Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Dri
ve
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
295
~
303
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
295
-
303
295
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Mitig
ating t
he dead
-
tim
e effe
cts on harm
onics s
pectr
um of
inverter
wavefor
m by the c
onfine
d band
VSFPW
M tec
hnique
Huss
ain
Attia
1
, Han
g
Se
ng
Ch
e
2
, T
an Kh
eng Su
an
F
re
ddy
3
, Ahm
ad
El
kha
te
b
4
1
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
,
Elec
t
ronic
s &
Comm
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Dep
t.,
Am
eri
c
an
Univ
ersity of
Ras
Al
Kha
i
ma
h
,
Unit
ed
Ara
b
Em
ir
at
es
2
UM
Pow
er
Energy Dedi
c
ated
A
dvanc
ed
Centre,
Univer
sity
of
Mala
y
a, Kua
la L
u
mpur,
Ma
la
ysi
a
3
School
of Engi
nee
ring
,
As
ia Pa
ci
fi
c
Unive
rsity of T
e
chnol
ogy
&
Innova
ti
on
,
K
ual
a
Lum
pur
,
M
al
aysi
a
4
School
of El
ec
t
ronic
s, El
ec
tr
ical
Engi
n
ee
ring
an
d
Comput
er
Sci
e
nce
,
Quee
n's Un
i
ver
sity, Be
l
fast,
Unite
d
K
ingdo
m
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
2
7
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
2
5
, 20
2
1
Accepte
d
Fe
b
8
, 2
0
2
1
The
dea
d
-
ti
m
e
i
s
necess
ary
to
b
e
insert
ed
b
et
we
en
the
gates
dr
i
ve
pu
lses
of
the
two
pow
er
e
l
ec
tron
ic
sw
itche
s in
a
on
e le
g
of
any
inv
ert
er
to a
void
a
short
ci
rcu
it
in
the
l
eg
and
the
DC
sup
ply
as
well.
How
eve
r,
addi
ng
th
e
d
ea
d
-
t
im
e
inc
re
ase
s
the
lo
w
orde
r
har
monics
of
th
e
ou
tput
volt
ag
e/
cur
r
ent
wave
form
of
the
inve
r
te
r
.
Th
is
pap
er
inve
st
i
gat
es
the
posi
tive
eff
e
ct
s
of
de
cre
asing
the
pulse
wid
th
mod
ula
ti
on
(
PWM
)
drive
pulses
nu
mbe
r
per
funda
me
nt
al
per
iod
on
the
cur
ren
t
l
ow
orde
r
har
mo
nic
s.
In
additio
n,
thi
s
p
ape
r
ev
al
ua
te
s
th
e
im
pa
ct
of
the
conf
ine
d
band
var
ia
b
le
sw
itchi
ng
fre
quen
cy
p
ulse
width
modul
ation
(
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
)
tec
hnique
on
inve
r
te
r
per
for
ma
n
ce
in
te
rms
of
dea
d
-
t
im
e
mitig
at
ing
,
and
conse
quenc
t
el
y
lower
i
ng
the
low
ord
er
har
mon
ic
s.
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
te
chni
qu
e
red
u
ces
the
to
ta
l
har
m
onic
distor
ti
on
(
THD
)
le
ve
ls
in
the
inve
r
te
r
output
cu
rre
nt
as
well.
Th
eo
ret
i
ca
l
analysis
of
the
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
eff
ect
ive
ness
in
red
u
c
ing
th
e
n
ega
t
ive
eff
ect
of
th
e
de
a
d
-
ti
me
has
expl
a
ine
d
in
th
is
study
and
con
fi
rme
d
by
the
MA
TL
AB/S
im
ul
ink
simul
ation
result
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Con
sta
nt s
witc
hing
fr
e
uen
c
y
pu
lse
w
i
dth
m
odulati
on
Confine
d band
v
a
riable
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y p
ulse
width m
odulati
on
Dead
-
ti
me
Sing
le
-
phase i
nv
e
rter
Lo
w order
ha
r
monics
harmo
nics s
pe
ct
ru
m
THD
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hu
s
sai
n Att
ia
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
,
Ele
ct
ronics & C
ommu
nicat
ion En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ame
rican
U
niv
ersit
y o
f
Ra
s
Al Khaima
h
Ra
s A
l
Kh
ai
m
ah,
1002
1,
U
nited Ara
b
Emi
r
at
es
Emai
l:
h
at
ti
a@aur
a
k.
ac
.ae
NOME
N
CLA
TURE
Sy
mbo
ls
Abbrev
ia
tions
f
C
Co
n
stan
t Switching Frequ
en
cy
,
Carri
er
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
PW
M
Pu
lse
W
id
th
M
o
d
u
latio
n
f
V
S
F
Variable S
witch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
VSFPW
M
Variable
Switch
in
g
Frequ
en
cy
Pu
ls
e
W
id
th
Mod
u
latio
n
f
C
B
V
S
F
Co
n
fined
Ban
d
Var
iab
le Swit
ch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
CB
-
VSF
Co
n
fined
Ban
d
Var
iab
le Swit
ch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
B
Co
n
stan
t Par
am
ete
r
PW
M
Pu
lse W
id
th
Mod
u
latio
n
V
DC
DC lin
k
vo
ltag
e
THD
Total Ha
rm
o
n
ic Di
sto
rtion
f
ma
x
Maximu
m
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
v
ari
ab
le
switch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
b
an
d
CSFP
W
M
Co
n
stan
t
Switch
in
g
Frequ
en
cy
Pu
ls
e
W
id
th
Mod
u
latio
n
f
min
Minimum
f
requ
en
cy
of variable swi
t
ch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
ban
d
DC
Direct
Cu
r
rent
T
d
d
ead time
VSI
Vo
ltag
e Sou
rce
In
v
erter
T
s
Switch
in
g
perio
d
PW
M
Pu
lse W
id
th
M
o
d
u
latio
n
ω
Refere
n
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in rad/s
V
r
ef
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal r
ef
er
en
ce vo
ltag
e
ΔV
Av
erage vo
ltag
e dev
iatio
n
ov
er
a cyc
le (
sq
u
are wav
e)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
295
–
303
296
ΔV
1
Am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
fun
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
sq
u
are
wa
v
e
(
ΔV
)
N
P
WM
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
pu
lses
per cycle
T
Tim
e
per cycl
e
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
tw
o
po
wer
switc
hes
in
ea
ch
col
umn
of
a
power
el
ect
r
onic
co
nv
e
rsion
sy
ste
m
re
pr
e
s
ent
the
co
re
of
the
whole
s
ys
te
m.
T
hese
s
witc
hes
are
c
ompleme
ntar
y
c
onnected
a
nd
due
t
o
the
di
ff
e
r
ence
bet
ween
t
he
rise
ti
me
an
d
the
st
or
a
ge
ti
me,
as
well
as
t
he
difference
bet
wee
n
th
e
tu
r
n
on
ti
me
a
nd
tu
rn
of
f
ti
me,
dea
d
-
ti
me
is
necessa
ry
t
o
be
inserte
d
to
avo
i
d
the
sho
r
t
ci
rcu
it
of
th
e
two
t
ran
sist
or
s
.
T
o
gu
a
nt
ee
en
ough
de
d
-
ti
me
durati
on,
it
nee
ds
to
make
s
ur
e
the
f
ully
off
sta
te
of
a
one
t
ran
sist
or
before
tur
ning
on
th
e
s
eco
nd
one
of
th
e
same
c
olumn
[
1].
H
ow
e
ver,
i
ns
erti
ng
the
de
ad
-
ti
me
ne
gativel
y
af
fects
t
he
lo
w
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
s
le
vels
an
d
increases
the
di
stortion o
f
t
he i
nv
e
rter
ou
t
put cu
rr
e
nt w
a
ve
f
orm [2
]
-
[10].
M
a
ny
stu
dies
hav
e
bee
n
pr
e
sented
in
a
nal
ys
in
g
the
ef
fe
ct
s
of
dea
d
-
ti
me
on
t
he
outpu
t
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
an
d
how
c
ompe
nsa
te
the
dea
d
-
ti
me.
I
n
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
,
the
re
ar
e
two
directi
ons
f
or
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
com
pensat
ing
;
first
one
is
by
the
volt
age
com
pensat
ing
thr
ough
re
plac
ing
t
he
er
ror
volt
age
by
a
n
e
qu
al
ly
opposit
e
volt
age.
The
sec
ond
directi
on
of
de
ad
-
ti
me
c
omp
ensati
ng
is
by
cal
culat
ing
t
he
erro
r
in
the
wi
dth
of
the
gen
e
rated
pu
lse
width
m
odulati
on
(PW
M
)
pu
lse
s
the
n
re
place
this
ti
me
erro
r
i
n
t
he
ne
w
widt
h
of
the
pu
lse
s
[1
1]
-
[
14].
The
stu
dy
of
[
11]
hav
e
e
xpla
ined
th
e
de
ad
-
t
ime
eff
ect
s
on
a
three
-
phase
volt
age
s
ource
i
nv
e
rter
VSI
vo
lt
age
,
a
nd
how
to
c
ompen
s
at
e
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
th
r
ough
t
he
fiel
d
or
ie
nte
d
con
t
ro
l
(FOC)
for
a
brus
hless
mo
to
r
[11].
The
dea
d
-
ti
me
has
dif
fer
e
nt
eff
ect
le
vel
de
pendin
g
on
the
gen
e
rati
ng
s
c
heme
of
P
W
M
pu
lse
s
[15]
-
[21].
I
n
[
15],
t
he
ef
fect
on
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
re
fer
e
nce
f
reque
ncy
wav
e
f
or
m
,
an
d
the
dead
-
ti
me
c
ompensati
on
hav
e
theo
reti
cal
ly stud
ie
d
a
nd expe
rimental
ly i
nv
e
sti
gated
f
or
bus
-
cl
ampi
ng P
W
M
based in
ve
rter.
In
the
st
udy
of
[16
],
a
math
emat
ic
al
f
or
m
ul
at
ion
a
nd
t
he
discuss
i
on
i
n
te
rms
of
the
ha
rm
onic
s
sp
ect
r
um
of th
e PWM
in
ver
te
r vo
lt
age
h
a
ve prese
nted
.
A
simple
the
oret
ic
al
approac
h
ha
s
presente
d i
n
[17] for
anal
yzin
g
the
ef
fec
t
of d
ea
d
-
ti
me
inser
ti
ng
in
a
th
ree
-
phase
inv
e
rter.
T
he
r
esearche
rs
in
t
he
st
udy
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
on
e
valuati
ng
the
ou
t
pu
t
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
,
sh
w
oing t
he de
ad
-
ti
me im
pact
in dist
or
ti
ng t
he
outp
ut volt
ag
e.
The
ef
fect
of
dead
-
ti
me
has
mit
igate
d
in
[
18]
us
in
g
a
re
pe
ti
ti
ve
con
tr
oller
in
a
gri
d
-
ti
ed
co
nverter
sy
ste
m,
t
he
study
ou
tc
om
es
ref
le
ct
ed
the
pr
io
rity
of
th
e
pr
ese
nted
s
ol
ution
c
ompar
ed
to
the
tra
di
ti
on
a
l
so
luti
on
i
n
te
r
ms
of
c
ompe
nsa
ti
ng
t
he
the
dea
d
-
ti
me,
an
d
how
disto
rtion
of
t
he
lo
w
-
orde
r
harmo
ni
cs
is
mit
igate
d.
Co
mp
a
rin
g
to
the r
eso
na
nt
co
ntr
oller,
the r
epeti
ti
ve
con
t
ro
ll
er o
f
[18]
h
a
ve
m
it
igate
d
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
eff
ect
without
pro
blem in
sys
te
m stabil
it
y.
A
s
olu
ti
on
of
a
virtu
al
i
nduc
tor
has
pro
po
s
ed
in
[
19]
to
r
edu
ce
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
eff
ect
s
of
a
dea
d
-
ti
me,
and
due
t
o
th
e
virt
ual
fact,
there
we
re
no
a
dd
it
io
nal
c
os
t
an
d
l
os
ses
.
Th
e
wa
y
of
d
esi
gni
ng
t
he
virt
ual
inducto
r,
the
s
ys
te
m
se
ns
it
ivit
y,
sta
bili
ty,
st
eady
sta
te
er
ror
has
discusse
d
in
the
st
udy,
a
nd
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
t
he
pro
po
se
d
s
olu
t
ion
ca
n
be
ef
f
ect
ively
sup
pressed
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
eff
ect
w
hen
t
he
in
duct
or
value
is
sel
ect
ed
within a
n
ac
ce
p
ta
ble
range,
ot
herwise, the
to
ta
l har
m
onic
d
i
stortio
n
T
H
D wil
l be
high.
A
phase
s
hift
P
W
M
te
ch
ni
qu
e
f
or
a
t
hr
ee
-
le
ve
l
flying
capac
it
or
in
ve
rter
is
p
r
opos
e
d
in [2
0]
f
or d
ead
-
ti
me
com
pensa
ti
on
.
T
he
s
olu
t
ion
of
[
20]
have
offer
e
d
a
sim
ple
al
gorith
m
f
or
i
ns
erti
ng
a
de
sired
dea
d
-
ti
me
at
tur
ning
-
on
an
d
tur
ning
-
off
th
e
co
nn
ect
e
d
powe
r
el
ect
r
on
i
c
switc
hes
without
a
ny
disto
rtion
i
n
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
A
ne
w
s
of
twa
r
e
method
has
pro
posed
i
n
[
21]
to
eval
uate
th
e
vo
lt
age
e
rror
du
e
to
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me.
T
he
error
has m
on
it
or
e
d
to
calc
ula
te
the su
it
able
du
t
y
fact
or for con
t
ro
li
ng t
he PW
M
m
odulat
or. T
he
ef
fecti
ven
e
ss
of
the
[
21]
met
hod
has
e
valua
te
d
th
r
ough
c
ompa
rin
g
t
he
si
mu
la
ti
on r
esult
s
with
p
re
vious
ly p
r
opos
e
d
m
et
hods
at
the same
in
ve
rter sett
in
g.
Con
si
der
i
ng
t
he
re
viewe
d
s
tud
ie
s
in
dea
d
-
ti
me
c
ompen
sat
ion
,
this
pa
per
proposes
a
mit
igati
on
method
for
th
e
dea
d
-
ti
me
e
ff
ect
th
rou
gh
the
co
nf
i
ned
band
var
ia
ble
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
pu
lse
width
modu
la
ti
on
C
B
-
VSFP
WM
t
echn
i
qu
e
.
T
he
pap
e
r
anal
yz
es
the
eff
ect
s
of
dead
-
ti
me
on
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
of
a
sing
le
ph
as
e
fu
ll
-
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
rter,
i
nv
e
rt
er
volt
age
harmo
nics
sp
ect
r
um
,
a
nd
the
r
el
at
ed
par
a
mete
rs
of
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
e
ff
ect
mit
igati
ng.
The
remaini
ng
of
the
pa
pe
r
are
as
f
ollows:
Sect
io
n
2
sho
ws
t
he
dead
-
ti
me
ef
fe
ct
on
the
ha
r
monics
sp
ect
r
um
of
the
i
nverter
wa
vefo
r
m.
The
ro
le
of
the
CB
-
V
SF
PWM
in
mit
igati
ng
the
neg
at
ive
e
ff
e
ct
s
of
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
is
show
n
in
Sect
ion
3.
A
c
omparati
ve
si
mu
la
ti
on
res
ults
with
analysis
for
t
he
functi
on
of
a
sing
le
phase
i
nv
e
rter
base
d
on
the
pr
e
sent
e
d
CB
-
VS
F
P
W
M
with
res
pe
ct
to
a
tradit
ion
al
c
onsta
nt
s
witc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
pulse
width
mod
ul
at
ion
a
re
sho
w
n
i
n
Sect
io
n
4.
The
s
um
ma
ry
of
the
con
cl
ud
e
d p
oint
s is shown i
n Sect
ion
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mi
ti
ga
ti
ng the
dead
-
ti
me
ef
fe
ct
s on ha
r
m
on
ic
s sp
ect
r
um
of inverter w
avefo
rm by
…
(
H
us
s
ain
Att
ia
)
297
2.
DEA
D
-
TI
ME
EFFE
CT O
N HA
RMON
IC SPE
CTR
U
M
The
dea
d
-
ti
me
eff
ect
on
i
nv
e
rter
ou
t
pu
t
vol
ta
ge
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1
below.
T
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
aff
ect
s
the
square
wa
ve
am
plit
ud
e
of
a
fun
dame
nt
al
fr
eq
uen
c
y,
and
t
his
incre
ases
the
lo
w
orde
r
ha
rm
onic
s.
Th
e
sq
ua
re
sig
nal
i
s
re
presente
d
by
the
wav
e
ΔV
,
t
he
fun
dam
e
ntal
f
reque
nc
y
c
omp
on
e
nts
is
re
pr
ese
nted
by
the
sign
al
V
ref
.
T
he
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
in
cl
ud
es
f
reque
nc
y
c
omp
on
e
nt
s
of
t
he
s
quar
e
wa
ve
sig
nal.
T
he
harmo
nics
s
pe
ct
ru
m
an
d
TH
D
a
re
a
ff
ect
e
d
by
the
le
vel
of
the
s
qa
re
wave,
an
d
this
le
ve
l
is
de
pende
nt
on
the
durati
on of t
he i
ns
erted
d
ea
d
-
ti
me [
22
].
T
he f
reque
ncy
c
omp
on
e
nts ma
gnit
ude
of
t
he
s
qu
a
r
e w
a
ve
volt
age
can
be dete
rmi
ned
from (
1)
.
=
1
∆
1
=
3
,
5
,
7
…
(1)
wh
e
re
ΔV
1
is t
he fu
ndame
ntal com
pone
nt
of the s
quare
wa
ve wh
ic
h
ca
n b
e f
ound fr
om
(
2).
∆
1
=
4
∆
=
4
(
)
(2)
wh
e
re
N
PWM
is
the
num
ber
of
pu
lse
s
pe
r
re
fer
e
nce
or
f
un
dame
ntal
cycle
,
T
is
the
f
ull
cycle
ti
me,
T
d
is
the
dead
-
ti
me, a
nd
V
DC
is t
he dc
-
l
ink
volt
age.
Fr
om
t
he
a
bove
,
the
re
su
lt
ant
ha
rm
on
ic
dist
or
ti
on
due
t
o
t
he
dea
d
ti
me
is
pro
portio
nal
t
o
t
he
num
be
r
of
P
W
M
dri
ve
pu
lse
s
per
ref
e
ren
ce
c
ycle
pe
r
iod
,
a
nd
the
le
vel
of
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
.
I
n
ot
he
r
w
ords,
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
numb
e
r
of
dead
-
ti
mes
per
re
fer
e
nce
cycle,
due
t
o
increasin
g
the
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
C
onsta
nt
Sw
it
chin
g
F
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
P
WM,
inc
reases
the
s
qu
a
re
wa
ve
le
vel
an
d
co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
inc
reases
the
lo
w
or
der
harmo
nics a
nd
harmo
nic s
pect
rum in
g
e
ner
al
.
Figure
1. Dea
d
-
ti
me ef
fect o
f ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
[22],
[
2
3
]
3.
CONFI
NED
BAN
D VSFP
WM
FO
R DEAD
-
TIME
EF
FECTS
MITI
GATIO
N
Starti
ng
from
tha
fact
of
th
at
the
con
sta
nt
switc
hin
g
frequ
e
nc
y
P
W
M
(CS
FP
WM)
re
pr
ese
nts
a
commo
n
te
c
hniqu
e
to
ge
ner
a
te
the
P
W
M
dr
i
ve
pu
lse
s
f
or
di
ff
e
ren
t
i
nverter
ty
pes
due
t
o
it
s
sim
pl
ic
it
y.
Howe
ver,
i
n
t
he
C
SFP
W
M
,
to
have
l
ow
T
HD
le
vel,
t
he
sw
it
chin
g
f
requen
c
y
s
hould
be
i
ncr
ea
sed
wh
e
rea
s
inceasi
ng
the
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
ency
inc
reases
the
s
witc
hing
losses
an
d
re
du
ce
s
the
syst
em
ef
fici
enc
y.
At
the
same
ti
me,
in
creasin
g
t
he
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
ency
inc
reases
the
l
ow
orde
r
harmo
nics
due
t
o
inc
reasi
ng
the
n
umbe
r
of
dea
d
-
ti
mes
per
re
fer
e
nce
c
ycle
[2
4
]
-
[2
6
]
.
S
o,
var
ia
ble
switc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
P
W
M
(
VSF
PWM)
te
chn
iq
ues
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
posed
f
or
flexi
bl
e
P
WM
pu
lse
s
ge
ne
rati
on,
and
f
or
im
pro
ving
T
H
D
le
ve
l
an
d
switc
hing l
os
se
s as
well
[2
7
]
-
[3
3
].
Confine
d
band
VSFP
WM
(C
B
-
VSFP
WM)
is
curre
ntly
propose
d
in
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
[3
5
]
to
s
impli
fy
the
desig
n
of
t
he
high
orde
r
po
wer
filt
er,
a
nd
to
ove
rcome
the
diff
ic
ulti
es
of
the
pre
vious
unc
onfine
d
ba
nd
VS
F
PWM
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s.
T
hese
dif
ficult
ie
s
of
the
un
c
onfi
ne
d
VS
F
PWM
a
re
re
presente
d
by,
first
ly,
the
filt
er
resonati
ng
pos
sibil
it
y
at
low
switc
hing
f
re
quesi
es,
a
nd,
se
condly
,
the
lo
a
d
cu
rr
e
nt
dist
ort
ing
possi
bili
ty
du
e
t
o
the pulse
dro
ppin
g
if
the
va
ried
s
witc
hing
frequ
e
nc
y
is e
xc
eedin
g
the
ma
xi
mu
m li
mit
of
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y.
The
CB
-
V
SFP
W
M
te
c
h
ni
qu
e
in
[
3
4
],
an
d
[
3
5
]
ha
ve
c
onfi
ned
the
s
witc
hi
ng
f
reque
ncy
range
withi
n
the
desi
red
ba
nd.
T
he
band
ca
n
be
li
mit
ed
be
tween
a
minim
um
a
nd
a
ma
xi
mu
m
switc
hi
ng
f
reque
nc
y
f
min
and
f
max
;
=
(3)
=
∙
∈
[
0
,
1
]
(4)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
295
–
303
298
wh
e
re
f
c
is
the
carrier
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
CSF
PWM
,
a
nd
B
is
a
const
ant
par
a
m
et
er
(
1
>
B
>
0)
wh
ic
h
c
ontr
ol
s
the
width
of
the
c
onfine
d
band.
The
CB
-
VS
F
P
W
M
sche
me
be
comes
C
SFP
W
M
if
B
=
1.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
off
ered
the
merit
s
of
e
nh
a
ncin
g
the
c
urren
t
ha
rm
on
ic
s
sp
ect
rum,
a
n
d
total
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
THD,
facil
it
at
i
ng
the
filt
er
de
sign,
a
nd
redu
ci
ng
the
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses
.
C
ompare
d
to
the
tra
diti
on
al
C
S
FPWM
te
chn
iq
ue,
t
he
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
is
mit
igati
ng
t
he
e
ffec
ts
of
de
ad
-
ti
me
by
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
t
otal
num
ber
of
PW
M
pu
lse
s
per
ref
e
ren
ce
c
ycle
pe
rio
d.
Als
o
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
is
s
el
ect
ing
t
he
lo
cat
ion
of
the
l
ow
fr
e
quenc
y
PWM
pu
lse
s
at
the
instants
of
hi
gh
l
oad
c
urre
nt.
The
va
riat
ion
of
t
he
swi
tc
hin
g
fr
e
quen
cy
thr
ough
th
e
CB
-
VS
F
PWM is
il
lustrate
d
i
n (5),
and s
how
n
i
n Fi
gure
2.
−
=
⋅
{
1
−
[
(
1
−
)
⋅
(
(
)
)
]
}
(5)
As
s
hown
i
n
F
igure
2,
t
he
sw
it
ching
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
f
CB
-
VSF
is
varyin
g
f
rom
the
maxim
um
fr
e
quenc
y
f
max
at
the
low
vo
lt
age
am
plit
ud
e
of t
he
re
fere
nce si
gn
al
t
o
t
he
mi
nimum
frequ
e
nc
y
f
min
at
the h
i
gh volt
ag
e amp
li
tu
de.
The
swit
chi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ra
nge
can
be
li
mit
e
d
i
n
CB
-
V
SFP
W
M
within
B
•f
C
<
f
CB
-
VSF
<
f
C
,
as
sho
wn
in Figu
re
3 using the
unip
olar
strateg
y of P
W
M
pu
lse
s
g
e
ner
at
io
n.
Figure
2. CB
-
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ue fo
r four
values
of
B [
34
],
[3
5
]
Figure
3. CB
-
VS
F
PWM
with
Un
i
po
la
r
stra
te
gy
f
or
a sin
gle phase i
nv
e
rter
[
3
4
],
[
3
5
]
Fr
om
Fi
gure
2,
and
Fig
ur
e
3,
the
re
du
ct
io
n
of
num
ber
of
P
W
M
pulse
s
th
r
ough
the
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
is
cl
early
noti
ceable
com
pa
red
t
o
the
CSF
PWM.
T
he
pulse
s
reducti
on
de
fin
it
el
y
mit
igate
s
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
eff
ec
t,
and
co
ns
e
quen
te
ly
,
re
duces
t
he
lo
w
orde
r
harmo
nic.
At
t
he
sa
me
ti
me,
it
reduces
the
switc
hi
ng
los
ses
b
y
reducin
g
t
he
ti
mes
of
t
he
tu
r
ni
ng
on
-
off of
th
e inv
e
rter
swit
ches.
4.
ANALY
SIS
O
F SI
MU
L
ATI
ON RES
ULTS
Sing
le
ph
a
se
f
ull
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
rter
is
implem
ented
via
MA
TLAB/Si
m
ulin
k
to
e
valuate
the
pro
pose
d
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
te
ch
nique
f
or
de
ad
-
ti
me
e
ffec
ts
mit
igati
on
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
PWM
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
eval
ua
te
d
i
n
te
rms
of
the
ha
rm
on
ic
s
s
pect
rum
an
d
T
otal
Harmo
nics
Distortio
n
T
HD
on
t
he
in
ver
te
r
vo
lt
a
ge
wa
veform
.
Un
i
po
la
r
st
r
at
egy
is
a
dopte
d
in
t
he
presente
d
co
mp
a
rati
ve
s
tudy.
Firstl
y,
t
he
st
udy
s
how
s
the
ne
gative
eff
ect
s
of
dead
-
ti
me
i
nc
reme
nt
on
the
in
ver
te
r
perf
ormance
th
rou
gh
a
t
rad
it
io
nal
c
on
sta
nt
s
witc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
P
W
M
(CSFP
W
M
)
at
20
kH
z
ca
rr
ie
r
fr
e
quenc
y
(t
he
ef
fecti
ve
s
witc
hing
f
requ
ency
is
40
kHz
du
e
to
t
he
unip
olar
strat
egy).
T
hen,
the
in
ver
te
r
pe
rformance
at
the
same
par
a
mete
r
is
eval
ua
te
d
via
the
co
nf
i
ned
ba
nd
va
riable
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
P
WM
(
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
)
us
in
g
t
wo
s
w
it
ching
f
reque
ncy
var
ia
ti
on
r
ang
e
s,
at
B
=
0.25
o
r
the
car
rier
f
requen
c
y
va
riat
io
n
is
sta
rtin
g
from
5
kHz
to
20
kHz
(the
ef
f
ect
ive
switc
hing
var
ia
ti
on
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
is
sta
rtin
g
fro
m
10
kH
z
to
40
kH
z
du
e
to
the
unip
olar
s
trat
egy).
T
he
s
econd
va
riable
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
range
at
B
=
0.5
or
the
car
rier
f
reque
n
cy
va
ri
at
ion
is
sta
rtin
g
from
10
kHz
to
20
kHz
(the
ef
fecti
ve
s
witc
hing
var
ia
ti
on
f
re
quency
is
sta
rtin
g
f
r
om
20
kH
z
to
40
kHz
due
to
t
he
un
i
pola
r
strat
e
gy).
Table
1
s
hows
the
par
a
mete
rs
set
ti
ng
of
the
im
plemente
d
i
nverter
for
the
two
co
mp
a
rati
ve
PWM
te
c
hni
qu
e
s
(CS
FP
W
M
,
a
n
d
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mi
ti
ga
ti
ng the
dead
-
ti
me
ef
fe
ct
s on ha
r
m
on
ic
s sp
ect
r
um
of inverter w
avefo
rm by
…
(
H
us
s
ain
Att
ia
)
299
Table
1.
Inve
rter
par
amet
e
rs
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Inp
u
t dc lin
k
vo
lta
g
e,
V
dc
4
0
0
V
Rated
Power
0
.75
kW
PW
M
Str
ateg
y
Un
ip
o
lar
Co
n
stan
t car
rier fr
eq
u
en
cy
,
f
C
2
0
kHz
CB
-
VSF c
arr
i
er
fr
eq
u
en
cy
rang
e,
f
CB
-
V
S
F
5
kHz to
20
kHz (
B
= 0.2
5
)
CB
-
VSF c
arr
i
er
fr
eq
u
en
cy
rang
e,
f
CB
-
V
S
F
1
0
kHz to
20
kHz (
B
=
0.5
)
DC
-
lin
k
capacito
r
2
2
0
0
µF, 40
0
V
Res
istiv
e L
o
ad
1
0
0
Ω
Mod
u
latio
n
I
n
d
ex
,
m
0
.9
The
sim
ulati
on
of
the
sin
gl
e
ph
ase
fu
ll
bri
dge
inv
e
rter
wh
ic
h
is
ad
opte
d
in
this
stu
dy
us
in
g
the
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
4.
D
ue
t
o
th
e
m
et
hodo
l
ogy
of
the
s
el
ect
ed
un
i
po
la
r
strat
e
gy,
t
he
eff
ect
ive
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
is
the
double
of
the
ca
rr
ie
r
frequ
e
nc
y;
Fi
gur
e
5
sho
ws
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
pe
rformance
base
d
on
t
he
CSFP
WM
te
c
hniqu
e
of
car
rier
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
20
kHz
a
nd
at
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
dead
-
ti
mes
2.5
μs
ec
and
5
μs
ec.
T
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge,
the
harmo
nics
sp
e
ct
ru
m
a
nd
T
H
D
le
vel,
al
l,
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5.
Fro
m
t
he
zo
om
in
of
t
he
lo
w
orde
r
harmo
nics
,
the
l
ow
le
vels
of
the
lo
w
ord
er
har
m
onis
is
dem
onstrat
ed
wh
e
n
i
ns
erti
ng
a
lo
w
per
i
od
of
dead
-
ti
me
2.5
µ
sec
com
par
i
ng
to
the
a
dead
-
ti
m
e
of
5
µsec.
T
he
neg
at
ive
ef
f
ect
of
i
ncr
easi
ng
the
dead
-
ti
me
is
noti
ceable
if
Fi
gure
5
by
Fi
gure
5
(
a
)
with
Figure
5
(
b
)
i
n
te
rms
of
T
H
D,
low
orde
r
ha
r
monics
sp
ect
r
um
an
d
the
le
vels
of
hig
h
order
har
m
on
ic
s
.
Fi
gure
6
s
how
s
t
he
hig
he
r
pri
ori
ty
of
the
pro
po
se
d
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
c
ompar
ed
t
o
the
CSF
PWM
one
in
mit
igati
ng
the
neg
at
ive
e
ff
ect
s
of
the
dead
-
t
ime
on
the
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age.
Fi
gure
6
sho
ws
t
he
ca
rr
ie
r
f
re
quenc
y
va
riat
io
n
from
5
kHz
to
20
kH
z
with
resp
ect
to
tw
o
dea
d
-
ti
mes,
a
nd
i
nd
ic
at
es
the
e
ff
ect
i
ven
e
ss
of
the
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
in
te
rms
of
t
his
st
udy
obie
ct
ives.
Figure
7
s
how
s
the
i
nv
e
rte
r
outp
ut
volt
age
of
a
nothe
r
ca
rr
i
er
fr
e
quenc
y
va
riat
ion
sta
rtin
g
fro
m
10
kHz
to
20
kH
z
.
Fi
gure
7
again
co
nfi
rm
s
the
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
of
the
C
B
-
VSFP
WM
in
te
r
ms
of
mit
igati
on
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
m
e
eff
ect
s,
enha
nc
ing
t
he har
mon
ic
s sp
ect
r
um a
nd T
HD
le
vel
as w
el
l.
Fi
gure
4. The
s
ing
le
ph
a
se ful
l br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r based
on PW
M
un
i
pola
r
sc
he
me for
CSF
P
W
M
a
nd CB
-
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ues.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
295
–
303
300
(a)
(b)
Figure
5. The
inv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
w
it
h
th
e h
a
rm
on
ic
s
spe
ct
ru
m
and
TH
D
le
vel
via
unipo
la
r
CSF
PWM
te
chn
iq
ue (f
c =
20 kHz
); (
a
) D
ead
-
ti
me
Td
=
2.5 μsec,
(b) D
ead
-
ti
me
Td
=
5 μsec
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. The
inv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
w
it
h
th
e h
a
rm
on
ic
s
spe
ct
ru
m
and
TH
D
le
vel
via
unipo
la
r
CB
-
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ue (fc =
5 kH to
20 k
Hz)
;
(
a)
Dead
-
ti
me T
d
=
2.5 μsec
, (b) Dea
d
-
ti
me
Td
=
5 μs
ec
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. The
inv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
w
it
h
th
e h
a
rm
on
ic
s
spe
ct
ru
m
and
TH
D
le
vel
via
unipo
la
r
CB
-
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ue (fc =
10 kH
to 2
0 kH
z
);
(
a)
D
ea
d
-
ti
me
Td
=
2.5 μsec
, (b
) Dead
-
ti
me
Td
=
5 μs
ec
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mi
ti
ga
ti
ng the
dead
-
ti
me
ef
fe
ct
s on ha
r
m
on
ic
s sp
ect
r
um
of inverter w
avefo
rm by
…
(
H
us
s
ain
Att
ia
)
301
Table
2
summ
arizes
the
le
vels
of
the
l
ow
or
der
ha
rm
on
ic
s
and
TH
D
for
t
he
tw
o
c
ompar
at
ive
PW
M
te
chn
iq
ues;
C
S
FPWM
an
d
C
B
-
VSFP
WM.
Figure
8(a)
shows
the
T
HD
le
vels
f
or
the
CSFPW
M
of
20
kHz,
and the t
wo confi
ned b
a
nds
of CB
-
VS
F
PWM, w
her
ea
s Fi
gure
8(b
)
s
how
s the l
ow ord
e
r
h
a
rm
on
ic
s.
Fr
om
the
ab
ov
e
theo
reti
cal
analysis,
an
d
si
mu
la
ti
on
res
ults,
the
highe
r
pri
or
it
y
of
the
pro
posed
CB
-
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ue
is cl
ea
rly
noti
ceable
.
Table
2.
Inve
rter
performa
nce
: com
par
at
ive
re
su
lt
s
PW
M
Te
ch
n
iq
u
e
THD
%
3
rd
o
rder
Har
m
o
n
ic
5
th
o
rder
Har
m
o
n
ic
7
th
o
rder
Har
m
o
n
ic
9
th
o
rder
Har
m
o
n
ic
CSFP
W
M
(20
kHz, T
d
=
2.5
μ
sec
)
7
5
.21
%
4
.89
1
2
.81
4
1
.92
9
1
.35
9
CSFP
W
M
(20
kHz, T
d
=
5
μ
sec
)
8
9
.83
%
1
1
.46
5
.91
1
3
.34
4
1
.75
CB
-
VSFPW
M
(
5
–
2
0
kHz, T
d
=
2
.5
μ
sec)
6
6
.97
%
4
.48
8
2
.61
4
1
.78
9
1
.30
5
CB
-
VSFPW
M
(
5
–
2
0
kHz, T
d
=
5
μ
sec)
7
0
.97
%
9
.58
1
5
.16
8
3
.12
1
.88
8
CB
-
VSFPW
M
(
1
0
–
2
0
kHz, T
d
=
2.
5
μ
sec)
6
9
.66
%
4
.62
9
2
.70
7
1
.84
2
1
.32
4
CB
-
VSFPW
M
(
1
0
–
2
0
kHz, T
d
=
5
μ
sec)
7
6
.97
%
1
0
.15
5
.43
3
3
.21
3
1
.86
8
(a)
(b
)
Figure
8. Com
par
at
ive
anal
ysi
s conside
rin
g
t
wo d
ea
d
-
ti
mes
via CSF
PWM
and CB
-
VS
FP
W
M
sc
hemes
(a) T
HD
%
of i
nv
e
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
, (b
)
L
ow
order ha
rm
onic
s.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
i
nvest
igate
d
the
impact
of
the
c
onfine
d
ba
nd
var
ia
ble
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
pulse
width
modu
la
ti
on
C
B
-
VSFP
WM
i
n
mit
igati
ng
t
he
dead
-
ti
me
ef
f
ect
s
on
the
l
ow
order
harmo
ni
cs
and
TH
D
le
vels
of
the
P
W
M
in
ve
rter
outp
ut
wav
e
f
or
m
.
T
he
pa
per,
firstly,
presente
d
t
he
pr
i
nciple
of
the
CB
-
VSFPW
M
te
chn
iq
ue,
an
d
dem
onstrat
ed
the
the
or
et
ic
al
analysis
a
bout
the
eff
ect
iv
e
ness
of
t
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
in
mit
igati
ng
the
e
ff
ect
s
of
dead
-
ti
me
.
T
he
in
ver
te
r
perf
ormance
is
ev
al
uated
in
co
mp
at
ive
w
ay
betwee
n
t
he
tr
aditi
on
al
CSFPW
M
te
c
hniq
ue
an
d
th
e
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
te
chn
iq
ue
i
n
te
rms
of
t
he
lo
w
ord
er
harmo
nics
le
vels,
harmo
nics
sp
ect
r
um
a
nd
TH
D
pe
rcen
ta
ges.
T
he
st
udy
adopte
d
the
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulink
t
o
sim
ulate
a
sing
le
phase
fu
l
l
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
rte
r,
a
nd
ge
ner
at
ed
the
require
d
P
WM
dri
ve
pu
lse
s
via
unip
olar
strat
e
gy
f
or
t
he
tw
o
PWM
schemes
.
T
he
study,
thr
ough
a
c
omparati
ve
anal
ys
is,
de
monstrate
d
the
eff
e
ct
ivenes
s
of
the
c
onfi
ne
d
ban
d
VS
F
PWM tec
hniq
ue
in
mit
iga
ti
ng
the
ef
fects
of
dead
-
ti
me.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
apprecia
te
the
fina
ncial
s
uppo
rt
pro
vid
e
d
by
sc
hool
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g,
Ame
rican
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f R
as A
l
Kh
ai
m
ah
–
UAE,
www.
a
ur
a
k
.ac
.ae/e
n/sch
ool
-
of
-
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
/
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Hail
in
Zha
ng
,
B
aoqua
n
Kou,
Lu
Zha
ng
and
He
Zha
ng,
“Ana
lysi
s
and
Comp
ensa
ti
on
of
Dea
d
-
Time
Eff
e
ct
of
a
ZVT
PWM Inv
e
rte
r
Consid
eri
ng
the
R
ise
-
and
Fal
l
-
Ti
m
es”
,
App
l.
Sci
.
,
vo
l.
6,
no.
1
1,
pp
.
344
,
2016
.
[2]
G.
Grand
i,
J.
L
onca
rski,
“Ana
l
ysis
of
De
ad
-
T
i
me
Eff
ec
ts
in
Multi
-
Phase
Volta
g
e
Sourc
e
In
ver
te
rs”
,
6th
IE
T
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Po
wer
E
le
c
tronic
s,
Mac
h
ine
s
and
Dr
iv
es
P
EMD
2
012
,
27
-
29
Ma
r
ch
2012
,
Bristol
,
U
nit
ed
K
ingdo
,
.
[3]
L.
Chen
,
F.Z
.
Pen
g
“De
ad
-
time
e
l
im
ination
for
vo
lt
ag
e
sourc
e
inv
ert
ers,”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
on
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
23,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
57
4
-
580
,
2008
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
295
–
303
302
[4]
Seung
-
Gi
Jeong
and
Min
-
Ho
Pa
rk,
“T
h
e
An
al
ys
is
and
Comp
ensa
ti
on
of
Dea
d
-
T
im
e
Eff
ects
in
P
WM
Inve
r
te
rs,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
o
n
Ind.
E
lectronic
s
,
vol. 38, no. 2, p
p.
108
-
114
,
Apri
l
1991
.
[5]
T.
Sukegawa
,
K.
Kami
y
ama,
K.
Mizuno,
T.
Ma
tsui
and
T.
Okuya
ma
,
“Ful
ly
Dig
ital,
Vec
tor
-
Contr
oll
ed
PWM
VS
I
-
Fed
ac
Drive
s
w
it
h
an
Inv
ert
er
Dea
d
-
T
im
e
Co
mp
ensa
ti
on
Str
at
eg
y,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
on
Ind.
Appl.
,
v
ol.
21,
no
.
3,
pp.
552
-
559
,
1991
.
[6]
D.
L
egga
t
e,
R.
J
.
Kerk
ma
n,
“Pu
lse
-
base
d
d
ea
d
-
t
im
e
com
p
ensa
to
r
for
PWM
voltage
inve
r
te
rs,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
on
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s,
vo
l. 44, n
o.
2
,
pp
.
191
-
19
7
,
1997
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“Im
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ad
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ti
me
e
li
m
ina
t
io
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me
thod
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-
phase
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ver
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Inte
rna
ti
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ta
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Casca
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-
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b
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Sear
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T
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hniqu
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Impl
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gr
id
-
tied
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k
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up
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Inter
nati
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al
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ct
ri
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t
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com
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ti
on
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Contro
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le
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,
Hang
Seng
Che
and
Ahmad
H.
El
Khate
b
,
“De
si
gn
o
f
L
LCL
Filt
er
fo
r
Single
Phas
e
In
ver
te
r
with
Con
fine
d
Band
Var
ia
bl
e
Sw
itching
Freque
n
cy
CB
-
VS
F
PWM
,
”
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
Vol.
19,
Iss
.
1,
pp.
4
4
-
57,
Publisher
KIP
E,
Jan.
2019.
BIB
LIOGR
A
PHY
OF A
UT
HORS
Hus
sain
Attia
e
arn
ed
his
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
pow
er
e
le
c
tronics
fro
m
Univ
ersit
y
of
Mal
aya,
Kuala
Lum
pur,
Mal
ay
sia,
and
M.Sc.
degr
ee
in
e
lectr
oni
c
engi
ne
e
ring
fro
m
the
Univer
sity
of
Te
chno
logy,
Ba
ghdad,
Ira
q
.
Cu
rre
ntl
y
,
He
is
working
as
a
fa
c
ult
y
member
in
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
c
trica
l
,
Elec
t
ronic
s
and
Co
mm
unicati
o
ns
E
ngine
er
ing
at
A
me
ri
ca
n
Univer
sity
of
Ras
Al
Khaim
ah
,
R
as
Al
Khasima
h
,
U
AE.
He
serve
d
as
a
technical
a
nd
orga
ni
zi
ng
m
em
ber
for
ma
ny
IEE
E
and
intern
at
ion
al
conf
er
en
ce
s
such
as
ICE
DS
A
/
2016,
IC
ECT
A
/
2017,
I
CEW
ES
/
201
8
,
and
ICEC
TA
/
2
019.
Hus
sain’s
r
ese
arc
h
in
te
rests
include
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs,
AC
&
DC
Driv
es,
PWM
Inve
rt
ers
(single
phase
&
thr
ee
ph
ase
s),
har
monics
r
eduction
techniqu
es,
and
int
e
ll
ig
ent
cont
rol
.
Hang Seng
Ch
e
recei
v
ed
his
B.
Eng.
d
egr
e
e in
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering
from
th
e
Un
ive
rsity
of
Mala
ya
,
Kuala
L
umpur,
Mal
aysia,
in
2009;
and
hi
s
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
i
n
E
le
c
trica
l
Enginee
ring
und
er
the
auspices
of
a
du
al
Ph.D.
pr
ogra
m
bet
we
en
the
Univ
ersit
y
o
f
Mal
aya
and
L
ive
rpool
J
ohn
Moores
Univer
sity,
Li
v
erp
ool
,
ENG,
UK
,
in
2
013.
Sinc
e
2013
,
he
has
bee
n
w
it
h
UM
Pow
er
Ene
rgy
Ded
icated
Advanc
ed
Cen
tre
(UM
PEDA
C),
Unive
rsity
of
Mala
ya
,
wher
e
he
is
pr
ese
nt
ly
serving
as
a
Sen
ior
Lectu
rer
.
Dr.
Che
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
As
socia
t
e
Ed
itor
of
th
e
IE
T
Elec
tr
ic
Pow
er
Applic
a
ti
ons
Jou
rna
l
and
Alexa
n
dria
Engi
n
ee
ring
Journal
.
He
r
ecei
ved
a
2009
Kuok
Foundati
on
Pos
tgra
duat
e
Sc
hola
rship
Aw
ard
for
h
is
Ph.D.
st
udie
s,
and
a
Frontie
r
Rese
arc
he
r
Aw
ard
in
2016
from
the
Mala
y
sian
Ministry
of
Higher
Edu
ca
t
i
on
for
his
rese
a
rch
work.
His
c
urre
nt
r
ese
arc
h
int
er
ests
in
cl
ude
multipha
s
e
ma
c
hine
s
and
dr
ive
s
,
f
aul
t
-
tolera
nt
c
ontrol
,
and
pow
er
el
e
ct
ron
ic
s
conve
rt
ers
for
r
e
newa
ble e
n
erg
y
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Tan
Kheng
S
uan
Fr
eddy
r
e
ce
iv
ed
h
is
BEn
g
degr
ee
in
E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
n
eering
fro
m
the
Multi
me
d
ia
Uni
ver
sity,
Mal
aysi
a,
in
2010;
and
his
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
from
th
e
Univ
e
rsity
of
Mal
aya,
Kuala
Lum
pur
,
Mala
ysia
,
in
20
15.
He
is
pre
se
ntl
y
serv
ing
as
a
L
ec
tur
er
in
th
e
As
ia
Pa
ci
f
ic
Univer
sity
of
T
e
chnol
ogy
and
In
novat
ion
(AP
U),
Kual
a
Lu
mpur,
Mala
ysia
.
Prior
to
working
at
AP
U,
he
was
a
Pos
tdoc
tora
l
R
e
sea
rch
Fe
ll
ow
i
n
the
UM
Pow
e
r
Ene
rgy
D
edi
c
at
ed
Adv
anc
ed
Cent
re
(UM
PEDA
C),
Univer
sit
y
of
Ma
la
ya
.
Dr
.
Freddy
was
a
rec
ip
ie
nt
of
an
AS
EAN
-
Korea
Exc
ha
ng
e
Fe
ll
o
ws
hip
Aw
ard
.
He
was
a
Visiti
ng
Rese
arc
h
Sc
hola
r
in
th
e
Po
wer
E
lectr
oni
cs
La
bora
tory,
Aj
ou
Univer
sity,
South
Korea
.
His
cur
ren
t
r
ese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs
conv
ert
ers, re
n
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y
and
sm
art
gr
ids.
Ah
mad
Elk
hateb
is
a
Lectu
re
r
in
power
elec
t
r
onic
s
with
th
e
School
o
f
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s,
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
an
d
Comput
er
Sc
ie
nc
e,
Que
en’
s
Univer
sity
,
Be
lfa
st,
UK
.
His
ma
in
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
in
cl
ud
e
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs,
dc/
d
c
conv
er
te
rs,
power
gen
e
rat
ion
,
and
g
rid
int
egr
at
ion
.
Dr
El
khateb
is
a
Fe
ll
ow
of
the
High
er
Educat
ion
Ac
ade
my
,
UK
,
Me
mbe
r
of
th
e
EPS
RC
As
socia
t
e
Revi
ew
Co
ll
eg
e and
As
socia
t
e E
dit
or
for
th
e
I
EEE
Acc
ess, and
th
e
IE
T
Pow
er Ele
ct
roni
cs.
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