Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
20
15
,
pp
. 13
7
~
14
7
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
1
37
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Optimal Planning of an Off-gri
d El
ect
ri
city Gen
e
rati
on with
Renewable Energy Resources
using the HOMER Software
Hossein
Sh
ahi
n
z
a
deh,
Gevork B.
Gh
areh
petian,
S.
Hamid Fathi,
S
a
yed
Mohse
n
Nasr-Az
a
d
a
ni
Department o
f
Electrical Engi
n
e
eing, Amirkabir
University
of
Technolog
y
,
Tehran, Ir
an
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Sep 20, 2014
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 23
, 20
14
Accepte
d Ja
n
8, 2015
In recen
t
years
,
s
e
veral f
actors
s
u
ch as
enviro
nm
ental pollu
tio
n which is
caus
e
d b
y
fos
s
i
l
fuels
and
vario
u
s
dis
eas
es
caus
e
d b
y
th
em
from
one han
d
and concerns ab
out the dwindling foss
il fuels and price fluctu
ation of the
products and
res
u
lting
effects of
these flu
c
tu
ation
s
in the econom
y from
other
hand has led mo
st countries to seek alte
rn
ative energ
y
sources fo
r fossil fuel
supplies. Such
a way
that in
200
6, abou
t 18% of
the co
ns
um
ed en
erg
y
of th
e
world is obtained through renewable en
erg
i
es.
Iran is among t
h
e countries
that ar
e geograp
hically
located in hot
and dr
y
areas and has the most sun
exposure in different months
of the
y
ear
. Excep
t in th
e coasts of Caspian Sea,
the p
e
rcen
tag
e
o
f
sunn
y
d
a
y
s
thr
oughout the
y
e
ar
is between 63
to 98 per
cen
t
in Iran. On th
e o
t
her hand
, th
ere
are dis
p
ers
e
d
an
d rem
o
te ar
eas
a
nd loads
far
from
nationa
l gr
id which
is im
p
o
ssible to
provid
e
e
l
ec
tri
cal
en
er
g
y
for th
em
through transmission from national grid
, ther
efore, for such
cases th
e
renewabl
e en
er
g
y
techno
logies
could b
e
us
ed
to s
o
lve
the p
r
oblem
and
provide the en
er
g
y
. In this paper
,
techn
i
cal and economic feasibility
for th
e
use of renewable energies for independen
t
s
y
s
t
em
s
of the grid for a dis
p
ers
e
d
load in the ar
ea
on the outskirts of
Isfahan (Se
p
ahan) with the maximu
m
energ
y
consumption of 3Kwh in
a day
is
studied
and pres
ented
.
I
n
addition,
the HOMER sim
u
lation
softwar
e
is used as
the
op
tim
izat
ion
tool.
Keyword:
Batteries
Diesel Ge
nerat
o
rs
HOM
ER So
ft
ware
Pho
t
ov
o
ltaicSyste
m
s
Renewa
ble E
n
ergyRes
o
urces
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Hos
s
einSha
hinzadeh,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neei
n
g
,
Am
i
r
kabi
r
Uni
v
ersi
t
y
o
f
Tec
h
nol
ogy
(Te
h
ra
n P
o
l
y
t
echni
c
)
,
Tehra
n
, Iran.
Em
a
il: H.S.Shah
in
zad
e
h@ieee.o
rg, Sh
ah
in
zad
e
h@au
t.ac.ir.
1.
INTRODUCTION
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d’s i
n
d
u
st
ri
al
d
e
vel
o
pm
ent
and t
h
e
gr
o
w
i
n
g
dem
a
nd f
o
r e
n
ergy
a
nd
o
n
t
h
e ot
he
r ha
n
d
l
i
m
i
t
e
d fossi
l
fuel
s an
d t
h
e necessi
t
y
of p
r
eser
vi
n
g
res
o
urces f
o
r fut
u
r
e
generat
i
ons
and al
so
pre
v
ent
i
n
g
envi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
dam
a
ge cause
d
by
bu
r
n
i
n
g t
h
e
m
, t
h
ere i
s
n
o
ot
he
r
way
l
e
ft
but
t
o
use
rene
wabl
e e
n
e
r
gi
es
.
Abse
nce
o
f
nat
i
onal
gri
d
i
n
re
m
o
t
e
areas, hi
gh
cost
of
co
n
s
t
r
uct
i
o
n
of a
new
t
r
an
sm
i
ssion
l
i
n
es
due
to the long distances and ge
ographical
com
p
lications, m
a
de
the adm
i
nistrato
rs a
nd designers of the electricity
g
r
i
d
to th
ink
ab
ou
t look
ing
fo
r altern
ativ
e so
lu
tion
s
t
o
su
pp
ly en
erg
y
i
n
su
ch
areas.
On th
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
nd
, t
h
e
increasing
rate of electrical energy
an
d l
a
r
g
e num
ber o
f
di
spers
e
d c
o
n
s
u
m
ers has be
co
m
e
one o
f
t
h
e
bi
g
g
es
t
pr
o
b
lem
s
for p
o
we
r com
p
ani
e
s. This
fact
o
r
m
a
de t
h
e po
we
r com
p
ani
e
s t
o
t
h
i
nk o
f
usi
ng
rene
wa
bl
e ener
gy
as
a sol
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
pr
ovi
de
po
we
r f
o
r t
h
e
i
n
depe
n
d
e
nt
l
o
a
d
s
of
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
.
One
of t
h
e m
o
st
im
port
a
nt
re
newa
bl
e ene
r
g
i
es i
s
sol
a
r ene
r
gy
w
h
i
c
h i
s
a
s
a free an
d i
n
exha
ust
i
b
l
e
en
erg
y
source, h
a
s th
e po
tential to
tran
sfo
r
m in
to
o
t
h
e
r
fo
rm
s o
f
en
ergy an
d
i
n
th
e
fo
rm
o
f
p
h
o
t
ovo
ltaic
syste
m
s can be used as a cost effective s
o
urce of el
ectrical energy to provide
elec
trical energy for the
consum
ers that
ha
ve
no access to t
h
e
nationa
l transm
issi
on
gri
d
due
to
ge
ogra
phical and c
l
i
m
a
tic conditions.
Usi
n
g di
esel
g
e
nerat
o
rs f
o
r m
a
ny
y
ears was consi
d
ere
d
as t
h
e best
sol
u
t
i
on
fo
r p
o
w
e
r su
ppl
y
i
n
g
di
spe
r
se
d l
o
a
d
s whi
c
h are
fa
r fr
om
gri
d
. B
u
t
n
o
wa
day
s
,
due t
o
t
h
e a
d
v
a
ncem
ent
s
i
n
rene
wa
bl
e ene
r
gi
es
’
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 6
,
No
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
2
015
:
13
7
–
14
7
13
8
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
an
d en
vi
r
onm
ent
a
l
conce
r
ns
, e
n
er
gy
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
by
re
newa
b
l
e ener
gy
so
ur
ces i
s
expa
n
d
e
d
m
o
re
and m
o
re.
To
day
,
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
s have b
ecom
e
one of t
h
e m
o
st
effectiv
e so
l
u
tio
ns to
m
eet the electr
i
cal energy
need
s of
di
ffe
r
e
nt
regi
ons
. Ha
vi
n
g
i
n
m
i
nd t
h
e di
sc
ont
i
n
uat
i
on o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d ene
r
gy
by
t
h
e rene
wabl
e so
urces
,
in practice it has been
proven
that the use of hybri
d
sy
stems can be a
n
appropriate
sol
u
t
i
o
n an
d usi
ng a
p
r
o
p
er
com
b
ination of
these res
o
urce
s,
a
n
affordabl
e
, clean
and
reliable
produ
ction
system
is atta
in
ab
le.
Iran
th
at its latitu
d
e
is
2
5
to 45
d
e
gree is
o
n
e
of
t
h
e id
eal areas i
n
term
s o
f
so
lar rad
i
atio
n
.
The
m
i
nim
u
m
annual
ave
r
ag
e o
f
sol
a
r
ra
di
at
i
on o
n
t
h
e
ho
ri
zon i
s
ap
pr
o
x
i
m
at
ely
3.6
2
Kwh
md
a
y
fo
r Rash
t and
the
m
a
xim
u
m
of i
t
i
s
ab
out
5.
9
2
Kwh
md
a
y
for Bam
.
In the s
l
ope
d s
u
rface (with
45
de
gree
), the
ave
r
a
g
e
am
ount
of the
sol
a
r ra
di
at
i
on
i
s
6.5
2
Kwh
md
a
y
. In I
r
a
n
,
except
t
h
e C
a
s
p
i
a
n Sea coa
s
t
s
, t
h
e perce
n
t
a
ge o
f
su
nny
da
y
s
t
h
ro
ug
h
out
the year is bet
w
een
63 to
98
perce
n
t. T
h
at
means m
o
re
t
h
an 3
0
0
day
s
of
t
h
e y
ear i
s
su
nny
. C
o
nsi
d
e
r
i
ng t
h
i
s
am
ount
o
f
s
o
l
a
r ra
di
at
i
o
n
,
i
t
c
a
n
be sai
d
t
h
at
m
o
st
pro
v
i
n
ces
are l
o
cat
ed i
n
pr
o
p
er
sol
a
r
ra
di
at
i
on a
r
ea
[
1
]
.
Th
e purpo
se of th
is stu
d
y
is th
e o
p
tim
izat
i
o
n
a
nd t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
and eco
n
o
m
i
c anal
y
s
i
s
of t
h
e hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
s for
a l
o
ad
fa
r
fr
om
gr
i
d
i
n
a
n
a
r
ea
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
s
ki
rt
s
of
Is
faha
n
(Se
p
ahan
sha
h
r
)
.
St
udi
es
ha
d
d
one
usi
ng
so
lar
rad
i
ation
d
a
ta in
th
e area an
d
t
h
e cost of diesel fuel a
n
d the output
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs are ex
press
e
d as
fu
nc
t
i
ons
of these
va
riables.
In t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
HOM
ER
s
o
ft
ware i
s
use
d
f
o
r
si
m
u
l
a
ti
on.
Hom
e
r has
be
en
pr
od
uce
d
a
n
d
ext
e
nde
d
b
y
t
h
e Int
e
r
n
at
i
o
n
a
l
Orga
ni
zat
i
o
n of R
e
newa
bl
e Ener
gi
es. Thi
s
soft
wa
re co
ul
d be use
d
f
o
r s
i
zi
ng hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
s
wh
ich
is b
a
sed o
n
t
h
e n
e
t presen
t co
sts.
In
ad
d
ition
,
th
is so
ft
ware is ab
le to
p
e
rfo
rm
se
n
s
itiv
ity an
alysis on
v
a
riab
les with
n
on-d
e
term
in
istic v
a
lu
es. In
fact, HOMER
mak
e
s it p
o
ssib
l
e for th
e u
s
er to
ch
eck
th
e effect of
changing a
variable over th
e
entire system
. This s
o
ft
ware
requires
da
ta
on
en
erg
y
so
ur
ces su
ch
as: type of
sy
st
em
co
m
ponent
s
,
n
u
m
b
er of c
o
m
pone
nt
s
,
cost
s, e
ffi
ci
e
n
cy
, l
o
nge
vi
t
y
, econ
o
m
i
c const
r
ai
nt
s, an
d c
ont
rol
m
e
t
hods
f
o
r
t
h
e anal
y
s
i
s
[
2
]
.
In
th
is p
a
p
e
r, at first th
e co
nditio
n
s
and
p
r
operties
of t
h
e si
t
e
i
s
expresse
d
and t
h
e
n
st
r
u
ct
ure o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
hy
bri
d
sy
st
em
for
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
l
o
a
d
e
n
er
gy
i
n
case
s
t
udy
i
n
Se
pa
ha
nsh
a
h
r
i
s
st
u
d
i
e
d i
n
det
a
i
l
an
d t
h
i
s
pr
o
pose
d
sy
st
em
i
s
m
odel
e
d i
n
H
O
M
E
R
.
Th
en, m
o
re det
a
i
l
e
d i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on on t
h
e va
ri
o
u
s
com
ponent
s o
f
t
h
e
syste
m
such
as
loa
d
,
res
o
urce
s etc. a
r
e
pre
s
e
n
ted. Fi
n
a
lly, th
e
resu
lts of t
h
e HOMER so
ft
ware sim
u
latio
n
are
prese
n
t
e
d
.
2.
E
VAL
U
A
TION OF CO
N
D
ITIO
NS OF STUD
Y SITE
Isfah
a
n
is lo
cated
in
43
5 k
ilometers sou
t
h
of Teh
r
an
i
n
the
central
plateau
of
Iran. General level
of
Isfa
ha
n i
s
ab
ou
t
15
70m
abo
v
e
sea l
e
vel
.
Isf
a
han
wi
t
h
t
h
e l
o
ngi
t
u
de
of
51
deg
r
ees
39 m
i
nut
es
40 s
eco
n
d
s east
and
l
a
t
i
t
ude
of
3
2
deg
r
ees
38
m
i
nut
es 3
0
se
con
d
s
n
o
rt
h
ha
ve t
h
e
ave
r
a
g
e
an
nual
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
di
at
i
on
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
4
.
6
2
Kwh
md
a
y
wh
ich
ind
i
cat
es th
e co
nsid
erab
le
p
o
t
en
tial o
f
so
lar en
erg
y
in
Isfah
a
n
.
In th
is st
u
d
y
, tech
n
i
cal an
d
eco
no
m
i
c ev
al
u
a
tio
n
o
f
feasib
ility o
f
in
stall
i
n
g
and
d
e
si
gnin
g
a h
ybrid
sy
ste
m
fo
r p
r
ov
id
ing
electrical
en
erg
y
for a b
u
ild
i
n
g
with
cu
ltu
ral an
d
en
tertain
m
e
n
t u
s
e on
th
e d
i
st
ri
ct
on t
h
e out
ski
r
t
s
o
f
Is
fa
han (
S
epa
h
a
n
s
h
ah
r)
has bee
n
a
d
d
r
essed. T
h
e
bui
l
d
i
ng
has t
w
o
fl
o
o
rs
wi
t
h
be
nefi
ci
al
u
nde
r
p
i
n
of
13
5
0
sq
uare m
e
t
e
rs and t
o
t
a
l
area of
1100 s
qua
re m
e
ters. The e
x
tent a
n
d characte
r
is
tics o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
’
s
electrical lo
ad req
u
i
rem
e
n
t
s will
b
e
p
r
ov
id
ed
i
n
th
e nex
t
section
s
. Figu
re
1
d
e
p
i
cts th
e
ex
act
lo
catio
n of t
h
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g an
d si
te wh
ich
is m
a
rk
ed
on
aeri
a
l
ph
ot
o
g
ra
p
h
[
3
]
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
Locat
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
st
u
d
i
e
d
bui
l
d
i
n
g
m
a
rke
d
o
n
t
h
e
aer
i
a
l
ph
ot
o
g
ra
p
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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S
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:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Opt
i
m
al
Pl
an
n
i
ng
of
an
Of
f
-
g
r
i
d
El
ect
ri
ci
t
y
Gene
rat
i
o
n w
i
t
h
Re
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy…
(
H
oss
e
i
n
S
h
ahi
nz
ade
h)
13
9
3
.
HYB
R
ID
SYSTEM
A hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
e
m
i
s
consi
s
t
e
d of t
w
o or m
o
re so
urces
of
p
o
we
r ge
nerat
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h i
s
use
d
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
hi
g
h
er e
ffi
ci
en
cy
t
h
an sy
st
em
s whi
c
h i
n
cl
ude
o
n
l
y
one
sou
r
ce
of
po
w
e
r an
d ex
pl
oi
t
a
t
i
on i
n
t
h
e
be
st
wo
rk
poi
nt
. Si
nce t
h
e o
p
erat
i
on
of a
hy
bri
d
p
o
we
r ge
ne
rat
i
on sy
st
em
st
ron
g
l
y
de
pen
d
s
on t
h
e en
vi
r
onm
ent
a
l
conditions of
its usage, so
it see
m
s necessary to firstly choose
the re
newa
ble ene
r
gy source
s which are
app
r
op
ri
at
e t
o
t
h
e pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
of t
h
e area o
f
expl
oi
t
a
t
i
on o
f
t
h
i
s
hy
bri
d
sy
st
em
. The pro
b
l
e
m
of di
sco
n
t
i
nui
t
y
usi
n
g re
ne
wab
l
e sou
r
ces i
n
h
y
b
ri
d sy
st
em
s coul
d b
e
el
im
inated
by usi
n
g energy st
orage ele
m
ents. Figure
2
sho
w
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
al
l
schem
a
t
i
c
of t
h
e
e
n
er
gy
pr
od
uct
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
i
ndepen
d
e
n
t
o
f
gri
d
whi
c
h
i
s
co
nsi
d
e
r
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
[4]
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
O
v
er
al
l
schem
a
ti
c of t
h
e
ene
r
gy
p
r
od
uct
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
i
ndepe
n
d
e
n
t
o
f
gri
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
Th
e
o
v
e
rall sch
e
m
a
t
i
c sh
own in
Figure
2
is
m
o
d
e
led
in
HOMER so
ftware lik
e Fi
g
u
re
3
.
Details on
t
h
e va
ri
o
u
s c
o
m
ponent
s
of
t
h
e sy
st
em
such
as l
o
a
d
, s
o
urce
s et
c. are
p
r
ovi
ded
i
n
t
h
e
ne
xt
sect
i
ons
.
Fi
gu
re
3.
Im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on
of
pr
o
duct
i
o
n sy
st
em
i
ndepe
n
d
e
n
t
of
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
h
e
HOM
ER
so
ft
w
a
re
4
.
T
H
E PARAMETERS AND
CONDI
TIONS
OF THE
STUDY SITE
4.
1. E
l
ectri
c
a
l
L
oad
Fi
gu
re
4.
Dai
l
y
l
o
ad
p
r
ofi
l
e
of
t
h
e st
udi
e
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x i
n
a
part
i
c
ul
ar
day
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
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94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 6
,
No
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
2
015
:
13
7
–
14
7
14
0
Accord
ing
to
t
h
e calcu
lation
s
wh
ich
were mad
e
, in
t
h
e stud
ied
cu
ltu
ral an
d
en
tertain
m
en
t co
m
p
lex
i
n
Sepa
ha
nsha
hr are
a
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
consi
d
ere
d
as an i
nde
pe
n
d
ent
l
o
a
d
, t
h
e
am
ount
of t
h
e
cons
um
ed el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy
i
s
2
5
K
w
h/
d a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
xim
u
m
dem
a
nd
i
s
3k
w.
A
ccor
d
i
n
g t
o
ca
l
c
ul
at
i
ons a
n
d
m
easurem
ent
s
whi
c
h
were m
a
d
e
on
a p
a
rticu
l
ar d
a
y, th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m p
eak
lo
ad
in th
e bu
ild
ing
was 2.33k
w
and
th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m p
eak
lo
ad
in
th
is com
p
lex
was b
e
tween
th
e hou
rs o
f
17
to
2
2
. Fig
u
re 4
d
e
p
i
cts th
e d
a
ily lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile o
f
th
is
cu
ltu
ral
and ente
rtainment com
p
lex i
n
a pa
rt
i
c
ul
ar
da
y
[5]
.
4.2. Sol
a
r
P
o
w
er
As stated
t
h
e stu
d
y
site is lo
cated
in
Sep
a
h
a
n
s
hahr
area
in
suburbs
of Isfa
han.
W
i
t
h
a
n
nual ave
r
age
of s
o
l
a
r radi
at
i
on
of ab
o
u
t
4.
6
2
K
wh
md
a
y
, Isfa
han
has an ap
pr
op
ri
at
e p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
use sol
a
r ene
r
gy
. T
a
bl
e 1 sh
ows
the
ave
r
a
g
e values of
ra
diation receive
d in a
horizontal surface
of the
eart
h
in
diffe
re
nt mont
hs
of the ye
ar.
By
entering Avera
g
e values of radiation
rec
e
ived
in a
hori
zontal s
u
rface
of the earth i
n
HOMER a
n
d
co
nsid
eri
n
g the h
e
igh
t
of t
h
e stu
d
i
ed
site, an
ind
e
x
introduced calling cl
earnes
s
index. Figure
5 s
hows the
out
put
rel
a
t
e
d t
o
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
radi
at
i
on i
n
di
ffe
re
nt
m
ont
hs i
n
I
s
faha
n
[6]
.
Table
1.
Avera
g
e
Values
of R
a
diation Recei
ved in a
Ho
rizontal Surface
of the
Eart
h in
Diffe
re
nt Months
of
th
e Y
e
ar
in
Isfah
a
n
M
onth
Average radiation
2
K
wh
md
a
y
Januar
y
2.
694
Febr
uar
y
3.
444
March
4.
083
April
4.
972
May
5.
889
June
6.
638
July
6.
305
August
5.
833
Septem
ber
5.
223
October
4.
027
Novem
b
er
2.
944
Dece
m
b
e
r
2.
583
Average
4.
552
Fi
gu
re
5.
Am
ount
o
f
t
h
e
ra
di
a
t
i
on i
n
Is
fa
han
(
2
Kwh
md
a
y
)
5
.
T
H
E PARAMETERS AND
CONDI
TIONS
OF THE
STUDY SITE
In
t
h
i
s
s
ect
i
o
n
we
revi
e
w
t
h
e
com
pone
nt
s
of
t
h
e
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
s
t
em
whi
c
h
i
s
u
s
ed i
n
t
h
i
s
cas
e st
u
d
y
a
n
d
we will try to
provide propos
e
d technical and ec
onom
ic
m
odels. Co
m
pone
nts of the hybrid system
use
d
in
t
h
i
s
case st
udy
are:
1)
Di
esel
Ge
nerat
o
r,
2)
Ph
ot
o
vol
t
a
i
c
,
3
)
B
a
t
t
e
ry
, a
n
d
4)
C
o
nve
rt
er.
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
we
descri
be t
h
e t
echni
cal
speci
fi
cat
i
ons an
d
pr
o
pose
d
m
odel
al
ong wi
t
h
t
h
e pri
ce, h
o
u
rs
of o
p
er
at
i
on a
n
d
characte
r
istic of eac
h
unit.
5.1. Diesel
Ge
nerator
One
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
im
port
a
nt
p
a
rt
s o
f
desi
g
n
i
n
g
hy
bri
d
sy
st
em
s for
p
r
ovi
d
i
ng el
ect
ri
cal
e
n
er
gy
i
s
t
h
e
proper selection
of a
diesel
generat
o
r, beca
use if it is
not s
e
lected properl
y
, irre
para
bl
e d
a
m
a
ges
co
ul
d
occu
r.
Th
e m
o
st sign
ifican
t
p
a
ram
e
ters to
con
s
id
er
wh
en se
l
e
ct
i
ng a
di
esel
ge
nerat
o
r a
r
e
:
1)
Wh
et
he
r
di
esel
gene
rat
o
rs are
use
d
t
o
sup
p
l
y
em
ergency
p
o
w
er o
r
i
t
i
s
goi
ng t
o
be use
d
p
e
rm
anent
l
y
. 2) Ty
pe of t
h
e l
o
a
d
t
h
at
di
esel
ge
ner
a
t
o
r i
s
use
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e.
3
)
K
W
a
n
d
K
V
A
of t
h
e
di
esel
gene
rat
o
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
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:
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8-8
6
9
4
Opt
i
m
al
Pl
an
n
i
ng
of
an
Of
f
-
g
r
i
d
El
ect
ri
ci
t
y
Gene
rat
i
o
n w
i
t
h
Re
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy…
(
H
oss
e
i
n
S
h
ahi
nz
ade
h)
14
1
Un
fo
rt
u
n
at
el
y
m
o
st
of t
h
e peopl
e
bel
i
e
ve t
h
at
l
o
w p
o
w
e
r
di
esel
ge
ner
a
t
o
r i
s
m
o
re sui
t
a
bl
e fo
r
em
ergency
po
wer usa
g
e, bec
a
use
t
h
ese
t
y
p
e
s
of di
esel
ge
nerat
o
rs a
r
e
us
ed in case
o
f
p
o
we
r failu
res
o
n
pa
rt-
t
i
m
e
. Thi
s
m
i
sun
d
e
r
st
o
od
of
t
h
e con
s
um
ers oft
e
n re
sul
t
s
i
n
dam
a
ges t
o
di
esel
generat
o
r a
nd t
h
e
de
vi
ces
whic
h are c
onnected to it.
Hence
one shoul
d consi
d
er the load am
ou
nt
i
n
case
of
po
we
r fai
l
u
res a
n
d
thenselect
the
neede
d
diesel gene
rator [7].
C
o
st
of t
h
e c
o
m
m
e
rci
a
l di
esel
generat
o
rs
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
rket varies depends
on the size of
the unit and
their power ca
pacity. For thi
s
study
, t
h
e purchase
price (based
on t
h
e pr
ices offere
d
by Tabriz M
o
torsazan
Co
m
p
an
y) v
a
ri
es b
e
t
w
een 124
to 140
d
o
llars p
e
r
k
ilo
watts
. T
h
ere
f
ore in
this analysis
the cost
of purchasing
and i
n
stalling
is consi
d
ere
d
160
dollars
pe
r kilowatt and the cost
of
replacem
ent and m
a
intenance
are
considere
d
143
and 0.08 dollars
per k
ilowa
tt accordi
ngly. In
figure
6 the cu
rve of ca
pacity and its costs are
shown [8].
Figure
6. Curve of c
o
sts
of
i
n
stallation and
replacem
ent of
diesel ge
nerator in HOMER
5.
2. Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
S
y
ste
m
So
lar
p
a
n
e
ls selected
fo
r
t
h
is stud
y ar
e solar
p
a
n
e
l 250W
w
ith
cr
ystal
m
e
n
u
of
LG Co
m
p
an
y
(LG250s
1c
), t
h
at the technical
specifications of
the pa
nel
are
presente
d in
Table
2 a
n
d 3.
Table
2. Electrical Characteri
s
tics
at
St
and
a
r
d
Test
C
o
ndi
t
i
ons
(STC
)
M
a
xim
u
m
Power
at Standar
d
T
e
st Conditions (
P
ma
x
)
250
Volta
g
e at the
Ma
xi
m
u
m
Powe
r Poi
n
t
(
V
m
pp
)
29.
9
Current
at
the Max
i
m
u
m
Power Point(
I
mp
p
) 8.
37
Open Circuit Volta
ge (
V
oc
) 37.
1
Short Circuit Current
(
I
s
c
)
8.
76
M
odule E
fficienc
y
(
%
)
15.
5
Operation Temperature (
°
C
)
-
40 °
C
~ +90 °
C
M
a
xim
u
m
Sy
stem
Voltage (
V
)
1000
M
a
xim
u
m
Ser
i
es Fuse Rating (
A
)
15
Po
wer To
le
ran
c
e
0
~ +3
%
*
Stan
dard Test Co
nditions (
S
TC)
:
R
adiation R
a
te 100
0 W
/
m
2
, Temperature 25
˚
C,
Time 1.
5AM.
Tab
l
e
3
.
Electrical Ch
aracteri
s
tics o
f
No
rm
al
Op
eration
Con
d
ition
s
and
Te
m
p
eratu
r
e(NOCT)
M
a
xim
u
m
power
(
W
) 176
M
a
xim
u
m
power
v
o
ltage (
V
) 27.
35
M
a
xim
u
m
power
cur
r
e
nt (
A
) 6.
42
O
p
en circuit volta
g
e
(
V
oc
)
34.
54
Short circuit curre
n
t
(
I
s
c
)
6.
77
E
fficiency
r
e
duction (
f
r
o
m
1000 W
/
m
2
to 200 W
/
m
2
)
< 4.
5 %
*
Normal Operatio
n Conditio
ns and
Temperatures
: Ra
diation Rate 800
W
/
m2, Temperature 20
˚
C,
W
i
nd
Speed 1m/s.
The p
u
rc
hase c
o
st
of s
o
l
a
r pa
nel
s
(L
G2
5
0
s1
c) i
s
abo
u
t
1.
6 dol
l
a
rs
per
wat
t
.
Hence i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
, t
h
e
purc
hase and installing cost
of s
o
la
r pa
nels
is considere
d
2000 dollars
per kilowatt and th
e replacem
e
n
t cost
of
t
h
ese
pa
nel
s
i
s
co
nsi
d
e
r
e
d
17
0
0
dol
l
a
rs
. F
i
gu
re
7 s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e c
u
r
v
e
of
cap
aci
t
y
and c
o
st
s
of
sol
a
r
panel
s
[9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 6
,
No
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
2
015
:
13
7
–
14
7
14
2
Figure
7. Curve of the
costs
of installatio
n a
n
d re
placem
ent of s
o
lar
pa
nels in
HOMER
In t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
,
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
sy
st
em
i
n
si
zes of
0,
2
.
5
,
5
,
7.
5,
10
,
12
.5
,
15
k
W
i
s
use
d
.
Int
e
nde
d
lifespan for thi
s
sola
r system
is 20 years.
5.
3. B
a
t
t
er
y
Diffe
re
nt m
odels of
batteries
are available
in the
m
a
rket fo
r this
pu
rp
os
e. The s
e
lected battery
fo
r
t
h
i
s
st
udy
i
s
6
F
M
2
0
0
D
(
A
h
20
0,
V1
2
)
fr
o
m
Vi
si
on C
o
m
p
any
,
t
h
at
i
t
s t
echni
cal
spe
c
i
f
i
cat
i
ons i
s
g
i
ven i
n
Tabl
e
4 a
n
d
t
h
e di
sc
har
g
e c
u
r
v
e i
s
pre
s
ent
e
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re
8.
Table
4. T
echnical Specification of Battery (6FM200D)
No
m
i
nal Voltage
(V)
12
Nu
m
b
e
r
of Cells
6
Desi
g
ned L
i
fetim
e
(y
ear
)
10
No
m
i
nal O
p
erational Te
m
p
er
a
t
ur
e
(
°
C
)
25 °
C
Internal Resistance
of
the Batter
y
at F
u
ll Char
g
e
(
mOhms
)
3.
5
Ef
f
i
cienc
y
of M
odule
(
%
)
15.
5
Stora
g
e Te
m
p
ratu
r
e
(
°
C
)
-
20 °
C
~ +60 °
C
T
h
e M
a
xi
m
u
m
Dis
c
har
g
e Cur
r
e
nt at
25 °
C
(
A
)
)
5s
(
100
0 A
Short Circuit Current
(
A
)
3300
M
a
xim
u
m
Char
ge
Cur
r
e
nt(
A
)
60
Fi
gu
re
8.
B
a
t
t
e
ry
di
sc
har
g
e c
u
rve
(
6
FM
2
0
0
D
)
Fi
gu
re
9.
C
u
rv
e o
f
c
o
st
s
of i
n
st
al
l
i
ng an
d
re
pl
aci
ng
b
a
tteries in HOMER
Th
e pu
rch
a
se
co
st o
f
t
h
is m
o
d
e
l o
f
b
a
ttery (6
FM200
D) is ab
ou
t 75
5
do
llars fo
r each
b
a
ttery. So
in
this study the c
o
st of
purc
hasing an
d installing each
battery is consi
d
ere
d
790
dollars a
n
d re
placem
ent cost is
con
s
idere
d
7
7
0
d
o
llars fo
r
eac
h battery
.
Fi
gu
re 9
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
curve
of num
b
er a
n
d cost
of
batteries [10].
I
n
t
h
is stud
y,
th
e nu
m
b
er
of b
a
tter
i
es in
syste
m
is u
s
ed
as 0
,
4
,
8, 12
, 1
6
,
2
0
, 24, 30
.
I
n
ten
d
ed
lifetim
e for eac
h
battery is 10
years.
5.3. Converter
s
Pur
c
hase c
o
st
of a DC
t
o
AC
con
v
ert
e
r (
b
as
ed o
n
t
h
e
pri
c
e
s
of
fere
d by
S
u
n
r
ous C
o
m
p
any
)
i
s
ab
out
18
0 d
o
l
l
a
rs
pe
r ki
l
o
wat
t
.
So
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
, t
h
e p
u
rc
hase a
n
d i
n
st
al
l
a
t
i
on c
o
st
of c
o
nve
rt
e
r
i
s
consi
d
ere
d
20
0
d
o
llar
s
p
e
r
k
ilo
w
a
tt an
d
r
e
p
l
ace
m
e
n
t
co
st is con
s
id
er
ed
ab
ou
t 180
d
o
llar
s
.
I
n
t
h
is study, co
nv
er
ter
s
w
ith
th
e
si
ze of 0, 2
,
4,
6, 8
ki
l
o
wat
t
are use
d
i
n
sy
st
em
. Li
fet
i
m
e
of t
h
e uni
t
i
s
10
y
ears and i
t
s
effi
ci
ency
i
s
98
%. In
figu
re
10
cu
rv
es of cap
acity an
d its co
st is d
i
sp
layed
[11
]
,
[1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Opt
i
m
al
Pl
an
n
i
ng
of
an
Of
f
-
g
r
i
d
El
ect
ri
ci
t
y
Gene
rat
i
o
n w
i
t
h
Re
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy…
(
H
oss
e
i
n
S
h
ahi
nz
ade
h)
14
3
Figure
10. C
u
rve
of the c
o
sts
of installa
tion
and re
placem
e
n
t of c
o
nve
rter
in HOMER
6
.
RESULTS OF
THE SIMULATION
P
E
RFO
R
ME
D IN
H
O
M
ER S
O
FTWA
RE
In H
O
M
E
R so
ftware
fo
r calculation o
f
sy
stem
li
feti
m
e
, N
e
t Price Calcu
l
atio
n
(NPC) eq
u
a
tion
is
use
d
, in
whic
h
the costs incl
ude insta
llation, replacem
ent, fuel, etc. all co
s
t
s and
reve
nue
s
are assesse
d
with a
fi
xe
d i
n
t
e
rest
r
a
t
e
duri
ng t
h
e y
ear. I
n
or
de
r t
o
co
nsi
d
e
r
i
n
g i
m
pact
of i
n
fl
at
i
on i
n
t
h
e cal
c
u
l
a
t
i
ons
, Eq
uat
i
on (
1
)
is u
s
ed
.
1
if
i
f
(
1
)
In th
is,
i
: Real in
terest rate,
i
: No
m
i
n
a
l in
terest rate,
f
: Th
e i
n
flation
rate.
Th
e m
a
in
ou
tpu
t
of t
h
e econ
omic calcu
latio
n
s
i
n
th
is soft
ware is
Net Price Calcu
l
ato
r
(NPC) wh
ich
is calcu
lated
fro
m
th
e Equ
a
tion
(2):
a
n
nua
l
,
to
tal
P
r
o
j
ect
,
NP
C
C
C
CR
F
i
R
(
2
)
In it,
C
annual, t
o
tal
: To
tal an
nu
al co
st,
R
Project
: Lifetime o
f
t
h
e
p
r
oj
ect,
i
: real in
terest
rate.
To
calcu
late the return on
capital o
v
e
r th
e
N
years, Equ
a
tion
(3) is
u
s
ed
:
1
,
11
N
N
ii
CR
F
i
N
i
(
3
)
In
w
h
ich
CRF (I,N)
is th
e retu
rn
o
n
cap
ital facto
r
du
ring
N
years.
In th
e
op
ti
m
i
za
tio
n
wh
ich
is
do
n
e
in
HOMER, all of th
e possib
l
e states
h
a
v
e
b
een sim
u
la
ted
and th
e
b
e
st co
m
b
in
atio
n
with
th
e min
i
m
u
m (
NPC
) i
s
i
n
t
r
od
uc
ed as t
h
e opt
i
m
u
m
arrange
m
e
nt
[13]
. T
h
i
s
best
co
m
b
in
atio
n
prov
id
es
th
e all
predeterm
i
ned constraints
set
by the
ope
r
at
o
r
with th
e l
o
west
n
e
t co
st.
In th
is
pape
r, i
n
a
ddi
t
i
on t
o
t
h
e c
onst
r
ai
nt
s ab
out
f
u
el
, cost
, et
c. t
h
e const
r
ai
nt
of
m
i
nim
u
m
pene
t
r
at
i
on o
f
re
ne
wabl
e
sou
r
ces i
s
a
d
d
e
d t
o
o. T
h
e re
sul
t
of
o
p
t
i
m
i
zat
i
on by
HOM
ER
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
1
. I
n
t
h
e m
o
st
opt
im
i
zed
co
nd
itio
n
that is co
n
s
id
ered
,
p
h
o
t
ovo
ltaic syste
m
an
d
sto
r
ag
e
h
a
v
e
th
e
cap
ab
ility o
f
su
pp
lyin
g
all of th
e
requ
ired
electri
cal p
o
wer for t
h
e lo
ad
and
t
h
e d
i
esel
g
e
n
e
rat
o
r will p
l
ay th
e ro
le of a
reso
urce in th
e system
.
Fig
u
re
11
. Resu
lts of th
e Op
timizatio
n
Pro
b
l
e
m
s in
HOMER
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 6
,
No
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
2
015
:
13
7
–
14
7
14
4
Details o
f
th
e
v
a
ri
o
u
s
co
sts
of th
e co
m
p
on
en
ts of th
e stud
i
e
d
h
y
b
r
id
system in
2
0
-
year lifeti
m
e o
f
th
e
p
r
oj
ect are sh
own
in
Figure 1
2
. As it can
b
e
seen
in
Figu
re 12
, th
e m
a
x
i
m
u
m in
itial
co
st in
th
e p
r
oj
ect is
about
purc
hasing photovoltaic syste
m
but the m
a
xim
u
m
re
placem
ent cost duri
ng
20 yea
r
is for battery
whi
c
h
h
a
s a great ro
le in
th
e ov
e
r
all cost
of t
h
e
project.
Fi
gu
re
1
2
. C
o
s
t
of
di
f
f
ere
n
t
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
of t
h
e st
udi
e
d
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
A
ccord
ing
l
y, th
e av
er
ag
e pow
er pr
odu
ced
b
y
th
e so
lar cells is 20
.3
35 (kWh
/yr), bu
t th
i
s
rate
v
a
ries
i
n
di
ffe
rent
m
ont
hs
o
f
t
h
e y
e
a
r
. T
h
e m
a
xi
m
u
m
power
p
r
o
d
u
ces
by
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r cel
l
s
i
s
i
n
J
u
ne a
n
d
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
it is fo
r
Dece
m
b
er. In
Fi
g
u
re 13
the a
v
era
g
e power
produced
by the s
o
l
a
r cells fo
r di
ff
erent m
onths
o
f
the
year are
shown.
Figure
13. T
h
e
ave
r
age
power produced by t
h
e s
o
lar cells
fo
r d
i
fferen
t m
o
n
t
h
s
of th
e year
Accord
ing
l
y th
e o
u
t
pu
t po
wer o
f
th
e so
lar syste
m
in
d
i
fferen
t
h
ours of th
e d
a
y b
a
sed
on
th
e cap
acity
and
p
r
od
uce
d
po
we
r f
o
r
di
ffe
rent
m
ont
hs
o
f
t
h
e y
ear i
s
di
s
p
l
a
y
e
d i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
4
.
Figure
14. T
h
e
electric powe
r output of t
h
e
s
o
lar sy
stem
in diffe
re
nt h
o
u
rs
o
f
the
day
Excess el
ect
ri
c
a
l
po
wer
gen
e
rat
e
d
by
th
e so
lar system
is
sto
r
ed
in
the c
onsi
d
ere
d
st
orage system,
bat
t
e
ri
es. T
h
e
r
a
t
e
of
t
h
e
st
o
r
e
d
el
ect
ri
cal
po
wer
i
n
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ri
es i
s
s
h
ow
n
fo
r
di
ffe
re
nt
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
day
ba
sed
o
n
t
h
e capa
c
i
t
y
an
d
pr
o
duce
d
p
o
w
er
f
o
r
di
f
f
ere
n
t
m
ont
hs
of
t
h
e y
ear i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Opt
i
m
al
Pl
an
n
i
ng
of
an
Of
f
-
g
r
i
d
El
ect
ri
ci
t
y
Gene
rat
i
o
n w
i
t
h
Re
new
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy…
(
H
oss
e
i
n
S
h
ahi
nz
ade
h)
14
5
Fi
gu
re
1
5
. T
h
e
am
ount
o
f
p
o
w
er
st
o
r
ed
i
n
t
h
e
bat
t
e
ri
es f
o
r
di
f
f
ere
n
t
ho
ur
s o
f
day
To f
u
rt
h
e
r ex
p
l
ore t
h
e be
hav
i
or o
f
t
h
e desi
gne
d hy
bri
d
s
y
st
em
i
n
pro
v
i
d
i
n
g t
h
e req
u
i
r
ed el
ect
ri
cal
energy for the load, the
gene
rated elect
ri
c powe
r
by
sol
a
r
cel
l
s
, st
ored an
d di
scha
r
g
ed e
n
er
gy
by
t
h
e b
a
t
t
e
ri
es
for a wee
k
is s
e
lected and de
picted in
Fi
g
u
re 1
6
. As it can b
e
seen
in
th
e figu
re, t
h
e con
s
id
ered
so
lar
syste
m
an
d
th
e stor
age f
o
r
th
is study can
j
o
in
tly pr
ov
id
e th
e r
e
qu
ir
ed
electr
i
cal lo
ad
o
f
th
e sy
ste
m
en
tir
ely.
I
n
th
is
syste
m
, in
th
e
h
ours th
at th
e g
e
n
e
rated
en
erg
y
b
y
th
e so
lar cells
is g
r
eater th
an
th
e re
quired electrical
powe
r,
th
is ex
cess is
sto
r
ed
in
t
h
e in
tend
ed b
a
tteri
es and
in
t
h
e
h
ours as th
e
nig
h
t
th
at so
lar
cells can
no
t pro
v
i
d
e
electrical powe
r,
batteries go
into th
e
ci
rc
ui
t
an
d p
r
ovi
des t
h
e re
q
u
i
r
e
d
el
e
c
trical energy
of t
h
e loa
d
. T
h
us in
th
e d
e
sign
ed hyb
rid system
t
h
e all requ
ired electrical p
o
wer for th
e lo
ad
is p
r
ov
id
ed
b
y
th
e pho
tov
o
ltai
c
and
st
ora
g
e sy
st
em
[
14]
,
[
15]
.
Fi
gu
re
1
6
. E
v
a
l
uat
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
udi
ed
hy
bri
d
s
y
st
em
i
n
a wee
k
7. CO
N
C
L
U
S
I
ON
W
i
t
h
i
n
d
u
st
ri
a
l
devel
opm
ent
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d
and
t
h
e
i
n
crea
si
ng
dem
a
nd
o
f
e
n
er
gy
i
n
o
n
e
ha
nd
a
n
d
l
i
m
i
t
e
d reso
u
r
c
e
s o
f
f
o
ssi
l
f
u
el
s and
t
h
e
ne
ed t
o
c
o
nser
ve
t
h
ese re
so
urce
s fo
r t
h
e ne
xt
gene
rat
i
o
ns a
n
d al
so
pre
v
e
n
t
i
ng e
n
v
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
dam
a
ge cause
d b
y
bur
ni
n
g
t
h
e
m
on t
h
e ot
her
han
d
, t
h
ere i
s
no
ot
he
r sol
u
t
i
on t
h
an
using rene
wa
ble energies s
u
ch as s
o
lar. Furt
herm
ore,
aro
und
th
e
wo
r
l
d
on
e
of
the
major c
o
ncerns about
rem
o
te areas a
n
d areas
fa
r from
the gri
d
is
providing
elect
rical powe
r
for these a
r
eas. C
o
nnecting the
s
e areas
to
th
e grid is co
stly and
in some
cases i
s
ph
y
s
i
cal
l
y
im
possi
bl
e. I
n
suc
h
case usi
n
g
Di
st
ri
but
e
d
Gene
r
a
t
i
on
(DG) resou
r
ces id
th
e b
e
st op
tio
n fo
r prov
i
d
ing
requ
ired
electrical energy for this
categ
or
y of
con
s
umer
s. In
th
e co
m
i
n
g
years
with
redu
ct
io
n
i
n
i
n
itial in
v
e
stm
e
n
t
co
st
as well as in
creasin
g th
e efficien
cy of so
lar p
a
n
e
ls,
t
h
e im
port
a
nce
and
necessi
t
y
of
usi
n
g t
h
e
s
e
panel
s
t
o
p
r
ovi
de clean e
n
ergy appea
r
s m
o
re than e
v
e
n
be
fore
. In
ad
d
ition
,
with p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
energ
y
near th
e co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n cen
ters elimi
n
ates th
e
n
e
ed
to
estab
lish v
o
ltag
e
tran
sm
issio
n
lin
es
n
ear towns and
v
illag
e
s. Sin
ce t
h
e h
y
brid
system
s are fed fro
m
two
o
r
m
o
re sources
o
f
en
erg
y
, t
h
ey hav
e
h
i
gh
er reli
ab
ility in
co
m
p
are
with
system
s th
at h
a
v
e
on
ly a so
urce
for en
erg
y
g
e
n
e
ratio
n
.
In
t
h
i
s
pape
r, a h
y
b
ri
d sy
st
em
was p
r
o
p
o
sed
t
o
pr
ovi
de t
h
e
el
ect
ri
cal
energy
f
o
r t
h
e st
u
d
i
e
d l
o
a
d
. Usi
ng t
h
e
HOMER
software
op
timizat
io
n
s
of th
e syste
m
was p
e
rf
orm
e
d and the
optim
al
m
ode was selected.
In this
case 1
0
0
%
of
t
h
e
req
u
i
r
e
d
e
n
ergy
i
s
su
p
p
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
nd
ed
ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
an
d st
ora
g
e
s
y
st
em
and t
h
e
di
esel
gene
rat
o
r i
s
a
b
acku
p
so
urce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l. 6
,
No
. 1
,
Mar
c
h
2
015
:
13
7
–
14
7
14
6
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8.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Hosse
in Sha
hin
z
ade
h
received
the B.S
.
degr
ee
in Ele
c
tri
c
a
l
En
gineer
ing from
Is
lam
i
c Azad
University
, Isfah
a
n, Iran
.
Now, he is working
on
the Master’s deg
r
ee in Electr
i
cal
Engineering
at Amirkabir University
of Tech
nolog
y
(Tehran
P
o
l
y
t
echni
c), T
e
hran, Iran
.
He is
a m
e
m
b
er of
intern
ation
a
l org
a
niz
a
tions of
IE
EE,
IET
and
Institut
e
of
Advanc
ed Engin
eer
ing
and Sci
e
nc
e
(IAES) and also an activ
e member of Is
fahan'
s Young Elites Foundation
and Isfahan
Construction
Engineer
ing Organization
.
His r
e
search
ac
tivi
tie
s focus on the
Sm
art Grid,
Renewabl
e En
er
gies
,
Energ
y
M
a
na
gement, Distributed
Ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
a
n
d
Po
we
r S
y
s
t
em
Anal
y
s
is
.
He has b
een
a
co
nsultant
with u
til
ities
of Esf
a
han
Ele
c
tri
c
it
y Pow
e
r Distribut
ion C
o
m
p
an
y
.
Gevork B. Gharehpetian
received his BS, MS
and Ph.D. degr
e
e
s
in electr
i
c
a
l e
ngineer
ing in
1987, 1989
and
1996 from Tabriz Univ
ersity
, Tabr
iz, Iran
and Amirkabir
University
o
f
Techno
log
y
(AU
T
), Tehr
an, Iran
and Tehran Univ
ersity
, Tehran
, Iran, respectively
,
graduating
all with First C
l
ass Honors. As a Ph.D
. st
uden
t
, h
e
h
a
s receiv
e
d scholarship f
r
om DAAD
(German Academic Exchang
e
Service) from
1
993 to 1996 an
d he was with High Voltage
Institute of RW
TH Aachen
, Aachen, Germ
an
y
.
P
r
of
. Ghar
ehpet
i
an is a senior
and
distinguished
m
e
m
b
er of IEE
E
and IAE
E
E
,
r
e
spect
ivel
y,
and
a
m
e
m
b
er of the
c
e
ntra
l boar
d
of
I
A
EEE.
S
i
nc
e
2004, he is the
Editor-in
-
Chief
of the Journal o
f
IAEEE. He is
the author of m
o
re than 700
journal
and con
f
erenc
e
pap
e
rs
.
His
teach
ing an
d res
ear
ch int
e
r
e
s
t
inc
l
ude S
m
a
r
t Grid, DGs
,
Monitoring of Power Transformers,
FACTS
Devices,
HVDC Sy
stems and
Power Sy
stem
Trans
i
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.