Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ow
er El
ectron
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ys
te
m
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
4
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1834
~
1841
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
9
.i
4
.
pp
1834
-
18
41
1834
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJPE
D
S
Low
-
volt
age Ride
-
throu
gh Method
s for G
rid
-
co
nn
ec
ted
Photov
oltaic
Syst
em
s
in
Mic
rogrids: A
Review
and Futu
re
Prospe
ct
Hava
l
Sa
r
da
r
Ka
mi
l
1
,
Da
li
la
Mat
S
aid
2
,
M
oh
d
W
az
ir
M
ustaf
a
3
,
M
oha
mmad
R
ez
a Miveh
4
, Nas
ar
udin
Ah
m
ad
5
1,2
Cent
re
of Elec
tri
c
al
Ene
rg
y
S
ystems
(CEE
S), U
nive
rsiti T
ekno
logi
Ma
lay
sia
(U
TM),
Johor B
ahr
u,
Johor,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
1,2,3,5
School
of E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi Mal
a
y
sia
(UTM),
Johor Ba
hru, Johor,
Malay
s
ia
4
Depa
rte
m
ent of
Elec
tr
ical Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Ta
fr
esh
Univer
sit
y
,
T
afr
esh,
Ir
an
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
26
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
A
ug 26
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Se
p 9
, 2
01
8
Pow
er
qual
ity
i
s
a
concern
for
uti
lit
y
and
gri
d
oper
at
ors
du
e
to
a
la
rge
pene
tr
at
ion
of
int
ermittent
and
stocha
st
ic
ren
ewa
ble
power
gene
ra
ti
o
n
source
s.
One
of
the
m
aj
or
concerns,
when
desi
gning
and
cont
r
oll
ing
grid
-
fee
ding
photov
olt
aic
(PV
)
inve
rte
rs
is
m
ee
ting
the
grid
re
quire
m
ent
s.
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
gri
d
req
uire
m
ent
s
demand
low
-
volt
age
rid
e
-
throug
h
(LVRT)
ca
pab
il
i
t
y
and
m
ai
nta
ini
ng
gri
d
func
ti
on
al
i
t
y
during
fau
l
t
con
dit
ions.
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
comprehe
nsiv
e
rev
i
ew
for
se
ver
al
cont
ro
l
technique
s
t
o
assure
the
LVRT
ca
p
ability
of
grid
-
fee
d
ing
con
ver
te
rs
as
well
a
s
discussing
the
ir
r
espe
c
ti
ve
adva
nt
age
s
an
d
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
in
det
a
il
.
Area
s
for
further
rese
arc
h
are
id
ent
ified
af
te
rwa
rds.
Final
l
y
,
th
e
conclusion
gi
ves
a
brief
summ
ar
y
and critique of
th
e
f
indings
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Con
tr
ol strate
gy
Gr
i
d
-
feed
i
ng pow
e
r
c
onve
rter
Lo
w
-
vo
lt
age
ri
de
-
t
hroug
h
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c (
PV
)
in
ver
te
r
Copyright
©
201
8
Ins
t
it
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
e
er
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Dali
la
Mat
Said
,
Ce
ntre of
Elec
tric
al
En
e
rg
y
S
yst
e
m
s (
CEES)
, S
c
hool
of Elec
tric
al
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
(UTM),
J
ohor Bah
r
u 813
10,
Johor,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
dalil
a@
utm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
global
w
arm
ing
prob
le
m
tog
et
her
w
it
h
the
en
vir
onm
ental
issues
has
al
rea
dy
pu
s
he
d
the
gove
rn
m
ents
to
re
place
the
conve
ntion
al
powe
r
pla
nts
with
the
renewable
powe
r
gen
e
rato
rs
w
it
h
le
ss
e
m
issi
on
[1
-
4]
.
Am
on
g
va
r
iou
s
re
new
a
bl
e
power
sourc
es
,
photov
oltai
c
(P
V
)
syst
e
m
s
hav
e
bee
n
com
m
ercial
iz
e
d
in
m
any
countries
for
t
heir
industrial
a
nd
en
vir
on
m
ental
insig
ht
an
d
t
heir
sta
ggerin
g
gri
d
integrati
on
th
r
ough
the
c
on
tr
ollable
co
nv
e
rt
ers
to
reac
h
th
e
su
sta
ina
ble
de
velo
pm
ent.
PV
syst
em
s
no
rm
al
l
y
conn
ect
ed
to
t
he
util
it
y
gr
id
or
m
ic
ro
gr
id
s
us
in
g
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
in
ver
t
ers
t
o
c
onve
rt
DC
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
to
AC out
pu
t
po
wer.
Ba
sed
on
c
onve
ntion
al
c
ontro
l
m
et
ho
ds
, P
V
syst
e
m
s
sh
ou
l
d
be
disc
onnect
ed
f
ro
m
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds
du
rin
g
gr
i
d
fa
ults
conditi
on
s
,
due
to
the
conv
e
rter
sta
bili
ty
and
protect
ion
.
H
owever,
in
rece
nt
ye
ars,
a
well
-
known
requirem
ent
has
set
fo
r
P
V
syst
e
m
s
cal
led
low
-
vo
lt
age
ride
-
th
r
ough
(LV
RT
)
capa
bi
li
t
y,
wh
ic
h
is
been
app
li
cable
for
oth
e
r
distri
bu
t
ed
ge
ner
at
i
on
s
reg
a
rd
i
ng
regenerati
ve
l
oad
s
,
com
pen
sat
i
on
syst
e
m
s
and
energy
stora
ge
ap
plica
ti
on
s
[
5]
.
I
n
oth
er
wor
ds
,
the
PV
syst
em
s
m
us
t
be
able
to
sta
y
in
co
nnect
ed
to
the
m
i
crogri
d
for
powe
r
qu
a
li
ty
enh
ancem
ent
under
gri
d
fa
ults
an
d
t
o
enh
a
nce
volt
age
prof
il
e.
T
he
unre
gula
te
d
ou
t
put
powe
r
of
P
V
powe
r
sta
ti
on
unde
r
ab
norm
al
conditi
ons
can
be
regulat
ed
th
rou
gh
gri
d
-
f
rie
nd
ly
co
nv
e
rter
s,
and
the po
wer sy
stem
r
el
ia
bili
ty
c
an be
gu
a
ra
nteed depe
ndin
g o
n
the
p
e
rfo
rm
a
nce
of these
po
wer co
nverters
.
Ov
e
r
the
ye
a
rs
,
num
ero
us
L
VRT
c
on
tr
ol
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
ha
ve
bee
n
pr
opose
d
a
nd
i
ntr
oduc
ed
relat
e
d
to
ren
e
wa
b
le
ene
rg
y
te
ch
nolo
gies,
w
hich
is
obvi
ous
f
ro
m
increasin
g
gr
ow
t
h
of
rele
van
t
pa
per
s
t
hat
ha
ve
been
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Lo
w
-
v
olta
ge
Ri
de
-
t
hr
ou
gh Me
thods f
or
Grid
-
connecte
d P
hotovoltaic
Syst
e
ms
in…
(
Ha
v
al
Sardar
Ka
mil
)
1835
publishe
d
i
n
as
so
rte
d
j
ou
rn
al
s
an
d
procee
dings
[6
-
13]
.
So
t
hat,
it
seem
s
conve
nient
at
t
hi
s
jun
ct
ur
e
to
pro
vid
e
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
i
ve
a
nd
c
utti
ng
-
edg
e
re
view
on
existi
ng
LVR
T
co
ntr
ol
ap
proach
e
s
of g
ri
d
-
feed
i
ng
PV
conv
e
rter
in
m
ic
ro
gr
id
s
du
e
to
t
he
init
ia
l
ste
ps
in
gri
d
co
de
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
f
or
P
V
sys
tem
s.
This
pa
pe
r
m
ai
nly
ou
tl
ines
a
crit
ic
al
ste
p
that
sp
eci
fical
ly
d
eal
with
the
la
t
est
research
o
n
LVRT
m
et
ho
ds
wh
ic
h
has
be
en
gro
wn
d
eep
ly
,
to
fo
ll
ow
it
ef
fecti
vely
,
it
is
env
i
sage
d
that
s
ome
bac
kgrou
nd
knowle
dge
would
be
help
fu
l
for
certai
n
gro
up
of
read
e
rs.
T
he
re
m
ai
nd
er
of
this
pap
e
r
is
struc
ture
d
as
fo
ll
ows.
Sect
io
n
2
gen
e
ral
co
ntro
l
sc
hem
e
fo
r
th
e
gr
id
-
feed
i
ng
c
onve
rter.
Se
ct
ion
3
pr
ese
nts
e
xis
ti
ng
L
VRT
c
ontr
ol
ap
proac
he
s
for
gr
i
d
-
fe
edin
g
P
V
in
ve
rters.
Discussi
on a
nd futur
e
tre
nd
s
a
re
giv
e
n
in
Sec
ti
on
4.
Finall
y,
the concl
usi
on
is m
ade in
the l
ast
secti
on
.
2.
GENER
AL
C
ONTROL
ST
RUCTU
RE
O
F
THREE
-
PH
AS
E G
RI
D
-
F
EE
DIN
G
PO
WER
CONVE
RTER
The
ge
ner
al
c
on
t
ro
l
struc
tur
e
fo
r
a
three
-
phase
gri
d
-
fee
din
g
c
onver
te
r
is
descr
ibe
d
in
Figure
1.
It
con
ta
in
s thr
ee
m
ai
n
el
e
m
ents,
includ
in
g
gri
d sy
nch
r
oniz
at
ion, inn
e
r
lo
op
con
t
ro
l an
d
out
er lo
op contr
ol.
It h
as
be
en
e
xpos
e
d
that
the
m
a
i
n
superi
or
it
y
of
gri
d
-
fee
ding
powe
r
co
nverter
is
inv
ol
ve
d
bein
g
co
nsi
ste
ntly
connecte
d t
o t
he
m
ic
ro
gri
d an
d
a
vo
i
ding isla
nd
i
ng ope
rati
on
process
.
Figure
1.
Ge
ne
ral co
ntr
ol str
uc
ture fo
r
a
thre
e
-
phase
gri
d
-
fe
edin
g
c
onve
rter
Fo
r
c
ontrolli
ng
act
ive
and
rea
ct
ive
powers
fl
ow,
certai
n
in
f
or
m
at
ion
reg
a
r
ding
volt
age
phase
an
gle,
a
m
plit
ud
e
an
d
fr
e
quency
is
pr
eci
sel
y
re
quire
d
f
or
the
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
c
ontrol
syst
em
.
Howe
ver,
ide
ntifyi
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
is the m
a
in o
bjec
ti
ve
of
t
he
gri
d sy
nchroni
zat
io
n
m
et
ho
d
w
hic
h
re
quired by t
he
rest
of
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
e
m
.
Desp
i
te
a
vast
fr
a
m
e
wo
r
k
ra
nge
that
ha
ve
be
en
pro
po
se
d
for
sync
hro
niz
at
ion
strat
e
gie
s,
the
synch
ron
ous
re
fer
e
nce
fr
am
e
ph
a
sed
l
oc
ked
loop
(
SRF
-
PL
L)
is
e
xtrem
ely
m
os
t
well
-
kn
own
sy
nchr
on
i
zat
io
n
m
et
ho
d
t
o be
obta
ined
[
14]
.
Re
gardin
g
the
operati
on
at
t
he
ti
m
e
of
un
balance
d
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
occ
urr
ence,
norm
al
ly
identify
in
g
ph
a
se
an
gle
and
am
plit
ud
e
of
volt
age
’s
po
sit
ive
,
negat
ive
and
zer
o
seq
ue
nces
are
require
d
f
or
th
e
synch
ronizat
io
n
m
e
tho
d
proc
ess
in
m
ic
ro
gri
d
syst
e
m
.
Ho
wev
e
r,
ide
ntif
yi
ng
phase
an
gle
and
am
plitu
de
of
diff
e
re
nt
seq
ue
nces
at
sam
e
i
ns
ta
nt
of
ti
m
e
is
no
t
ye
t
bei
ng
a
pp
li
ed
f
or
gri
d
-
fee
ding
po
wer
c
onve
rters
.
Th
us,
add
i
ng
functi
onal
it
y
to
conv
entional
sy
nchronizat
ion
m
eth
od,
or
t
o
im
plem
ent
te
chn
iqu
e
s
f
or
se
parat
ing
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
com
po
ne
nts
se
quence
under
un
bala
nced
c
onditi
on
s
is
a
m
us
t.
As
the
i
nner
co
ntr
ol
lo
op
s
are
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
P
W
M
switc
hi
ng
f
unct
ion
al
it
y
of
the
c
onve
rter
a
nd
re
gula
ti
ng
th
e
ou
te
r
loops
perf
or
m
an
c
e
lim
it
s
accord
in
gly,
the
inn
e
r
loop
co
ntr
oller
is
req
ui
red
to
be
fast
and
accu
rate
[15]
.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
the
in
ner
loops
con
t
ro
ll
er
can
be fu
rthe
r design
e
d
t
o be in
c
on
t
ro
l
of both
the acti
ve
and
r
eact
ive powe
r flo
w pr
eci
sel
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
2018
:
1834
–
1841
1836
3.
AVAIL
ABLE
LVRT
C
O
NTRO
L
AP
PRO
ACHES
FOR
G
RI
D
-
FEE
DI
NG
PV
I
NV
E
RT
ER
UNDER
UNB
ALA
NC
E
D C
ONDITIO
NS
A
sim
ple
proc
ess
f
or
the
un
ba
la
nced
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
c
urren
t
con
t
ro
l
w
hich
is
inse
par
a
ble
of
m
easur
ed
currents
int
o
their
in
div
id
ual
iz
ed
seq
uen
ce
com
po
ne
nts
is
propose
d
in
[
10
]
.
T
he
ap
pro
ach
com
bin
es
with
a
cl
assic
al
synch
ron
ou
s
fr
am
e
of
pro
portio
nal
integ
ral
(P
I
)
re
gu
la
to
rs
with
boos
te
d
gai
ns
,
t
o
accom
plish
ste
ll
ar
unbalance
d
thr
ee
phase
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
tr
ol
with
a
m
ini
m
al
com
plexity
.
Fig
ur
e
2,
il
lustrat
es
the
ne
w
sc
hem
e,
w
he
re
the
com
bin
e
d
sync
hro
nous
re
fer
e
nce
fr
am
e
ta
rg
et
ing
seq
ue
nce
cu
r
ren
t
re
fer
e
nces
are
bein
g
pro
du
ce
d
by
us
e
of
dire
ct
DC
com
po
ne
nts,
al
ong
with
a
twic
e
fr
eq
uen
cy
com
pone
nt
from
the
adv
e
rse
sync
hrono
us
ref
e
ren
ce
f
ram
e
(S
RF)
.
He
nc
e,
ei
ther
co
nt
ro
ll
er
works
to
bala
nce
both
the
posit
ive
sequ
e
nce
as
well
as
neg
at
ive s
eq
ue
nce curr
e
nts at the instant tim
e si
m
ultaneou
s
ly
, acco
rd
i
ngly
, th
ese seq
ue
nc
e curren
ts
wou
ld not
be
re
qu
i
red
for
separ
at
e
e
xtra
ct
ion
f
ro
m
the
feedbac
k
sig
na
l
m
easur
em
ent
.
The
m
et
ho
d
f
reque
ntly
decre
ases
the
curre
nt
cont
ro
ll
er
com
plexity
,
as
the
conseq
uen
ce
,
w
he
n
the
hi
gh
p
ote
ntial
gains
of
P
I
co
ntr
oller
are
us
ed
,
consi
der
a
bly e
nh
a
nces
the e
ffi
ci
ent r
esp
onse
of the
curre
nt
regulat
ion t
ech
nique.
Figure
2. Pro
pose
d u
nbal
ance
d DG cu
rr
e
nt c
on
t
ro
l st
rategy
[10]
Ca
sti
ll
a
et
al
.
[
11
]
,
prese
nted
a
fu
ll
y
con
trol
strat
egy
destin
ed
for
sync
hro
nous
com
pen
s
at
or
s
w
hich
op
e
rate
un
der
abno
rm
al
fau
lty
networ
k
sit
ua
ti
on
.
Pa
rtic
ul
arly
,
the
intr
od
uced
c
ontr
ol
strat
egy
pro
pose
s
two
sp
eci
fic
c
on
t
ribu
ti
ons
,
as
nove
l
ref
e
ren
ce
ge
ner
at
or
of
the
r
eact
ive
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
unpr
e
cede
nted
volt
age
s
uppo
rt
loop
c
ontrolle
r
as
well
.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
the
re
fer
e
nce
ge
ner
at
or
o
f
cu
rr
e
nt
has
a
m
ai
n
aspect
capaci
ty
for
supp
ly
i
ng
the
desire
d
re
act
ive
current
even
w
hile
the
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
in
am
pli
tud
e
throu
ghout
sa
g
volt
age.
He
nce,
a
secur
e
syst
em
op
e
rati
on
is
co
m
fo
rtably
gu
a
r
anteed
by
fi
xing
the
re
qu
ire
d
lim
it
ed
current
to
the
highe
st
rated
current.
T
he
volt
age
l
oop
c
ontr
oller
due
to
set
ti
ng
t
wo
s
et
po
i
nts
of
volt
age
ca
n
perform
var
io
us
con
t
ro
l
strat
egies.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
f
or
this
stud
y
th
re
e
con
tr
ol
sc
he
m
es
fo
r
vo
lt
a
ge
sup
port
ha
ve
bee
n
car
rie
d
out,
reg
a
rd
le
ss
to
t
he
ir m
erit
s an
d
l
i
m
i
t
at
ion
s.
In
[16]
,
the
c
ontr
ol
strat
egy
of
bo
t
h
posit
iv
e
seq
uen
ce
a
nd
ne
gative
se
quence
c
om
po
ne
nts
of
the
la
rg
e
scal
e
gr
id
-
c
onnecte
d
P
V
syst
em
in
cr
it
ic
al
un
balanc
ed
volt
age
sa
g
sit
uations
in
t
he
net
wor
k
syst
e
m
is
deliberate
d.
Som
e p
roblem
s co
nce
r
ning syst
e
m
’s
dynam
ic
p
er
form
ance an
d st
abili
ty
o
ccur
w
hile pro
portion
a
l
integral
c
ontr
ol
le
rs
are
a
ppli
ed
in
c
urren
t
l
oops
c
on
tr
o
ll
er.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
del
ay
is
the
pur
pose
t
hat
the
filt
ering
appr
oach
dem
and
s
bec
ause
of
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
c
urren
t
s
eq
ue
nces
e
xtracti
on.
Des
pite
this
delay
,
the
syst
e
m
’s
dynam
ic
resp
on
s
e
getti
ng
s
lowe
r
in
res
pe
ct
to
the
situ
at
ion
wh
e
n
no
filt
rati
on
a
ppr
oach
is
re
q
ui
red.
More
ov
e
r,
t
here
is
a
robu
st
c
on
st
raint
on
se
le
ct
ing
ap
pro
pri
at
e
par
am
et
ers
for
the
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
c
urren
t
loop
con
t
ro
ll
ers
w
it
hout c
om
pr
om
i
sing ci
rcu
m
sta
nces
of the
sta
bili
ty
o
f
syst
e
m
.
The
w
ork
by
D
u
et
al
.
[17]
,
pr
esenti
ng
the
re
search
st
ud
y
of
instanta
ne
ous
act
ive
and
reac
ti
ve
power
fluctuati
on
f
or
three
-
phase
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
volt
age
s
ource
c
onve
rter.
He
nc
e,
the
qua
dr
at
ure
c
har
act
erist
i
cs
of
the
fl
uctuated
act
ive
an
d
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
e
f
fects
in
t
he
si
ne
-
te
rm
an
d
c
os
ine
-
te
rm
perform
ances
w
hich
a
re
m
erely
reso
lve
d
by
the
av
er
age
act
ive
an
d
reacti
ve
po
w
er
c
orre
s
ponding
ly
.
M
oreo
ve
r,
by
the
re
as
on
of
aver
a
ge
act
ive
powe
r
an
d
a
ver
a
ge
reacti
ve
powe
r
dec
ouplin
g
e
ff
ect
t
o
the
os
ci
ll
at
ed
po
wer,
the
con
t
ro
l
strat
egy
of
pos
it
ive
and
ne
gative
seq
uen
ce
c
onduct
ance
an
d
su
sce
ptance
(P
N
GB)
is
pro
po
s
ed
to
m
anag
e
a
nd
con
t
ro
l
t
h
e
gri
d
fa
ult
e
ven
t
s.
T
he
detai
le
d
c
orrelat
ion
s
betw
een
co
nt
ro
l
pa
ram
et
ers
of
s
us
ce
ptan
ce
a
nd
cond
uctance
with
the
po
we
r
fluct
uation
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
an
d
peak
phase
cu
rr
e
nt
ha
ve
bee
n
de
rive
d.
H
e
nce,
a
con
t
ro
l
ap
proa
ch
to
PNGB
current
has
bee
n
introd
uced
f
or
re
gula
ti
ng
os
ci
ll
at
ed
instanta
ne
ous
act
ive
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Lo
w
-
v
olta
ge
Ri
de
-
t
hr
ou
gh Me
thods f
or
Grid
-
connecte
d P
hotovoltaic
Syst
e
ms
in…
(
Ha
v
al
Sardar
Ka
mil
)
1837
reacti
ve
powe
r
.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
e
m
bed
di
ng
c
urren
t
li
m
it
ati
on
str
at
egy
into
the
co
ntr
ol
loop
f
or
t
he
sa
ke
of
ov
e
rc
urren
t
pr
e
ven
ti
on.
In
[5]
,
t
he
phot
ovoltai
c
inv
e
r
te
r
co
ntr
oller
wh
ic
h
ass
ur
es
m
ini
m
u
m
peak
values
i
n
in
j
e
ct
ed
cu
rr
e
nts
of
t
he
gri
d
f
or
the
tim
e
of
s
ag
volt
age
is
i
ntr
oduce
d.
Howev
e
r,
t
his
m
et
hod
is
est
abl
ished
on
the
de
rive
d
al
gorithm
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
the
desig
n
te
ch
nique
is
pr
ogres
s
ed
be
ne
fici
al
to
ex
pl
or
e
for
t
he
val
ues
of
c
on
t
ro
l
par
am
et
er
wh
e
re
le
ssen
the
pe
ak
curre
nts
at
the
tim
e
of
volt
age
sags
of
gri
d.
A
c
om
pr
ehensi
ve
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
inv
est
igati
on
of
cu
rr
e
nts
is
im
ple
m
ented
duri
ng
t
he
volt
age
sa
g
f
or
de
ve
lop
in
g
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
c
on
tr
ol
desig
n.
Re
gardin
g
the
evaluati
on
of
this
co
ntr
ol
desig
n
perf
orm
ance,
a
detai
le
d
com
par
ison
obta
ine
d
be
twee
n
currents
with
the
prese
nted
c
on
t
ro
l
sc
hem
e
and
the
oth
e
r
con
tr
ol
ap
pro
aches
is
ex
pr
e
ssed
as
well
.
As
the
encou
rag
i
ng
as
pect,
reducin
g
rip
ples
in
i
nj
e
ct
ed
po
wer
at
the
tim
e
of
sa
g
occurre
nce
i
s
noti
ced,
ther
eafter
,
decr
easi
ng r
i
pple
s in DC
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age
, whic
h would
b
e
criti
cal
in
s
om
e p
arti
cular situati
on
s.
The
gen
e
rali
zed
c
on
tr
ol
sc
he
m
e
of
act
ive
powe
r
for
D
G
i
nv
e
rter
operat
es
unde
r
unbal
anced
gri
d
disturba
nces
is
pr
ese
nted
in
[
18
]
.
O
n
the
ba
sis
of
de
rive
d
form
ulati
on
an
d
grap
hical
il
l
us
t
rati
on,
the
r
eal
iz
ed
con
t
rib
ution
s
of
sym
m
et
rica
l
sequ
ence
el
e
m
ents
to
the
instanta
ne
ou
s
power
an
d
interact
io
ns
am
on
g
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
se
qu
e
nces is dee
ply el
abo
r
at
ed. Du
e to
pro
pos
ing
a f
le
xib
le
param
et
er b
et
ween
grid
vo
lt
age
s and
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urr
ents,
a
n
ef
fect
i
ve
te
ch
nique
is
con
st
ru
ct
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
dc
-
li
nk
rip
ples
and
the
sym
m
et
ric
sh
a
pe
of
the
current
or
po
wer
fact
or
co
ncernin
g
c
ontrolla
ble
fluct
ua
te
d
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
powe
rs.
Con
se
quently
,
from
the
pr
osp
ect
of
power
e
le
ct
ro
nic
c
onve
rter
an
d
powe
r
syst
em
the
te
chn
i
qu
e
a
naly
s
is
is
bein
g
ex
plaine
d.
In
view
of
the
fle
xib
le
ada
ptivit
y
of
the
pro
po
se
d
te
ch
nique,
it
is
pe
r
m
itted
to
colla
borat
e
with
var
i
ou
s
r
e
strai
nts in
expe
rienti
al
lay
ou
t.
In
[19]
,
va
rio
us
ap
proac
hes
that
con
ce
r
n
with
co
ntr
olli
ng
t
he
distri
bute
d
gen
e
rati
on
syst
em
s
is
pro
po
se
d
i
n
ca
se
of
unbalanc
ed
sit
uatio
ns
t
hat
are
bro
ught
on
by
fau
lt
s
i
n
the
util
it
y
network.
Mo
reov
er,
t
he
analy
ti
cal
con
s
equ
e
nces
pe
rm
it
fo
r
desi
gn
i
ng
the
flexi
ble
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
act
ive
po
wer
t
hat
can
a
dju
st
it
sel
f
f
or
fau
lt
y
co
ndit
ion
s
a
nd
is
m
or
e
rec
onfig
ur
a
ble
in
te
rm
s
of
ch
ang
i
ng
re
quire
m
ents
of
gri
d
s
pecial
ly
.
In
s
pe
ci
fic,
it
is
being
validat
ed
t
hat,
th
r
oughout
un
bal
anced
eve
nts,
t
her
e
is
a
possi
bili
ty
fo
r
ob
ta
i
ning
zer
o
act
iv
e
and
reacti
ve
powe
r
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
on
ly
j
us
t
by
ob
ta
i
ning
extrem
el
y
hig
h
distor
te
d
currents
.
The
work
by
Valo
uc
h
et
al
.
[
20
]
,
ex
pr
e
sses
the
gri
d
c
urren
t
c
ontr
ol
strat
egy
at
the
le
vel
of
p
ow
e
r
c
onver
te
r.
T
he
proffer
ed
a
naly
sis
ta
kes
c
harge
of
the
co
ntr
ol
a
ppr
oach
of
posit
ive
an
d
negat
ive
cu
rr
e
nt
s
equ
e
nces
in
t
he
gri
d
i
nterc
onnecte
d
conve
rter
at
ti
m
e
of
vo
lt
age
sag.
More
ov
e
r,
the
co
ntr
ol
st
r
at
egy
m
us
t
ens
ur
e
a
pprop
riat
e
interc
ha
ng
e
of
act
ive
and
reacti
ve
powe
rs
de
vo
i
d
of
powe
r
rip
ple,
ha
rm
on
ic
di
stortio
n
al
le
via
ti
on
of
gri
d
c
urre
nts,
a
nd
sho
uld
set
up
g
ri
d
cu
rr
e
nts
peak
s
c
ontrol
add
it
io
nally
.
A
pure
e
xpress
ion
is
res
olv
e
d,
wh
ic
h
per
m
it
s
est
i
m
a
ti
on
of
h
ig
hly
exch
a
ngeable act
ive
and
r
eac
ti
ve
po
wers
bet
ween
t
he
co
nv
erter
an
d
the g
r
id
with
ou
t
s
urp
assing
t
he
al
lo
wab
le
conve
rter c
urre
nt.
Sh
a
o
et
al
.
[
21]
,
have
prese
nt
ed
a
t
ran
s
f
or
m
erless
th
ree
-
le
vel
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
powe
r
c
onve
rter
a
nd
the
conseq
ue
nces
of
the
un
balan
ced
fau
lt
s
on
t
he
i
nv
e
rter’s
ne
utral
po
i
nt
f
or
L
VRT
opera
ti
on
a
re
fig
ur
e
d
ou
t
.
More
ov
e
r,
ne
w
p
r
opose
d
c
ontr
ol
te
chn
iq
ue
s
are
carried
out
to
further
ba
la
nce
the
vo
lt
a
ge
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
on
the
neu
t
ral
point
of
the
i
nv
e
rter
unde
r
unbala
nce
d
fa
ults.
In
[
22]
,
Ma
an
d
his
r
esearch
gr
oup
inv
est
igate
a
three
-
ph
a
se
syst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
offe
rs
si
x
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
ol
fr
ee
dom
s
with
a
zero
-
seq
ue
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
pa
th
to
al
le
viate
bo
t
h
act
ive
an
d
reac
ti
ve
powe
r
fl
uc
tuati
on
s
a
nd
in
j
ect
sin
us
oi
dal
currents
as
wel
l.
Howe
ver,
th
e
const
ant
dc
s
ource
has
been
use
d,
the
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
of
the
unbala
nced
fa
ults
on
the
capaci
ti
ve
dc
-
li
nk
ha
ve
not
bee
n
i
nv
est
i
gated
.
Ca
rd
e
nas
et
al
.
[23]
,
as
su
m
e
that
the
dc
-
li
nk
vo
lt
age
is
to
be
c
onsta
nt.
This
ass
um
pti
on
is
ina
ppr
opriat
e
i
n
te
rm
s
of
the
unbalance
d
fa
ult
as
ov
e
rall
pow
er
w
ou
l
d
not
be
zero
a
nd
t
he
rip
ple
w
ou
l
d
be
produ
ce
d
to
t
he
dc
-
li
nk
volt
age.
A
fsh
a
ri
et
al
.
[24
]
,
pro
pose
a
m
od
el
f
or
P
V
s
ource
at
the
in
put
side
syst
em
,
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
t
echn
i
qu
e
is
only
evaluated
th
ro
ugh
sim
ulati
on
s
.
T
he
pro
pose
d
c
on
tr
ol
st
rategy
incl
ud
i
ng
tw
o
op
e
rati
onal
m
o
des,
MP
PT
a
nd
no
n
-
MP
PT
m
od
es,
w
hich
t
hey
m
a
y
op
era
te
under
unbal
anced
c
onditi
ons.
T
he
auth
or
s
of
[25]
,
il
lustrate
d
the
L
VRT
operati
on
of
c
urren
t
s
ource
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d
PV
i
nv
e
rters
unde
r
unbalance
d
volt
ages.
More
over
,
the
pro
posed
m
et
ho
d
de
velo
ped
ne
ga
ti
ve
sequ
e
nce
current
re
fer
e
nc
e
to
abo
li
s
h
act
ive
powe
r
do
ub
le
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
fl
uc
tuati
on
s
at
the
Ac
side
of
t
he
current
s
ourc
e
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ed
P
V
inv
e
rter.
G
uo
et
al
.
[26]
,
propose
a
ne
w
fa
ul
t
ride
th
r
ough
FRT
co
ntr
ol
st
rategy
f
or
gri
d
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
ve
rters.
In
the
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
a
pi
ck
cu
rr
e
nt
can
con
tr
ol
withi
n
the
rate
d
va
lue
eff
ect
u
al
ly
.
A
fle
xib
le
c
on
t
ro
l
strat
egy
f
or
th
r
ee
-
phase
PV
in
ver
te
r
s
op
e
rati
ng
un
der
un
balanced
fa
ults
is
discusse
d,
neverthele
ss,
the
c
on
t
rol
of the
ren
e
wa
bl
e energy s
ourc
e h
as
not
been
exp
l
or
e
d.
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON A
ND FUT
U
R
E T
REN
DS
The
m
entione
d
co
ntr
ol
strat
egies
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
ba
se
d
on
var
i
ous
consi
der
at
io
n,
as
show
n
in
Table
1.
As
s
how
n
in
the
t
able,
th
e
c
on
tr
ol
sc
hem
e
of
t
hr
ee
-
phase
gri
d
feed
i
ng
po
w
er
c
onver
te
rs
can
be
desig
ne
d
in
thr
ee
diff
e
ren
t
co
ordinate
syst
em
s,
wh
ic
h
are
the
natu
ral
abc
ref
ere
nce
f
ra
m
e,
the
sta
ti
on
ary
α
β
o
ref
e
ren
ce
fr
am
e,
and
th
e
dq
ro
ta
ti
ng
fr
am
e.
Var
io
us
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
ll
er
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
to
the
three
-
phase
gr
id
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
9
, N
o.
4
,
D
ece
m
ber
2018
:
1834
–
1841
1838
connecte
d
co
nverter
s
in
th
re
e
-
phase
th
ree
-
wire
syst
em
s
has
bee
n
pro
pos
ed.
A
com
par
i
so
n
of
al
l
the
stud
ie
s
about
c
urre
nt
con
t
ro
l
te
c
hniqu
e
s
is
presen
te
d
in
Ta
ble
2.
T
his
c
om
par
at
ive
stu
dy
li
sti
ng
t
he
ben
e
fi
ts
a
nd
dr
a
w
back
s
of e
ach c
on
t
ro
ll
er
.
Table
1.
Dif
fere
nt Co
ntr
ol Str
at
egies f
or Grid
-
feed
i
ng P
V I
nv
e
rter
Ref
erences
Ref
erence
f
ra
m
e
Activ
e
-
reac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
co
n
trol
Ref
erence
cu
rr
en
t
g
en
erator
Inn
er
cu
rr
en
t
co
n
trol
Sy
n
ch
ron
izatio
n
Metho
d
T
ar
g
et
(
So
sa et al
.,
2016)
Statio
n
ary
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e po
wer
o
scillatio
n
Prop
o
rtion
al
-
Res
o
n
an
t (
PR)
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(
Ch
en
et
al.
,
2016)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e po
wer
o
scillatio
n
Prop
o
rtion
al
-
Integ
ral
(
P
I)
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(Ro
d
rígu
ez e
t
al.,
20
1
5
)
Statio
n
ary
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Disco
n
n
ectio
n
PR
DSOGI
-
FLL
,
(FL
L
)
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(
Ko
u
et
al.
,
2015)
ab
c f
ra
m
e
Activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e po
wer
o
scillatio
n
PI
-
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(M
irho
ss
ein
i et
al.
,
2015)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
P=0
,
Q=0
Disco
n
n
ectio
n
PI
Mov
in
g
average
f
ilters (
M
AFs)
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(Kabiri
et al.
,
2015)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
P=0
,
Q=0
Disco
n
n
ectio
n
PI
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(Castilla et
al.
,
2014)
Statio
n
ary
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Po
sitiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
seq
u
en
ce r
eactive
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
-
PI
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(Du et al
.,
2016)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e
/
reac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
o
scillatio
n
Co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
/
sau
cepan
s co
n
trol
sch
e
m
e
-
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(M
ir
et et
al.,
2012)
ab
c f
ra
m
e
Po
sitiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
seq
u
en
ce r
eactive
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
-
PI
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(
W
an
g
et
al
.,
2012)
Statio
n
ary
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Po
sitiv
e seq
u
en
ce
activ
e
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
-
PR
Seq
u
en
ce
d
etectio
n
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(Ro
d
rigu
ez e
t
al.,
20
0
7
)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e,
Statio
n
ary
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Po
sitiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
seq
u
en
ce r
eactive
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
o
scillatio
n
PI,
PR
seco
n
d
-
o
rder
g
en
eralize
d
in
teg
rator
b
an
d
p
ass
f
ilter
(SOG
I
-
BPF)
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
(V
alo
u
ch
et
al
.
2015)
Sy
n
ch
ron
o
u
s
referen
ce
f
ra
m
e
Po
sitiv
e/n
eg
ativ
e
seq
u
en
ce r
eactive
p
o
wer
in
jectio
n
Co
n
trollab
le
activ
e/rea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
o
scillatio
n
PI
PLL
Three
-
p
h
ase
th
ree
-
wire
s
y
ste
m
Table
2.
Be
nefi
ts and Lim
i
ta
tio
ns o
f
C
ontrol
Stru
ct
ur
es
Co
n
trol
strateg
ies
Ass
o
ciated co
n
troller
ty
p
e
Ad
v
an
tag
e
Disad
v
an
tag
e
d
q
f
ra
m
e
PI
Easy
hard
ware
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
Si
m
p
le cur
rent con
trol
Go
o
d
dyna
m
ic r
es
p
o
n
se
Fix
ed
switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
Ver
y
po
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
i
cs co
m
p
en
satio
n
Stead
y
-
stat
e e
rr
o
r
i
s n
o
t eli
m
in
ated
ab
c f
ra
m
e
PI
Fix
ed
switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
Co
m
p
lex
t
rans
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
Slo
w dyna
m
i
c r
esp
o
n
se
PR
Fix
ed
switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
More co
m
p
l
ex
wit
h
r
ef
er
to
hyste
resi
s
an
d
d
ead
-
b
eat
Slo
w dyna
m
i
c r
esp
o
n
se
αβ
f
ra
m
e
PR
Hig
h
gain
ar
o
u
n
d
r
eso
n
an
ce freq
u
en
c
y
Stead
y
-
stat
e e
rr
o
r
o
m
itt
in
g
is very
go
o
d
Hig
h
dyna
m
ic
resp
o
n
se
Go
o
d
curre
n
t har
m
o
n
ic co
m
p
en
satio
n
esp
ecially
lo
w
-
o
rder
Co
m
p
lex
hard
w
are
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
Slo
w dyna
m
i
c r
esp
o
n
se
with
DC
sig
n
als
RC
Hig
h
gain
at
th
e integ
ral
m
u
ltip
les o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
requ
en
cy
Hig
h
ord
er
h
ar
m
o
n
ics co
m
p
en
sato
r
Slo
w dyna
m
i
c r
esp
o
n
se
Variable sw
itch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Lo
w
-
v
olta
ge
Ri
de
-
t
hr
ou
gh Me
thods f
or
Grid
-
connecte
d P
hotovoltaic
Syst
e
ms
in…
(
Ha
v
al
Sardar
Ka
mil
)
1839
The
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
c
ontr
ol,
r
efere
nce
c
urre
nt
ge
nerat
or,
current
c
ontr
ol
le
r
an
d
the
synch
ronizat
io
n
m
e
tho
d
f
or
each
strat
egy
is
pr
ese
nted
in
the
la
st
sect
io
n
as
well
.
Re
gar
di
ng
the
li
te
ratur
e
,
pr
e
vious
resea
rch
i
n
t
his
spe
ci
fic
fiel
d
ha
ve
on
ly
f
oc
use
d
on
the
c
ontr
ol
of
th
ree
-
phase
gri
d
-
fe
edin
g
conve
rters
unde
r
un
balance
d
sit
uations
i
n
th
ree
-
wire
syst
e
m
s.
Nev
erthel
ess,
fa
r
to
o
li
tt
le
con
si
der
at
io
n
ha
s
been
pai
d
to
th
e
co
ntr
ol
of
s
uc
h
kind
gr
id
-
c
onnected
in
vert
ers
in
t
hr
ee
-
phase
four
-
wire
syst
e
m
s.
It
is
du
e
to
the
reali
ty
that
the
posit
ive,
neg
at
ive
a
nd
z
ero
se
quence
com
po
ne
nts
shou
l
d
be
orga
nized
an
d
handl
ed
in
three
-
phase
four
-
wi
re s
yst
em
s sim
ultaneou
s
ly
, w
hic
h
is
res
ulti
ng
i
n
a
com
plex
c
ontr
ol algorit
hm
.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
c
on
t
ro
l
of
the
gr
id
-
fee
ding
c
onver
te
rs
in
three
phase
three
-
wire
s
yst
e
m
s
un
de
r
unbalance
d
gr
i
d
-
fau
lt
co
ndit
ion
s
is
a
well
-
dev
el
op
e
d
a
nd
m
at
ur
e
resear
ch
to
pic.
N
on
e
thele
ss,
fa
r
too
li
ttle
at
te
ntion
has
been
paid
to
current
c
on
tr
ol
of
the
gr
id
-
fe
edin
g
po
wer
c
onve
rters
in
t
hr
ee
-
phase
fou
r
-
wire
isl
and
e
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
ds
due
to
presence
of
po
sit
ive,
ne
gative
a
s
well
as
zero
seq
uen
ce
c
ompone
nts.
O
n
th
e
basis
of
t
he
pre
viou
s
stud
ie
s
,
the
current
c
ontrol
te
chn
i
qu
es
f
or
gri
d
-
fee
ding
powe
r
co
nvert
ers
ope
rati
ng
in
the
three
-
phase
four
-
wi
re
syst
em
s
of
te
n
suff
erin
g
f
ro
m
slow
tran
sie
nt
respo
ns
e
a
nd
com
plica
te
d
con
t
rol
al
gorithm
.
Ther
ef
or
e
,
it
is
i
m
portant
to
pr
opos
e
a
n
im
pr
oved
c
urren
t
c
on
trol
te
ch
nique
for
th
ree
ph
as
e
gr
i
d
-
feed
i
ng
power
conver
te
r
op
e
rati
ng
in
th
ree
-
phase
f
our
-
wi
re
isl
and
e
d
m
i
crogr
i
d
f
or
c
om
pen
sat
ing
po
sit
ive,
neg
at
ive
an
d
zero
se
quen
ce
com
po
ne
nt
with
fast
dy
nam
ic
resp
onse
a
nd
sim
ple
con
tr
ol
str
uctu
re.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
the
ph
a
se
a
ng
le
an
d
m
agn
it
ude
of
posit
ive,
ne
gative
a
nd
ze
ro
seq
ue
nce
volt
age
com
po
ne
nts
i
n
four
-
wi
re
netw
ork
ty
pical
ly
us
ed
f
o
r
sync
hr
on
iz
at
io
n
of
gr
id
-
fee
ding
c
onver
te
r
ou
t
put
va
riables,
cal
cul
at
ion
of
powe
r
fl
ow
or
tra
nsfo
rm
a
ti
on
of
sta
ti
on
ery
var
ia
ble
c
om
po
ne
nts
int
o
r
otati
ng
ref
e
ren
ce
fr
am
es.
Hen
ce
,
gr
i
d
sync
hron
i
zat
ion
of
gr
id
-
fee
ding
po
we
r
co
nverters
operati
ng
in
t
he
three
-
phase
four
-
wi
re
isl
and
e
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
is a
n essenti
al
.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
paper,
the
recently
publishe
d
pa
pe
rs
a
bout
L
V
RT
co
ntr
ol
m
et
hods
for
gr
i
d
-
feed
i
ng
P
V
inv
e
rters
oper
at
ing
unde
r
unbala
nced
c
onditi
on
s
in
m
ic
rogr
i
ds
wer
e
assesse
d
a
nd
inv
e
sti
gated
as
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
rev
ie
w
.
Mult
i
-
pur
po
se
P
V
in
ver
te
r
s
ha
ve
fa
sci
nated
inc
rea
sing
c
on
ce
rn
f
or
their
c
on
t
rib
utions
to
ancil
la
ry
se
rv
ic
es
for
the
enh
a
ncem
ent
of
po
wer
qual
it
y
in
the
sta
nd
-
al
on
e
a
nd
aut
onom
ou
s
distrib
ution
syst
e
m
s.
The
pr
esente
d
LVR
T
con
tr
ol
te
ch
ni
ques
cl
assifi
ed
base
d
on
va
rio
us
ap
plica
ti
on
s
,
inclu
ding
ty
pe
of
inv
e
rters,
co
nt
ro
l
sc
hem
es,
and
co
ntr
ol
a
dju
stm
ent.
In
order
to
im
prov
e
po
wer
qu
al
it
y
and
sta
bi
li
ty
i
n
isl
and
e
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
on
t
ro
l
sc
hem
es
ha
ve
c
onferre
d
a
nd
com
par
e
d
in
detai
l.
T
hi
s
pa
per
is
ex
pe
ct
ed
to
be
a
us
ef
ul
r
efere
nce
for re
searche
rs
,
en
gi
neer
s
an
d
m
anu
fact
ur
e
rs
in
vo
lved
i
n
P
V sy
stem
s
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
s
w
ish
to
ac
know
le
dg
e
t
he
Mi
ni
stry
of
Ed
uca
ti
on
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
an
d
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tek
no
l
ogi
Ma
la
ysi
a fo
r s
upp
or
ti
ng t
his
researc
h
unde
r Gra
nt
QJ13
0000.
2423.
03G
88
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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"D
esi
gn
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e
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STATCOM
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nc
ement
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Pow
er
Qualit
y
in
Micro
Gr
id
Applic
a
ti
ons,"
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Journal
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ectroni
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conne
c
te
d
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r/Wind/H
y
drog
e
n
Ene
rg
y
H
y
br
id
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ration
S
y
st
em,"
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rna
ti
on
al
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
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y
st
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m
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uzi
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n
ew
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m
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ti
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eg
y
for
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rid
-
conne
c
te
d
wind
turbi
ne
and
fue
l
cell
inv
erters
i
n
a
m
ic
rogrid
,
"
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Journ
al
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
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N.
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"D
IgSILENT
m
odel
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ng
of
a
four
-
le
g
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rt
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usin
g
a
triangul
ar
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rri
er
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rg
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ver
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lt
aic
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ee
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ase
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rt
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inim
iz
e
pe
ak
cur
r
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nts
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unba
l
anc
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t
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EE
t
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eodor
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aabje
rg,
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low
-
volt
ag
e
rid
e
-
throu
gh
te
chn
ique
for
grid
-
connect
ed
c
onver
te
rs
with
re
duce
d
power
trans
is
tors
stress,"
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EE
E
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ansa
ction
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on
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n
ez
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Rodri
go,
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a
n
d
s
y
nchr
oni
zation
al
gorit
hm
s
for
a
grid
-
connect
ed
photovol
t
ai
c
sy
st
em
under
har
m
onic
distor
ti
ons,
fre
que
nc
y
var
iations
and
u
nbal
an
ce
s,"
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ewa
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n
erg
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8
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nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
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D.
W
ei,
P.
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ng,
and
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di
r
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t
ph
ase
-
coor
d
i
nat
es
appr
oac
h
t
o
fau
lt
ride
thro
ugh
of
unbalanc
ed
fau
lt
s
in
la
rge
-
s
c
a
le
pho
tovol
t
ai
c
power
s
y
stems
,
"
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e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
Com
ponent
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ingl
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-
stage
inve
r
te
r
-
b
ase
d
grid
-
connect
ed
photovolta
i
c
power
pla
nts
wi
t
h
ride
-
through
c
ap
ability
und
er
grid
fau
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ts,"
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E
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Tra
ns
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ou
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onous
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m
e
cur
ren
t
r
egul
a
ti
on
of
dist
ribut
ed
g
ene
ra
tion
s
y
stems
under
u
nbal
an
ce
d
vo
lt
a
ge
conditions
wi
tho
ut
seque
n
ce
cur
ren
t
sepa
r
at
io
n,
"
in
Appl
ie
d
P
ower
Elec
tron
ics
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ence and Expositi
on
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uña,
"V
olt
ag
e
support
cont
rol
s
tra
t
egi
es
for
static
s
y
nc
hronous
co
m
pensa
tors
under
unbal
anced
vol
ta
ge
sags,"
IEE
E
tra
nsac
ti
ons
on
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al
e
lectr
o
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"P
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qual
ity
improvem
ent
in
aut
onom
o
us
m
ic
rogrids
using
m
ult
i
-
func
ti
ona
l
volt
ag
e
sourc
e
i
nver
te
rs:
a
comprehe
nsive
rev
i
ew
,
"
Journal
of
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er
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rol
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eg
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axi
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iz
e
th
e
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ca
pab
il
i
t
y
of
PV
thre
e
-
phase
i
nver
te
rs
dur
ing
volt
ag
e
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n
chr
o
niz
a
ti
on
m
et
hod
s
for
grid
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connect
ed
conve
r
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rs
of
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
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g
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gat
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e
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d
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conne
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te
d
phot
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aic
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ems
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a
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ondit
ions,"
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-
ph
ase
gri
d
-
conne
c
te
d
vo
lt
ag
e
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bute
d
gene
ra
ti
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r
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gene
ra
ti
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EE
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der
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la
n
ce
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fo
r
tra
nsform
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e
-
le
ve
l
PV
i
nver
te
r
in
LVR
T
oper
at
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nsa
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erg
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ower
co
ntrol
la
b
il
i
t
y
of
a
three
-
phase
c
onver
te
r
wi
th
a
n
unbal
an
ce
d
AC
source
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EE
E
T
ran
sac
t
ions o
n
P
ower
Elec
troni
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ro
l
s
y
ste
m
for
low
-
volt
age
ride
-
through
i
n
wind
ene
rg
y
con
ver
sion s
y
s
te
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s,"
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i
,
B.
Farha
ngi
,
Y.
Yan
g,
an
d
S.
Farha
ngi,
"A
low
-
voltage
rid
e
-
through
cont
rol
str
at
eg
y
for
thre
e
-
ph
as
e
grid
-
connect
ed
P
V s
y
stems
,
" i
n
Pow
er
and
Ene
rg
y
Con
fer
en
ce at
Ill
inoi
s
(PECI),
2017
IEEE, 201
7,
pp
.
1
-
6:
IE
EE.
[25]
Z.
W
ang,
B.
W
u,
D.
Xu,
M.
Cheng,
and
L.
Xu,
"
Dc
-
li
nk
cur
r
ent
r
ip
ple
m
it
ig
at
ion
for
cur
ren
t
-
sourc
e
grid
-
connect
ed
conve
rt
ers
under
unbal
an
ce
d
grid
condi
ti
ons,"
I
E
EE
Tr
ansa
ctions on
Industria
l
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s,
vol
.
6
3,
no.
8,
pp
.
496
7
-
4977,
2016
.
[26]
X.
Guo,
W
.
Li
u,
and
Z.
Lu,
"F
lexible
power
r
eg
ula
ti
on
and
cur
r
ent
-
li
m
ited
con
tr
ol
of
the
grid
-
co
nnec
t
ed
inve
r
te
r
under
unbal
an
ced
grid
volt
age
f
a
ult
s,"
IEE
E
Tra
n
sac
ti
ons
on
Industria
l
E
le
c
tronics,
vol.
64,
no
.
9,
pp.
7425
-
7432,
2017.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Lo
w
-
v
olta
ge
Ri
de
-
t
hr
ou
gh Me
thods f
or
Grid
-
connecte
d P
hotovoltaic
Syst
e
ms
in…
(
Ha
v
al
Sardar
Ka
mil
)
1841
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Hava
l
Sarda
r
Ka
m
il
rec
ei
v
ed
his
B.
Sc.
(El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
neering)
a
nd
M.
Te
ch.
(Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Pow
er
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
in
2007
and
2013
r
epe
c
ti
ve
l
y
.
He
i
s
cur
ren
tly
pursuing
a
Ph.D.
de
gre
e
(
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
at
t
he
School
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng,
Univer
si
ti
T
eknol
ogi
Malay
s
ia
(
UTM)
.
His
rese
arc
h
in
te
rest
inc
lud
es
distri
bu
te
d
g
ene
r
at
ion
,
m
ic
rogrid, a
nd
r
ene
wabl
e ene
rg
y
s
y
st
ems
.
Dali
l
a
Mat
Said
is
a
Senior
Le
ct
u
rer
at
Cent
r
e
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
En
erg
y
S
y
st
ems
,
School
of
El
ec
t
rical
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Un
ive
rsiti
Te
knolo
gi
Malay
s
ia
(UT
M).
She
has
13
y
e
ars
of
expe
ri
e
nce
in
teac
h
ing
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
n
e
eri
ng
cour
ses
a
nd
supervision
of
m
ore
tha
n
3
0
under
gra
du
at
e
s,
an
d
15
post
gra
duate’s students.
She
h
as
an
e
xper
ie
n
ce
wi
thi
n
the
area
of
power
qua
li
t
y
consul
ta
nc
y
.
She
w
as
invol
ved
in
the
Pow
er
Qua
li
t
y
Basel
in
e
Stud
y
i
n
a
Peninsula
r
Malay
s
ia
(2010
-
2013)
under
the
Ene
rg
y
Com
m
ission of
Mal
a
y
s
ia.
She
is a mem
ber
of
I
EM,
I
ET
an
d
IEEE
Mohd
W
az
ir
Mus
ta
fa
re
ceive
d
his
B.
S.
Degre
e
(1988),
M.
Sc
.
(1993)
and
PhD
(1997)
from
Univer
sit
y
of
S
tra
th
cly
de
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Profess
or
and
Chai
r
of
School
of
El
ectrical
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
nive
rsiti
Te
kno
l
ogi
Malay
sia
(
UTM),
Johor
Bahru,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a.
His
rese
ar
ch
int
er
est
includes
power
s
y
stem
stabi
lit
y
,
FA
CT
S
and
power
s
y
stem
distri
buti
o
n
aut
om
at
ion
,
der
egulate
d
pow
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
et
c
.
He
is
a
prof
essional
engi
ne
er
of
IE
EE
Moham
m
ad
Rez
a
Miveh
re
ce
iv
e
d
his
Ph.D.
(Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
i
ng)
from
Univer
siti
T
eknol
og
i
Malay
s
ia
(U
TM)
in
2017.
Curr
ent
l
y
,
he
is
As
sistant
Profess
or
in
Depa
r
tment
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
Ta
fre
sh
Univer
s
ity
,
T
afr
esh,
Ira
n.
His
rese
arc
h
int
ere
sts
are
i
n
the
are
a
of
m
ic
rogrid, di
stri
bute
d
g
ene
r
at
ion
,
fue
l ce
l
l and
si
m
ula
ti
on
and an
aly
s
is of
pow
er
s
y
stem.
Nasarudi
n
Ahm
ad
recei
v
ed
B.
Sc
and
M.
Sc
d
egr
ee
s
in
elec
tr
i
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
from
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Mal
a
y
sia
,
in
1998
an
d
2000
respe
c
ti
v
ely
.
Sin
ce
2000
he
has
be
en
a
lectur
er
in
School
of
El
ec
t
rical
En
gine
er
ing,
Unive
rsiti
Te
knolog
i
Malay
s
ia.
His
int
ere
st
in
rese
arch
ac
ti
vi
ti
es
ar
e
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
in
strum
ent
at
ion
technique i
n
powe
r
s
y
st
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.