In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
5
1
0
~1
5
1
9
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1510-1519
1510
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Review
o
f AC-DC power electro
nic co
nverter topolo
gies for
power factor correctio
n
R. S
as
ik
al
a
1
, R
.
S
eyezhai
2
1
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of Elect
rical
and
Elect
ron
i
cs
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Research
S
c
h
o
l
a
r, S
ath
y
ab
ama
Uni
v
ersit
y
2
Depar
t
m
e
nt of EEE
,
Associat
e Prof
essor, SSN Coll
e
ge of Eng
i
neer
ing
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
2
1
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Mar
1,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Ap
r
2
8
,
2
019
Increas
ed
h
arm
o
ni
c
con
t
ent
and
l
o
w
pow
er
f
actor
i
n
po
wer
s
y
stem
s
caused
by
p
o
w
er
c
o
nve
rt
ers
h
a
ve
b
een
o
f
g
r
eat
c
on
cern.
T
o
o
v
erco
me
t
hi
s,
s
everal
con
v
ert
e
r
to
po
logies
e
m
p
loyin
g
a
dv
a
n
c
e
d
sem
i
c
o
nd
uct
o
r
d
e
vi
ces
a
n
d
c
ont
ro
l
sch
e
m
e
s
have
b
e
e
n
p
r
op
osed
.
The
aim
of
t
h
i
s
p
a
per
is
t
o
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
l
o
w
co
st,
sm
all
size,
e
fficien
t
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d
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a
b
l
e
ac
to
d
c
co
nv
erter
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
he
i
np
u
t
perf
o
r
man
ce
i
ndex
of
u
n
i
nterru
pted
pow
er
s
up
ply.
I
n
t
h
is
p
aper,
c
o
m
paris
on
bet
w
een
t
h
r
ee
con
v
ert
e
rs
n
am
ely
AC-DC
Cuk
rectif
ier,
F
ly
b
ack
c
on
vert
er
&
Int
e
rleaved
S
E
P
IC
c
on
vert
er
h
av
e
b
e
en
c
arri
ed
o
u
t
.
F
o
r
th
e
abo
v
e
con
v
e
rters
bo
th
b
rid
g
ed
a
n
d
b
rid
g
el
ess
t
opol
og
ies
h
a
ve
b
e
e
n
anal
ys
e
d
.
The
wo
rki
ng
of
all
the
t
h
ree
ty
pes
o
f
c
onv
erter
has
been
i
llust
ra
ted
w
i
t
h
r
ele
v
a
nt
w
avef
orms
f
o
l
l
owed
b
y
t
h
e
sim
u
la
t
i
o
n
r
esu
l
ts.
Co
m
p
aris
on
o
f
th
e
three
co
n
ve
rte
r
s
ha
ve
been
d
o
n
e
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
p
a
ram
e
t
e
rs
n
amel
y
Dis
p
l
acemen
t
Fact
or,
S
upp
ly
P
o
w
e
r F
actor&
s
u
p
p
l
y
T
HD. Th
e
resu
l
t
s
a
re
v
erified.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Br
idge
l
e
ss S
E
P
I
C
C
U
K, FLYBACK
Displa
cem
en
t
Fac
t
o
r
Interleaved
S
E
P
IC
LED
P
o
w
e
r F
a
c
t
or
correc
tion
SEPIC
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
R
.
S
asikala,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
R
e
sear
ch S
cho
l
ar
, Sathya
ba
ma
Univer
s
i
t
y
.
Em
ail:
sa
si
.
p
e
d
@gm
a
i
l
.com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
To
g
e
t
u
n
i
t
y
p
o
w
er
f
ac
tor
a
n
d
red
u
ce
d
t
o
ta
l
ha
rmon
ic
d
is
tor
tio
n
(
TH
D
)
,
pow
er
f
a
c
t
or
c
o
r
rec
tion
(P
F
C
)
is
n
e
e
de
d.
H
igh
pow
e
r
qua
l
ity
i
s
requ
i
r
e
d
f
or
p
ow
er
s
up
p
l
y
system
s
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
fu
l
f
i
l
t
he
i
n
t
erna
t
i
on
a
l
st
a
ndards su
c
h
as
IEEE–519/
I
E
C
61000-3-
2/
E
N 61
000-3-2. Approx
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
25
%
of
o
v
e
ral
l
e
l
e
ct
ri
cal
e
ne
rg
y
is
u
se
d
in
t
he
w
or
l
d
f
or
l
i
g
h
tin
g
p
u
rp
ose.
I
n
c
ande
sc
en
t
b
u
l
b
c
o
n
s
ume
s
m
uch
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
c
u
rre
ntl
y
t
he
s
e
b
ulbs
have
b
e
e
n
rep
l
ac
ed
by
LED
s
to
r
e
d
uce
th
e
ene
r
gy
co
ns
umpt
i
on.
L
E
D
offer
m
a
ny
a
dva
nta
g
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
:
extre
m
e
l
y
l
o
n
g
l
ife,
i
.
e
.
10,
00
0
ho
urs,
e
xt
re
me
r
obust
n
e
ss
as
t
he
re
i
s
no
g
l
a
ss
c
o
mp
one
n
t
o
r
fi
l
a
me
nt
,
n
o
exter
n
al
r
e
f
lec
t
or,
m
o
d
u
la
r
cons
truc
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
lat
i
ve
ly
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
ie
nc
y,
no
U
V
or
I
R
ou
tpu
t
a
n
d
t
he
y
ca
n
be
dimm
ed
s
mo
o
t
hl
y
fr
om
f
ul
l
ou
t
p
u
t
t
o
z
e
ro
s
t
a
t
e
[
1].
Re
q
u
ir
ing
t
h
e
ach
i
e
ve
me
nt
o
f
lo
ng
ser
v
ic
e
l
i
fe
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
la
m
p
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
l
w
a
y
s
a
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
s
e
d
D
C
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
our
ce to
s
up
p
l
y
t
h
e
LED
s
[2].
S
w
itche
d
m
ode
D
C
-D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs
a
r
e
u
se
d
to
c
on
vert
unr
e
g
u
l
a
t
ed
d
c
i
n
p
u
t
in
t
o
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
d
dc
o
ut
p
u
t
a
t
a
de
si
r
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
leve
l.
The
act
i
v
e
P
F
C
i
s
t
he
c
om
mon
l
y
use
d
m
et
ho
d
for
pow
er
f
ac
tor
c
o
r
re
cti
on
to
a
c
h
i
e
ve
a
u
n
i
t
y
pow
e
r
fa
ct
or
a
nd
l
e
s
s
ha
rm
o
n
ic
s
i
n
t
he
s
up
p
l
y
c
u
rrent
[
3].
N
o
rm
all
y
t
he
a
c
t
i
v
e
P
F
C
circ
uit
co
ns
i
s
ts
o
f
bri
d
ge
recti
f
i
e
r
and
DC-DC
conver
t
e
r.
D
ur
i
ng
t
u
rn
on,
p
rob
a
bl
y
t
h
ree
s
emi
c
on
du
ct
o
r
d
evi
c
e
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
i
n
c
ondu
c
tio
n
.
Th
is
g
ive
s
c
on
duc
t
i
o
n
l
o
s
se
s
ac
ross
d
i
ode
b
rid
g
e
an
d
re
d
u
ces
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
e
ffic
i
e
nc
y,
S
ign
i
fica
n
t
c
o
n
duc
t
i
on
lo
ss,
c
a
use
d
b
y
the
for
w
ard
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
drop
a
cross
t
h
e
br
i
d
ge
d
io
d
e
,
c
on
si
d
e
ra
bly
re
du
c
e
s
t
h
e
c
onve
rt
er’s
efficie
n
c
y
,
esp
e
c
i
al
ly
a
t
a
lo
w
li
ne
i
n
p
u
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
[
4]
.
I
n
o
rde
r
t
o
i
n
c
reas
e
th
e
eff
i
ci
en
cy
,
b
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss
PFC
circ
u
i
ts
a
r
e
d
e
s
i
gne
d.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
l
o
sse
s
d
u
e
t
o
l
arge
numbe
r
of
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
s
are
red
u
c
ed
by
re
m
ovi
ng
t
h
e
di
ode
r
ect
ifier
in
t
he su
ppl
y si
de
.
Re
ce
n
t
l
y
, se
vera
l
bri
d
g
e
le
s
s P
F
C
rec
t
i
fie
r
s
have
b
e
e
n
i
n
t
ro
duce
d
t
o im
pro
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rev
i
e
w
o
f
AC-DC po
wer e
l
ec
tr
on
ic c
o
nver
te
rt
op
o
l
o
g
i
es
for
p
o
wer f
a
c
t
o
r
c
o
rrec
t
i
o
n (R. Sas
ika
l
a)
1
511
the
r
ect
ifier
p
o
w
er
d
e
n
si
ty
a
n
d
/
o
r
re
duce
no
ise
e
m
iss
i
o
n
s
via
s
of
t
-
sw
itch
i
n
g
t
ec
hni
q
u
es
o
r
coup
le
d
m
a
gne
t
i
c
t
o
p
o
lo
g
i
es
[
5
]
.
A
br
i
dge
less
P
F
C
c
ir
c
u
i
t
a
ll
ow
s
c
u
r
r
e
nt
t
o
f
l
ow
t
hr
o
u
g
h
l
e
s
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
sw
it
c
h
ing
de
vic
e
s
.
A
c
cor
d
i
n
gl
y,
c
on
d
u
ct
i
on
lo
ss
es
a
r
e
c
onsi
d
e
r
abl
y
r
e
duce
d
a
nd
hi
g
her
effi
cienc
y
c
a
n
b
e
ob
ta
ine
d
.
The
r
e
ar
e
m
a
inl
y
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
of
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
nve
r
t
er
s
n
a
m
e
ly
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
a
nd
non
-
i
s
o
la
t
e
d
[
6
]
.
S
o
m
e
c
on
ver
t
er
s
d
o
n
ot
h
a
v
e
a
ny
is
o
l
a
t
i
on
t
r
ansf
or
m
e
r
s
b
et
w
e
e
n
so
u
r
c
e
and
l
o
ad
s
ide
na
me
l
y
t
h
e c
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l b
u
c
k
,
bo
os
t
,
buck-
b
o
o
s
t
a
nd
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
A
nothe
r
t
ype
i
s
D
C
t
o
D
C
c
o
nve
r
t
er
s
w
ith
i
so
la
ti
on.
A
tran
sf
o
r
mer
is
p
ro
vid
e
d
fo
r
t
h
e
is
o
l
a
t
ion
be
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t a
n
d
ou
tpu
t
s
ta
ge
.
T
he
D
C
t
o
D
C c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
i
s
a
gai
n
d
i
v
i
d
ed
i
n
t
o
tw
o
typ
e
s base
d
o
n
p
o
l
ar
i
t
y
of
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
c
or
e
exc
i
t
a
t
i
on
[
7
]
.
C
om
monl
y
use
d
D
C
to
D
C
c
o
n
v
erter
s
w
ith
i
so
l
a
t
i
on
a
r
e
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
F
o
r
w
ar
d
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
F
ull
br
i
dge
c
on
ve
r
t
er
,
H
a
lf
b
r
i
dge
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
P
u
s
h
-
P
u
l
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
e
t
c
.
F
r
o
m
th
e
abo
v
e
d
if
feren
t
t
yp
es
o
f
co
nv
er
t
e
r
po
we
r
f
a
cto
r
c
o
r
recti
o
n
is
d
one
f
or
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
ng
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
n
am
el
y
A
C
-
DC Cu
k
r
ecti
f
i
e
r
,
F
lyback
c
o
nve
r
t
er
&
I
nterle
ave
d
S
EP
IC
C
o
n
ve
rt
er.
2.
AC
-
D
C
CUK
R
ECT
I
FIER
2
.
1
.
Bridg
e
cu
k
rect
i
f
i
er
F
i
gur
e
1
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
br
i
d
ged
cuk
c
i
r
c
u
it.
I
n
th
is
c
o
nver
t
e
r
,
the
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
a
n
b
e
i
n
c
r
ea
sed
or
de
cr
e
a
sed
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
ng
t
o
v
ar
iat
i
on
in
d
u
t
y
r
a
ti
o.
T
he
c
u
k
c
o
nver
t
e
rs
h
av
e
b
e
tt
er
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
and
re
du
ced
n
oi
se.
I
t
i
s
u
s
e
d
f
or
a
pp
lic
at
io
ns
s
uc
h
as
a
ut
om
ot
iv
e
,
c
onsum
er
-
e
lec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
e
lec
t
ric
dri
v
es
a
n
d
r
enew
able
s
yst
e
m
s
.
The
s
i
n
g
l
e
pha
se
A
C
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
gi
ve
n
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
o
de
b
r
i
d
g
e
r
ectif
ier
.
T
he
n
t
h
e
pow
er
i
s
tr
a
n
sf
er
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ectif
ier
to
t
he
c
uk
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
[8-
9
]
.
T
he
e
ner
gy
fl
ow
i
s
b
i
di
r
e
c
tiona
l
i
n
t
he
c
uk
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
T
he
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
in
d
u
c
t
ors,
t
wo
c
apa
c
i
tors,
switc
h
u
s
e
d
a
s
t
r
an
s
ist
o
r
,
d
iode
.
I
t
c
ons
is
t
s
o
f
a
n
i
np
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
sourc
e
V
s
,
a
M
OSF
ET
switch
S1,
a
n
a
n
ti-
pa
ralle
l
dio
d
e
D,
a
c
apa
c
i
t
o
r
C1
f
or
t
r
a
ns
fer
r
ing
ene
r
gy,
a
c
a
p
a
c
it
or
C
2
f
or
s
t
o
r
i
ng
e
n
er
g
y
,
tw
o
i
n
duc
t
o
r
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
an
d
a
loa
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
R
.
L
e
t
V
1
a
n
d
V
2
b
e
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
the
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or
s
C
1
a
n
d
C
2,
r
e
s
pe
ct
i
v
e
l
y
[1
0]
s
.
L
e
t
I
1
an
d
I
2
b
e
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
nts
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he
i
nd
uc
t
o
r
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
,
r
e
spect
ive
l
y.
W
he
n
S
w
itc
h
S
is
O
N,
t
he
c
ir
cui
t
i
s
in
c
har
g
i
n
g
m
ode
.
Whe
n
S
w
i
tch
S
i
s
ope
n,
t
he
c
ir
c
u
it
is
i
n
di
scha
r
g
ing
m
ode.
The
i
ndu
c
t
or
on
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
a
c
t
s
a
s
a
fil
t
er
f
o
r
t
h
e
dc
s
up
pl
y,
t
o
pr
eve
n
t
lar
g
e
ha
r
m
oni
c
c
u
r
r
e
nt
.
Cu
k
con
v
e
r
ter
has
t
h
e
cha
r
ac
t
e
r
i
stic
s
of
bot
h
Buc
k
a
nd
B
o
o
s
t
C
on
ver
t
er
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
r
i
d
g
e
d
CU
K
r
ectif
i
e
r
2.
1.
1.
D
esign
E
q
u
a
t
i
on
f
or C
u
k
C
on
vert
er
|
1
(
1
)
∆
(2
)
∆
(
3
)
∆
(4
)
Usi
n
g
(1
)-(4
)
t
h
e
si
mul
a
t
i
on
p
a
r
amet
e
r
s
are
ca
l
c
ul
at
ed
.
T
h
e
In
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge
=
2
4
V
,
Ou
t
p
u
t
v
olt
a
g
e
=
48V
,
S
uppl
y
f
r
eque
ncy
=
5
0
H
Z,
S
w
itch
i
ng
f
r
e
quenc
y
=
5
0
K
H
Z
,
D
u
t
y
c
ycle
=
0
.
5
,
I
nduc
tor
L1
=
7
.
5
×
10
,
L
2
=
2
.
5
×
10
a
nd
Ca
pa
ci
tor
C1
=
C
2
=
1µ
F
2
.
1
.
2
.
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
ul
ts
o
f
b
r
i
d
g
e
d
c
u
k
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
5
1
0
–
1
519
1
512
Th
e si
mul
a
t
i
on resu
l
t
s of b
ridg
e
d
C
uk
R
ecti
f
i
e
r
a
r
e
sh
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
2
-
4
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
S
upp
ly
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
s
up
p
l
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
o
f
br
id
ge
d
c
u
k
r
e
c
t
if
ie
r
F
i
gur
e
3.
O
utp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
br
id
ge
d
cuk
r
e
c
t
i
f
ie
r
F
i
gur
e
4.
F
F
T
a
nal
y
sis
o
f
s
up
pl
y
cur
r
ent
o
f
b
r
i
dge
d
cu
k
r
e
cti
f
i
er
Fro
m
F
i
g
u
r
e
2,
i
t
i
s
c
l
e
ar
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
in
pu
t
lin
e
c
u
rren
t
i
s
al
mo
s
t
in
pha
se
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
inp
u
t
l
i
n
e
vol
tag
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
s
how
s
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
w
ave
f
o
r
m.
F
igur
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
line
c
u
r
r
e
nt
h
ar
monic
spec
t
r
um
a
nd
t
he
c
a
lcu
l
a
t
e
d
v
al
u
e
f
or
p
o
w
er
f
ac
tor
is
0
.
9
724.
2
.
2
.
Bridg
e
les
s
cuk
rectifier
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
s
how
s
the
pr
o
p
o
se
d br
idge
less
Cu
k
to
po
log
y
.
I
n
t
his
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
si
ng
le
i
np
ut
st
a
ge
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
t
he
p
o
s
i
tive
a
n
d
ne
ga
tive
h
a
l
f
c
yc
les
of
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
c
i
r
cu
it
c
onsis
ts
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
c
a
pa
ci
tor
s
,
four
in
d
u
ct
or
s,
t
w
o
M
O
S
F
ET
sw
i
t
che
s
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
dio
d
e
s
.
I
n
t
he
out
pu
t
e
n
d
,
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
s
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
a
u
n
i
t
y
pow
e
r
f
a
c
t
or
[
11-
13]
.
I
t
h
a
s
t
w
o
s
ta
ge
o
f
c
i
r
c
ui
ts
c
on
nec
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
de
eac
h
s
t
age
oper
a
te
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
a
c
h
ha
lf
c
ycle
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
.
The
br
i
d
ge
l
e
ss
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
us
e
s
t
w
o
sw
i
t
c
h
es
(
S
1
&
S
2
)
.
S
1
i
s
t
ur
ned
o
n
/
o
f
f
dur
i
n
g
the pos
iti
ve
h
a
l
f-
li
ne
c
yc
l
e
w
hile
S
2
is
s
w
i
tc
hed on
/
o
f
f
dur
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
h
a
l
f
c
y
c
le
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
pow
e
r
f
a
c
t
or
w
hen
o
p
er
at
in
g
in
d
isc
o
nt
inu
ous
i
ndu
c
t
or
c
on
d
u
ct
i
o
n
mo
de
(
DIC
M
)
b
e
cau
se
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
cu
rren
t
i
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
t
he i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge.
The
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
m
od
if
ie
d
Cuk
r
e
ct
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
d
esi
gne
d f
o
r
the
fo
ll
ow
in
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
po
i
n
t
:
p
ea
k
i
n
pu
t
vo
ltage
o
f
24V
r
m
s,
l
ine
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
50
H
z
,
o
ut
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
of
4
8
V
a
n
d
swi
t
c
hi
ng
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
of
5
0
kH
z
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
B
r
i
d
g
e
less
cuk
rectifier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rev
i
e
w
o
f
AC-DC po
wer e
l
ec
tr
on
ic c
o
nver
te
rt
op
o
l
o
g
i
es
for
p
o
wer f
a
c
t
o
r
c
o
rrec
t
i
o
n (R. Sas
ika
l
a)
1
513
2.
2.
1.
S
imu
l
at
ion
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
br
i
d
gele
ss
c
u
k
r
ect
i
f
i
e
r
Th
e si
mul
a
t
i
on resu
l
t
s of B
ridg
e
l
e
ss
C
uk
Re
c
t
i
f
ie
r
a
r
e
show
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
es 6
-8
.
F
i
gur
e
6.
S
upp
ly
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
s
up
p
l
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
o
f
br
i
dge
less
c
u
k
r
e
ctif
ier
F
i
gur
e
7.
O
u
tp
u
t
vol
tage
o
f
br
i
dge
less
c
u
k
r
e
c
ti
f
i
er
F
i
gur
e
8.
F
F
T
a
nal
y
s
i
s
of
s
up
pl
y
cur
r
ent
of
b
r
i
dge
le
ss
c
u
k
r
ect
ifier
F
r
om
F
igur
e
6,
i
t
is
c
l
e
ar
t
ha
t
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
l
i
n
e
c
u
r
r
ent
is
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
u
p
p
ly
line
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
F
igur
e
7
show
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
w
a
v
e
f
or
m
.
F
igur
e
8
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
li
ne
c
ur
r
en
t
h
a
rmo
n
i
c
sp
ec
t
r
um
a
n
d
t
h
e
cal
cu
l
a
t
e
d
va
lue
f
o
r
pow
e
r
f
actor
i
s
0.
98
32
Tab
l
e
2.
C
om
p
a
r
i
so
n
of
b
r
i
d
g
e
&
b
r
i
dge
less
c
uk
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
B
r
idge
d c
uk c
onverte
r
B
ridge
l
e
ss c
uk c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
D
i
spla
ce
m
e
nt
f
a
c
t
or
0
.
9726
0
.
9869
Supply
pow
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
0.
9724
0
.
9832
Supply
thd
23.
97%
8
.
73%
F
r
om
t
he Ta
b
l
e
2,
it
is
c
l
ea
r
tha
t
t
he
p
ow
e
r
f
ac
tor
of
b
r
i
d
g
e
l
e
ss
c
uk
c
on
v
e
rt
e
r
i
s
hi
gh
w
hen
co
mp
a
r
e
d
to t
he
bri
d
g
ed
c
uk c
o
n
v
erter
.
T
h
e
su
p
p
l
y THD
is
a
lso less
for b
r
i
dg
el
ess c
u
k
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r.
3.
FLY
B
ACK C
ONVERTER
3.
1.
Br
id
ge
d
f
l
yb
ac
k
rec
t
i
f
i
er
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
b
r
i
dge
d
F
l
y
bac
k
c
o
nve
r
t
er
.
This
i
s
one
t
ype
o
f
is
ol
a
t
e
d
c
on
ver
t
e
r
s
us
e
d
f
or
b
o
t
h
low
a
nd
m
ode
r
a
te
p
ow
er
l
ev
el.
The
c
i
r
c
ui
t
con
s
is
t
s
o
f
fr
o
n
t
e
n
d
b
ridg
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
f
l
y
b
a
ck
t
o
p
o
l
ogy.
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
it
c
o
nsi
s
ts
o
f
di
o
d
e
br
id
g
e
r
ec
ti
f
i
e
r
,
MOS
F
ET
swit
c
h
,
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
,
diode
,
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
an
d
r
e
sis
t
or
.
The
i
s
o
l
a
tio
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
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c
o
n
t
r
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l
sw
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h
a
nd
l
oa
d
is
p
r
ovi
d
e
d
b
y
t
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or
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.
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f
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1’
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a MOS
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i
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d
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c
o
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o
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n
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he
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esir
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o
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t
p
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t
v
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[
14]
.
I
n
t
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ir
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d
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
5
1
0
–
1
519
1
514
F
i
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r
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9
. B
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f
l
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a
c
k
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onv
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r
3.
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(
5)
(6
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C
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h
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wi
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ndu
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t
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7
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(
8
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C
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l
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se
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o
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ndu
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t
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n
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|
2
(
9
)
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pl
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ing the
e
qua
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i
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s
(
5
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(
9
)
,
t
he
c
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ver
t
e
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i
s
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g
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ter
s
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npu
t
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g
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t
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l
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and
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C
1
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2
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10
F.
3.
1.
2.
S
imu
l
at
ion
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
br
i
d
ged
f
l
yb
ac
k
con
v
ert
er
Th
e si
mul
a
t
i
on resu
l
t
s of b
ridg
e
d
F
l
y
b
a
c
k
c
on
v
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r
t
e
r
a
re
sh
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F
i
g
u
r
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s
10-
12.
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
S
uppl
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
an
d
sup
p
l
y
c
u
r
r
e
nt
o
f
b
r
i
dge
d
fl
y
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ac
k
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onve
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t
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F
i
gur
e
1
1
.
O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
br
idge
d
fl
y
b
ac
k
con
v
e
r
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rev
i
e
w
o
f
AC-DC po
wer e
l
ec
tr
on
ic c
o
nver
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op
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a
c
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ika
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a)
1
515
F
i
g
u
r
e 12
.
FFT
a
n
a
lysis of
s
up
ply
cu
rren
t
of
b
r
idg
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d
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l
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r
om
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igure
1
0
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i
t
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l
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i
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g
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r
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1
1
sh
o
w
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o
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tage
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f
or
m
.
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i
gur
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12
s
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l
i
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ur
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Br
idge
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s
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k
R
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ifier
F
i
g
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1
3
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o
w
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the
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c
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it
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f
ig
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h.
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d
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he
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1
6
-
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ide
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1
3
.
Br
id
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3.
2.
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S
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s
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f
B
r
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d
gele
ss
Fl
yb
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k
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l
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nver
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F
i
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4
-
16
.
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gure
1
4
,
i
t
i
s
cl
ea
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t
h
a
t
t
h
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i
n
put
l
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nner
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F
i
gur
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15
show
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m
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1
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ur
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ha
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Fl
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i
gur
e
1
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.
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uppl
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l
t
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g
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n
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p
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i
dge
le
ss
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ly
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ack
c
on
ver
t
e
r
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i
gur
e
1
5
.
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t
p
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
o
f
br
i
dge
less
f
l
y
b
a
ck
con
v
erte
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 3
,
S
e
p
2
019
:
1
5
1
0
–
1
519
1
516
F
i
gur
e
1
6
.
FF
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upply
thd
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4.
INTER
LEAVED S
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C
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RTER
4.
1.
Br
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e
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ter
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lie
s
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f
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re
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.
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n
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e
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g
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po
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a
p
pli
c
at
ion
,
t
he
v
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a
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d
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rr
e
n
t
s
t
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e
ss
o
f
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dge
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ca
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g
o
p
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s
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th
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lim
it
w
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t
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h
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o
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a
l
w
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n
t
h
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s
c
a
se
,
par
a
llel
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the
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s
ca
n
pr
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v
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d
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th
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lu
tio
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b
ut
o
n
e
m
ajor
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onc
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of
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s
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t
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h
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hi
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co
nve
r
t
e
r
s r
a
ther
t
ha
n p
o
w
e
r
ga
dge
ts [
18]
.
B
y
par
a
l
l
e
l
i
ng t
h
e
co
nve
r
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s
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t
e
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s
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I
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J
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o
w
Elec
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r
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18,
i
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i
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r
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o
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l
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9
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T
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o
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atur
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t
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F
i
g
u
r
e
21
. B
ri
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ess
i
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t
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r
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v
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sep
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c
onve
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
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w
El
e
c
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ri S
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10,
N
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3
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518
4.2.
1. S
imu
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ation
re
su
lts of b
rid
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s
s
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ved
se
p
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o
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Sim
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ti
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o
f
Br
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ss
In
ter
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S
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p
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Con
v
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are
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i
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s
22-
24.
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s
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i
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F
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g
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r
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22,
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s
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ur
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2
3
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igure
24
s
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spec
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9
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i
g
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r
e
22.
S
upply
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lta
ge
a
nd
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p
l
y
curre
nt o
f
br
idge
l
e
ss
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n
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e
r
leave
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t
e
r
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i
gur
e 2
3
.
O
u
tpu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
o
f
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le
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n
t
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rl
eav
ed
se
p
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c
c
o
n
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rt
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F
i
g
u
r
e
24
. FFT
An
a
l
y
si
s of
sup
ply
c
u
rre
n
t
of b
ri
dg
e
l
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s
s i
n
t
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rl
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s
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c
c
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verte
r
T
a
b
l
e 6
Com
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ariso
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g
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&
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ridge
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terle
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d
s
e
p
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on
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ram
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t
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r
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ge
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nt
e
r
l
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v
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d
se
p
i
c
c
onv
e
r
te
r
br
i
d
ge
l
e
ss
int
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
s
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p
ic
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onve
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t
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m
e
nt
f
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tor
0.
935
1
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9813
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r
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om
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ter
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ig
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rter
.
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h
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p
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T
H
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l
e
ss
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t
he
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f
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4
%
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ss
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t
e
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d sep
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n in
T
a
b
l
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7.
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l
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7.
C
om
p
a
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c-dc
P
F
C
t
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g
i
e
s
T
opology
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f
ac
tor
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u
ppl
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c
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rr
e
n
t
thd
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r
idge
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ss c
uk c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
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9832
8
.
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r
idge
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e
ss
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b
a
c
k
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onve
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e
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854
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idge
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rl
e
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ve
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r
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.
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24%
5.
CONCL
U
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ION
A
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rehe
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t
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a
nal
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A
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-D
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re
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n
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h
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s
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pe
r
.
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nalys
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s
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d
one
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ase
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t
h
e
per
f
orm
a
nc
e
para
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ters
s
uch
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o
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,
sup
p
l
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ur
ren
t
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H
D
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r
om
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he
a
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h
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r
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ter i
s
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h
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r co
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t
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ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Revie
w
of AC-
D
C po
we
r elec
t
r
on
ic co
nve
r
t
e
rt
op
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
fo
r
p
o
w
er fac
t
o
r
correc
t
i
o
n
(R
.
Sas
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l
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1
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r
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q
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s
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fr
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te
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u
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t
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f
B
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l
ess
Cuk
Co
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In
ter
n
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Ch
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g-Yu
C
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,
“
Imp
l
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
on
o
f
Brid
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l
e
ss
C
u
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P
owe
r
F
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w
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s
i
t
i
v
e
Out
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V
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a
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”
IEE
E
Tra
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s
a
cti
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d
va
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sea
r
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Ins
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rumentati
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g
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t
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v
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F
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n
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I
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B
a
t
a
r
s
e
h
,
“
A
M
o
d
i
f
i
ed
H
i
g
h
-
E
ffi
ciency
L
LC
C
on
v
e
rt
er
W
ith
T
w
o
Tran
sf
orm
e
rs
f
o
r
W
i
d
e
In
pu
t-Volt
age
Range
A
p
p
li
cati
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n
b
a
Rexy
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eyezh
ai
"
Inv
e
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iga
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of
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u
rrent
c
ont
rol
tec
h
n
iq
ues
o
f
A
C-D
C
I
n
t
e
r
l
eaved
B
oos
t
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F
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con
v
erter",
Ci
rcu
i
ts
a
n
d
Sys
t
ems; Cir
c
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ts
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w
e
r
F
act
or
C
orrec
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
H
B
L
E
D
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
MA
GNT Res
e
arch R
e
po
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44
4-89
39
),
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3
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[19]
Ismail,
E
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H
;
"
B
r
i
d
geless
S
E
P
I
C
R
ect
i
f
ier
Wi
th
U
nity
P
o
w
er
F
act
o
r
a
nd
R
e
d
uc
e
d
C
on
du
c
t
io
n
Los
s
e
s
"
,
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
cti
o
n
s
o
n
In
du
st
r
i
al Electro
ni
cs
,
Vo
l
.
5
6,
I
ssu
e
4,
A
p
r
il
P
a
ge(s
):11
47
-
11
5
7
,
2
009
.
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