EC),
2
0
1
0
I
EE
E.
2
0
1
0
.
IEE
E.
[7
]
Ch
a
n
a
su
t,
N.
a
n
d
S
.
P
re
m
ru
d
e
e
p
re
e
c
h
a
c
h
a
rn
.
"
M
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
so
l
id
o
x
id
e
fu
e
l
c
e
ll
sy
ste
m u
sin
g
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
",
in
I
n
d
u
stry
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s S
o
c
iety
A
n
n
u
a
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
8
.
IAS
'
0
8
.
IEE
E
.
2
0
0
8
.
IEE
E.
[8
]
L
o
o
,
K.,
e
t
a
l.
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
-
p
o
w
e
r
-
p
o
in
t
trac
k
in
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
d
irec
t
m
e
th
a
n
o
l
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
a
n
d
it
s
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
i
n
a
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
/su
p
e
rc
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
ste
m
",
in
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
ECC
E
Asia
(
ICPE
&
ECCE
),
2
0
1
1
IEE
E
8
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
2
0
1
1
.
I
EE
E.
[9
]
S
a
rv
i,
M
.
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
ra
ti
.
"
V
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
rr
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
M
PP
T
o
f
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ri
a
b
le
tem
p
e
ra
tu
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
",
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(UP
EC),
2
0
1
0
45
th
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l.
2
0
1
0
.
IEE
E
.
[1
0
]
L
e
e
,
D.
-
Y
.
,
e
t
a
l.
"
An
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
M
PP
T
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
u
sin
g
c
u
rr
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
me
th
o
d
fo
r
s
ma
ll
sc
a
led
PV
-
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
",
in
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
A
P
EC'
03
.
Ei
g
h
tee
n
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
EE
E.
2
0
0
3
.
IEE
E.
[1
1
]
Bizo
n
,
N.
"
Hy
b
rid
p
o
w
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