In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
777~
7
8
4
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
7
77-
78
4
777
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Economi
c
al and e
fficient tech
nique
for a static localized
maxim
u
m
sun l
u
x determination
Ah
me
d
H.
A
l
i
1
, A
del
S
.
N
ada
2
,
A
h
med
S
.
Sha
la
b
y
3
1
Dep
a
rt
men
t
o
f T
e
lecom
m
u
n
i
catio
n E
n
g
i
n
e
eri
ng,
E
gypti
a
n
Ru
ssia
n
U
n
i
v
e
rsit
y,
E
gypt
2,
3
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt
o
f Elect
rical
E
ngineer
ing, Al-Azhar Univers
ity,
Egy
p
t
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Oct
2
8
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
6
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 3
, 2
0
19
S
o
l
a
r
energ
y
i
s
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
m
ost
p
r
om
isi
n
g
renew
a
ble
so
urces
t
h
a
t
is
c
urrent
ly
bei
n
g
us
ed
w
orldw
i
d
e
t
o
co
nt
rib
u
te
f
or
m
eetin
g
ri
si
ng
d
em
an
ds.
In
t
his
pap
e
r
so
lar
irradi
ance
meas
urem
ent
w
i
l
l
e
x
p
eri
m
en
tal
l
y
carri
ed
o
ut
i
n
t
wo
d
iff
e
rent
regi
ons
in
E
gyp
t
;
C
a
i
r
o
and
L
uxor
c
ities
.
T
h
i
s
paper
propos
es
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
s
o
l
a
r
lu
x
m
easurem
ent
usin
g
a
light
d
e
p
end
e
nt
r
es
ist
o
r
(LD
R
)
with
a
n
a
r
du
in
o
ki
t.
Th
is
t
ech
niq
u
e
i
s
b
ased
o
n
tw
o
app
r
oaches
w
h
i
ch
a
re
c
o
a
rse
an
d
fine
m
a
xim
u
m
su
n
lux
determ
i
n
ation.
T
his
is
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
pred
eterm
i
n
ed
2
6
o
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
s
l
o
p
o
f
t
h
e
L
D
R
.
C
o
a
r
s
e
t
u
n
i
n
g
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
each
s
un
l
ux
quarter
(90
o
)
o
f
hori
z
on
tal
q
u
ad
.
The
fi
ne
t
u
n
in
g
al
locat
es
t
h
e
o
p
t
imi
zed
1
0
o
in
w
hich;
th
e
max
i
m
u
m
s
u
n
lux
can
b
e
o
b
t
a
ined
.
Th
e
optim
a
l
v
alu
es
o
f
s
un
l
u
x
w
e
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
(
9
0
o
–
1
8
0
o
)
qua
rte
r
.
Thi
s
s
tu
dy
c
on
firms
th
a
t
t
he
narro
w
t
e
n
deg
r
e
e
s
(95
o
-
105
o
)
a
r
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mi
ze
d
s
t
atic
s
un
l
u
x
e
xtract
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
two
s
i
te
f
iel
d
m
easu
r
em
en
ts
.
Th
is
n
ov
el
t
ech
niq
u
e
can
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
lo
cati
ng
the
a
n
gl
e
of
b
est
inst
a
l
lat
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
cell
a
t
wh
ich
m
a
xi
mum
so
lar en
ergy
can b
e ext
r
acted.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
r
dui
n
o
U
no
LDRs
M
i
c
r
o S
D
m
emory
ca
rd
R
eal
t
i
m
e
co
unt
er (R
T
C
)
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ah
med
H. Al
i
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
Telec
o
m
m
uni
c
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
eer
ing,
Eg
yp
tia
n R
u
ss
i
a
n
U
n
ive
r
si
t
y
,
Eg
yp
t,
B
a
d
r
C
it
y
, C
ai
ro
-Su
e
z R
o
ad
,
Po
st
al
C
od
e
118
29
.
Em
ail:
ahm
e
d_
ham
d
y
0
064
@
y
a
h
o
o
.com
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Me
as
urem
ent
of
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
di
a
tio
n
i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y
i
n
a
s
p
e
c
i
fi
ed
p
os
i
tio
n
is
t
he
k
e
y
t
o
s
t
ud
y
the
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
d
e
si
gn
a
n
d
to
pred
i
c
t
th
e
p
e
rfo
r
man
c
e
a
n
d
effi
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
phot
ovo
l
ta
ic (P
V
)
sys
t
em
s
[1, 2]
.
The perfor
ma
n
ce of
a
P
V
s
ystem
,
m
odu
le
o
r
ar
ray
de
pen
d
s
o
n
m
any
fac
t
ors
;
one
o
f
w
h
ich
is
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
dia
n
ce
t
ha
t
t
h
e
c
ould
so
l
a
r pa
nel
s
rece
i
v
e
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
d
ay
(
pea
k
su
n
-h
ours)
[
3,
4
].
The
t
o
t
a
l
s
o
la
r
ra
diatio
n
p
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l
w
i
l
l
b
e
ke
y
pa
ra
m
e
ter
for
d
esig
nin
g
a
n
d
p
r
e
dic
tin
g
th
e
perform
ance
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
energy
e
quip
men
t
a
nd
sol
a
r
e
n
ergy
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
[
5
,
6].
It
h
as
b
ee
n
ve
rifie
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
a
l
ti
t
u
d
e
g
re
at
er
t
h
e
t
ot
al
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
ti
on
u
nde
r
t
h
e
cl
ea
r
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rme
d
i
a
t
e
s
ky
c
o
ndi
tio
ns
.
Un
d
e
r
th
e
ov
erc
a
s
t
day
s
t
he
s
ol
a
r
r
adia
ti
o
n
i
s
ve
ry
l
ow
i
n
c
o
mpa
r
ison
w
ith
s
unn
y
d
a
y
s
[7,
8].
The
so
lar
radia
n
t
ener
gy
on
t
h
e
ea
rth’s
s
u
rfac
e
i
s
a
r
e
q
uire
me
nt
n
o
t
onl
y
in
t
he
s
tud
i
es
o
f
c
l
i
mat
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
,
e
n
vi
ron
m
ent
a
l
p
o
ll
ut
i
on
bu
t
al
so
i
n
agric
u
lt
ure
,
h
y
d
ro
lo
g
y
,
fo
o
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
ry
a
nd
p
r
om
ot
ion
o
f
o
vera
l
l
s
o
lar
e
n
er
gy
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
gy
pr
ogram
s
[9
-11].
Meas
uri
ng
of
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
ad
ianc
e
at
d
iffere
nt
p
osit
i
o
n
s
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
i
mpor
ta
n
t
t
o
o
ls
t
o
ca
t
c
h
th
e
ma
ximum
so
la
r
radia
t
i
o
n.
S
iti
A
m
e
l
y
Jum
a
a
t
a
nd
M
o
h
am
ad
H
ilm
i
O
t
h
m
a
n
(
MA
TE
C
We
b
of
C
o
n
fe
renc
es,
20
1
8
)
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
t
he
s
o
l
a
r
i
rra
d
ia
nce
us
in
g
LD
R
a
t
t
hree
m
odu
les
;
s
u
n
ri
se
pos
i
tio
n,
upw
ar
d
po
sit
i
o
n
a
n
d
su
ns
et
po
s
i
t
i
on [
1
2
]
.
The
hi
g
h
c
ost
of
t
he
d
es
i
g
n
of
s
o
l
ar
i
rra
d
i
a
n
ce
d
e
v
ice
s
,
suc
h
a
s
th
e
pyra
nom
eter
[
13]
,
a
n
d
th
e
i
rrad
i
a
n
c
e
met
e
r,
i
s
th
e
si
gnif
i
c
a
nt
p
ro
bl
em
[
14
].
T
h
e
se
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
c
a
n
me
as
u
r
e
i
r
ra
di
a
n
ce
wi
th
h
i
g
h
acc
u
r
a
c
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
7
7
7
–
7
84
77
8
a
nd c
o
ve
r
a
w
i
de
sp
e
c
t
r
a
l r
a
n
g
e.
These
d
ev
i
c
e
s
suc
h
as l
u
x
me
t
e
r
[
15,
1
6]
c
an t
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
b
e e
x
pe
ns
ive a
nd a
l
s
o
som
e
t
i
me
s
nee
d
s
pec
i
a
l
i
nsta
llat
i
on
pr
ior
t
o
t
he
m
e
a
sur
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
7,
18]
.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
d
ev
elo
p
s
a
l
o
we
r
cos
t
,
e
a
sy
t
o
u
s
e
p
l
at
for
m
t
o
de
t
e
r
mi
n
e
a
l
oc
al
i
z
e
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
un
l
ux.
Th
is
s
o
l
ut
ion l
o
o
k
s
a
com
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
for
th
e
m
o
st
a
l
t
erna
tives.
Tw
o
di
ff
ere
n
t
r
e
g
i
on
s
in
E
gypt
(
C
a
i
r
o
a
nd
L
u
x
o
r
)
of
d
if
fer
e
nt
s
o
l
a
r
p
r
o
f
iles
a
s
s
how
n
[
19]
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1
a
r
e
se
l
e
c
te
d
f
o
r
ver
i
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
op
ose
d
s
y
s
te
m
va
lid
i
t
y.
T
h
e
c
h
oi
ce
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
gl
es
i
s
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
c
o
l
l
ect
in
g
th
e
mo
st
c
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
t
i
m
e
[
2
0
-
22]
.
The
c
hoic
e
o
f
ar
eas
i
s
due
t
o
the
i
r
di
ff
er
e
n
t
w
e
a
t
he
r
a
nd
sun
s
h
i
n
es
[
2
3
]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
T
he
s
ol
a
r
a
t
l
a
s
o
f
E
g
yp
t
2.
OPERA
T
ION
A
L PROCEDURE
T
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
a
r
d
u
i
n
o
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
g
r
o
up
of
L
D
R
f
or
t
w
o
s
tep
s
o
f
t
h
e
pe
ak
l
u
x
c
oa
r
s
e
an
d
f
i
ne
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2.
T
he
p
r
opose
d
s
ys
tem
c
o
n
f
ig
ured
o
f
tw
o
m
a
i
n
m
o
d
u
le
s
as
fo
llow
i
n
g
s
:
2.
1.
C
oarse
l
u
x
d
e
t
er
min
a
t
i
on
Durin
g
t
h
i
s
proce
d
ure
t
h
at
c
a
lle
d
coa
r
se
d
e
t
er
minat
i
o
n
,
a
LDR
h
as
i
n
s
ta
l
l
ed
a
t
ea
ch
a
rm
o
f
the
q
u
a
d
dir
e
c
t
i
ons
(
nor
t
h
,
south,
e
a
s
t
and
w
e
st)
.
2
.
2
.
Fine lux
determina
t
io
n
Add
iti
ona
l
ste
p
s
a
r
e
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
the
LDR
ins
t
a
l
la
ti
on
a
t
(
9
0
o
,
1
0
0
o
,
1
1
0
o
a
nd
1
20
o
)
o
f
s
e
c
on
d
q
u
ar
t
e
r
(9
0
o
- 1
8
0
o
)
for
dete
r
m
ini
n
g
th
e
most
a
ppr
o
p
r
i
ate
s
un
l
u
x
pr
e
s
ence
.
(
a
)
C
o
a
r
se
l
ux
deter
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
(
a
)
F
i
ne
l
ux
de
t
e
r
m
ina
tio
n
F
i
gur
e
2.
S
t
e
pp
ed
s
u
n
l
u
x
t
r
a
c
e
r
Luxor
Cairo
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ec
o
nom
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t te
c
h
niq
u
e
fo
r a
sta
t
ic loc
a
l
i
zed
m
a
xim
u
m
sun
l
u
x
dete
rm
ina
t
io
n (
A
hm
e
d
H
.
Ali)
77
9
3.
TH
E
SYS
T
EM
P
L
A
TFOR
M
In
t
hi
s
wo
rk
,
t
h
e
ma
in
c
on
tro
l
l
e
r
wh
i
c
h
is
t
h
e
a
rdui
no
r
ec
e
i
v
e
s
a
nal
o
g
i
n
pu
t
fr
om
L
D
R
s
an
d
it
co
nv
e
r
t
s
t
h
e
i
np
ut
i
n
t
o
di
g
i
t
a
l
s
i
gn
a
l
b
y
u
s
ing
a
n
a
l
og
-
t
o
-
di
g
i
t
al
(
A/D
)
co
n
v
er
te
r
.
T
he
n t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
se
nds the
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
l
u
x
v
al
ues
to
S
D
me
mor
y
c
ar
d
(st
o
r
a
ge
)
.
T
he
b
loc
k
d
iag
r
a
m
of
t
he
e
x
p
er
i
m
ental
w
o
r
k
i
s
show
n
in
F
igu
r
e
3
.
Th
is
p
r
o
jec
t
i
s
di
v
i
de
d
i
n
to
t
w
o
s
ta
ge
s
nam
e
ly,
ha
r
d
w
a
r
e
a
nd
s
o
f
t
ware
d
e
v
el
o
p
me
n
t
.
I
n
h
a
r
dwar
e
de
ve
l
opme
n
t
,
f
our
l
i
g
ht
d
e
p
e
nde
n
t
r
esis
t
o
r
s
(
LDRs)
were
u
t
iliz
e
d
t
o
c
a
p
tur
e
t
he
m
axim
um
l
i
ght
s
o
u
r
c
e
fr
om
the
s
u
n,
R
T
C
t
o
r
e
tai
n
time
of
r
e
a
d
i
ng
a
n
d
me
mor
y
f
or
d
a
t
a
stor
a
g
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
p
a
r
t
,
t
h
e
c
o
d
e
w
a
s
c
o
n
s
tr
uc
te
d
by
usin
g
C
+
+
pr
ogr
am
m
i
ng
la
ng
uage
a
n
d
w
as
t
a
r
gete
d
to
th
e
ard
uino
un
o
cont
r
o
l
l
er.
F
i
gur
e
3.
B
l
oc
k
dia
g
r
a
m
of
ove
r
a
l
l
s
ys
tem
3.
1.
S
y
st
em
h
ar
d
w
are
Th
is
w
or
k
har
d
w
a
r
e
p
l
a
tf
or
m
c
onf
igur
ed
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
in
p
a
r
t
s
a
s
f
ol
low
s
:
3.
1.
1.
L
i
gh
t
d
e
p
e
nd
e
n
t
r
e
sist
or
(
L
D
R
)
Li
gh
t
depe
n
d
e
n
t
r
e
s
i
s
t
or
(
LD
R)
s
ens
o
r
:
A
l
i
g
h
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
is
u
sed
t
o
sense
de
vic
e
s
i
l
l
umi
n
a
tio
n
le
vel
o
f
the
s
un
li
g
h
t.
A
pho
t
o
r
e
sis
t
o
r
i
s
a
sensor
w
hic
h
e
lec
t
r
i
ca
l
r
e
s
i
s
ta
nc
e
is
a
l
t
ere
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
i
nte
n
s
ity
f
a
l
lin
g
on
it.
I
n
s
p
i
t
e
of
t
he
P
D
sun
se
ns
or
a
va
ila
b
i
l
i
t
y
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
,
t
he
r
esista
nce
of
t
he
L
D
R
i
s
i
n
v
e
r
s
el
y
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
to
t
he
l
i
g
ht
i
nte
n
si
ty
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
it
y
degr
e
e.
3.
1.
2.
A
r
du
in
o
b
oard
The
ar
d
u
in
o
u
no
i
s
m
icr
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
b
oa
r
d
e
c
o
s
y
stem
t
ha
t
c
onsis
t
s
of
a
p
r
o
ce
ssor
p
la
tf
or
m
on
th
e
A
T
m
e
ga
32
8.
I
t
has
14
d
i
g
ita
l
inp
u
t
an
d
ou
t
p
ut
p
i
n
s:
6
p
ins
use
d
PW
M ou
tp
ut
s
a
n
d
6
pin
s
i
s
a
n
a
l
og
i
nput
su
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
l
o
c
k
s
p
e
e
d
i
s
1
6
M
H
z
,
t
h
e
c
e
r
a
m
i
c
r
e
s
o
n
a
t
o
r
,
t
h
e
U
S
B
c
o
n
nec
t
i
on,
t
he
p
ow
er
j
ac
k
,
t
h
e
I
C
S
P
hea
d
e
r
a
nd
t
h
e
r
e
set
b
u
tt
on.
3.
1.
3.
R
e
al
t
im
e
c
l
oc
k
(
R
TC
)
m
o
d
u
l
e
A
r
eal-
time
c
l
oc
k
(
R
TC)
is
a
c
om
pu
t
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
(
m
ost
o
f
te
n
in
t
he
fo
rm
o
f
an
i
nteg
r
a
ted
circuit)
t
h
a
t
ke
ep
s
tr
a
c
k o
f
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt tim
e.
T
hi
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
no
t
be
c
o
n
f
use
d
w
i
th
h
a
r
d
w
are
c
l
o
c
k
s
w
hi
ch
a
re
onl
y
sign
al
s
th
at
go
ve
r
n
d
i
g
ita
l
e
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs,
a
n
d
do
n
o
t
c
o
unt
t
im
e
i
n
h
um
an
u
n
i
t
s
.
T
h
e
R
T
C
m
o
dul
e
k
eep
s
a
ccu
ra
t
e
t
i
m
e
f
o
r
ye
ar
s
usi
ng
a
t
i
ny c
o
in-
c
e
ll,
a
nd
is
v
e
r
y
sim
p
le
t
o
c
o
n
n
ec
t
t
o
t
h
e A
r
du
ino
boar
d
.
The
m
o
du
l
e
u
ses
t
h
e
A
r
dui
n
o
an
a
l
og
p
in
s
A
4
a
nd
A
5
f
or
"
I
2
C"
s
e
r
ia
l
c
o
mm
unica
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
ke
tc
h.
N
o
o
t
her
p
i
ns
o
n
t
h
e
ardui
n
o
a
r
e
use
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
odu
le
o
the
r
t
h
a
n
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
G
N
D
,
so
t
he
y
ar
e
all
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e
f
o
r
co
nn
e
c
t
i
o
n
to
o
th
e
r
d
ev
i
c
es
i
n
yo
ur
p
r
o
jec
t
s.
A
d
r
i
ver
l
i
br
a
r
y
a
llow
s
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
t
o
easi
l
y
s
e
t
o
r
read
t
h
e time an
d
d
ate.
The
a
r
d
u
i
no
r
e
qu
ir
es
a
p
ow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
1
2
V
a
da
p
t
er
.
The
c
ontr
o
l
l
e
r
wo
rk
s
wi
t
h
6
V
d
c
powe
r
s
u
p
ply
w
h
i
l
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
R
T
C
a
n
d
S
D
m
e
m
o
r
y
w
o
r
k
w
i
t
h
5
V
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
di
vid
e
r
o
r
D
C
ch
opp
e
r
c
a
n
t
h
e
ref
o
re,
be
u
se
d.
3.
2.
Th
e
syst
em
s
of
t
w
ar
e
Th
is
s
yste
m
u
s
e
s
t
he
a
r
d
u
i
n
o
I
D
E
on
t
h
e
w
i
nd
ow
s
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
t
o
dev
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
app
l
i
c
a
t
ion
of
a
uto
sun
l
igh
t
m
ea
su
r
e
m
e
nts.
T
he
a
r
d
u
i
n
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
de
vel
o
pme
n
t
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
(
I
D
E)
i
s
use
d
t
o
w
r
it
e
an
d
u
p
l
o
a
d
the
c
o
mpu
t
er
c
ode
t
o
the
ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
b
oar
d
.
A
r
du
i
no
I
D
E
is
a
c
r
o
ss
p
la
tf
or
m
a
p
p
l
ica
t
i
o
n
de
ve
l
ope
d
usin
g
Java
.
I
t
i
s
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
for
Wi
nd
ow
s
,
L
i
n
ux
a
n
d
Mac
ope
r
a
t
i
n
g
sys
t
e
m
s.
T
h
e
g
raph
i
cal
d
at
a
rep
r
e
s
en
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
im
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d o
n
M
ic
ros
o
ft ex
c
el.
4.
TH
E
EXP
E
RI
MENTA
L
W
ORK
A
pho
t
o
d
i
ode
acc
ompa
n
i
e
d
w
it
h
9V
r
ela
y
d
r
i
ven
by
BC
5
4
7
B
P
tr
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
d
a
y
/
s
y
s
t
e
m
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
s
ta
r
t
er
.
The
sof
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
ys
tem
i
s
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
ac
cor
d
i
n
g
to
t
he
f
l
o
w
char
t
o
f
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
so
u
r
ce
c
od
es
w
ere
t
a
rg
e
t
ed
t
o
a
r
dui
no
un
o
bo
ard
to
b
e
c
o
mpi
l
e
d
and
u
p
lo
ad
ed
.
Th
e
f
o
u
r
L
DR
s
we
re
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
7
7
7
–
7
84
78
0
co
nn
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
rd
ui
no
a
n
a
l
og
p
i
n
s
A
0
t
o
A
3
t
o
ac
t
as
t
he
i
np
u
t
f
or
t
he
s
ystem
.
T
he
b
uil
t
-
i
n
a
n
al
o
g
-
t
o-
dig
ita
l
c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
A
D
C
)
tr
ans
f
or
ms the
a
na
l
o
g
va
lu
e
of LD
R
in
t
o di
g
i
t
a
l
p
ulse
w
id
t
h
m
od
u
l
a
tio
n (
P
WM)
.
Eac
h
LD
R
was
co
n
n
ect
ed
w
i
t
h
fi
x
e
d
re
si
st
an
c
e
a
nd
t
he
n
co
nn
ect
ed
t
o
t
h
e
a
r
d
uin
o
t
o
r
e
ad
s
u
n
l
ux
.
The
r
e
ad
i
ngs
w
er
e
take
n
e
v
er
y
1
0
m
i
nu
t
e
s
b
y
RTC
m
od
u
l
e
to kn
o
w
it’
s
t
i
m
e
r
e
a
di
ngs
w
h
i
c
h
c
on
nec
t
e
d
w
it
h
the
a
r
du
i
n
o
a
nd the
r
eadi
ngs
w
e
r
e
st
or
e
d
i
n
S
D
m
em
or
y
ca
r
d
.
P
r
ot
o
t
y
p
e
w
a
s
plac
e
d
o
n
a
bui
ld
i
n
g
roof
b
eca
u
s
e
fo
r
mu
ch
m
o
r
e
sun
l
igh
t
d
e
t
ect
i
on.
T
he
e
x
p
er
i
m
ent
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
s
t
ar
t
of
J
u
l
y
up
t
o
O
c
to
ber
,
201
8.
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
yst
e
m
pr
oce
dur
e
fl
ow
c
har
t
The
w
o
r
k
i
s
de
signe
d
f
i
r
s
t
o
n
t
he
f
am
o
u
s
dr
a
w
in
g
pr
o
g
r
a
m
C
o
r
e
l
D
r
a
w
w
e
h
a
v
e
use
d
i
n
d
r
a
w
i
ng
t
h
e
so
lar
tr
a
c
ki
ng
sys
t
em
c
ir
cui
t
a
nd
dr
aw
in
g
t
h
e
base
o
f
t
h
e
con
t
r
o
l
c
ir
c
u
it
.
S
e
c
ond,
w
e
per
f
or
m
e
d
the
dr
aw
i
n
gs
on
the
m
ach
in
e
CNC
C
o
2
la
ser
c
u
t
t
i
ng
a
n
d
engra
v
ing
m
achi
n
e
t
o
i
mpl
e
me
n
t
t
h
e
p
ropose
d
s
y
s
t
e
m.
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
5
a
nd
6
s
how
s
th
e
sche
ma
t
i
c
d
i
agr
a
m
that
i
llu
str
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
m
e
asur
em
ents o
f t
h
e
so
la
r irr
a
dia
tio
ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Eco
nom
ica
l
a
n
d
effic
i
e
nt
tec
h
ni
q
u
e f
o
r a
sta
tic loc
a
l
i
ze
d
m
a
xim
u
m
su
n
lux de
t
e
rm
ina
t
io
n
(Ahm
ed
H
.
Ali)
78
1
F
i
gure
5. The
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
pr
o
p
o
se
d
co
ntro
l
system
, 1)
LDR star
t
e
r,
2)
9V fr
o
m
adapt
o
r, 3) Oper
ati
o
n
a
l
am
pl
i
f
ier
,
4
) Tr
ansist
or
B
C
5
4
7
B
P
,
5
) Relay
9V
,
6) 9V
to ardu
i
no
,
7)
5
V
from
ar
duino,
8)
7 jumpe
r
s from
LD
Rs,
9) S
w
itch
from
7
j
um
per
s
fr
o
m
LD
Rs
t
o
ana
l
o
g
p
in
s of ar
d
u
i
n
o,
10)
A
rduin
o
U
n
o
,
11)
R
TC m
o
d
u
l
e
,
(
12) S
D m
e
m
o
ry
car
d
Fi
g
u
re
6
.
A
rra
nge
me
n
t
o
f
se
n
s
o
r
for
sun l
u
x m
e
a
s
urem
ents
The
LD
R
w
a
s
firs
t
m
oun
te
d
at
t
he
nort
h
er
n
z
e
ro
a
nd
t
h
e
lux
w
a
s
re
corde
d
.
The
sa
m
e
p
roce
dure
was
repe
ate
d
f
or
d
iffer
e
n
t
an
g
le
s.
5.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
The
pr
o
pose
d
s
un
l
u
x
trac
er
(
S
LT)
c
onfi
g
ure
d
o
f
a
fi
xe
d
o
r
th
og
o
nal
qua
d
LDRs
t
h
a
t
ar
e
all
o
cat
ed
a
t
the
qu
ad
d
irec
tio
n
(n
orth,
so
u
t
h,
e
a
s
t
a
nd
w
e
st).
D
uring
the
co
a
r
se
s
un
lux
de
t
e
rm
i
n
a
tio
n,
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
q
u
a
r
t
e
r
(
9
0
o
-
180
o
)
h
a
s
the
pea
k
l
ux
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n.
T
h
i
s
is
acc
omp
l
is
hed
a
t
L
ux
or
a
nd
C
airo
a
s
shown
in
Figure
s
7
a
n
d
8
,
respec
t
i
ve
ly
.
These
cur
v
es
w
ill
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
the
s
u
n
l
u
x
r
is
in
g
a
nd
deca
ying
d
u
ri
ng
da
yl
i
g
ht
ho
urs.
The
pea
k
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
the
s
u
n
l
u
x
i
s
d
ifferi
ng
from
Ca
iro
to
L
u
xor
c
i
ties,
F
i
g
ur
es
7
a
n
d
8
,
respec
tive
l
y
tha
t
i
t
ca
n
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
d
i
ffe
re
nc
e
o
f
t
he
s
k
y
clear
ance
o
f
the
t
w
o
c
ities.
T
he
a
c
c
ura
t
e
l
i
m
ited
se
c
t
or
t
h
a
t
can
gran
te
e
the
gre
a
tes
t
r
ad
ia
ted
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
is
a
l
l
oc
a
t
e
d
b
y
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
D
R
a
t
t
h
e
a
n
g
l
e
s
9
0
o
,
100
o
,
1
1
0
o
a
n
d
120
o
.
The
m
easur
ed
r
es
ul
t
s
o
f
Ca
iro
and
L
u
x
o
r
c
i
t
i
e
s
are
de
p
i
cte
d
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gures
9
a
nd
1
0
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
. The
c
l
o
se
s
resul
t
s
of
t
h
e
L
u
x
o
r
ma
y be
due
t
o
the
l
ow
er
sky f
ogs
a
nd
dus
t.
I
t
i
s
observed
from
th
e
e
x
p
e
rim
e
nta
l
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
F
i
gures
9
a
nd
1
0
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
ngl
e
10
0
o
has
the
ma
ximum
sun
lu
x.
F
o
r
s
i
g
n
i
fi
c
a
nt
ly
i
de
nt
ific
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
hi
s
o
p
tim
i
z
e
d
a
n
g
l
e
;
t
h
e
l
u
x
w
a
s
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
l
y
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
alo
n
g
d
iffere
n
t
d
a
y
s
t
o
v
erify
the
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
resu
l
t
s.
F
igures
1
1
a
n
d
12
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
t
he
r
ec
om
mend
e
d
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
s
o
f
1
0
0
o
a
n
g
l
e
h
a
v
e
a
l
m
o
s
t
p
e
a
k
v
a
l
u
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
d
a
y
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
hows
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
un
l
u
x
i
s
in
de
pen
d
e
n
t o
n
t
he
w
ee
k
da
y
s
.
This
c
a
n
e
x
p
l
ai
n
w
h
y
n
o
ne
e
d
for
MP
P
T
m
ec
hani
cal
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
s
.
This of
c
ourse
w
ill
gran
t
r
e
lia
ble
a
nd
lo
ng-
l
i
fe
t
ime
P
V
s
ys
tem
ut
i
l
iza
t
i
on.
F
ig
ure
11
d
is
pla
y
s
the
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
r
e
su
lts
si
m
i
lari
ty a
nd
st
a
b
il
it
y d
u
e
to
t
he sk
y
c
lea
r
ance
a
s dep
i
cte
d
i
n F
i
gure
9.
The
r
e
sul
t
s
c
o
nfirm
e
d
tha
t
t
h
e
E
gy
pt
ia
n
su
n
li
gh
t
o
f
fers
h
i
g
he
r
t
h
a
n
1
500
l
u
x
fo
r
a
r
o
und
e
i
gh
t
h
o
u
r
s
i
n
c
a
s
e
o
f
c
l
e
a
n
s
k
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
n
l
u
x
o
f
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
i
t
i
e
s
is
m
uc
h
be
tt
er
t
ha
n
Cair
o
s
t
ate
w
h
ic
h
a
t
t
r
ibu
t
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
7
7
7
–
7
84
78
2
t
o
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
e
s
s
p
r
e
a
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
C
a
i
r
o
s
t
a
t
e
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
nd,
L
ux
or
c
i
t
y
has
be
e
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
s
a
no
the
r
loca
tio
n
of
t
he
n
at
i
ona
l
c
i
t
i
es
.
The
in
ter
de
pen
d
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
fe
t
ime
as
w
ell
as
t
he
a
dd
i
tio
na
l
c
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
me
ch
a
n
ic
al
s
olu
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
r
a
c
ki
ng
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
r
e
su
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
sear
ch
a
ny
o
t
her
tec
h
ni
q
u
e.
T
he
r
es
ults
ass
u
re
t
h
a
t
t
h
e me
ch
a
n
ic
al
ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
oin
t
t
rac
k
(
M
P
PT
)
ca
n
w
aste pow
e
r
m
uc
h
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n t
h
a
t
can
b
e
a
dde
d.
Fi
g
u
re
7
.
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
L
u
x
o
r
c
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
c
o
a
rs
e
s
e
l
ect
in
g
ang
l
es
F
i
gur
e 8.
Rea
d
i
n
g
s
in
C
a
i
r
o
wit
h coa
r
se
s
elec
t
i
n
g
ang
l
es
F
i
gur
e
9.
L
uxor
m
easur
em
en
ts
a
t
fi
ne
s
e
c
t
o
r
s
(a
n
g
l
e
s
)
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
R
e
adi
n
gs
i
n
Cair
o
a
t
fi
ne
s
ect
or
s
(ang
les)
Figure
1
1
.
Readi
n
gs i
n Lux
o
r
cit
y
o
f
10
0
o
ang
l
e
F
i
gur
e
12.
Rea
di
n
g
s
i
n
Cair
o
c
it
y
o
f
1
0
0
o
ang
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Eco
nom
ica
l
a
n
d
effic
i
e
nt
tec
h
ni
q
u
e f
o
r a
sta
tic loc
a
l
i
ze
d
m
a
xim
u
m
su
n
lux de
t
e
rm
ina
t
io
n
(Ahm
ed
H
.
Ali)
78
3
6.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
Low
cos
t
,
ea
sy
t
o
use
a
n
d
ef
ficie
n
t
tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
or
a
s
tat
i
c
l
o
ca
l
i
z
e
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
u
n
l
u
x
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
o
r
h
a
s
bee
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
nd
i
m
p
l
em
ente
d.
I
t
pr
o
v
i
de
s
i
n
a
s
hort
ti
m
e
(
day
t
o
view
d
a
y
s)
a
n
ac
cura
t
e
a
n
g
le
o
f
ma
ximum
su
n
lux.
T
h
i
s
sys
t
em
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
ns
idere
d
a
c
om
peti
t
i
ve
a
l
ter
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
t
he
m
ec
hani
cal
m
axim
um
p
o
w
e
r
poi
nt
t
ra
ck
(
M
P
PT) sy
s
t
ems. Th
e
li
g
ht
i
nt
en
si
t
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
me
asured
u
s
i
n
g
t
he
LD
R
se
n
sor
co
nne
c
t
ed
t
o
an
a
rdu
i
no
ba
s
e
d
sys
t
em
.
The
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
m
ea
surem
e
nts
a
t
m
any
da
ys
h
av
e
al
mo
st
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
t
1
0
0
o
ang
l
e.
A
r
e
s
ult
a
nt
c
os
t
re
duc
t
i
on
a
nd l
ong-
life
tim
e
of
t
he
p
ho
t
ovo
lta
ic
(
P
V
)
syste
m
u
ti
li
zati
o
n
ha
ve
t
he
refore
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
.
This
w
ork
w
i
l
l
be
c
o
n
t
in
ue
d up
t
o
fi
l
l
i
n
g
t
he
w
h
o
l
e
y
ear
sun l
ux
prof
ile
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
authors
are
p
l
e
a
sed
to
t
hanks
A
ssoc
i
a
te
P
r
o
f.
D
r
.
E
l-S
a
yed
S
o
lim
an
A
hme
d
S
aid
for
hi
s
contributi
on
and
sha
r
ing during
t
h
is w
or
k.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
H.
A
l-T
aani
a
nd
S
.
A
rabasi,
"
S
ol
ar
Irrad
ian
ce
Meas
urem
ent
s
U
si
ng
Sm
art
De
vi
ces:
A
Co
st-Eff
e
c
t
i
v
e
T
echn
i
que
f
o
r Es
tim
a
t
ion
of
S
o
l
ar Irradi
an
ce f
o
r Sus
t
ainable Ene
r
gy Sys
t
e
ms
,"
S
u
s
t
ai
n
a
bi
li
t
y
,
vo
l
. 10
(
2
)
, 5
08
, p
p. 1
-11
,
2
0
1
8
[2]
C.
K
.
P
a
ndey
and
A.
K
.
Ka
t
i
yar,
"
S
o
l
a
r
Radi
ati
on:
M
o
d
el
s
an
d
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
es,"
Jou
r
nal o
f
E
n
er
gy
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
3
, pp
.
1-8
, 2
01
3.
[3]
M
.
B
a
g
h
e
r
i
t
a
b
a
r
,
H
.
B
a
g
h
e
i
t
a
b
a
r
,
M
.
M
.
R
.
K
a
s
h
a
n
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
S
.
K
h
o
d
ash
e
nas
,
"
P
h
oto
volt
a
ic
S
ystem
s
w
it
h
Rot
a
ti
on
al
P
anels
t
o
H
a
r
v
e
st
N
a
t
ural
a
n
d
A
rtifi
c
ial
Li
gh
t
f
o
r
E
lect
rical
P
ro
du
ction,
"
5
th
In
ter
natio
na
l Co
n
f
e
r
ence
on
Electrica
l a
n
d
El
ectro
n
i
cs
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
p
p
.
211-2
1
4
,
2
018
.
[4]
A.
A
.
Ab
dulrazzaq
a
n
d
A
.
H.
A
li
,
"
E
fficien
cy
P
erf
o
rm
an
ces
o
f
T
w
o
M
P
P
T
A
l
g
o
ri
thms
f
or
P
V
S
y
st
e
m
W
ith
Diff
erent So
l
a
r
Panel
s
Irradi
ances
,"
Inter
nati
o
n
a
l Jou
r
na
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
Electr
onics a
n
d Dri
ve System
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
5–17
64,
2
0
1
8
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[5]
E.
K
abi
r
,
P
.
K
u
m
ar,
S.
K
u
m
ar,
A
.
A
.
Ad
e
l
od
un
,
and
K
i
-H
.
Kime,
"
Solar
Energy:
Po
tent
i
a
l
and
F
u
ture
P
rospect
s
,
"
Re
ne
wa
ble
an
d
S
u
sta
i
na
ble
En
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
vol.
82,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
894
–9
00,
2
0
1
8
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[6]
P
.
D
.
A.
A
zi
z,
S
.
S
.
A
.
W
a
hi
d
,
Y
.
Z
.
A
ri
ef
,
and
N.
A
.
Azi
z
,
"E
v
al
uati
on
o
f
S
o
l
ar
E
nergy
Potentia
l
in
M
a
l
aysia,
"
T
r
en
ds
Bi
oi
n
f
orm
, vo
l
.
9,
n
o.
2,
p
p
. 35
–
4
3
,
20
1
6
.
[7]
D.
O
.
Akin
yel
e
a
nd
R.
K
.
Rayu
du
,
"Co
m
p
r
ehen
si
ve
T
ech
no-Econ
om
ic
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
I
m
p
a
c
t
S
t
u
d
y
o
f
a
Lo
cali
s
ed
P
hotovo
lta
i
c
P
ower
S
y
s
t
e
m
(PP
S
)
f
o
r
O
ff
-G
rid
Comm
u
n
it
ie
s,
"
E
n
ergy Co
nver
sio
n
an
d M
a
n
a
g
e
ment
,
v
o
l. 1
24
,
p
p
. 2
66
–2
79
, 20
1
6
.
[8]
S
.
N
.
Kh
in
e
an
d
Z.
T
u
n
,
"S
enso
r
A
n
al
y
s
is
a
nd
A
ppli
catio
n
o
f
A
rd
ui
no
b
a
sed
Tem
p
era
t
ure
and
Lig
h
t
In
t
e
nsity
Co
ntrol
fo
r
S
m
a
r
t
Ho
me
S
ys
te
m
,
"
Int
e
rn
a
t
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l of
Sci
e
nt
ific a
nd R
e
search
Pu
b
lica
t
io
ns
,
vo
l
.
8
,
no.
6
,
p
p
. 89
-
94
,
20
18
.
[9]
U.
A
.
S.
K
.
Ediri
s
i
ngh
e,
"
S
t
ud
y
t
o
E
va
lu
ate
T
h
e
Eff
ect
iven
ess
o
f
Lig
h
t
in
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
b
y
Us
in
g
LED
Te
c
h
n
o
lo
gy
i
n
Commercial Bu
ilding
s
,
"
M.
S
c
.
T
h
esi
s
,
Universit
y
of Vo
ca
t
i
o
nal
Tech
nol
og
y
, 2
01
2.
[10]
M
.
O
k
i
a
nd
H
.
S
h
ii
na,
"P
relimin
ary
St
udy
on
an
E
stim
a
t
ion
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
A
n
nual
S
olar
Irradianc
e
a
t
Vari
ous
Geographical
Altitudes,
"
8
th
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l IBP
S
A
Con
f
eren
ce,
Eindho
ven,
Ne
t
h
er
la
nd
s
, pp
.
1
1-
14
,
2
0
0
3
.
[11]
K.
M
uth
uku
m
a
r
and
T.
S
.
A
n
an
d
h
i,
"
Real
T
ime
Im
pl
e
m
ent
a
tio
n
o
f
V
ariab
l
e
Step
S
i
z
e
Based
P
&
O
M
PPT
f
or
P
V
Sy
ste
m
s
B
a
se
d
o
n
d
SPA
C
E,
"
In
tern
atio
nal Jou
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
El
ectr
o
n
i
cs an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJPED
S
),
v
ol.
7,
no
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
1
5
-
9
2
5,
201
6.
[12]
S
.
A
.
J
u
m
aat
a
n
d
M
.
H.
O
th
man
,
"
S
o
lar
En
ergy
M
easu
r
em
ent
U
s
i
ng
A
r
dui
n
o
,
"
M
A
TE
C W
e
b
of
Co
n
f
eren
ce
s
,
v
o
l. 1
50
,
p
p
. 1
-
6, 20
1
8
.
[13]
S
.
M
.
R
a
i
h
a
n
,
R
.
M
u
h
i
d
a
,
M
.
H
.
U
l
l
a
h
,
a
n
d
L
.
S
u
l
a
s
t
r
i
,
"
D
e
s
i
g
n
of
a
r
adi
o
t
elemetry
s
o
l
ar
r
adi
a
tio
n
s
enso
r
usin
g
solar cell,"
American
j
o
u
r
na
l of
scien
tifi
c
res
e
arch
,
v
o
l
.
10
,
p
p
.
78-86,
2
0
1
0
.
[14]
K.
R
.
Ajao
,
R.
M
.
Am
bali,
and
M
.
O
.
M
a
hm
ou
d
,
"
Determ
i
n
a
t
ion
o
f
T
h
e
Op
timal
Til
t
Angle
f
o
r
S
o
lar
Pho
t
ovol
t
ai
c
Panel
in I
lorin,
N
igeri
a
,
"
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
neeri
n
g
Sci
e
nce a
n
d
T
echno
lo
gy R
eview
,
vo
l. 6
, no
. 1
, pp
.
8
7–
9
0
, 20
1
3
.
[15]
A
.
H
.
I
s
m
a
i
l
,
M
.
S
.
M
.
A
z
m
i
,
M
.
A
.
H
a
s
h
i
m
,
M
.
N
.
A
y
o
b
,
M
.
S
.
M
.
H
as
h
i
m,
a
nd
H
assri
zal
H
.B.,
"
D
evel
op
m
e
nt
o
f
a W
e
b
cam
Based
Lu
x
M
et
er,"
IEEE
Sym
posi
u
m on
Com
p
u
t
ers a
n
d
In
fo
rm
atics
,
pp
.
7
0-74
,
2
0
1
3
.
[16]
S
.
S
u
m
ri
ddet
c
hk
ajorn
and
A.
S
om
bo
onk
aew,
"L
o
w
-
Cos
t
Ce
ll
Phon
e
-
Based
Di
g
i
tal
Lu
x
Me
t
e
r,
"
The International
So
ciet
y for O
p
tica
l
E
n
g
i
neerin
g,
vol
.
7
8
5
3
,
pp.
1
-6
,
2
010
.
[17]
K
.
N
.
P
o
u
d
y
a
l
,
B
.
K
.
B
h
a
t
t
a
r
a
i
,
B
.
K
.
S
a
p
k
o
t
a
,
B
.
K
j
e
l
d
s
t
a
d
,
a
n
d
N.
R
.
Karki,
"
Est
i
mation
of
G
l
o
bal
Solar
Radi
ati
on
using
Pyranom
e
ter
and
NILU-UV
Irra
dianc
e
M
eter
a
t
Pok
h
a
ra
V
al
ley
in
N
epal
,"
Journal
of the Institut
e
of
E
ngi
neerin
g,
vol
.
9
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
69
–78
,
2
01
3.
[18]
M
.
Elyaq
ou
ti,
S.
H
ak
im
,
S
.
F
a
r
h
a
t,
L
.
Bo
uho
u
c
h
,
a
nd
A.
I
hlal,
"
Im
ple
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
in
A
rd
u
i
no
o
f
M
P
P
T
Using
Vari
abl
e
S
tep
S
i
ze
P&O
A
l
gor
ithm
i
n
P
V
Ins
t
alla
t
i
on
s,
"
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l
Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
Power
E
l
ectron
i
cs
an
d Drive
Sys
t
em
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
,
vol.
8,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
4
–
4
4
3
,
2
017.
[19]
H.
El-Ask
ary,
P
.
Kosm
o
poulos,
an
d
S
.
K
aza
dzi
s
,
"
T
h
e
S
olar
A
tlas
o
f
E
g
y
p
t
,
"
Ministr
y
Of El
ectricity and
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
,
E
gypt,
p
p
.
1
-277
,
2
01
8.
[20]
M
.
M
i
r
zaei
a
n
d
M
.
Z
.
M
oh
iab
a
di
,
"
C
om
parative
A
n
aly
s
is
o
f
Energ
y
Y
iel
d
o
f
D
i
ff
erent
Track
in
g
M
o
des
of
P
V
Syste
m
s in Semi
a
ri
d Cli
m
ate
Conditions
: T
h
e Ca
se
o
f Iran,
"
Renewa
bl
e En
ergy,
v
o
l
.
119
,
p
p
.
40
0–
4
0
9
,
2
018
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
777
–
7
84
78
4
[21]
S
.
B
azyari
,
R
.
Key
p
o
u
r,
S
.
F
a
rhan
gi
,
A
.
G
haedi
,
a
nd
K
.
Bazy
a
r
i
,
"
A
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
he
E
ff
ect
s
of
S
o
l
ar
T
rack
in
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
on
t
he
P
e
r
f
o
rm
ance
o
f
P
ho
to
volt
a
ic
P
ower
P
l
a
n
t
s,"
Jo
ur
nal o
f
Power and
En
erg
y
En
gineer
ing
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
1
8
–728
,
2
0
1
4
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[22]
A.
A
b
d
u
l
m
u
l
a
,
K.
S
opian,
L.
C
.
Haw,
a
nd
A
.
F
azl
izan,
"
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
eval
uati
on
o
f
s
t
and
a
lo
ne
d
ou
ble
ax
is
s
o
l
a
r
tracking
syste
m
w
ith
m
aximu
m
l
i
ght
d
et
e
c
tio
n
M
L
D
f
o
r
tel
ecom
m
u
n
ication
towers
i
n
Mal
a
ys
ia,"
Interna
tional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r Elect
ronics
and
Dri
ve Sys
t
em
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
1
0
,
no
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
44-45
3,
2
01
9.
[23]
N.
K
an
nan
and
D.
V
akees
an,
"So
l
ar
E
n
e
rgy
f
o
r
Fu
tu
re
W
o
r
ld:
-
A
revi
ew
,
"
R
e
newab
l
e a
n
d
Su
stai
nab
le Ener
gy
Revi
ews,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
p
p
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1
0
9
2
–
1
105,
2
01
6.
[2
4]
M
.
S
u
m
athi,
R.
R
an
jan,
R
.
K
.
S
ing
h
,
an
d
P
.
K
umar,
"
P
erf
o
rm
ance
An
aly
s
i
s
o
f
Sun
s
e
ns
ors
f
o
r
Sat
e
llite
s
yst
e
m
s
,"
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
A
d
v
a
nced
Elect
ro
n
i
c
Syst
ems
, pp
. 10
-
14
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5]
R.
S
aleem
a
n
d
S
.
Lee,
"
A
ccu
rate
a
nd
C
o
s
t
-
Eff
ecti
v
e
Micro
S
u
n
S
e
n
s
o
r
B
ased
on
CM
OS
B
lac
k
Su
n
E
f
fe
c
t
,
"
S
e
nsors,
v
ol.
19,
n
o.
3
,
p
p
.
1
-17,
2
01
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.