Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
2
,
Jun
202
1
,
pp.
757
~
764
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
pp
757
-
764
757
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A mod
al a
na
l
ysis bas
ed on rea
ctive power
co
m
pensation o
n
6
-
bu
s
Om
an electric
al g
rid
Ad
n
an S
aif Al M
am
ari
1
, S
iti
Fauzi
ah Toh
a
2
, Salmi
ah
A
hma
d
3
, Ali
Sa
l
im
A
l
Ma
m
ari
4
1,2,3
Depa
rtment
o
f
Mec
ha
tronics
Engni
e
eri
ng,
Int
ern
ational
Isla
mic
Univer
si
ty
Ma
l
aysia
(IIUM
),
K
ual
a
Lum
pur
,
Mala
ysia
4
Oman
E
le
c
tricity T
ran
sm
ission
Compa
ny,
Mus
ca
t, Oma
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
12, 202
0
Re
vised Feb
2,
2021
Accepte
d Apr
25, 202
1
Thi
s
pap
er
cov
ers
the
modal
ana
lysis
appl
i
cation
(MA
TL
AB
2019a)
for
im
proving
th
e
v
olt
ag
e
pro
files
b
y
opt
im
um
posit
ioni
ng
of
the c
ap
ac
i
tor
b
anks
for
6
-
bus Oma
n
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Sys
tem
because
th
e
O
ma
n
e
lectr
i
ci
ty
Tra
nsmiss
ion
Compa
ny
(OET
C)
is
sufferi
ng
of
drop
voltage
in
th
ese
6
buse
s
esp
ecia
l
ly
during
summ
er
sea
son
as
a
p
ea
k
per
iod.
T
he
New
ton
-
Raphson
(N
-
R)
m
et
hod
will
hel
p
to
d
et
e
rmi
ne
th
e
req
uir
ed
r
eact
iv
e
power
for
each
loa
d
bus
and
a
s
well
th
e
ideal
p
ositi
on
or
point
of
ca
pa
ci
to
rs.
T
he
proc
ess
aims
to
maintain
the
Q
-
V
r
el
a
ti
on
s
of
the
elec
tr
ica
l
gr
id
by
cor
r
el
a
t
ing
the
low
est
Eigen
-
val
u
es
to
r
el
a
te
d
E
igen
-
vec
tors
in
ob
ta
in
ed
Ja
cobian
m
at
rix
.
It
dep
ends
on
the
Ei
gen
-
v
al
ues,
if
the
y
are
posi
ti
ve
the
n
the
sys
te
m’s
voltage
is
stable
othe
rwise
i
t
is
n
ot
stable.
In
a
st
abl
e
sys
tem,
the
pote
n
t
ia
l
voltag
e
collapse
coul
d
b
e
anticipate
d
by
checki
ng
the
p
art
i
ci
pa
ti
on
f
actors
for
a
group
o
f
mi
nimal
positi
v
e
Ei
g
en
-
va
lue
s.
I
n
gen
era
l
,
the
cr
i
ti
c
al
wea
k
bus
is
associ
at
ed
with
lowe
r
Ei
g
en
-
val
u
es.
Elec
t
ric
a
l
sys
tem
collapse
is
at
tr
ibutable
to
th
e
wea
kes
t
bus
in
t
he
net
work
and
i
t
coul
d
be
avoi
d
ed
by
de
te
rm
ining
the
we
ak
buses
and
provi
ding
ca
p
acitor
b
anks
at
sui
ta
bl
e
loc
a
ti
ons
which
will
l
ea
d
to
im
prove
the vol
t
age
st
abi
l
it
y
ma
r
gin.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Jaco
bian mat
ri
x
Loa
d
fl
ow alg
ori
thm
New
t
on
-
Ra
phs
on
Re
act
ive pow
e
r
c
ompensati
on
Vo
lt
age
stabil
it
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sit
i Fauziah
T
oh
a
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
M
ec
hatronics
En
gin
eeri
ng
In
te
r
natio
nal Is
la
mic Un
i
versi
ty
M
al
aysia
(II
UM)
Jal
an Gomba
k, 5310
0,
Sela
ng
or,
M
al
aysia
Emai
l:
tsfau
zi
a
h@
ii
um.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
re
cent
yea
rs
,
t
he
el
ect
rical
load
dema
nd
s
hav
e
bee
n
i
ncrea
sed
an
d
beca
us
e
of
the
s
ys
te
m
volt
age
secur
it
y,
t
he
powe
r
tra
nsfer
betwee
n
vill
ag
es,
to
w
ns
a
nd
industrial
area
s
ha
ve
e
mer
ge
d
for
th
e
c
on
c
ern
[
1]
,
[2]
.
A
lot
of
di
sturb
a
nces
in
el
ect
rical
pow
er
du
e
to
volt
a
ge
c
ollapse
an
d
i
ns
ta
bili
ty
as
it
ha
ppens
wi
th
the
sel
ect
ed
6
-
bus
Oma
n
gri
d.
T
he
r
ef
or
e
,
in
ord
er
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
these
pr
ob
le
m
s,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
s
ta
bili
ty
needs
to
be
analyze
d
an
d
s
tud
ie
d
dee
ply
.
Ther
e
a
re
som
e
reasons
wh
ic
h
le
ad
to
vo
lt
a
ge
instabil
it
y
s
uch
as
i
nad
e
qu
at
e
of
reacti
ve
po
wer,
hi
gh
l
oad
on
transmissi
on
li
ne,
la
c
k
of
vo
l
ta
ge
sou
rce
s
a
nd
t
he
distance
s
betwee
n
t
he
so
urce
and
util
it
y
[3]
-
[6].
Gen
e
rall
y,
vo
lt
age i
ns
ta
bil
it
y
is relat
ed
to
imbalance
d
re
act
ive p
owe
r.
In the power sy
ste
m,
the
loa
d
bus
ca
pab
il
it
y
relys
on
reacti
ve
pow
er
s
upport
w
hi
ch
it
receive
d
f
rom
th
e
el
ect
ri
cal
sy
ste
m
.
V
ol
ta
ge
instabil
it
y
le
ad
s
to
volt
age
co
ll
apse
where
t
he
syst
em
una
ble
to
rec
over
again
a
nd
usua
ll
y
it
sta
rts
wit
h
ra
pid
reducti
on
of
volt
age
[4]
-
[
7]
.
The
re
a
re
t
w
o
cl
assifi
cat
io
ns
of
a
nalysis
meth
ods
of
volt
age
sta
bili
ty
issues
wh
ic
h
a
re
dyna
mic
an
d
sta
ti
c.
Stat
ic
method
involve
s
[8]
;
i)
modal
a
nalysis
/Ei
gen
vect
or
s
and
values,
ii
)
Q
-
V
and P
-
V cu
rv
e
s,
a
nd ii
i) powe
r
fl
ow an
al
ys
i
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
757
–
764
758
Flexible
al
te
r
na
ti
ng
c
urren
t
t
ran
s
missi
on
s
yst
em
(FACTS
)
de
vices
are
w
idely
us
ed
f
or
so
lvi
ng
t
he
vo
lt
age
i
ns
ta
bi
li
ty.
FA
CTS
de
vices
are
c
ons
idere
d
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
effe
ct
ive
so
l
utio
ns
f
or
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
powe
r
losses
an
d
imp
rovin
g
the
volt
age
pro
file
in
el
ect
rical
gr
i
d
because
of
t
heir
fast
a
nd
flexi
bili
ty
of
co
ntr
ol
[
5
]
-
[
10]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
t
hey
ca
n
pro
vid
e
high
l
oa
ding
capaci
ty
an
d
re
duci
ng
or
get
rid
of
the
blac
kouts.
These
dev
ic
es
ca
n
be
u
se
d
e
ff
ect
ivel
y
by d
et
er
mini
ng
the
w
ea
k
bu
s
in
the
el
ect
ric
al
sy
ste
m
wher
e
the
y
sho
uld
ta
ke
a
place t
o
sup
ply t
he req
uire
d re
act
ive pow
e
r [
11].
Op
ti
mal
cap
ac
it
or
placeme
nt
is
con
si
der
e
d
on
e
of
t
h
e
m
os
t
ef
fecti
ve
s
olu
ti
ons
f
or
re
du
ci
ng
t
he
powe
r
losses
and
i
mpro
ving
the
volt
age
pro
file
in
el
ect
r
ic
al
gr
id
[12]
-
[14].
By
us
i
ng
the
capaci
to
r
s,
the
require
d
reacti
ve
powe
r
for
e
ach
l
oad
bus
is
sup
plied.
Th
ere
a
re
iss
ues
i
n
ca
pacit
ors
opti
mal
placem
ent
f
o
r
reducin
g
the
powe
r
losse
s
in
distrib
ution
ne
twork
s
uc
h
as
[15]
;
i)
c
hange
able
be
hav
i
or
of
the
l
oad
bus
es,
ii
)
intric
acy
of
el
ect
rical
gr
id
,
i
ii
)
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
t
he
loa
ds
netw
ork,
i
v)
unce
rtai
nty
i
n
ret
urnin
g
of
the
exp
e
ndit
ur
e
which
us
e
d for c
apacit
o
r
p
la
ce
ment.
In
case
the
m
odal
a
nalysis
of
the
Jac
obean
matri
x
is
very
cl
os
e
t
o
t
he
poi
nt
of
c
ollapse
[
16],
this
will
increase
t
he
ab
il
it
y
of
the
ope
rator
t
o
determ
ine
the
weak
bus
a
nd
sel
ect
t
he
opti
mal
pla
cement
of
ca
pa
ci
tor
banks
w
her
e
t
he
reacti
ve
po
w
er
i
nject
ion
will
su
pp
or
t
t
he
s
ys
te
m
m
ost
.
The
i
nform
at
ion
a
bout
th
e
loads
wh
ic
h
are
a
ff
e
ct
ing
the
volt
age
colla
pse
co
uld
be
obta
ine
d
f
rom
Eige
n
-
vecto
rs
an
d
th
ei
r
associat
ed
Eigen
-
values
[15]
-
[
18].
T
he re
du
ce
d Jac
obean
matri
x for
New
t
on
-
Ra
ph
s
on
(N
-
R)
can b
e e
sta
blis
hed as
per in
[
19].
2.
MO
DA
L
AN
ALYSIS TO
I
MP
ROVE V
OLT
AGE P
R
OFILE
S
A
sy
ste
m
is
volt
age
ste
ad
y
at
gi
ven
op
e
ra
ti
ng
ci
rcumst
a
nce
i
f
f
or
eac
h
bus
in
the
s
yst
em,
t
he
bus
vo
lt
age
mag
nitud
e
will
increa
se
as
reacti
ve
e
nerg
y
i
nject
ion
at
th
at
bu
s
is
increas
e
d.
In
oth
er
words,
a
s
yst
e
m
is
volt
age
sec
ure
if
V
-
Q
sen
sit
ivit
y
is
posit
iv
e
f
or
eac
h
bus
and
unsta
ble
if
it
is
ne
gative
f
or
at
le
ast
one
bu
s
.
The
Ja
co
bian
of
N
-
R
l
oad
fl
ow
al
go
rithm
is
consi
der
e
d
in
t
erms
of
(1)
a
nd
(2).
W
her
e
,
ΔP
is
the
inc
re
mental
chan
ge
in
bus
r
eal
powe
r,
ΔQ
is
the
i
ncr
e
men
ta
l
change
in bus
reacti
ve
po
wer
injec
ti
on, Δδ
is
t
he
in
cre
mental
change
in
bus
vo
lt
age
an
gle,
ΔV
is
the
inc
re
mental
cha
nge
in
bus
vo
lt
age
mag
nitud
e
an
d
the
sub
mat
rices
J
1
to J
4
a
re th
e
p
a
rtit
ion
ed
matri
ces o
f
the
J
ac
obia
n Matri
x
J
.
[
]
=
[
]
[
|
|
]
(1)
[
]
=
[
1
2
3
4
]
[
|
|
]
(2)
This
co
nventio
nal
load
flo
w
is
us
ed
for
rea
ct
ive
power
c
ompen
sat
ion
s
tud
ie
s
an
d
it
al
so
help
s
i
n
vo
lt
age
sta
bili
ty
stu
dies.
The
powe
r
fl
ow
e
qu
at
io
ns
a
re
s
olv
e
d
us
in
g
th
e
N
-
R
M
et
hod
.
Re
al
an
d
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
will
affe
ct
the
volt
ag
e
sta
bili
ty.
H
oweve
r,
at
eac
h
operati
ng
point,
P
i
s
c
onsta
nt
an
d
sta
bi
li
ty
is
evaluate
d
by
c
on
si
der
i
ng
t
he
increme
ntal
rel
at
ion
bet
wee
n
Q
an
d
V,
al
th
ough
inc
reme
nt
al
changes
in
(
P
)
are
neg
le
ct
e
d
i
n
t
he
f
ormulat
io
n.
The
ex
pr
e
ssio
n
of
t
he
incre
me
ntal
cha
nges
in
each
bus
reacti
ve
powe
r
i
nject
ion
.
∆Q is
obta
i
ned b
ase
d o
n
the
(1) an
d (2)
[20
].
=
[
−
3
1
−
1
2
+
4
]
|
|
(3)
It
is
obvious
th
at
the
m
odal
a
nalysis
by
us
i
ng
t
he
Jac
obia
n
matri
x
has
m
ore
c
ompu
ta
ti
on
al
dif
ficult
y
th
an
of
the
re
du
ce
d
Ja
cob
ia
n
matri
x,
thu
s
t
he
re
du
ce
d
Jaco
bia
n
ap
proac
h
(J
R
)
is
f
ol
lo
wed
he
re
as
(4)
f
or
6
-
bus
O
man
gr
i
d
[
20]
,
[21].
It
re
pr
ese
nts
a
li
near
relat
io
n
betwee
n
t
he
cha
ng
e
in
bus
volt
age
(∆V)
and
the
injec
ti
on
of
reacti
ve powe
r
at eac
h b
us
(∆
Q)
at
unc
hange
able act
ive
po
wer.
∆
=
∆
|
|
(4)
2.1.
Modes
an
d
vo
lta
ge
s
tabil
ity
The
re
duced
Jaco
bian
matr
ix
has
rig
ht
and
le
ft
Eige
n
-
vecto
rs
as
(
4)
wh
ic
h
is
r
esulti
ng
i
n
par
ti
ci
patio
n
fa
ct
or
s t
hat ca
n b
e d
e
fine
d
as
[
21
]
,
[
22
].
=
ɳ
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A mo
da
l
analy
sis b
as
ed
on re
activ
e power c
ompe
ns
ati
on on 6
-
bus
Oma
n
…
(
A
dnan
Sa
if
Al Ma
mari
)
759
wh
e
re
is
t
he
matri
x
of
rig
ht
ei
ge
n
-
vecto
rs,
is
t
he
m
at
rix
of
le
ft
Ei
gen
-
vectors
a
nd
is
the
mat
rix
of
diag
on
al
Eige
n
-
values
of
m
at
rix
J
R
.
T
he
s
mall
er
the
Ei
ge
n
-
values
,
t
he
more
t
he
bus’
s
pa
rtic
ipati
on
fact
or
ind
ic
at
es
t
he
point
cl
os
e
r
t
o
vo
lt
age
i
ns
ta
bi
li
ty;
i)
i
=
0,
vo
lt
age
c
ollap
ses
,
ii
)
i
>
0,
sta
ble
vo
lt
age
-
modal
vo
lt
age
a
nd
re
act
ive
po
wer
c
hanges
are
pr
oport
io
nal
to
ea
ch,
an
d
i
v)
i
<
0
,
un
sta
ble
volt
age
-
m
od
al
vo
lt
age
and reacti
ve
po
wer cha
nges a
r
e in the
r
e
ve
rse
d
irect
io
n.
Th
us
,
by
c
hec
king
t
he
sta
tu
s
of
t
he
ei
genv
al
ues,
mac
hin
e
sta
bili
ty
ca
n
be
e
valuate
d.
I
t
shou
l
d
be
remem
bered
t
hat
the
e
ntire
ind
ivi
du
al
val
ues
of
a
volt
age
sta
ble
sy
s
t
em
w
ould
be
po
sit
ive
.
I
f
al
l
of
th
e
ei
genvalues
a
r
e
ne
gative,
th
e
vo
lt
a
ge
is
uns
ta
ble.
The
re
duced
Jaco
bian
matri
x's
ze
ro
va
lue
mea
ns
th
at
the
sy
ste
m
is
on
th
e
verge
of
volt
age
instabil
it
y.
T
he
small
er
th
e
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
ei
ge
nval
ues,
t
he
cl
os
e
r
t
he
volt
ag
e
is u
ns
ta
ble to
t
he
c
orres
ponding m
od
al
volt
age.
Eigen
value
an
al
ys
is
is
c
onsi
der
e
d
as
one
of
th
e
to
ols
to
de
te
rmin
e
volt
age
c
ollapse
in
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
gr
i
d
[
11].
It
ha
s
com
puta
ti
on
a
l
process
of
t
he
Eigen
valve
s
for
re
duced
Ja
cob
ia
n
matri
x
wh
ic
h
obta
ine
d
f
rom
New
t
on
-
Ra
phs
on
l
oad
flo
w
s
olu
ti
on.
It
giv
e
s
a
relat
ive
me
asur
e
t
o
vo
lt
ag
e
instabil
it
y
be
cause
Ei
gen
va
lue
s
sh
ow
the
relat
ion
bet
wee
n
the
volt
age
a
nd
re
act
ive
po
wer
di
ff
ere
nces
w
hi
ch
will
help
to
fin
d
ou
t
t
he
we
akest
bu
s
i
n
the n
et
w
ork
by
ef
fecti
ve
us
e
of
pa
rtic
ipati
on
f
act
or
[
16],
[
19]
,
[
23].
The
ma
gn
it
ud
e
of
the
Ei
ge
n
-
values
can
e
valuate
t
he
insta
bili
ty
of
the
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m
,
wh
e
r
eas
the
Ei
gen
-
vecto
rs
giv
e
t
he
data
f
or
los
s
of
the
vo
lt
age
sta
bili
t
y
[24
],
[
25].
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
m
od
al
anal
ys
i
s
reli
es
on
t
h
e
matri
x
of
diagonal
ei
gen
-
va
lues
of
matri
x
J
R
(
).
Th
us
,
t
he
redu
ced
Jac
obia
n
matri
x
deter
mines
t
he
c
onditi
on
of
t
he
giv
e
n
el
ect
rical
sy
st
em
with
resp
ect
t
o vo
lt
a
ge
sta
bili
ty [22].
2.2.
Bus p
art
ic
ip
ati
on
s
fa
c
t
ors
The
us
e
of
rig
ht
an
d
le
ft
ei
gen
vect
or
s
of
t
he
reduce
d
Jaco
bi
an
matri
x
J
R
of
(
5)
le
a
ds
to
th
e
noti
on
of
par
ti
ci
patio
n fa
ct
or
s.
T
he parti
ci
pation fact
or
of bus
-
k
t
o mo
de
-
i i
s
de
fine
d as [
13].
=
ɳ
(6)
wh
e
re P
ki
in
dic
at
es
the
c
ontrib
ution of
ei
ge
nval
ues
c
orres
pond
i
ng
to
loa
d
bus
i
to
the
V
-
Q
sen
sit
ivit
y
at
bus
k.
The
higher
val
ues
of
P
ki
res
ult
in
la
rg
e
r
co
nt
rib
ution
of
i
i
n
dete
rmin
i
ng
V
-
Q
se
ns
it
ivit
y
at
bus
k.
For
al
l
the
small
eigenval
ues, b
us
pa
rtic
ipati
on f
act
or
s
determi
ne
the
area close
r
t
o v
oltage in
sta
bili
ty.
2.3.
Prop
os
ed
a
l
gori
th
m
The
sta
ble
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m
c
ou
l
d
m
ove
to
w
ard
s
the
i
ns
ta
bi
li
ty
and
this
sit
uation
can
be
de
te
rmin
e
d
by
par
ti
ci
patio
n
facto
r
f
or
minimu
m
posit
iv
e
Eigen
-
val
ues
.
The
fl
ow
c
ha
r
t
sh
ow
s
the
ste
ps
ho
w
to
reac
h
the
weak
e
st
bus
is
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
The
pro
pose
d
al
go
rith
m
co
ns
ist
s
of
cal
cu
la
ti
on
of
t
he
r
equ
i
red
,
reacti
ve
vo
lt
age
an
d
ca
lc
ulati
on
of
ei
gen
-
values
of
matri
x
J
R
.
Fina
ll
y,
the
weak
es
t
bu
s
i
n
the
gr
i
d
is
dete
rmin
e
d
only
after
t
he
i
de
ntific
at
ion
of
le
as
t
posit
ive
Ei
ge
n
-
values
a
nd
t
he
deter
minati
on
of
the
c
orre
sp
on
ding
pa
rtic
ipati
on
factor,
.
Figure
1. Flo
w
char
t
of steps
usi
ng to dete
r
minate
the
wea
ke
st b
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
757
–
764
760
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
A
c
ompu
te
r
pr
ogram
i
mp
le
m
enting
in
MA
TLAB
2019a
in
order
t
o
e
va
luate
the
ef
fici
ency
of
the
chosen O
ma
n
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m.
I
n
this pap
e
r,
a
sin
gle
li
ne
diag
ram
of
6
-
bus
O
ma
n
el
ect
rical
gr
id
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Figure
2
has
be
en
us
e
d
to
ap
ply
t
he
m
odal
analysis.
T
he
Oma
n
6
bus
El
ect
rical
Sy
ste
m
is
us
ed
to
t
o
show
the
pr
act
ic
al
bili
ty o
f
pro
posed
al
ogori
thm.
Bus 1
is
the
re
fer
e
nc
e
bus;
bus
2
is
a
P
V
bus
, w
hi
le
bu
s
4
to 6
a
r
e
load
bu
s
es.
The
li
ne
d
at
a a
nd bus
dat
a are s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
s
1
a
nd
2 resp
ect
ivel
y.
Figure
2. 6
-
bus
O
ma
n
el
ect
ric
al
g
ri
d
Table
1.
Li
ne d
at
a for
a
6
-
bus
Oma
n
el
ect
rica
l gr
i
d
Line No
.
Bu
s Nu
m
b
er
Leng
th
(km)
Total I
m
p
ed
an
ces
Ω/Le
n
g
th
(
k
m
)
Total I
m
p
ed
an
ces
p
.u/ Leng
th
(km)
Half
lin
e
ch
argin
g
Ad
m
ittan
ce p.u
Tap
ratio
From
To
R
X
R
X
B/2
-
1
1
3
20
0
.42
8
3
2
.82
1
0
0
0
.00
2
4
5
8
0
.01
6
1
9
0
-
2
3
4
1
5
.5
0
.33
1
9
2
.18
6
2
0
0
.00
1
9
0
5
0
.01
2
5
4
7
0
-
3
4
5
1
6
.5
0
.35
3
3
2
.32
7
3
0
0
.00
2
0
2
7
0
.01
3
3
5
7
0
-
4
5
6
6
0
.9
1
.30
4
1
7
8
.58
9
9
4
0
.00
7
4
8
4
0
.04
9
2
9
9
0
-
5
6
2
3
4
.5
0
.73
8
8
1
7
4
.86
6
2
2
0
.00
4
2
4
0
0
.02
7
9
2
8
0
Table
2.
B
us
da
ta
f
or a
6
-
bus
Oma
n
el
ect
rica
l gr
i
d
Bu
s
No
.
Vo
ltag
e
Gen
eration
Load
V (
p
.u)
ϴ (
d
eg
)
P (
MW
)
Q (
MVAR)
P (
MW
)
Q (
MVAR)
1
1
.00
0
-
-
-
-
2
1
.00
0
70
0
-
-
3
1
.0
-
-
-
115
38
4
1
.0
-
-
-
0
0
5
1
.0
-
-
-
50
17
6
1
.0
-
-
-
102
34
The
l
oad
fl
ow
is
perf
ormed
on
th
e
6
-
b
us
O
man
el
ect
rical
gr
i
d
a
nd
the
ba
se
-
case
res
ults
are
ob
ta
ine
d.
Since
it
is
re
quire
d
to
im
prov
e
t
he
bu
s
-
volt
age
prof
il
e,
the
m
od
al
a
na
lysis
-
based
a
ppr
oach
is
pre
ferred
.
Figure
3
is
a
ddit
ion
al
reacti
ve
po
wer
re
quir
ed
t
o
mainta
in
volt
age
at
1PU.
T
he
l
oad
flow
s
olu
ti
on
ha
d
bee
n
impleme
nted
on
6
-
bus
O
man
el
ect
rical
syst
em
in
order
to
imp
r
ov
e
the
vo
lt
age
prof
il
e
s
an
d
it
s
re
su
l
ts
as
sh
ow
n
in
Tab
le
5.
T
he
n,
t
he
Eigen
-
value
s
we
re
cal
cula
te
d
f
or
re
du
ce
d
Jac
ob
ia
n
m
at
rix
an
d
t
he
modal
analysis
was
a
pp
li
ed
.
As
see
n
in
Table
3,
t
he
Eige
n
-
val
ue
s
are
al
l
posi
ti
ve
w
hich
in
di
cat
es
that
the
6
-
bus
Oma
n
s
ys
te
m
i
s
sta
ble
an
d
th
e
small
est
valu
e
is
=
19.
9833
wh
ic
h
c
orrespondin
g
t
o
bus
no
6.
The
refo
r
e,
the
p
arti
ci
patio
n
f
act
or
c
ou
l
d
be
cal
culat
ed
by
(6)
c
orrespo
ndin
g
to
t
he
lo
west
val
ue
as
sh
ow
n
in
t
he
Table
3.
Now,
the
re
quired
reacti
ve
power
val
ues
to
be
i
nject
ed
a
re
cal
culat
ed
(
3)
as
pe
r
the
pro
pose
d
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
an
d
the v
al
ues
s
o d
et
ermine
d
a
re t
abu
la
te
d i
n
Ta
ble 4.
Figure
4
sho
w
s
the
pa
rtic
ipati
on
f
act
or
f
or
l
east
ei
gen
valu
es
i.e.,
=
19.
9833
.
As
s
how
n
in
the
T
a
ble
3
,
c
olumn
-
4
of
the
pa
rtic
ipati
on
factors
f
or
=
19.
9833
i
s
co
nformi
ng
to
bus
no
4
r
et
urned
a
ma
xi
mum
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A mo
da
l
analy
sis b
as
ed
on re
activ
e power c
ompe
ns
ati
on on 6
-
bus
Oma
n
…
(
A
dnan
Sa
if
Al Ma
mari
)
761
par
ti
ci
patio
n
f
act
or
s
of
0.8310
,
wh
ic
h
in
di
c
at
es
that
bus
no
4
is
the
we
akest
bu
s
co
nt
rib
uting
to
ma
ximum
vo
lt
age
c
ollap
se,
he
nce
t
he
evaluati
on
of
t
he
pa
rtic
ipati
on
facto
r
co
uld
hel
p
t
o
deter
mine
t
he
wea
ke
st
bus
.
Af
te
r
t
he
total
require
d
reac
ti
ve
(Q
T
=
120.51
MV
Ar)
is
injec
te
d
in
bus
no
4
,
the
m
agn
it
ude
of
l
oa
d
bus
vo
lt
age
im
pro
ve
s,
the
imp
r
ovement
in
vo
lt
a
ge
as
Ta
ble
5
a
nd
as
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ur
e
5
sho
ws
the
c
ompari
on
of
vo
la
ge bef
or
e
com
pensat
ion
and after
com
pe
ns
at
io
n.
Table
3
.
Partic
ipati
on f
act
or
s
6
-
bus
Oma
n
el
ect
rical
g
ri
d
Load
Bu
ses
Eigen
-
v
alu
es
Participatio
n
f
acto
rs f
o
r
λ
=1
9
.98
(f
o
r
lo
ad
bu
ses
3
-
6)
3
4
6
5
.88
0
.40
3
2
-
0
.59
1
2
-
0
.65
3
2
0
.24
4
0
4
2
2
5
.68
-
0
.15
7
3
0
.48
4
1
-
0
.22
2
7
0
.83
1
0
5
8
9
.28
-
0
.59
2
4
-
0
.63
7
5
0
.34
4
7
0
.35
0
8
6
1
9
.98
-
0
.68
0
5
0
.09
3
7
-
0
.63
6
4
-
0
.35
5
8
Table
4.
A
dd
it
ion
al
V
Ar
s
r
e
quire
d
to
mainta
ining v
oltage
a
t 1 p.
u.
(
Pr
opose
d meth
od
)
Load
Bu
s No
.
3
4
5
6
Ad
d
itio
n
al VAr
s
Req
u
ired p
.u
0.
5783
0
.00
5
7
0
.03
7
0
0
.58
4
1
Total Reactiv
e
Po
wer, (Q
T
) =
1
2
0
.51
MVA
r
Table
5.
C
omp
ariso
n of Re
su
l
ts befo
re a
nd
a
fter ca
pacit
or pl
aceme
nt at
bus 4
Bu
s
Nu
m
b
er
Eigen
-
Valu
es
-
λ
Participatio
n
factor
(λ=1
9
.98
)
Magn
itu
d
e of Voltag
es (p.u
.)
Bas
e Case (B
efore
)
Q
T
o
tal
at bu
s
-
4
(
Aft
e
r)
1
-
-
1
.00
0
1
.00
0
2
-
-
1
.00
0
1
.00
0
3
4
6
5
.88
0
.24
4
0
0
.98
9
1
.00
1
4
2
2
5
.68
0
.83
1
0
0
.98
7
1
.00
8
5
8
9
.28
0
.35
0
8
0
.98
6
1
.00
1
6
1
9
.98
-
0
.35
5
8
0
.98
5
0
.99
8
Real p
o
wer
lo
ss
(
MW)
1
.35
5
-
ad
d
itio
n
al Var
s
r
eq
u
ired to
m
ain
tai
n
vo
ltag
e 1PU
Figure
3. A
ddit
ion
al
reacti
ve powe
r
re
quire
d t
o Maintai
n v
ol
ta
ge
at
1
P
U
Figure
4.
Parti
ci
pation fact
or
for
le
ast
Eig
en
values
λ=19.
98
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
757
–
764
762
Figure
5. V
oltage ma
gnit
udes
befor
e
and a
fte
r
ca
pacit
or p
la
cement at
bus
4
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
the
m
odal
a
na
lysis
f
or
Ei
gen
-
val
ues
was
us
ed
t
o
deter
min
e
the
wea
kest
bu
s
or
the
op
ti
mal
l
ocati
on
for
6
-
bu
s
O
man
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
m
w
her
e
the
ca
pacit
or
ba
nk
c
ou
l
d
be
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
ord
er
to
mainta
in
the
mag
nitud
e
of
vo
lt
age
s.
The
weak
e
st
bu
s
is
co
ns
i
der
in
g
a
s
the
higher
c
on
t
rib
uting
f
ac
tor
f
or
sy
ste
m
volt
age
instabil
it
y
an
d
hence
the
volt
age
c
ol
la
ps
e.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
conditi
on
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
c
ou
l
d
be
check
e
d b
y usi
ng the
Eige
n
-
va
lues fo
r
re
duc
ed
Jac
obia
n m
at
rix
J
R
with
re
sp
ect
to
volt
ag
e stabil
it
y.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NT
The
aut
hor
w
ould
li
ke
to
tha
nk
fina
ncial
s
up
port
from
th
e
i
nter
national
Isl
amic
Un
i
ver
sit
y
M
al
a
ys
ia
unde
r
re
searc
h
grant
IRF
19
-
026
-
002:
Highly
E
ff
ic
ie
nt
Lit
hiu
m
-
I
on
Ba
tt
ery
Re
cycli
ng
with
Ca
pacit
y
-
So
rte
d
Op
ti
miza
ti
on for Sec
ondary
Energ
y
St
or
a
ge
Sy
ste
m.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Sindhuja
S,
Ste
phen
Ra
j
A
and
A.
Visw
an
at
ha
n,
“E
nhan
ceme
n
t
of
voltage
stab
il
it
y
in
an
ind
ian
pra
ct
i
ca
l
ut
il
i
t
y
sys
te
m
under
,
”
Adv
anc
es
in
Nat
ural
and
App
li
ed
Scienc
es,
vol
.
8,
no.
21,
pp.
52
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5
7,
2014
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Chit
ra Tha
kur
a
nd
Saura
bh
Sahu
,
“Ana
lysis o
f
vo
lt
ag
e
stab
il
i
ty
an
d
tra
nsfer
ca
p
abilit
y
enha
n
ce
m
en
t
of
tr
ansmi
ss
ion
sys
te
m
using f
acts c
ontro
ll
ers
,
”
A
dvanc
es
in
Na
tu
ral an
d
App
li
ed
Sci
en
ce
s,
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Ahmad
Fat
eh
M
oham
ad
Nor,
Marizan
Sul
ai
m
an,
A.
F
Abdu
l
Ka
dir
and
Rahu
l
O
ma
r,
“Vol
ta
g
e
in
stabi
lity
ana
lysis
for
elec
tr
ical
po
wer
sys
te
m
usin
g
volt
ag
e
stab
il
t
y
ma
rgin
and
m
odal
an
al
ysis,
”
I
ndonesian
Journ
al
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
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ie
n
ce
,
vol
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,
no
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3
,
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Yous
sef
A.
Mobara
k
and
Mah
moud
M.
Hus
se
in,
“Voltage
inst
abi
lity
and
vo
lt
a
ge
co
ll
aps
e
as
i
nflue
nc
ed
by
co
ld
inrush
cur
ren
t,”
ICGST
-
ACSE
Jo
urnal,
vol
.
12
,
n
o.
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-
20
,
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n.
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[5]
Nira
nja
n
,
Nat
asha
,
Man
isha,
an
d
Sujat
a
,
“Voltage
col
l
apse
:
caus
es
and
pre
v
e
nti
on,
”
Int
ernational
Journal
O
f
Engi
ne
ering
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ese
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Techno
l
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vo
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,
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1
-
4
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[6]
Moleka
r
P
and
Pande
VN
,
“Vol
ta
ge
stab
il
i
ty
assess
me
nt
and
loss
m
ini
m
isat
ion
b
y
power
sys
te
m
rec
onfigur
at
ion
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Re
searc
h
& Re
vi
ew
,
vo
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[7]
Mahdi
M.
M
.
El
-
Arini
and
R
ae
f
Aboelsa
ud
,
“Opti
m
al
lo
ca
t
i
on
of
fa
ct
s
dev
ic
es
to
i
mprove
power
sys
te
ms
per
forma
n
ce,”
J
ournal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
ering ,
vol
.
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,
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,
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p.
73
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80
,
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.
20
12.
[8]
Julluri
Namr
a
th
a
Manoh
ar
and
Amar
n
at
h
Jink
a,
“Opt
im
i
za
t
io
n
of
loss
mi
ni
mi
z
at
ion
using
FA
CTS
in
pow
er
sys
te
ms,”
Inno
v
ati
v
e
Syst
ems De
sign a
nd
Eng
ineering,
vo
l. 3, no. 3, pp. 47
-
56,
20
12.
[9]
A.
S.
Siddiqui
,
“Opti
m
al
ca
p
aci
tor
pl
acem
en
t
to
red
u
ce
losses
i
n
distri
bu
ti
on
sys
te
m,”
WS
EA
S
Tr
ansacti
ons
o
n
Powe
r Sy
st
ems,
vol.
7
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
12
-
17,
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[10]
S.
Soleym
an
i,
B
.
Moza
f
ari
and
M.
A.
Kam
arp
o
sht,
“Optima
l
c
a
pac
i
tor
pl
ac
e
ment
for
power
loss
red
uct
ion
and
volt
ag
e
stabilit
y
enha
n
ce
m
ent
i
n
distri
but
ion
sy
stem
s,”
Tr
aki
a
Journal
of
S
ci
e
nce
s,
vo
l.
12
,
n
o.
4,
p
p.
425
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43
0,
2014,
doi
:
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15
547/t
js.201
4
.
04.
013.
[11]
N.
Gnana
seka
r
a
n,
S.
Chandr
amohan,
T.
D.
Sudhakar
and
P.
Sat
hish
Kumar
,
“Ma
xim
um
cost
sa
ving
appr
oa
ch
f
o
r
opti
mal
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
place
me
nt
,
”
In
te
rnational
Jour
nal
on
Elec
tri
ca
l
Eng
ineering
a
nd
Informatic
s
,
vol.
7
,
no.
4,
pp.
665
-
678,
2015
,
doi:
10
.
15676/ij
ee
i
.
2015.
7
.
4.
10
.
[12]
Yue
Song,
Dav
id
J.
Hil
l
and
Ta
o
Li
u
,
“State
-
in
-
mode
an
al
ys
is
of
the
power
flow
Jac
obi
an
for
sta
ti
c
vol
ta
g
e
stabi
lity,
”
In
te
r
nati
onal
Journa
l
of
Elec
tric
al
Powe
r
&
En
ergy
Syst
ems,
vol
.
105
,
pp
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67
1
-
678
,
2019
,
doi
:
10.
1016/j.ijepe
s.
2018.
09.
012
.
[13]
Kundur P,
“
Pow
er
Sys
te
m
Stabil
it
y
and
Contro
l
,”
Mc
Gr
aw
-
Hill
,
1
994.
[14]
Ene
muoh
F,
On
uegbu
J.
C
.
and
Anaz
ia
E
.
A.
,
“
Modal
base
d
an
al
ysis
and
evalu
at
ion
of
vol
ta
ge
stabi
lity
of
power
sys
te
m,
”
Int
ernati
onal Journal
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
Res
earc
h
and
De
velopment
,
vol
.
6
,
no.
12
,
pp
.
71
-
7
9,
2013
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A mo
da
l
analy
sis b
as
ed
on re
activ
e power c
ompe
ns
ati
on on 6
-
bus
Oma
n
…
(
A
dnan
Sa
if
Al Ma
mari
)
763
[15]
E.
Aneke
,
“
En
hanc
ing
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
st
abi
l
it
y
of
th
e
nige
r
ia
n
330KV
48
-
bu
s
power
sys
tem
n
et
work
usi
ng
moda
l/eig
enva
lu
e
an
al
ysis,
”
Journal
of
Informati
on
Engi
n
ee
ring
and
Applications ,
vol. 9, no. 7, p
p.
31
-
46
,
2019
.
[16]
D.
Bi
că,
“Stead
y
-
stat
e
an
al
ysis
of
voltage
sta
bil
it
y
by
re
acti
ve
p
art
i
ci
p
at
ion
fa
ct
o
r
,
”
The
6
th
edi
t
ion
o
f
th
e
Inte
rdisciplinari
ty
in
Eng
ineerin
g
Inte
rnat
ional
Confe
renc
e
"
Pe
t
ru Mai
or" Univ
e
rs
it
y
of
Tîr
gu
M
ureş
,
2012.
[17]
Ahmad
Fa
te
h
M
oham
ad
Nor
and
Mari
za
n
Sul
ai
m
an,
“Vol
ta
g
e
sta
bil
it
y
assess
me
nt
of
powe
r
sys
t
e
m
n
et
work
using
QV
and
PV
moda
l
an
al
ysis,
”
Jo
urnal
of
Teleco
mm
unic
ati
on,
Elec
troni
c
and
Co
mputer
Engi
ne
ering,
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11
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B.
O.
Anyaka
,
“
Applic
a
ti
on
o
f
e
ige
nva
lue
techni
ques
in
the
an
alys
is
of
dyna
mi
c
stabi
lity
in
mul
t
i
-
ma
ch
ine
power
sys
te
ms,”
Adv
an
ce
s in
Agri
cul
tur
e,
S
cienc
es
and
Engi
ne
ering
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ese
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vo
l. 2, no. 12, pp. 517
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Isaa
c
A
.
Samu
el,
Jam
es
Kat
ende
and
C
la
udius
O.
A.
Aw
osope,
“
Predic
ti
on
of
vo
lt
ag
e
co
llapse
in
elec
tr
ical
power
sys
te
m
net
works
using
a
new
vo
l
ta
ge
st
abi
l
it
y
ind
ex,
”
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Journal
of
Ap
pli
ed
Engi
ne
erin
g
Re
search
,
vol
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12
,
no
.
2
,
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0
-
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[20]
Rohai
z
ah
b
t
Mo
hd
Ghaz
al
i
and
Siti
Nor
Baizura
Bt
Za
w
awi,
“P
ower
flow
analy
sis
conside
ring
newton
r
aphson,”
Inte
rnational
M
ult
idi
sc
ipl
inary
Confe
renc
e
(IM
C
2017)
Int
er
nat
ional
,
2017.
[21]
Georgi
os
Tz
oun
as,
Ioa
nnis
Das
sios
and
Feder
i
co
Mila
no
,
“Mo
dal
par
ti
c
ipa
t
ion
fac
tors
of
al
ge
bra
ic
v
ariabl
es,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Powe
r
Sys
te
ms
,
vol
.
35
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
742
-
750
,
2020,
doi: 10.
11
09/T
PWRS
.
201
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2931965.
[22]
Java
d
Sovi
zi,
A
li
Akbar
Alam
d
ari
and
Venk
at
N.
Krovi
,
“A
ra
ndom
ma
tr
ix
ap
proa
ch
to
m
ani
p
ula
tor
j
ac
ob
ia
n,
”
ASME
2013
Dyn
amic
Syst
ems an
d
Control
Con
fer
enc
e
,
Octob
er
2
1
-
23,
2013
,
doi
: 10.1115/
DS
CC2013
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3950.
[23]
Y.
A.
Mobara
k
,
“Volt
ag
e
col
l
a
pse
pre
di
ct
ion
f
or
egy
ptian
in
terconne
c
te
d
elec
t
ric
a
l
grid
EIE
G
,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
on
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Informati
c
s,
vol. 7, no. 1, p
p.
79
-
88
,
2015
,
doi:
10
.
15676/ij
ee
i
.
2015.
7
.
1.
6
.
[24]
Ali
M. Eltamaly,
Yehia Saye
d
an
d
Abou
-
Hashem
a
M. El
-
saye
d
,
“
Optim
um
powe
r
flow
an
al
ysis by
newton
r
aphson
me
thod
,
”
Inte
rn
ati
onal Journal of
Eng
ine
ering
,
vol.
4
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
51
-
58,
De
c. 201
8.
[25]
Antam
il,
Ardi
aty
Arief
and
I
n
dar
Chaerah
G
unadi
n,
“All
o
cation
of
r
ea
c
ti
ve
power
com
p
en
sati
on
dev
ic
es
t
o
im
prove
vol
ta
ge
profi
le
using
r
e
ac
t
ive
par
ti
c
ipa
t
i
on
ind
ex,
”
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
a
nd
Elec
tronic
s
E
ngine
ering
,
vo
l.
10,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
82
-
90,
2015
,
doi
:
1
0.
9790/1676
-
10
418290.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ad
na
n
Saif
Sai
d
AL
Mam
ar
i
r
ec
e
ive
d
B.
Eng.
degr
ee
in
T
elec
o
mm
unicati
o
n
an
d
Elec
troni
cs
in
2012
from
Mid
dle
E
ast
co
ll
eg
e
and
M.E
ng
.
De
gre
e
in
adva
n
ced
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
El
e
ct
roni
cs
in
2017
from
Le
i
ces
te
r
Univer
si
ty. He
is
now
enr
o
lled
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
in
mecha
troni
cs
engi
ne
eri
ng
in
int
ern
a
ti
on
al
Isla
mi
c
Univer
sity
Mala
ysia
.
His
m
ai
n
r
ese
ar
ch int
e
rest
is
elec
tr
ical power.
Siti
Fauz
iah
T
oha
(
B.
Eng’03
-
M’06
-
PhD
’10)
,
is
cur
ren
tl
y
a
n
As
socia
t
e
Pr
ofe
ss
or
at
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
Mec
hat
ron
ic
s
E
ngine
er
ing,
Int
e
rna
ti
on
al
Islami
c
Unive
rsity
M
al
aysi
a
(IIUM
).
She
recei
ved
B.
Eng
(Hons
)
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
E
le
c
tronics
Engi
n
ee
ring
f
rom
Univer
si
ty
Te
chno
logy
Pe
t
rona
s
and
la
t
er
re
ceiv
ed
MS
c
from
Univ
ersiti
Sa
ins
Ma
la
ysi
a
in
elec
tri
c
al
engi
ne
eri
ng.
She
was
the
n
com
p
l
et
ed
her
Ph.
D
i
n
Automa
t
ic
Co
ntrol
and
Sys
tems
Engi
ne
eri
ng
from
Th
e
Univ
ersit
y
of
Sheffi
el
d
in
2010
.
Sh
e
was
l
ater
jo
in
ing
th
e
Perusah
aa
n
Oto
mobi
l
Nasiona
l
B
erh
a
d
(PRO
TON)
Mala
ysia
as
co
ntrol
expe
rt
co
nsulta
nt
,
workin
g
with
v
ehi
c
le
har
dware
-
in
-
loo
p
for
e
lectr
i
c
v
ehi
c
le
d
evelop
me
nt
.
Her
cur
r
ent
r
ese
ar
ch
in
t
ere
st
is
Battery
Mana
gement
Sys
te
m,
En
erg
y
Optim
isation
fo
r
Elec
tr
ic
Mot
orc
ycle
d
eve
lop
me
nt
,
Mobil
e
Robots,
Art
ifi
c
ial
In
t
ellige
n
ce
for
Modelling
and
Control
.
Dr
Toh
a
is
a
senio
r
member
of
I
EEE
and
a
lso
a
Profe
ss
iona
l
Engi
n
ee
r
in
Mal
aysia
as
well
as
a
Ch
art
e
red
Eng
ine
er
wit
h
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Counci
l
,
The
Instit
ut
ion
of
Eng
in
ee
ring
and
T
ec
h
nology,
Uni
te
d
Kingdom
.
She
is
al
so
an
ac
ti
v
e
me
mb
er
of
Young Sci
en
ti
st Ne
t
work,
Aca
d
em
y
of
Scie
n
ce
s Ma
l
aysia
(YS
N
-
AS
M).
As
socia
te
Profess
or
Ir.
Dr.
Salm
iah
Ah
mad
,
sta
rte
d
her
c
are
e
r
a
s
a
Project
Enginee
r
at
Toyo
Engi
ne
eri
ng
an
d
Construction
(M)
Sdn.
Bh
d,
af
te
r
re
ce
iv
e
d
her
B
.
Eng
i
n
Mec
ha
tronics
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Inte
rn
at
ion
al
Islam
i
c
Univer
s
it
y
Mal
aysia
i
n
2001.
L
at
er
she
recei
v
ed
her
M.E
ngSc
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
i
ng
from
Curti
n
Univer
sity
of
T
ec
hnology
,
Aus
t
ral
i
a
in
2004
.
She
was
the
n
c
ompl
eted
h
er
P
h.
D
in
Auto
ma
t
ic
Contro
l
and
Sys
te
ms
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Th
e
Univer
sity
of
Sheffield
in
2010,
and
cur
ren
tl
y
sh
e
is
an
As
socia
t
e
Profess
or
at
the
Depa
rtment
of
Mec
hanica
l
Enginee
ring
,
Internat
iona
l
Isla
mic
Un
ive
rsity
Mal
aysi
a,
Kual
a
Lum
pur
.
In
2012
,
she
has
be
en
appoi
nt
ed
as
a
pan
el
for
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
Ac
cre
di
ta
t
ion
Coun
ci
l
(EAC),
to
ev
al
ua
te
degr
e
e
progra
mme
in
Mec
hat
ron
ic
s
a
nd
it
s
relate
d
f
i
el
da
at
univ
ersities
in
Mal
aysia
.
S
he
is
al
so
a
Profess
iona
l
En
gine
er
(P.E
ng)
o
bta
in
ed
in
2016
,
a
Chartere
d
En
gine
er
(CEng)
a
nd
a
member
of
The
Inst
it
ut
ion
of
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
a
nd
Technol
ogy
(
IET
),
senior
m
e
mbe
r
of
Insti
tute
of
Elec
t
ronic
and
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(SM
IEE
E),
a
member
of
the
In
st
it
uti
on
of
Eng
ine
ers
Mala
ysi
a
(MIEM),
li
f
e
m
em
ber
of
MyS
ET
(Mal
aysia
n
Socie
ty
of
Enginee
ring
and
T
e
chnol
ogy)
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
757
–
764
764
PERINTIS
(Mus
li
m
Sci
ent
ist
Or
gani
z
at
ion
of
M
al
aysi
a).
Her
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
in
t
ere
sts
inc
lud
e;
Mac
hine
Le
a
rni
ng
for
Signal
Proce
ss
ing,
E
lect
ric
Vehi
cl
e
,
Int
el
li
g
ent
Sys
te
ms
and
Control,
Mobile
Robo
t, Re
habilitati
on
and
Bio
-
signa
ls,
Inst
rume
nt
at
ion
and
Signal
Proc
essing.
Ali
Salim
Alma
amar
i
is
a
Sen
i
or
El
e
ct
ri
cal
con
trol
eng
ine
er
in
Oman
Elec
tr
icit
y
Tra
nsmiss
ion
Compa
ny
(OET
C).
He
re
ceive
d
B.
Eng
(Hons
)
i
n
El
e
ct
ri
cal
power
sys
te
m
in
200
8
from
Sulta
n
Qabbos
Univer
sity.
La
t
er
he
r
ecei
ved
MS
c
in
E
ner
gy
and
powe
r
sys
te
m
ma
n
ag
em
en
t
in
2016
from
Po
rtsmout
h
Univer
sity
,
UK
.
He
jo
ine
d
OET
C
in
2008
as
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
con
trol
en
gine
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.