Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
168
9
~
16
9
9
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
16
8
9
-
16
9
9
1689
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Experim
ental im
plement
ation of
a s
m
art batte
ry c
harger
f
or
electric
vehi
cles
chargin
g statio
n
Ab
deli
lah
H
assoune
1
, Mo
hame
d K
hafa
ll
ah
2
, Abdelo
uah
ed M
e
sb
ah
i
3
, Ay
oub
Noua
it
i
4
, Ta
ri
k B
ou
r
agba
5
1
,2,3,4
La
bora
tory of E
ner
gy
and
E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Sys
tems,
ENSEM,
Hass
a
n
II
Univ
ersit
y
o
f
Casablanc
a, Moroc
co
1,5
EIGSI
Casablanc
a
,
Moroc
co
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
5
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
A
pr
2
6
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
18
, 20
20
In
thi
s
pap
er,
a
n
im
pl
ementatio
n
of
a
DC/DC
buck
conv
ert
e
r
for
elec
tr
ic
vehi
c
le
s
ch
arg
in
g
stat
ion
and
a
DS
P
base
d
clos
ed
-
loop
digita
l
cont
ro
ller
design
ar
e
pre
se
nte
d
and
an
al
yz
ed.
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
work
is
to
ac
hi
eve
a
n
im
prove
d
cont
r
ol
strategy
for
a
Li
-
ion
b
at
t
ery
cha
rg
er
i
mpl
e
me
nt
ed
on
a
Rea
l
-
ti
m
e
te
st
p
la
tfor
m.
Th
e
t
est
pla
tfo
rm
consi
sts
of
a
popula
r
power
pol
e
boar
d
(MP
CA75136)
dedica
t
ed
to
studying
th
e
DC/DC
conv
e
rte
rs,
and
a
DS
P
deve
lopm
e
nt
kit
(
TMS320F
28379D)
tha
t
i
s
used
to
drive
the
DC/DC
buck
conv
e
rt
er.
The
con
trol
str
at
egy
is
b
ase
d
on
a
digital
con
trol
sys
tem
cont
a
ini
ng
the
cl
osed
-
loop
cur
r
ent
cont
ro
ll
er
f
oll
owed
by
a
p
ulse
widt
h
modul
ation
blo
c
k,
and
on
a
re
al
t
im
e
st
at
e
o
f
ch
ar
ge
estimation
t
e
chni
que
for
a
Li
-
ion
b
at
t
ery
.
How
eve
r,
th
e
ov
era
l
l
con
trol
d
esi
gn
is
modeled
o
n
Simul
ink
via
blo
ck
d
ia
gr
a
ms,
and
aut
o
ma
t
ic
a
ll
y
g
ene
r
at
ed
code
tha
t
is
t
arg
et
ed
int
o
the
DS
P
proc
essor.
Simul
a
ti
on
an
d
expe
r
im
en
tal
result
s
h
ave
show
n
the
eff
ective
n
ess
of
the
p
roposed
t
est
ben
ch
and
it
s
externa
l
dig
i
ta
l
cont
ro
l
st
rat
egy
via a c
h
arg
ing
sc
ena
r
io
f
or
elec
t
ric ve
h
ic
l
es
batter
i
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Char
ging stat
io
n
Cl
os
ed
-
lo
op curre
nt contr
ol
DC/DC
bu
c
k
c
onve
rter
DS
P
Ele
ct
ric v
e
hicle
s
Li
-
ion batt
er
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Abdeli
la
h Hass
oune
ENS
E
M
,
Hass
an II U
niv
e
rsity
of Casa
bla
nc
a
7 km El
Jad
i
da
Roa
d,
8118,
Oasi
s,
Ca
sabla
nc
a,
M
orocc
o
EIGSI
Ca
s
abla
nca. 2
82, l'Oa
s
is R
oad,
20410, Ca
sabla
nca, Mor
occo
Emai
l:
a.h
ass
oune
@
ie
ee
.
org
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
gl
obal
en
vir
onmental
c
hange
re
searc
h
has
enc
oura
ge
d
the
us
e
of
more
eff
ic
ie
nt
and
e
nerg
y
op
ti
miza
ti
on
te
chnolo
gies
i
n
man
y
sect
or
s
of
daily
li
fe.
M
aj
or
e
nerg
y
consu
mp
ti
ons
are
rec
ently
no
ti
ced
in
the transp
or
ta
ti
on
fiel
d,
es
peci
al
ly in
the au
t
omo
bile i
ndus
tr
y
[
1]. Th
e
refo
r
e, the
nee
d of
more ef
fecti
ve use of
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
chargin
g
s
ta
t
ion
(
EVCS
)
is
become
inc
rea
sing
l
y
co
mp
et
i
ti
ve
du
e
t
o
the
impro
veme
nt
of
the
embe
dd
e
d
i
nfo
rmati
on
s
ys
te
ms,
a
nd
of
the
op
e
rati
on
m
odes
for
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
(
EV
)
ba
tt
ery
cha
r
ger
i
n
sma
rt
gr
i
ds
[
2,
3].
F
ur
t
her
m
ore,
th
e
topolo
gies
of
energ
y
co
nver
sion
de
vice
s
ha
d
dra
wn
mu
c
h
at
te
ntio
n
due
to
it
s
var
i
ou
s
ben
e
fi
ts,
as
t
he
im
pro
ve
d
acc
ur
ac
y,
sta
bili
ty
a
nd
decr
e
asi
ng
t
he
e
nerg
y
l
osse
s
durin
g
c
ha
rg
i
ng
op
e
rati
ons.
Se
ver
al
su
c
h
to
polo
gies
of
e
ne
rgy
co
nverters
ha
ve
been
discuss
e
d
a
nd
co
mp
a
red
in
[4
-
6].
T
he
DC/DC
buck
c
onve
rter
offe
rs
a
high
en
er
gy
ef
fici
enc
y
a
nd
a
la
rg
e
scal
e
of
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
oth
e
r
ty
pes
of
charger
s,
a
nd
it
cou
ld
poss
ibly
be
us
e
d
t
o
inter
face
the
DC
bus
of
t
he
EVCS
to
th
e
EV
batte
ry
[
7].
Ea
ch
rated
powe
r
pro
vid
e
d
by
t
he
batte
ry
ch
ar
ge
rs
re
pr
e
sents
a
s
pecific
c
ha
rg
i
ng
m
od
e;
m
ode
-
1:
s
low
c
hargi
ng
(up
to
3k
W)
,
m
ode
-
2:
f
a
st
chargin
g
(prov
iding
po
wer
from
7kW
t
o
22kW
),
m
ode
-
3:
r
api
d
chargin
g (r
a
pid AC c
harge
rs
a
re r
at
e
d
at
43kW,
w
hile mo
st
Ra
pid
DC ter
m
inals are at
least
5
0k
W) [
8
-
10]
.
Nume
r
ous
c
on
trol
strat
e
gies
f
or
cha
r
ging
E
V
batte
ries
have
bee
n
re
ported
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
11].
T
he
const
ant
cu
rr
e
nt
-
c
on
sta
nt
volt
age
(CC
-
C
V)
is
by
far
the
mo
st
fa
mil
ia
r
on
e
,
it
con
sist
s
of
a
c
onsta
nt
curren
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
168
9
–
169
9
1690
chargin
g
prot
oc
ol
wh
e
re
t
he
batte
ry
vo
lt
age
incre
a
ses
up
t
o
a
th
res
ho
l
d
l
evel,
f
ollow
e
d
by
a
co
ns
ta
nt
vo
lt
age
con
t
ro
l
m
ode
ho
l
d
unti
l
the
current
fall
s
dow
n
to
a
l
ow
value.
Th
us
,
th
e
simpli
ci
ty
of
impleme
ntati
on
of
the
CC
-
CV
c
on
tr
ol
has
ma
de
it
the
m
os
t
use
d
cha
rg
i
ng
prot
oco
l
i
n
the
ba
tt
ery
ma
na
ge
ment
s
ys
te
m
(
BMS)
app
li
cat
io
ns
[1
2].
T
his
ki
nd of p
r
oto
c
ols
can
s
horten
the
c
ha
rg
i
ng
ti
me,
wi
th
le
ss
da
ma
ge
of
batte
r
y
cycl
e
li
fe.
Othe
r protoc
ols as in [
13] ha
ve
b
ee
n pro
ved to
reduce c
harg
ing
ti
mes
, a
nd
increase
d
e
nergy ef
fici
enc
y.
The
M
PC
A75
136
powe
r
pole
bo
a
r
d
(
PPB
)
use
d
in
t
his
pa
per
is
a
pl
at
fo
rm
in
w
hi
ch
co
ntr
ol
al
gorithms
ca
n
be
ra
pid
l
y
de
ployed
a
nd
te
s
te
d
[
14].
T
he
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
of
the
PPB
i
s
impleme
nted
on
a
TMS3
20F28
379D
D
SP,
it
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
cl
ose
d
-
l
oop
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
f
ollo
wed
by
a
di
gital
p
ulse
widt
h
modu
la
ti
on
(PW
M
)
bl
ock
a
nd
a
decisi
on
al
gorithm
of
du
t
y
c
ycle.
On
e
of
t
he
main
ai
m
s
of
this
w
ork
is
to
pro
vid
e
a
sma
rt
em
bedde
d
pl
at
fo
rm
that
c
an
be
us
e
d
t
o
te
st
va
rio
us
di
gital
con
t
ro
ls
on
po
wer
el
ec
tro
nic
conve
rters
without
go
i
ng
int
o
the
deta
il
s
of
C
pro
grammi
ng
of
microc
ontr
ollers,
or
of
co
nv
e
rter
sch
emat
ic
s.
In
o
r
de
r
to
c
ontrol
the
injec
te
d
po
wer
f
lo
w
i
nto
the
co
nnect
ed
batte
r
y,
t
he
auth
or
s
i
n
[
15,
16]
propose
d
a
SO
C
est
imat
ion
te
c
hniq
ue
f
or
Li
-
Ion
batte
r
y
base
d
on
a
DS
P
ha
rdwar
e
that
ca
n
be
use
d
as
a
real
-
ti
me
t
oo
l
f
or
the
embe
dd
e
d
s
ys
t
em
platf
orms.
The
s
of
t
war
e
too
ls
re
qu
ire
d
t
o
set
s
uch
co
nt
ro
l
strat
e
gies
a
re
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink,
and
C
ode
Com
po
s
er
[17
-
19]
.
The
works
in
[
20]
are
cl
os
el
y
relat
ed
to
the
pr
ese
nt
w
ork
,
it
descr
ibe
s
a
powe
r
el
ect
ro
n
ic
s
la
borato
ry
that
co
ns
ist
s
of
Sim
ulink
a
nd
T
I
F28
035
process
or
in
order
to
con
t
ro
l
DC/DC c
onve
r
te
rs.
This
pa
per
is
s
tructu
red
a
s
f
ol
lows
:
Sect
io
n
1
intr
oduces
t
he
backgro
und
of
the
us
e
d
ap
proac
h.
T
he
real
-
ti
me
te
st
platfo
rm
of
t
he
EVC
S
s
mart
cha
rger
oper
a
te
d
by
a
T
M
S
320F2
8379D
DS
P
is
desc
ribed
in
Sect
ion
2.
The
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
urren
t
di
gital
c
on
t
ro
l
is
detai
le
d
i
n
Sect
io
n
3.
Desi
gn
a
nd
simulat
ion
res
ults
in
Simuli
nk
are
presente
d
i
n
Sec
ti
on
4.
E
xperi
mental
res
ults
of
a
fast
an
d
a
rap
i
d
c
hargi
ng
mode
a
re
pe
rf
orme
d
and anal
yze
d
i
n
Sect
io
n 5. C
on
cl
us
io
ns
a
re
pro
vid
e
d
in
Se
ct
ion
6.
2.
DESCRIPTI
ON OF THE
PROP
OSE
D PL
ATFO
RM
Figure
1
de
picts
the
c
omplet
e
sche
me
of
th
e
pro
posed
rea
l
-
ti
me
te
st
platfo
rm;
it
c
on
sis
ts
of
a
n
E
V
Li
-
ion
batte
ry
ti
ed
to
a
m
ulti
-
so
urce
po
wer
s
y
ste
m
of
t
he
c
hargin
g
sta
ti
on
via
a
DC/DC
bu
c
k
co
nverter
.
T
he
EV
batte
r
y
c
ha
rg
e
r
is
co
ntr
olled
by
a
hybr
i
d
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
co
mpose
d
by
a
con
sta
nt
cu
r
ren
t
m
ode
sup
ported
by
a
t
hr
es
hold
vo
lt
age
m
ode.
The
dig
it
al
c
ontrol
s
ys
te
m
(
D
CS)
is
dri
ve
n
by
a
co
ntr
ol
al
gorith
m
base
d
on
us
e
r
con
t
ro
l
pa
nel (UCP)
d
at
a,
s
o
t
hat the
DCS
ca
n gen
e
rate t
he
require
d
set
ti
ngs
for
t
he
c
harger
po
wer
swit
ch.
Figure
1
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e pro
posed
Re
al
-
ti
me
te
st pla
tform
of the
E
VCS c
harge
r
3.
CLOSE
D
-
LO
OP
DIG
IT
AL
C
O
NTR
OL S
TRATEG
Y
The
E
V
batte
r
y
c
harger
is
a
mu
lt
i
-
bl
ock
syst
em
on
wh
ic
h
measu
reme
nt
sens
or
s
ca
n
be
impleme
nted
in
order
to
fee
d
t
he
DCS
with
t
he
c
ha
rg
i
ng
op
e
rati
on
data,
as
sho
wn
in
F
igure
2.
T
he
in
te
rn
al
blo
c
k
di
agr
a
m
of
the
propose
d
DCS
is
il
lu
strat
ed
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3,
it
co
ns
i
sts
of
seve
ral
sta
ges
ai
me
d
to
fu
l
fill
the
de
sire
d
chargin
g
m
odes
of
each
E
V
batte
r
y
via
UCP
data
a
nd
a
real
ti
me
pr
ocessin
g
of
the
cha
r
ging
cu
rr
e
nt
and volt
age.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
imp
le
men
t
ation of
a
s
mart b
attery
char
ger
f
or el
ect
ric
vehicl
es … (A
bdel
il
ah
Ha
s
sou
ne
)
1691
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
D
C/
DC buc
k
c
onve
rter
on the
po
wer p
ole circ
ui
t bo
a
r
d
(a
)
e
xte
rn
al
view
, (b
)
i
nter
nal v
ie
w
Figure
3
.
Inter
nal b
l
ock d
ia
gram of t
he pr
opos
e
d
DC
S
Com
par
e
d
to
c
onve
ntion
al
te
chnolo
gies
of
batte
ries,
Li
-
i
on
batte
r
y
c
harg
es
faster,
an
d
has
a
higher
powe
r
de
ns
it
y
[21].
It
is
the
re
fore
pr
opos
e
d
to
us
e
t
he
Li
-
i
on
batte
r
y
in
t
he
prese
nt
w
ork
in
order
t
o
e
mu
la
te
the
E
V
st
or
a
ge
sy
ste
m
behavi
our.
It
ca
n
be
mo
deled
th
rou
gh
a
n
el
ect
rica
l
-
analo
gue
model
[
22]
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4.
T
he
batte
r
y
te
r
minal
vo
lt
age
is
a
re
flect
ion
of
the
batte
r
y
open
-
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
(
E
0
),
inter
nal
resist
ance
(R
0
)
,
an
d
tran
sie
nt
eff
e
ct
s
ca
us
e
d
by
c
hargin
g
or
discha
rg
i
ng
c
urre
nt.
T
he
ad
op
te
d
mod
el
is
dynamical
,
in
wh
ic
h
se
ver
al
com
pone
nts
a
ppr
ox
imat
e
dif
fer
e
nt
feat
ur
es
of
the
dy
nam
ic
respo
ns
e
of
a
rea
l
batte
ry. T
he N
set
s of RC
networks ar
e
us
ed
to rep
rese
nt th
e model
with c
on
ti
nu
ous stat
e v
a
riables.
Figure
4
.
Th
e
e
le
ct
rical
-
analo
gu
e
Li
-
io
n batt
ery m
od
el
The
Li
-
i
on
bat
te
ry
im
pe
dan
c
e
can
be
wr
it
te
n
as
i
n
(
1).
I
n
wh
at
fo
ll
ow
s,
a
tw
o
RC
ne
twork
of
the
batte
ry m
od
el
i
s selec
te
d
to
de
pict t
he
c
hargi
ng ope
rati
on of
an
ith
E
V batt
ery.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2088
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
168
9
–
169
9
1692
s
C
R
1
R
s
C
R
1
R
s
C
R
1
R
R
)
(
Z
n
n
n
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
s
(1)
3.1.
Po
wer c
alcula
tion st
age
In
co
mp
li
a
nce
with
the
a
pp
li
ed
powe
r
dem
and
f
r
om
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
ba
tt
eries,
the
DC
bus
of
t
he
chargin
g
sta
ti
on
mu
st
pr
ov
i
de
the
re
qu
i
red
energ
y
within
the
plugg
i
ng
a
ll
ocated
ti
me.
In
the
f
rame
w
ork
of
wh
ic
h
UCP
ca
n
prov
i
de
real
ti
me
monit
or
i
ng
of
t
he
c
hargi
ng
seq
ue
nce,
t
he
re
maini
ng
t
ime
(RTE
Vi)
of
t
he
chargin
g o
per
a
ti
on
ca
n be cal
culat
ed fr
om t
he
p
lu
ggin
g
ti
m
e (P
T
EVi)
as:
PT
RT
E
V
i
E
V
i
−
=
t
(
2)
base
d
on
t
he
c
hargin
g
sce
nari
o
c
onside
rati
ons,
the
DCS
of
the
E
VCS
w
ould
cal
culat
e
t
he
nee
de
d
e
ne
r
gy
a
nd
then
would
gen
e
rate
a
r
efere
nce
val
ue
of
the
c
ha
rg
i
ng
powe
r
(P
E
Vi
),
it
s
expressio
n
i
s
giv
e
n
in
(
3).
PT
BC
)
S
O
C
(
S
O
C
P
E
V
i
E
V
i
E
V
i
RE
E
V
i
E
V
i
−
=
−
(
3)
Wh
e
re
BC
EVi
is
the
batte
ry
capaci
ty
of
a
n
ith
EV.
T
he
re
fer
e
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
(I
re
f
)
of
the
c
losed
-
lo
op
con
t
ro
l
is
ge
ne
rated
from
this
sta
ge
a
s
e
xpre
ssed
i
n
(4).
It
i
s
pri
mor
dial
to
li
mit
the
cha
r
ging
vo
lt
a
ge
w
it
hin
a
maxim
um
le
ve
l i
n
or
der
t
o
a
void c
riti
cal
o
ve
rloa
ding is
s
ues
, s
uc
h as a
da
nger
of
ov
e
r
heati
ng
.
V
P
I
m
e
s
E
V
i
r
e
f
=
(
4)
3.2.
Constan
t
-
c
urr
ent
c
ha
r
gin
g pro
to
c
ol
The
im
pro
ve
d
chargin
g
prot
oc
ol
ai
ms
t
o
set
a
co
ns
ta
nt
cu
r
ren
t
c
ontr
ol
on
the
batte
ry
c
ha
rg
e
r,
it
is
al
so
i
nten
ded
t
o
c
ontr
ol
the
vo
lt
age
for
not
excee
di
ng
the
ove
rloa
ding
l
evel
of
the
c
onnecte
d
batte
r
y.
T
he
blo
c
k diag
ram of
the cl
os
ed
-
l
oop
c
ontr
ol of
the b
uc
k
c
onve
rter is
de
picte
d i
n
Fi
gure
5.
Figure
5
.
Th
e
imp
rove
d
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
c
onsta
nt
current c
ontr
ol
The
portio
ne
d
blo
c
k
is
imple
mented
dig
it
al
ly
on
the
us
e
d
de
velo
pm
e
nt
kit
i.e.
,
T
M
S
320F2
8379
D
DS
P
.
T
he
ref
e
ren
ce
in
pu
t
I
re
f
(which
sp
e
ci
fies
the
desire
d
c
hargin
g
c
urre
nt)
is
i
niti
alized
via
t
he
powe
r
cal
culat
ion
bloc
k.
The
er
ror
si
gn
al
is
drive
n by PI c
on
tr
oller, t
hat is ex
pres
sed
as
in (
5)
.
+
=
+
=
s
s
T
1
1
K
s
K
K
)
(
H
i
P
i
p
PI
(5)
Wh
e
re,
K
p
is
t
he
gain
of
pro
portio
nal
act
io
n,
K
i
is
the
gai
n
of
i
nteg
ral
ac
ti
on
.
H
C
(
s)
de
scribe
d
in
(
6)
represe
nts the del
ay d
ue
to
th
e cal
culat
ion t
imes a
nd the e
xe
cution o
f
t
he DSP
[23].
S
C
1
.
5
s
T
1
1
)
(
H
+
=
s
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
imp
le
men
t
ation of
a
s
mart b
attery
char
ger
f
or el
ect
ric
vehicl
es … (A
bdel
il
ah
Ha
s
sou
ne
)
1693
The
pu
lse
widt
h
mod
ulator
i
s
pro
gr
a
mme
d
to
pro
duce
P
W
M
sig
nals
at
a
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy
of
25kHz. T
he
s
yst
em clock o
n
the T
M
S
320F2
8379D DS
P h
a
s a f
re
quenc
y o
f
20
0MHz [2
4]. In
orde
r
to
pr
ov
i
de
a
s
witc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
25
kHz,
the
s
ys
te
m
cl
oc
k
m
us
t
be
di
vid
e
d
do
wn
by
a
fa
ct
or
of
8000.
T
her
e
for
e,
t
he
con
t
ro
l
sig
nal
D
α
that
deter
m
ines
t
he
duty
c
ycle
of
S
CH
m
us
t
be
in
the
r
ang
e
0
-
7999.
The
eP
W
M
bl
ock
ca
n
pro
du
ce
80
00
equ
al
ly
s
pace
du
t
y
c
ycles
ov
er
the
ra
nge
0<
S
CH
<1
.
T
he
equ
at
io
n
that
e
xpresses
the
re
gu
la
te
d
sign
al
a
nd the
du
t
y
c
ycle is
presented
in (7
).
8
0
0
0
1
δD
δS
)
(
H
CH
P
W
M
=
=
s
(7)
The
tra
nsfer
f
unct
ion o
f
t
he b
uck co
nverter
powe
r
sta
ge
is
well
know
n [25], it
is ex
press
ed
as:
LC
C
s
L
r
s
s
r
s
rC
s
L
r
s
1
)
(
Z
1
)
(
Z
1
1
V
)
(
H
B
B
2
DC
PS
+
+
+
+
+
=
(
8)
Give
n
the
a
dopt
ed
m
od
el
of
t
he
Li
-
io
n
batte
r
y,
t
he
co
nducta
nce
f
unct
ion
of
two
set
s
of
R
C
netw
orks
can
be
s
ynthesi
zed
from (
1)
a
s
f
ollow
s:
s
C
R
1
R
s
C
R
1
R
R
1
)
(
H
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
B
+
+
+
+
=
s
(9)
3.3.
Coulomb
c
ounting
me
thod
The
c
oulom
b
-
c
ountin
g
al
gorithms
are
oft
en
us
e
d
in
the
bat
te
ry
mana
gem
ent
s
ys
te
ms,
th
ey
desc
ribe
the
SO
C
as
th
e
rati
o
of
avai
la
ble
capaci
ty
to
the
nomi
nal
on
e
[26
].
T
he
avail
able
cap
aci
ty
in
a
co
nnect
ed
batte
ry
operate
d
under
cha
r
gin
g
oper
at
ion
m
od
e
can
be
cal
culat
ed
by
mea
su
ri
ng
it
s
cha
r
ging
c
urren
t fl
ow
an
d
integrati
ng it
over
the time i
nterv
al
.
Th
e
used
equati
on to
calc
ulate
the i
ns
ta
ntane
ous S
OC
is give
n
as:
s
B
K
I
S
O
C
)
(
S
O
C
E
V
i
m
e
s
E
V
i
i
n
s
-
E
V
i
+
=
C
s
(10)
Wh
e
re,
SO
C
EV
i
-
ins
is
the
SO
C
of
a
n
E
V
batte
ry
i
n
real
-
ti
me
processi
ng,
S
O
C
EVi
rep
rese
nts
the
init
ia
l
SO
C,
I
mes
re
pr
esents
the
c
hargin
g
c
urren
t
,
BC
EVi
is
the
nominal
capaci
t
y
of
the
batte
r
y,
a
nd
K
is
t
he
input
gain o
f
the
inte
gr
at
or
.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
In
orde
r
to
c
he
ck
the
validit
y
of
t
he
pro
pos
ed
Re
al
-
ti
me
te
st
platfo
rm,
a
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
c
urren
t
dig
it
al
con
t
ro
ll
er
desi
gn
is
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
MATL
A
B
/Si
mu
li
nk.
T
he
m
odel
ed
bl
ock
dia
gr
a
m
is
de
picte
d
i
n
Fi
gure
6,
it
consi
sts o
f
a l
ow
power p
r
oto
t
yp
e
of a
r
eal
-
ti
me test
p
la
tf
orm of E
V batt
er
y
c
harger
.
The
c
hargi
ng
powe
r
is
mea
s
ur
e
d
i
n
the
sc
al
e
of
watt
s
w
hich
e
mu
la
te
s
the
hi
gh
-
powe
r
c
hargin
g
scenari
os
.
T
hus,
a
DC
bus
volt
age
V
DC
is
sta
bili
zed
at
30V
,
within
a
maxim
um
po
w
er
of
90W,
the
loa
d
is
represe
nted by
a Li
-
ion
batte
r
y
of 12
V/4Ah
. T
he
s
pecifica
ti
on
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
DC/DC
buck
c
onve
rter
us
e
d
in
simulat
ion i
s
gi
ven
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
The
sim
ulati
on
feat
ur
es
a
re
ba
sed,
on
t
he
one
h
a
nd,
on
te
sti
ng
the
propo
sed
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
co
ntr
ol
via
const
ant
cu
rr
e
nt
meth
od
i
mpro
ve
d
by
th
res
ho
l
d
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
l,
on
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
on
a
real
-
ti
me
m
onit
or
i
ng
of
t
he
c
hargin
g
process
us
i
ng
the
co
ulomb
c
ountin
g
al
go
rithm
of
est
imat
ing
the
S
OC.
T
he
ra
pid
a
nd
t
he
fast
chargin
g
m
od
e
s
ar
e
e
mu
la
te
d
by
a
ch
ar
ging
sce
nar
i
o
of
t
wo
E
V
batte
ri
es
c
onnected
i
n
t
wo
dif
fer
e
nt
ti
me
intervals,
Ta
ble 2
show
s the
us
e
d
sce
nar
i
o.
As
ca
n
be
see
n from t
he
Fi
gur
e 6
, t
he
tw
o
c
ha
rg
i
ng
modes
of
t
he pr
opos
e
d
sce
nar
i
o
are i
mp
le
me
nted
thr
ough
power
switc
hes
co
ntr
olled
by
a
deci
sion
al
gorith
m.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
Fi
gure
7
de
picts
the
sim
ulati
on
r
esults
of
the
c
hargin
g
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
th
e
injec
te
d pow
er
i
nto
tw
o
Li
-
i
on b
at
te
ries.
B
ased
on
the
sce
nar
i
o
data
i
n
T
able 2
and
t
he
e
xpres
sion
of
e
q.
(
2),
the
pow
er
require
d
by
eac
h
veh
ic
le
batte
ry
is
57.6W
for
the
one
t
hat
is
rap
i
d
(abo
ve 50W)
, a
nd 19.2
W fo
r t
he
ot
her that
i
s f
ast
(7W t
o 2
2W).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
168
9
–
169
9
1694
Figure
6
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e pro
posed
Re
al
-
ti
me
te
st pla
tform m
odel
ed
on S
im
ulin
k
Table
1
. Para
m
et
ers
of t
he
sim
ulati
on
set
up
Para
m
etes
Setu
p
valu
e
Inp
u
t vo
ltag
e,
V
DC
3
0
V
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e,
V
B
AT
1
2
V
Bu
ck
ind
u
cto
r,
L
100
H
Bu
ck
capacito
r,
C
690
F
ESR of c
ap
acito
r,
r
0
.12
8
Ω
Switch
in
g
fr
eq
u
en
cy
,
Fs
2
5
kHz
Table
2
. C
harg
ing
scena
rio o
f
two el
ect
ric v
e
hicle
s b
at
te
ries
BAT
PT
E
Vi
(m
in
)
SOC
E
Vi
(%)
SOC
E
Vi
-
RE
(%)
Ch
argin
g
m
o
d
e
En
E
Vi
(Wh
)
1
2
.83
61
65
Rap
id
2
.66
2
3
.5
55
57
Fast
1
.12
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of r
a
pid an
d fast
ch
a
rg
i
ng m
odes (
a
)
c
urren
t
wav
e
f
or
m
(b)
powe
r
w
ave
for
m
In
t
he
c
hargin
g
c
urren
t
waveform,
the
s
yst
em
reacte
d
e
f
fici
ently
to
t
he
quic
k
c
ha
ng
e
in
re
fer
e
nc
e
values
.
At
t=
0mi
n,
t
he
fir
st
ba
tt
ery
wa
s
co
nnect
ed
a
nd
the
n
c
harged
with
an
e
ff
ect
ive
va
lue
of
c
urren
t
rate
of
3.86A,
after
2.
83min
of
plug
ging
e
ven
t,
it
s
SO
C
ha
d
reac
he
d
the
re
quire
d
le
vel
of
65%.
The
sec
ond
sc
enar
i
o
was
sta
rte
d
at
t=
3.
15mi
n,
the
real
-
ti
me
proc
essing
of
data
set
an
u
pdat
e
of
t
he
re
fer
e
nc
e
current
at
1.
29A.
Ther
e
is
a
quic
k
trac
king
of
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urren
t,
the
sam
e
reacti
on
is
noti
ced
i
n
the
c
hargin
g
powe
r
cu
rv
e
,
the
meas
ur
e
d
powe
r
is
a
rou
nd
it
s
ref
e
ren
ce
va
lue
set
b
y
t
he
DCS.
I
n
order
to
facil
it
at
e
the
analy
sis
res
u
lt
s
a
n
d
to g
et
e
ff
e
ct
ive
synthesis
, a w
avefor
m
of the
instanta
ne
ous
SO
C
of both
bat
te
ries is sho
wn in Fi
gure
8.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
imp
le
men
t
ation of
a
s
mart b
attery
char
ger
f
or el
ect
ric
vehicl
es … (A
bdel
il
ah
Ha
s
sou
ne
)
1695
Figure
8
.
Sim
ul
at
ion
r
es
ults
of the
S
OC w
a
ve
form base
d o
n
C
ou
l
omb c
ountin
g
al
gorith
m
A
gr
a
dual
c
ha
ng
e
in
S
OC
is
obser
ve
d
i
n
t
he
tw
o
the
cha
rg
i
ng
m
od
e
s.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
ob
ta
ine
d
res
ults
pro
ve
the con
verge
nc
e of the
meas
urement
values
tow
a
r
ds
the
v
al
ues
set
by
UCP
.
5.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pro
posed
con
t
ro
l
strat
eg
y
is
te
ste
d
on
a
n
e
xperi
me
ntal
te
st
be
nc
h
ass
embled
a
nd
op
erated
at
th
e
powe
r
el
ect
r
on
ic
s
la
borat
ory
as
il
lustrate
d
on
Fig
ur
e
9.
T
he
DC
bus
pow
er
of
t
he
MPC
A75
136
po
wer
ci
rc
uit
is
pro
vid
e
d
by
a
DC
powe
r
su
ppl
y.
P
W
M
sign
al
s
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
th
e
M
O
SF
ET
are
sup
plied
f
r
om
a
n
e
xt
ern
al
so
urc
e,
w
hic
h
in
this
case
is
t
he
T
M
S
320F2
8379D
D
SP.
T
he
par
a
mete
rs
of
Ta
ble
1
are
us
e
d
in
this
set
up,
t
o
com
plete
the
de
monstrati
on,
a Li
-
io
n batt
er
y
is i
ntegr
at
e
d t
o
pe
rfo
rm
t
he 12V/4
A
h
loa
d.
The
desi
gn
e
d
Sim
ulink
m
odel
us
ed
to
buil
d
t
he
pro
gram
c
od
e
f
or
TMS3
20F28
379D
DS
P
is
pr
ese
nted
in
F
igure
10.
T
he
AD
C
bl
ock
sa
mp
le
s
t
he
in
duct
or
c
urren
t
a
nd
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
se
qu
e
nt
ia
ll
y,
these
sig
nals
a
re
s
cal
ed
to
ge
t
real
-
ti
me
values
of
the
pow
er
sta
ge.
As
de
scribe
d
in
Sec.
2,
the
ra
nge
of
D
α
i
s
from
0
to
79
99,
the
P
I
sat
ur
at
ion
bl
ock
a
djust
s
the
D
α
in
th
e
ra
ng
e
of
16
0−
7600,
that
w
ould
av
oid
du
t
y
rati
o
cl
os
e
to 0
% o
r
100%
.
T
he
sch
emat
ic
of
t
he
c
losed
-
lo
op
co
nt
ro
l
an
d
of
t
he
PWM b
loc
k
is dr
i
ven
by
a d
e
ci
sion
al
gorithm.
The
decisi
on
al
gorithm
sta
ge
w
ou
l
d
a
vo
i
d
the
c
harger
f
r
om
e
xcee
ding
the
desire
d
S
OC
of
eac
h
connecte
d
E
V
batte
r
y.
How
ever,
t
he
sy
ste
m
respo
ns
e
w
avefor
m
f
or
st
ep
-
dow
n
the
r
efere
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
fro
m
3.86
t
o
1.2
9A
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
11.
The
use
d
c
on
tr
ol
res
ult
su
f
fers
fro
m
inducto
r
c
urren
t
os
ci
ll
at
ions
bu
t
reaches
the
re
quire
d
re
fer
e
nce
v
al
ue
w
it
hi
n
a
shor
t
delay
.
Figure
9
.
Expe
rimental
set
up
of the
pro
pose
d
Re
al
-
ti
me
te
s
t plat
form
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
168
9
–
169
9
1696
(a)
(b)
Figure
10
. T
he
d
esi
gn
e
d Si
m
ulink m
od
el
(
a
)
A
DC
c
onve
rt
er
blo
c
k
(
b) P
W
M
blo
c
k
(a)
(b)
Figure
11
. E
xp
erimental
resu
l
ts of the
pro
po
sed
c
hargin
g s
cenari
o
(a
)
c
ur
ren
t
wa
veform
(b) powe
r
w
av
eform
The
sec
ond
c
ha
rg
i
ng
se
quenc
e
that
was
sta
r
te
d
at
t
=
190s
e
c
has
a
ch
ar
gin
g
c
urre
nt
of
an
ef
fecti
ve
value
eq
ual
t
o
1.29A,
a
nd
a
r
edu
ce
d
rip
ple
r
at
e
in
t
he
rang
e
of
10
-
15%.
T
her
e
fore,
the
out
of
ra
ng
e
im
pact
of
current
rip
ple
causes
a
batte
r
y
pe
rfo
rma
nce
degra
dation
a
s
repor
te
d
in
[
27].
T
he
ref
e
re
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
s
et
to
be
rap
i
dly
c
ha
ng
e
d,
t
he
ste
a
dy
st
at
e
behavi
our
of
the
s
ys
te
m
is
th
us
as
ex
pec
te
d.
T
he
cl
os
e
d
-
lo
op
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
mainta
ins
the
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
a
t
each
re
fer
e
nc
e
val
ue
e
ve
n
if
the
loa
d
is
al
te
red
be
twee
n
t
wo
Li
-
i
on
batte
ries
in
diff
e
re
nt
ti
me
i
nter
vals
i
.e.
,
t=
170
-
19
0s
ec
a
nd
a
fter
t=
400s
e
c.
M
ean
w
hile,
the
DCS
monit
or
s
bot
h
the
c
urre
nt
and
the
vo
lt
a
ge
across
the
ba
tt
ery
s
o
that
it
will
nev
e
r
e
xc
eed
a
n
ove
rloa
d
vo
lt
age
a
nd
t
he
c
hargin
g
will
ta
ke
place
duri
ng
the
ti
me
inter
va
l
al
locat
ed
by
eac
h
E
V
use
r.
Howe
ver,
Figure
12
sho
ws
the
e
xperi
mental
measu
reme
nt
of the
S
OC in re
al
ti
me p
r
ocess
ing
.
Figure
12
. E
xp
erimental
resu
l
ts of the
SO
C
wav
e
f
or
m
b
a
se
d on Co
ulomb
Counti
ng alg
ori
thm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
imp
le
men
t
ation of
a
s
mart b
attery
char
ger
f
or el
ect
ric
vehicl
es … (A
bdel
il
ah
Ha
s
sou
ne
)
1697
The
fir
st
batte
r
y
SO
C
reache
d
t
he
re
quired
rate
with
in
t=
170se
c,
w
hich
i
s
the
sa
me
pl
uggi
ng
ti
me
al
locat
ed
by
the
c
orres
pond
ing
EV
use
r
(
2.83mi
n).
The
fast
c
hargi
ng
mode
is
em
ul
at
ed
in
t
he
s
econ
d
seq
uen
ce
wher
e
the
batte
r
y
is
charged
withi
n
t=
210s
ec
,
m
eans
3.5
min
of
plugg
i
ng
t
he
ba
tt
ery
into
t
he
EVC
S
te
rmi
nal.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
cha
r
ging
s
cena
rio
had
ver
ifie
d
t
he
ex
pose
d
c
ontrol
strat
eg
y
w
hi
ch
remains
va
li
d
f
or
the ch
a
r
ging sc
enar
i
os
that
ca
n
la
st a l
ong d
urat
ion t
ime an
d re
qu
ire
h
i
gh c
hargin
g p
ow
e
r dema
nd.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
a
real
-
ti
me
te
st
platf
or
m
is
pr
esented
in
fu
ll
detai
l
in
w
hich
an
im
pro
ve
d
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
const
ant
c
urre
nt
dig
it
al
co
ntr
ol
is
i
mp
le
me
nt
ed
on
a
Li
-
io
n
batte
r
y
cha
rg
e
r
of
E
VCS.
I
n
order
to
dev
el
op
the
pro
po
se
d
c
ontr
ol
al
gorithm
,
a
PI
c
on
t
ro
l
with
anti
-
wind
up
correct
ion
an
d
a
colu
mn
c
ount
ing
met
hod
of
SO
C
wer
e
perf
or
me
d
via
a
c
hargi
ng
sc
ena
rio
e
mu
la
ti
ng
t
wo
chargin
g
m
ode
s
i.e.
,
fast
a
nd
rap
i
d.
A
ste
ady
sta
te
analysis
of
t
he
exp
e
rime
ntal
resu
lt
s
highli
ghts
that
both
t
he
po
wer
rip
pl
es
an
d
the
c
ha
rg
i
ng
c
urre
nt
r
ipp
le
s
wer
e
fou
n
d
to
be
decr
ease
d
within
t
he
tol
erab
le
range.
Ap
a
rt
f
rom
th
e
pro
po
se
d
te
s
t
platfo
rm,
it
i
s
al
so
importa
nt
t
o
a
nalyze
t
he
ec
onomi
c
a
nd
the
reli
abili
ty
as
pe
ct
s
of
the
DC
bus
powe
r
s
yst
em
base
d
on
hybri
d
energ
y
s
ources
,
w
hich
c
an
al
so
be
treat
e
d
a
s
the
f
uture
sc
op
e
of
this
w
ork
.
T
he
po
wer
pole
ci
rcu
it
,
t
he
T
I
dev
el
opment
kit,
an
d
Simu
li
nk
c
ombine
to
set
ef
fecti
ve
real
-
ti
me
te
st
platfo
rms
f
or
e
valu
at
ing
con
t
rol
al
gorithms
bas
ed
on
di
gital
P
W
M
.
This
has
importa
nt
impl
ic
at
ion
s
f
or
the
BM
S
c
ontr
ol
al
gorithms.
Over
al
l,
the
pro
po
s
ed
pl
at
fo
rm
ca
n
be
use
d
to
de
ploy
a
nd
ex
per
i
m
ent
dig
it
al
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
for
buc
k,
bo
os
t,
buc
k
-
boos
t,
fly
back, a
nd fo
rw
a
rd co
nverte
rs
in
r
esea
rc
h
l
aborato
ries.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Moro
and
L
.
Lonz
a
,
“E
l
ec
tr
i
ci
ty
ca
rbon
int
e
nsity
in
Europ
ean
Membe
r
St
at
e
s:
Impa
c
ts
on
GH
G
em
issions
of
el
e
ct
ri
c
v
ehi
c
le
s,
”
Tr
anspor
tat
ion
Re
search
Part
D: Tr
anspor
t
and
Environm
ent
,
vol.
64
,
pp
.
5
-
14
,
Oct
.
2018
.
[2]
V.
Montei
ro
,
J.
G.
Pinto,
and
J.
L.
Afo
nso,
“Im
p
rove
d
veh
ic
l
e
-
fo
r
-
grid
(iV4G)
m
ode:
Nove
l
oper
at
ion
mode
fo
r
EVs
bat
t
ery
ch
a
rge
rs
in
sm
art
grids,
”
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
o
f
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Pow
er
&
En
ergy
S
y
stems
,
vol.
110,
pp.
579
-
587
,
Se
p.
2019
.
[3]
A.
Hass
oune,
M
.
Khaf
al
l
ah,
A.
Mesbahi,
and
T.
Bourag
ba
,
“Power
Mana
g
em
e
nt
Strategi
es
of
El
e
ct
ri
c
Veh
ic
l
e
Chargi
ng
St
at
io
n
Based
Grid
T
ie
d
PV
-
Battery
Sys
te
m,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
R
ene
wabl
e
Ene
rgy
Re
searc
h
(IJ
RER)
,
vol
.
8
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
851
-
8
60,
Jun.
2018.
[4]
H.
Wa
ng
,
A.
Gail
l
ard
,
and
D.
Hiss
el
,
“A
rev
ie
w
of
D
C/
DC
conve
rte
r
-
b
ase
d
elec
t
roc
he
mi
c
al
i
mpe
dan
c
e
spec
troscopy
fo
r
fue
l
c
el
l
e
le
c
tric
vehicle
s
,
”
Re
n
e
wable
Ene
rgy
,
v
ol.
141
,
pp
.
124
-
138,
Oct
.
2019
.
[5]
M.
La
kshmi
an
d
S.
Hema
m
al
in
i,
“Coord
ina
t
ed
cont
rol
of
MP
PT
and
voltage
r
egul
a
ti
on
using
single
-
stag
e
hig
h
gai
n
DC
-
DC
co
nver
te
r
in
a
gr
id
-
conne
c
te
d
PV
s
ystem
,
”
Elec
tri
c
Pow
er
Syst
ems
R
ese
arch
,
vol
.
169,
pp
.
65
-
73,
Apr.
2019.
[6]
K.
Jyothe
eswara
Reddy
and
S.
Nata
ra
ja
n
,
“E
ne
rgy
source
s
and
multi
-
inpu
t
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
rs
used
in
hybrid
el
e
ct
ri
c
vehicle
appl
i
ca
t
ions
-
A
r
evi
ew,”
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Hydrogen
En
ergy
,
vol
.
43
,
no.
36,
pp
.
17387
-
17408,
Sep
.
201
8.
[7]
A.
Mendoz
a
-
To
rre
s,
N.
Visairo
,
C.
Nuñe
z
,
J.
Arme
nta,
E.
Ro
drígue
z
,
and
I
.
Cerva
nt
es,
“Switc
hing
rule
for
a
bidi
re
ct
ion
al
DC
/DC
conve
r
te
r
in
an elect
r
ic ve
hi
c
le
,
”
Control
Eng
ine
ering
Practic
e
,
vo
l. 82, pp. 10
8
-
117,
2019
.
[8]
M.
Amja
d
,
A.
Ahmad,
M.
H.
Re
hma
ni
,
and
T
.
U
me
r,
“A
r
evi
ew
of
EVs
cha
rg
ing
:
From
th
e
p
erspe
ctive
of
en
erg
y
opti
mization,
op
ti
mization
appr
o
ac
hes,
and
ch
arg
ing
t
ec
hniqu
es,
”
Tr
anspor
tat
ion
Re
search
Part
D
:
Tr
anspor
t
and
Env
ironment
,
vo
l.
62
,
pp
.
386
-
41
7,
Jul.
2018.
[9]
A,
Tomasze
ws
ka,
Z.
Chu
,
X.
Fe
ng,
e
t
al
,
“'
Li
th
i
um
-
ion
ba
tt
e
ry
f
ast
charging:
A
rev
ie
w
”
,
eTransportat
ion
,
vo
l.
1
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
Aug.
20
19.
[10]
A.
Hass
oune,
M.
Khafa
l
la
h
,
A.
Mesbahi,
an
d
T.
Bour
agba,
“Im
prove
d
Cont
rol
Strategi
es
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
Veh
ic
l
es
Chargi
ng
Statio
n
base
d
on
Grid
Tied
PV
/Ba
tter
y
Sys
te
m
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Ad
v
anc
ed
C
omputer
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
Applications
,
vol
.
11
,
no
.
3
,
2
020.
[11]
J.
López,
S.
I
.
Se
le
m
e,
P.
F
.
Donos
o,
L.
M.
F.
Mor
ai
s,
P.
C
.
Cort
izo,
and
M.
A.
Sev
ero
,
“Digi
t
al
con
trol
stra
te
gy
for
a
buck
conv
ert
er
oper
a
ti
ng
as
a
b
at
t
ery
ch
arg
er
fo
r
stand
-
a
lone
ph
otovol
taic
sys
tems,”
So
lar
Ene
r
gy
,
vo
l.
140,
pp
.
171
-
187,
De
c. 2
016.
[12]
S.
Soepra
p
to,
R
.
N
.
Has
ana
h,
a
nd
T
.
Ta
uf
ik,
“
Bat
tery
ma
n
ageme
nt
sys
te
m
on
e
le
c
tric
b
ike
u
sing
L
it
hium
-
Io
n
18650,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s
and
Dr
ive
Syste
ms
(I
JP
ED
S)
,
vol.
10
,
no.
3,
p
.
1529,
Sep
.
2019.
[13]
O.
E
ll
abb
an,
J.
V.
Mier
lo,
and
P.
La
t
ai
r
e,
“A
DS
P
-
Based
Dual
L
oop
Digital
Cont
roll
er
Design
an
d
Implem
ent
a
ti
o
n
of
a
High
-
Po
wer
Boost
Converte
r
for
Hybrid
E
lectr
i
c
V
ehi
c
le
s
Applicati
ons,
”
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vo
l.
11,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
11
3
-
119,
Mar
.
201
1.
[14]
C.
P.
Math
ews
and
B.
Y.
Mi
tsui,
“C
losed
-
L
oop
Digit
a
l
PWM
Control
u
sing
a
Popular
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ro
nics
Plat
form
,
”
IFA
C
-
Pape
rs
O
nLine
,
vol.
48
,
no
.
30
,
p
p.
351
-
356
,
201
5.
[15]
J.
Luo
,
J.
Peng
,
and
H.
He
,
“L
i
t
hium
-
ion
batter
y
SO
C
estimation
study
b
ase
d
on
Cubat
ure
Kal
man
filter
,
”
En
ergy
Proce
dia
,
vo
l. 1
58,
pp
.
3421
-
34
26,
Feb
.
2019
.
[16]
Y.
L
iu,
Y.
Wa
n
g,
and
Z
.
Y
an,
“
Acc
elera
ti
ng
PID
cont
ro
ll
er
d
ev
el
opm
ent
with
r
api
d
protot
yp
ing
and
mode
l
-
b
ase
d
design,
”
Pa
ci
f
ic
Sci
en
ce R
e
view A:
Natural
Scien
ce
and
Eng
ine
er
ing
,
vo
l. 17, no.
2,
pp
.
48
-
50
,
Jul
.
2015.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
168
9
–
169
9
1698
[17]
Y.
Shi,
B.
-
H.
Gw
ee
,
and
J.
C
hang,
“Asynch
r
onous
DS
P
for
low
-
power
en
er
gy
-
eff
icient
e
m
bedde
d
sys
tems,
”
Mic
ropr
oce
ss
ors
and
Mi
crosyste
ms
,
vol. 35, no.
3,
pp
.
318
-
328
,
May
2011.
[18]
Kama
l
,
T
.
,
Nad
a
raj
ah
,
M.,
H
assan,
S.Z
.
,
e
t
al
,
“
Optim
al
Sch
edu
li
ng
of
PH
EVs
in
a
PV
base
d
Chargi
ng
Sta
ti
on,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Eme
rging Tec
hnolog
ie
s
,
Isl
amaba
d
,
P
aki
stan
,
Oc
tobe
r
2016,
pp
.
1
-
6.
[19]
A.
Hass
oune,
M.
Khaf
al
l
ah,
A.
Mesbah
i,
L
.
Ben
aa
ouin
ate,
and
T.
Bour
agb
a,
“Con
trol
Stra
te
gi
es
of
a
Sm
a
rt
Topol
ogy
of
EVs
Chargi
ng
Stati
on
Based
Grid
T
ie
d
R
ES
-
Bat
t
ery
,
”
Inte
rn
at
ional
Re
v
ie
w
of
Elec
tric
al
Engi
n
ee
ring
(IR
EE
)
,
vo
l. 13,
no.
5
,
p
.
385
,
Oc
t.
2018
.
[20]
S.
Choi
and
M.
Saeedifa
rd
,
“A
n
Educat
iona
l
L
abor
at
ory
for
Digit
a
l
Con
trol
a
nd
Rapi
d
Protot
yping
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
c
Ci
rcu
it
s,”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Edu
c
ati
on
,
vol. 55
,
n
o.
2
,
pp
.
263
-
27
0,
May
2012.
[21]
A.
-
I.
Stroe
,
V.
Knap,
and
D.
-
I
.
Stroe,
“Co
mpa
r
ison
of
li
thi
u
m
-
i
on
bat
t
ery
per
fo
rma
nc
e
at
begi
n
ning
-
of
-
li
f
e
and
end
-
of
-
li
f
e,”
M
icr
oel
ectronics
R
e
li
ability
,
vo
l. 88
-
90,
pp
.
1251
-
12
55,
Sep
.
2018
.
[22]
J.
Li
and
M.
S.
Maz
zola,
“Ac
cu
rat
e
batter
y
pa
ck
modeling
for
au
tom
oti
v
e
appl
i
cations,
”
Journal
o
f
Pow
er
Source
s
,
vol.
237
,
pp
.
215
-
228,
Sep
.
2013
.
[23]
A.
Nouaiti,
A.
Mesbahi,
A
.
Saa
d,
M.
Kh
afa
l
la
h
,
and
M.
Redd
ak,
“Real
i
za
t
ion
of
a
Singl
e
-
Phase
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
r
t
er
for
Grid
-
Conne
c
te
d
Photovo
lt
a
ic
Sys
te
m”
,
Eng
.
T
ec
hnol
.
Appl
.
Sc
i
.
R
es
.
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
5,
pp.
3344
-
334
9,
Oct
.
2018
.
[24]
S.
B.
San
tra,
K
.
Bha
tt
a
cha
ry
a,
T.
R
.
Chudhury
,
and
D.
Ch
at
t
e
rje
e
,
“G
ene
r
at
io
n
of
PWM
Sch
em
es
for
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
c
Conv
ert
ers,”
2018
20t
h
N
ati
onal
Pow
e
r Sy
stems Conf
e
renc
e
(N
PSC)
,
Dec
.
2018.
[25]
N.
Mohan,
“Power
E
lectr
oni
cs:
A
First Course
”
,
C
hapt
er
4.
John
Wi
l
ey
and
Sons
,
pp.
1
-
288,
2012
.
[26]
H.
-
S.
Lee,
B.
K
ang,
W.
-
S.
Ki
m,
and
S.
-
J.
Yoon
,
“Re
duc
ti
on
of
i
nput
voltage/cur
ren
t
ripp
le
s
of
b
oost
hal
f
-
bri
dg
e
DC
-
DC c
onver
ter for
photov
oltai
c
m
ic
ro
-
inv
erter,”
Solar
Ene
rgy
,
vol.
188
,
pp
.
108
4
-
1101,
Aug.
20
19.
[27]
M.
B.
L
az
r
eg,
I
.
Bac
cou
che,
S.
J
em
m
al
i
,
B
.
Man
ai
,
and
M.
Ham
ouda
,
“SoC
Estimat
ion
of
L
i
-
Ion
Battery
Pack
fo
r
Li
ght
Elec
tr
ic
Vehic
l
es
using
Enha
nc
ed
Coul
omb
Counti
ng
Algorit
hm
,
”
20
19
10th
In
te
rna
ti
onal
Re
n
ewable
Ene
rgy
Congres
s (IR
EC)
,
Mar
.
2
019.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Abdeli
l
ah
Hass
oune
was
born
in
Sett
a
t,
Moro
cc
o
in
1993.
He
re
c
ei
ved
the
b
ac
h
elor
dipl
om
a
in
ma
th
em
a
ti
c
al
sci
enc
es
in
2010
,
a
nd
the
techni
ca
l
unive
rsity
degr
e
e
in
elec
tri
c
al
en
gine
er
ing
and
com
put
er
sci
en
ce
fro
m
th
e
Nati
on
al
High
S
chool
of
Techn
ic
a
l
Edu
ca
t
ion,
Mohamm
ed
ia,
Morocc
o,
in
20
12,
and
th
e
ma
s
t
er
degr
ee
s
fro
m
the
Mult
idi
sc
ipl
ina
ry
Fa
cul
ty
of
th
e
Hass
an
I
Univer
sity,
Kho
uribga
,
Moroc
c
o,
in
2013,
and
the
e
le
c
trica
l
e
ngine
er
d
ipl
om
a
in
em
b
edde
d
sys
te
ms
and
nu
me
ri
ca
l
con
trol
from
the
Nat
i
onal
Schoo
l
of
Applie
d
Sci
en
ce
s
Khouribg
a,
Morocc
o,
2015.
Mr.
Hass
oune
jo
ine
d
the
Hass
an
II
Univer
si
ty
of
Casabl
an
ca,
ENSEM,
Morocc
o
,
in
2015
as
a
Ph
D
ca
ndid
at
e
a
t
the
La
bora
tory
of
Ene
rgy
&
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Sys
te
ms
.
He
is
now
a
te
a
che
r
at
th
e
i
n
dustria
l
sys
te
ms
engi
ne
eri
ng
sch
ool
(EI
GS
I),
Ca
sabla
nc
a
-
Moroc
co
,
since
2016
.
His
rese
ar
ch
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
e
le
c
tri
c
veh
icles
cha
rging
sta
ti
on
with
seve
r
al
p
ubli
c
at
ions
in
highl
y
inde
x
ed
j
ourna
ls.
He
is
a
lso
a
m
em
ber
o
f
IE
EE
commun
it
y
wi
th
acce
ss
to
th
e
world's
la
rge
st
techni
ca
l
profe
ss
iona
l
or
gani
z
at
ion
dedic
at
ed
to
adva
n
ci
n
g
tech
nology
fo
r
the
ben
efi
t
of
huma
nit
y
.
Mohame
d
Khaf
al
l
ah
is
now
a
profe
ss
or
tut
or
i
n
the
Dep
artme
nt
Elec
t
rical
En
gine
er
ing
a
t
th
e
Superior
Nati
on
al
School
of
Elec
tr
ic
i
ty
and
M
ec
han
ic
a
l
(ENS
EM),
Hass
an
II
Univer
sity
of
Casabl
an
ca,
Morocc
o.
His
m
ai
n
res
ea
rch
int
e
res
ts
th
e
applic
at
io
n
of
power
el
e
ctronics
conve
r
ts
and
mot
or
driv
e
s.
He
h
as
pub
li
shed
a
lot
of
r
ese
arc
h
pap
ers
in
in
te
rna
ti
ona
l
journ
al
s,
conf
ere
n
ce
proc
ee
d
ings a
s
well
as
ch
apt
ers
of
books.
Abdeloua
hed
M
esba
hi
re
ceive
d
the
M.A
degr
ee
from
ENSET,
R
aba
t
,
Morocc
o
i
n
1990
and
th
e
DEA
dipl
oma
in
inform
a
ti
on
pro
ce
ss
ing
in
1997
from
Hass
an
II
Univer
sity,
Fa
cu
lt
y
of
sci
ences
Ben
M’s
ik
Casa
bla
nc
a,
Moroc
c
o.
H
e
obtained
the
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
in
engi
n
ee
r
ing
sci
ences
fro
m
ENSEM
Casablanc
a
,
Morocc
o
i
n
2013.
Unti
l
2
013,
h
e
was
a
t
ea
ch
er
in
elec
trica
l
eng
ineeri
ng
depa
rt
me
nt
at
ENSET
Moham
me
di
a
Morocc
o
.
Actu
al
ly
,
he
ac
ts
as
assistan
t
profe
ss
or
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
dep
art
m
en
t
at
ENSEM,
Ca
sabla
nc
a,
Moroc
co.
His
rese
arc
h
in
Ene
rgy
and
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Sys
tems
La
bora
tory
(
LE
SE),
is
foc
us
ed
on
sensorle
ss
cont
rol
and
adv
anc
ed
comman
d
appl
i
ed
to
elec
trica
l
machin
es
an
d
cont
ro
l
of
ren
e
wable
ene
rgy
sys
te
ms.
He
is
al
s
o
an
associate
d
rese
arc
h
m
em
be
r
of
SS
DIA
La
b
ora
tory
b
ase
d
in ENS
ET
,
Moha
m
me
di
a,
Morocc
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.