In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
1
9
7
~1
2
0
6
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1197-1206
1
1
97
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Performance evaluati
on of mu
lti-phase permanent magnet
synch
r
onous motor based
on dif
feren
t winding configurations
and
m
a
gnetization patterns
M. Rezal
1
,
D.
Ishak
2
1
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
,
Malaysi
a
n
Spanish
I
n
stit
u
t
e,
Malays
i
a
2
S
c
ho
ol
o
f Electri
cal & Elect
ronic E
n
g
i
neeri
ng, U
n
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
1
7,
201
8
Re
vise
d F
e
b 14,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 2
5
,
2
019
Pe
rma
n
e
n
t
ma
gn
e
t
s
yn
c
h
ro
no
u
s
m
otor
(
PM
SM
)
is
t
he
m
o
s
t
re
lia
b
le
and
ef
fici
en
t
m
achine
t
h
at
w
i
d
e
l
y
used
i
n
rob
o
tics
and
aut
o
m
a
ti
on
,
in
du
s
t
r
i
a
l
app
l
i
catio
n
s
,
e
l
ect
ric
veh
i
cles
,
ho
m
e
a
p
p
l
i
an
ces
,
aircraf
t
a
nd
a
e
r
o
s
p
ace
tech
no
log
y
due
t
o
it
s
h
i
gh
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy,
go
od
d
y
n
am
ic
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
to
rqu
e
d
ensi
ty.
In
t
h
i
s
pap
e
r,
t
he
i
nflu
ence
of
v
ario
us
t
yp
es
o
f
wi
ndi
ng
con
f
ig
urati
o
n
and
diff
eren
t
m
a
gn
etizat
io
n
pa
t
t
erns
i
n
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
ance
of
a
fiv
e
-ph
a
s
e
P
M
S
M
is
i
nv
es
tigat
ed. Th
ree
ty
pes o
f
mag
net
i
zati
o
n
p
atterns such
as
r
ad
ial
m
a
g
n
et
izati
on
(RM),
parall
el
m
agn
e
ti
zati
on
(P
aM
),
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
seg
m
ented
Hal
b
ach
m
agnet
i
zat
io
n
(S
H)
a
re
a
p
p
l
i
ed
t
o
th
e
five-ph
as
e
1
0
-
sl
o
t
/4
-po
l
e
PM
SM
d
uri
ng
op
en-ci
r
cuit
an
d
on-load
c
o
n
d
i
ti
on
s.
A
2D
f
init
e
element
met
h
od
(
FEM)
i
s
intens
iv
el
y
used
i
n
th
is
i
nv
estigatio
n
to
m
odel
a
nd
pred
ict
t
h
e
electro
m
a
gn
e
t
ic
c
haract
eristics
an
d
perf
o
r
man
ce
o
f
th
e
PMSM.
Th
e
det
a
il
ed
r
esul
ts
f
ro
m
the
fin
i
t
e
-el
e
m
e
n
t
a
nal
y
sis
(FEA
)
on
the
co
gg
ing
to
rqu
e
,
i
n
d
u
ced
b
ack
-emf
,
airg
ap
f
lux
d
e
ns
it
y
an
d
elect
ro
m
a
gn
et
ic
t
o
r
qu
e
ar
e
anal
ys
ed.
Th
e
indu
ced
b
ack
-e
m
f
o
f
t
h
e
m
achi
n
e
is
c
om
p
u
ted
f
u
rth
e
r
i
nto
its
harm
o
n
ic
d
isto
rtio
ns.
Ad
diti
onal
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
k
e
win
g
m
et
hod
f
or
m
ini
m
i
zati
on
o
f
cog
g
i
ng
to
rque
o
f
P
M
SM
i
s
p
r
op
os
ed.
F
r
om
t
he
r
es
ult
s
,
it
i
s
obs
er
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
the
five
-p
ha
se
,
10
-slo
t/4-p
o
l
e
P
M
SM
w
i
t
h
do
ub
le
l
a
y
e
r
d
i
s
tr
ib
ut
ed
w
i
ndi
ng
and
paral
l
el
m
agnet
i
zat
ion
giv
e
s
t
h
e b
e
st m
achin
e perf
o
r
m
a
nce.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Pe
rm
anent
ma
g
n
e
t
S
ync
hr
on
o
u
s
motor
Ma
gne
t
i
zat
i
on
pa
tter
n
W
i
nd
in
g
c
o
nfig
u
r
a
t
ion
S
k
e
w
ing
me
th
o
d
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
D
a
ha
ma
n Isha
k,
S
c
hoo
l
o
f
Ele
c
t
rica
l
and E
l
ec
t
r
on
ic Eng
i
n
ee
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
sit
i
Sai
ns M
al
ay
si
a,
14
3
00 N
i
bo
n
g
Teba
l
,
P
e
na
n
g
,
Ma
l
a
ysia
.
Em
ail:
daham
a
n@
usm
.
m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
F
o
r
the
pas
t
d
e
c
a
d
es,
tra
n
spor
t
a
t
i
on
sec
t
or
’s
f
ue
l
co
ns
ump
t
i
on
has
grow
n
at
a
h
ig
her
r
a
te
t
ha
n
o
t
h
e
r
in
dus
trial
se
ct
ors.
T
his
i
n
cre
a
se
w
as
l
ar
g
e
ly
d
e
r
ive
d
f
r
o
m
the
ne
w
d
e
m
a
nd
for
person
al
u
se
o
f
v
e
hic
l
e
s
pow
er
ed
b
y
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
i
n
te
rna
l
c
ombu
st
io
n
e
n
gi
nes.
W
ith
i
ncr
e
ase
d
a
w
a
r
e
ness
o
f
a
ir
p
o
l
lu
tio
ns
a
n
d
r
isin
g
f
u
el
p
ri
ce
s,
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
h
a
v
e
emerg
e
d
as
a
n
alt
e
rn
a
t
iv
e
s
ol
u
tio
n
to
r
epla
ce
t
h
e
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
ve
hic
l
e
s
[
1,
2
]
.
Per
m
a
n
e
n
t
mag
n
e
t
syn
c
h
r
on
ou
s
motor
(P
M
S
M
)
i
s
a
v
e
ry
g
ood
c
a
nd
id
at
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
c
v
e
hi
cl
e
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns du
e
to
it
s
ad
va
nt
a
g
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
h
ig
h pow
e
r
de
n
si
t
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
ef
fi
cienc
y
w
ith a
n
effic
i
e
n
t
hea
t
l
o
s
t t
o
t
h
e
s
u
rrou
ndi
ng
[
3
,
4
].
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
a
pp
li
catio
n
s
re
quire
e
xt
rem
e
ly
h
igh
re
lia
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
m
a
de
t
h
e
trad
it
iona
l
thre
e
-
phase
P
MS
M
fac
i
ng
a
se
ver
e
c
hal
l
e
n
g
e
.
Mul
t
i-p
hase
d
ri
ves
ha
ve
a
dd
i
tio
na
l
de
gr
ees
o
f
fre
e
dom
t
ha
t
c
a
n
be
u
s
e
d
for
di
ffe
re
nt
p
urp
o
s
es,
such
a
s
a
ddi
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
orq
u
e
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
o
r
fa
u
lt
t
o
l
e
ranc
e
w
h
e
n
a
part
o
f
the
s
y
stem
f
a
ils
[
5-
7
]
.
Wit
h
t
he
i
nc
re
ase
in
t
he
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
phase
s
,
t
he
m
u
l
t
i
-p
ha
se
P
MS
M
c
a
n
ob
ta
in
the
hig
h
e
s
t
po
ssi
b
le
r
e
lia
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
The
r
efor
e,
m
ulti-p
h
a
s
e
P
M
SM
d
rive
s
y
s
tem
offe
rs
a
n
o
the
r
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
ic
le
d
ri
ve
s
ys
t
e
m.
I
n
order
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
ve
a
h
ig
h
pe
r
f
o
rma
n
ce
P
M
S
M
,
bot
h
rot
o
r
a
n
d
st
a
t
o
r
s
t
r
uc
t
u
re
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
3,
S
e
p 2019 :
1
197
–
120
6
1
198
of
t
he
m
ot
or
m
ust
be
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
re
d
.
P
MS
M
h
a
s
tw
o
t
ype
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
i
ngs
w
hi
ch
c
an
b
e
app
l
i
e
d
to
t
h
e
s
t
a
tor
c
o
re
suc
h
a
s
co
nce
n
t
r
a
t
ed
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
distri
b
u
te
d
w
i
nd
i
ngs
[
8,
9
].
T
h
e
c
once
n
tra
t
e
d
w
i
ndi
ng
s
ca
n
re
d
u
ce
t
h
e
cop
p
er
l
oss,
w
hile
t
he
d
istr
ib
ut
e
d
w
in
di
n
g
s
ma
y
con
t
ri
but
e
t
o
h
i
g
her
t
o
rque
o
ut
p
u
t
of
t
he
m
ot
or.
Bu
t
the
cop
p
er
l
oss
fr
o
m
d
ist
r
i
b
u
t
ed
w
indi
n
g
s
i
s
u
s
u
al
l
y
h
i
g
he
r
t
h
an
t
h
a
t
o
f
conc
e
n
t
r
a
t
ed
w
i
ndi
ng
s.
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er,
a
fi
ve-
pha
se,
10-
sl
ot
/4-po
l
e
P
M
S
M
i
s
de
si
g
n
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
on
a
n
a
nal
y
t
i
c
a
l
c
a
l
cula
t
i
o
n
t
o
de
t
e
rm
ine
t
h
e
ma
chi
n
e
d
i
mens
ion
s
u
si
ng
s
i
z
in
g
e
qua
t
i
on
s.
T
h
e
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
p
e
r
fo
rman
c
e
i
s
m
od
elle
d
us
ing
a
n
aly
tic
a
l
s
u
b
-
d
o
m
ai
n
mo
d
e
l
,
a
nd
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
n
a
l
y
se
d
usin
g
th
e
fi
nit
e
e
l
e
me
nt
m
e
t
h
o
d
th
a
t
inv
o
l
v
es
w
it
h
th
re
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
w
i
ndi
ng
ty
pes
i.e.
dou
bl
e
-
lay
e
r
distr
i
b
u
t
e
d
w
i
n
di
n
g
(
D
L
DW),
s
ing
l
e
-
la
y
e
r
conc
ent
r
a
t
ed
w
i
ndi
ng
(
S
L
CW),
a
n
d
d
oub
l
e
-
l
ay
er
conc
e
n
trate
d
w
in
din
g
(
D
L
C
W
)
.
T
hree
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
ag
ne
tiz
ati
o
n
pa
tt
e
rn
s
suc
h
a
s
ra
di
a
l
m
agne
tiza
tio
n
(RM),
para
l
l
e
l
m
a
g
ne
ti
z
a
t
i
o
n
(P
a
M
)
and
se
gme
n
t
e
d
H
a
l
b
ac
h
(S
H
)
m
agnet
i
za
ti
on
ar
e
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
sider
e
d
for
t
h
is
fi
ve
=
phase,
1
0
-
slo
t
/
4
-p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
.
The
inf
l
ue
nces
o
f
w
i
n
d
in
g
co
nf
i
gura
t
i
o
ns
a
n
d
m
a
gne
t
i
z
a
t
ion
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
on
the
p
h
ase
bac
k
-
e
m
f
a
nd
t
h
e
e
l
ectr
o
m
a
gne
tic
t
orque
a
r
e
a
n
a
lyz
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
mpa
r
ed.
A
ddit
i
o
n
a
lly,
the
c
o
ggi
ng
tor
que
i
s
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
d
a
nd
furthe
r
minim
i
z
e
d
b
y
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
he
s
ta
t
o
r
s
kew
i
n
g
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
m
achi
n
e
mod
e
l
w
i
th
the
bes
t
m
ac
hine
p
e
rform
anc
e
w
ill
be
s
e
l
ecte
d
.
Th
e
rese
arc
h
s
ta
rt
s
by
d
e
t
ermi
nin
g
t
h
e
m
a
c
hi
n
e
d
esi
gn
para
me
ters
u
si
ng
a
n
a
na
l
y
tic
a
l
m
ode
l
a
nd
s
i
z
i
n
g
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
The
n
,
si
x
m
ode
ls
o
f
P
M
S
M
t
ha
t
ha
ve
d
i
f
fere
nt
ma
gnet
i
za
t
i
o
n
p
a
tter
n
s
an
d
w
i
n
d
in
g
c
o
nfig
u
r
ati
ons
a
re
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
Th
e
P
M
SM
m
ot
o
r
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
s
i
.
e
.
t
h
e
ma
gnet
i
c
vec
t
or
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l,
f
l
ux
den
s
it
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
,
pha
s
e
b
ac
k-
em
f,
c
og
g
i
n
g
t
orq
u
e,
a
nd
e
l
e
c
trom
agne
t
i
c
tor
que
f
or
eac
h
des
i
gn
a
r
e
a
n
al
yze
d
.
F
i
na
ll
y,
a
s
kew
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
s
a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
n
or
der
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
c
o
ggi
ng
to
r
qu
e.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
2.
1.
Mach
in
e
d
e
si
g
n
p
arame
t
er
s
The
ma
ch
ine
dime
nsi
o
ns
f
o
r
t
he
f
iv
e-
ph
a
s
e,
10-sl
ot
/4-
p
ol
e
P
M
S
M
ar
e
deter
m
i
n
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
a
n
al
yt
ic
a
l
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
ti
on
.
In
o
rder
t
o
cal
cu
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
sio
n
s
,
s
o
m
e
p
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
a
re
f
i
x
ed
t
o
en
su
re
t
h
i
s
mac
h
ine
mode
l
is
a
p
p
l
i
cable
i
n
hy
bri
d
e
lec
t
r
i
c
veh
i
c
l
es
(
H
E
V
s
)
and
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
ic
l
e
s
(EV
s
)
.
T
he
f
ixe
d
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
s
for
the
fi
ve-p
ha
se
P
MS
M
are
r
e
fe
rre
d
from
[1
0
]
a
s
show
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
I
n
[1
0],
the
five
-
pha
se
P
MS
M
a
ppl
ie
d
surfa
ce-
mou
n
t
e
d
se
gme
n
te
d
H
a
lbac
h
(S
H
)
m
agne
tiz
a
t
i
o
n
w
ith
d
o
ubl
e
-
l
a
yer
co
nc
en
trat
ed
w
i
n
din
g
(
DLC
W
)
con
f
ig
ura
tio
n.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
Mai
n pa
ram
e
ter
s
for
fi
v
e-
p
h
ase,
10-sl
ot/
4
-po
l
e
P
M
S
M
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
V
a
l
ue
s
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
ue
M
a
g
n
e
t
r
e
m
a
ne
nc
e
,
(T)
1.
1
0
Tooth
e
nd
wi
dth,
(mm)
1.
5
Sa
t
u
r
a
tion
flux
de
nsit
y
,
(T)
1.
6
0
S
t
a
t
or
bore
r
a
dius,
(
mm)
26
Ma
gne
t
re
l
a
tiv
e
permea
bilit
y
,
µ
1.
0
4
R
o
tor
out
e
r
r
a
d
ius,
(
mm
)
20
Axia
l
a
c
tiv
e
l
e
ngt
h,
(m
m
)
100
Sha
f
t
ra
di
us,
(m
m
)
8
A
i
r
g
a
p
thi
c
kne
ss,
(
mm)
1
W
i
r
e
d
ia
m
e
te
r
(m
m
)
1
Ma
g
n
e
t
t
hi
c
kne
ss,
(
mm)
5
Sl
ot
f
i
ll
fac
t
or
,
0.
4
S
t
at
o
r
o
u
t
er
r
ad
i
u
s
,
(
mm)
60
I
r
on
ty
pe
M
19-29G
Ma
gne
t
oute
r
r
a
d
iu
s,
(m
m
)
25
PM
t
y
p
e
NdF
e
B
Th
e
ot
h
e
rs
m
ac
h
i
n
e
p
aramet
ers
su
ch
a
s
st
at
o
r
t
o
o
th
b
ody
,
st
ato
r
y
o
k
e
,
r
o
t
o
r
y
o
k
e
,
a
n
d
t
o
o
t
h
t
i
p
a
r
e
ide
n
tif
i
e
d
us
in
g
siz
i
ng
e
q
ua
ti
ons
[
11].
The
a
v
era
g
e
a
i
r
ga
p
flu
x
dens
it
y
B
g
i
s
de
t
e
rm
i
n
ed
u
s
i
ng
(1),
w
here
t
he
symb
ols
a
r
e
d
e
fi
ne
d
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
Ma
g
n
e
tic
f
l
u
x
fr
om
t
he
r
o
t
or
m
a
gne
t
w
ill
cr
oss
the
air
ga
p
a
n
d
e
n
ter
t
h
e
st
a
t
or
t
e
e
t
h
.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
t
ota
l
f
lu
x
per
stat
or
t
o
o
t
h
∅
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
)
,
w
h
e
r
e
N
s
is
t
he
num
ber
of
slots.
A
ssuming
t
hat
s
a
tur
a
ti
o
n
l
evel
o
f
flux
d
e
n
sity
B
sat
i
n
t
he
s
ta
t
o
r
a
n
d
rot
o
r
core
i
s
no
t
m
o
re
t
ha
n
1.
6T,
the
n
t
he
s
tat
o
r
to
ot
h
b
o
dy
w
tb
i
s
c
a
lc
ula
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
(
3).
F
o
r
t
h
is
10-s
l
o
t
/
4
-
pole
P
M
S
M
,
the
t
o
t
a
l
f
l
ux
pa
ssing
t
h
ro
ugh
t
h
e
s
ta
t
o
r
t
o
o
t
h
body
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
spl
i
t
i
n
to
t
wo
h
a
l
v
e
s
wh
e
n
r
eac
hin
g
t
he
s
ta
t
o
r
y
o
ke
.
T
h
er
efo
r
e
,
t
he
st
a
t
o
r
yok
e
w
sy
w
ill
ha
ve the
s
a
m
e
he
igh
t
a
s
the
sta
t
or
t
oo
t
h
bod
y
w
tb
a
s
re
pr
esente
d
i
n
(
4).
The
ro
tor
yo
k
e
w
ry
is
a
s
s
um
ed
h
i
g
her
t
h
a
n
t
he
t
h
e
ore
tic
al
v
a
l
ue
.
The
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
val
u
e
o
f
roto
r
yok
e
i
s
cal
cu
l
a
te
d
us
in
g
(5
).
T
ota
l
fl
u
x
p
er
m
agnet
po
le
∅
i
s
de
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
u
s
i
ng
(6),
w
her
e
p
i
s
the
p
o
l
e
-
pa
ir
numbe
r
of
t
he
P
MS
M
.
F
i
gur
e
1
show
s
t
h
e
1
0
-
s
lot
/
4
-po
l
e
P
M
S
M
m
o
d
e
l
w
i
t
h
di
ffere
n
t
m
a
gnet
i
za
t
i
o
n
pa
tter
n
s
i.e
.
R
M,
P
M,
a
nd
S
H
.
T
he
perform
ance
s
of
m
ac
h
i
ne
i
.
e
.
pha
se
b
ac
k-e
m
f
and
out
p
u
t
t
o
r
que
a
re
a
ffe
c
ted
b
y
t
he
a
ll
oca
t
ion
o
f
s
lot
s
f
or
t
he
pha
se co
i
ls.
Th
e
r
efore,
it i
s
im
por
tan
t
to de
te
rm
i
n
e
t
h
e w
i
ndi
n
g arra
n
g
em
en
ts i
n the
five-p
ha
se, 10-s
l
o
t
/
4
-po
l
e
PMS
M
w
hic
h
m
axim
izes
t
he
m
achine
pe
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
a
l
l
o
ca
t
i
o
n
s
of
pha
se
w
i
n
d
i
ng
s
in
t
he
1
0-slo
t
/
4
-p
ole
P
M
SM
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rform
a
nce
e
v
al
u
a
ti
on
o
f
m
u
lt
i-p
hase pe
r
m
ane
nt
m
a
gne
t synchr
on
o
u
s
m
o
t
o
r
ba
sed on (D
aham
a
n
Ishak)
1
199
1
⁄
⁄
(
1
)
∅
2
⁄
(
2
)
∅
⁄
(
3
)
(
4
)
∅
2
⁄
(
5
)
∅
2
2
⁄
(
6
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
F
i
gure
1.
R
o
t
or
m
agne
t w
i
t
h
d
iffe
ren
t
m
agne
tiz
at
ion
p
a
t
t
erns
fo
r fi
ve
-p
hase
,
10-sl
ot
/4p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
,
(
a
)
Ra
di
a
l
m
a
gne
tiz
a
t
i
o
n
(RM
)
, (
b) P
a
r
a
lle
l m
a
gne
t
i
za
tio
n (
P
a
M
)
,
(
c
)
S
e
g
me
n
t
ed
Hal
b
a
c
h
(SH)
(a)
(b)
(c)
F
i
gur
e 2.
Alloc
a
ti
o
n
of p
h
ase
win
d
in
gs
f
or fi
v
e
-
p
h
ase
, 10-
slot
/
4-pole P
MSM,
(
a)
S
LC
W, (
b) DLCW
,
(c)
DLD
W
2.
2.
A
n
alytic
a
l
s
u
b
-
d
omain
mod
e
l
A
n
a
l
y
t
ica
l
s
ub
-dom
ai
n
m
ode
l
app
l
i
e
s
se
pa
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
va
ria
b
l
e
s
t
e
c
hn
i
que
u
si
ng
2D
L
a
p
l
a
ce
’s
e
qua
t
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
a
i
rga
p
a
nd
slo
t
o
pe
ni
n
g
r
eg
io
n
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
2D
P
oiss
on’
s
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
ma
gn
et
a
n
d
w
in
di
n
g
s
lo
t
re
gio
n
s
[1
2,
1
3].
The
airga
p
m
agne
t
i
c
f
l
u
x
d
e
ns
i
t
y
di
stri
b
u
t
i
on
s
d
u
ri
ng
o
pen-c
i
rcui
t,
a
rm
ature
re
acti
on
a
n
d
o
n
-l
oad
c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
a
ccu
ra
t
e
l
y
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
ed
u
si
n
g
t
hi
s
an
al
yti
c
a
l
s
u
b-
doma
i
n
m
o
del.
T
he
a
irga
p
m
a
g
n
et
i
c
f
l
u
x
den
s
i
t
y
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
term
ine
d
b
y
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
he
a
p
p
ro
pria
te
e
qua
t
i
ons
w
i
t
h
ce
rtai
n
bo
u
n
da
ries.
There
are
four
regi
ons
i
n
th
e
motor
mod
e
l
l
i
ng
i.e
.
m
agne
t,
a
ir-ga
p
,
slo
t
o
pe
ni
ng,
a
n
d
wi
nd
ing
slot
a
s
shown
i
n
F
i
gure
3 [1
4-1
7
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
3,
S
e
p 2019 :
1
197
–
120
6
1
200
F
i
gur
e 3.
2D
desi
gn for
ana
l
y
tica
l
s
ub-
d
o
ma
i
n
m
ode
l
(Re
g
i
on 1
:
P
M
, Regi
on 2
:
a
irga
p,
Regi
o
n 3: s
lo
t-
ope
n
i
n
g
,
Re
g
i
o
n
4
:
w
i
nd
ing
sl
ot)
[1
8]
The
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fie
l
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
ons,
p
h
a
s
e
ba
c
k
-e
mf,
e
l
ectro
m
a
gne
t
ic
t
or
qu
e,
a
nd
w
i
nd
in
g
in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
ca
n
th
en
b
e
cal
cula
t
e
d.
F
ew
a
ssum
p
tio
ns
a
re
u
se
d in for
mul
a
ti
n
g
t
he
a
na
ly
tica
l
s
ub-
d
o
ma
i
n
m
od
e
l
i
.e
.
in
fin
i
t
e
perm
ea
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
the
r
o
t
o
r
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
o
r
c
ore
s
;
n
o
c
on
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
th
e
roto
r
and
st
at
o
r
c
or
es;
t
h
e
ed
d
y
c
urrent
rea
c
ti
on
f
i
e
l
d
i
s
ne
glec
te
d
in
t
his
mode
l;
the
t
e
et
h
are
s
p
o
k
e
sh
ap
ed
(
ra
d
i
al
s
l
o
t
bo
un
d
a
ri
e
s
);
e
nd
-ef
f
ect
i
s
n
e
gl
e
c
t
e
d
;
a
nd
l
in
ea
r
magn
e
t
p
ro
perti
e
s
[19]
.
In
o
r
d
er t
o
sim
p
l
i
f
y the
ana
l
yt
ica
l
s
ub-
dom
a
i
n
mode
ll
in
g, i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r, o
n
l
y
t
w
o
re
g
i
o
n
s
a
r
e cons
i
d
ere
d
, i
.
e
.
m
a
gnet
reg
i
o
n
a
nd
air
g
a
p
re
g
ion.
T
he
m
ag
ne
tic
fl
ux de
ns
it
y
i
n
th
e
airga
p
is ob
ta
i
n
ed a
na
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
ly
u
s
i
n
g
(
7)
a
nd
(
8) for its ra
d
ia
l and
t
a
n
g
e
n
t
i
a
l
com
po
ne
n
t
s re
spect
ive
l
y [20]
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rform
a
nce
e
v
al
u
a
ti
on
o
f
m
u
lt
i-p
hase pe
r
m
ane
nt
m
a
gne
t synchr
on
o
u
s
m
o
t
o
r
ba
sed on (D
aham
a
n
Ishak)
1
201
(8)
wher
e
M
n
i
s
th
e
ma
gnet
i
za
ti
o
n
c
omp
o
n
e
n
t
f
or
t
he
p
erm
a
ne
nt
m
ag
ne
t,
i
s
t
h
e
re
l
a
tiv
e
p
e
r
me
ab
i
lity
,
R
r
i
s
t
h
e
rotor
radius,
R
m
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
gne
t
ra
dius,
R
s
is
t
he
s
t
a
t
o
r
i
nner
ra
di
u
s
,
Q
s
i
s
the
slot
n
um
ber
,
p
i
s
the
pole
-
pair
numbe
r,
a
nd
i
s
t
h
e
pe
rm
eabi
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
a
ir.
Wh
i
l
e
,
,
and
a
re
t
he
F
ourier
ser
i
e
s
c
oeffi
c
i
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
com
p
le
x r
e
lat
i
v
e
pe
rm
eanc
e
func
t
i
on
(C
RP
F).
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
3.
1.
Magn
etic
v
ec
tor
pote
ntial
I
t
i
s
imp
o
rta
n
t
to
a
sc
ert
a
i
n
t
h
a
t
the
flu
x
p
a
t
te
rns
are
corr
ec
t
a
s
exp
e
c
t
ed
b
y
fi
el
d
di
st
rib
u
t
i
on
s
i
n
t
he
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t
.
A
pp
ly
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
o
-
stat
ic
a
na
lys
i
s
[2
1]
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
2
D
f
i
n
i
t
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
ana
l
ys
is
(
FE
A
)
,
the
o
p
e
n
-c
i
r
c
u
it
m
a
gne
tic
f
ie
l
d
d
i
s
tri
b
u
tio
ns
a
cross
t
h
e
m
ach
ine
se
cti
ona
l
are
a
c
a
n
b
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
as
illu
st
rat
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
E
a
c
h
ma
ch
i
n
e
is
m
o
d
e
l
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
hr
ee
di
ffe
re
nt
m
ag
n
e
tiza
t
i
on
p
a
t
t
e
r
ns
f
or
the
s
u
rfac
e
-m
ou
n
t
e
d
r
otor
m
agnet
s
i
.
e
.
ra
di
a
l
m
agne
t
i
zati
o
n
(
R
M
),
p
a
r
al
lel
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
za
t
i
on
(
PaM),
and
segm
en
ted
H
a
l
b
a
c
h
ma
g
n
et
iz
ati
o
n
(S
H)
.
The
m
a
gne
tic
f
l
u
x
l
i
ne
s
f
l
o
w
from
one
m
agne
t
t
o
a
d
j
ace
n
t
m
agn
e
ts
w
ith
d
i
f
fere
n
t
p
o
l
a
r
it
ies.
S
inc
e
t
h
is
m
o
t
or
h
as
f
o
u
r
m
a
gne
tic
p
o
l
es
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
f
o
u
r
m
a
gnet
i
c
fl
ux
s
emi
-
ci
rc
l
e
s
in t
he
r
otor
cor
e.
(
a
)
P
M
S
M
with RM
(b
)
P
M
SM with P
a
M
(
c
)
PMSM with SH
F
i
gure
4.
M
ag
net
i
c f
i
e
l
d d
i
stri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
d
urin
g
open-c
i
rcui
t for
five-
phase,
10-s
l
o
t/4-
p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
u
n
d
er
differe
n
t m
a
gn
etiza
t
i
on pa
tter
n
s
3.
2.
Flux
d
en
si
t
y
di
s
tr
ibu
t
ion
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
R
M
,
P
a
M
a
n
d
S
H
m
a
gne
t
i
z
e
d
m
a
gne
ts
a
re
c
ompu
te
d
from
2
D
F
E
A
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
5.
T
he
h
i
ghe
st val
ues
o
f
m
agne
ti
c
flu
x
d
e
n
sit
y
a
re
1
.
52T,
1.51T,
an
d
1.55T
for
m
achi
n
e
s
w
it
h
R
M
,
P
a
M
a
n
d
S
H
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
se
h
ig
he
st
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
r
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
m
a
i
n
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
o
r
teet
h
a
nd
sta
t
o
r
yoke
.
The
ma
gne
t
i
c
fl
ux
de
ns
i
t
y
fr
om
t
h
e
S
H
ma
g
n
e
ti
za
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
10-sl
ot
/4
-pol
e
mac
h
in
e
dur
in
g
op
e
n
-ci
r
c
u
it
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
i
s
the
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
c
o
mpa
r
ed
w
i
t
h
t
he
RM
a
nd
P
a
M
ma
g
n
et
iza
t
io
n
p
a
t
t
e
r
ns.
D
u
r
i
ng
on-
loa
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on,
t
h
e
m
ag
net
i
c
fl
u
x
d
e
n
si
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
c
h
in
e
is
f
u
rt
her
in
flue
nc
e
d
b
y
the
t
y
pes
of
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
.
R
e
f
e
r
r
i
n
g
t
o
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
de
n
s
it
y
is
v
a
r
ied
th
r
o
u
gho
u
t
t
he
m
a
c
hi
ne
cross-se
ct
iona
l
a
r
ea
.
The
PM
m
a
c
hine
s
are
exci
te
d
wi
t
h
s
i
nuso
i
d
al
p
hase
c
urr
e
nt
o
f
5A
p
e
a
k.
H
i
gher
flu
x
den
s
i
t
y
in
si
de
t
o
o
t
h
ti
p
ar
ea
is
o
bser
ve
d
d
u
rin
g
t
he
o
n-l
o
a
d
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
H
owe
v
er,
am
on
g
the
s
e
t
h
ree
win
d
in
g
con
f
ig
ura
tio
ns,
D
LD
W
produ
ce
s
th
e h
i
g
h
es
t m
a
gne
tic
f
lu
x de
n
s
i
t
y
a
s
sho
w
n in F
i
g
ur
e 6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
3,
S
e
p 2019 :
1
197
–
120
6
1
202
F
i
gure
5.
Co
n
tour
o
f
fl
ux de
n
s
i
t
y
d
i
stri
bu
t
i
o
n
dur
in
g
ope
n-c
i
r
c
u
i
t
co
nd
i
tio
n
unde
r
differe
n
t
m
agnet
i
zat
i
on
pat
t
erns
F
i
gure
6.
Co
n
tour
o
f
fl
ux de
n
s
i
t
y
d
i
stri
bu
t
i
o
n
dur
in
g
on-
loa
d
c
o
ndi
ti
on for
S
H
unde
r
diffe
ren
t
w
i
n
di
n
g
con
f
ig
ura
tio
ns
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y,
t
he
a
i
r
ga
p
flu
x
de
nsit
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
o
n
i
s
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
m
o
st
i
m
porta
nt
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
t
o
b
e
op
tim
ize
d
w
he
n
de
si
g
n
i
n
g
P
M
S
M
.
B
y
u
s
i
ng
2
D
F
E
A
,
t
he
f
lux
de
nsi
t
y
dis
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
in
t
he
a
irga
p
ca
n
be
com
p
ut
e
d
fo
r
P
M
S
Ms with
R
M
,
P
aM a
nd S
H
as repr
esented
in
F
ig
ure
7.
(a
)
Ra
dia
l
c
o
m
pone
nt
B
r
(b
)
Ta
ng
e
n
tia
l c
o
mpone
nt
B
t
F
i
gure
7.
F
lux de
n
s
i
t
y
dis
tri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
in m
i
d a
i
rga
p
(r
a
dius 2
5.5
m
m
)
unde
r di
ffere
n
t
ma
gn
eti
z
a
t
i
on pa
t
t
erns
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rform
a
nce
e
v
al
u
a
ti
on
o
f
m
u
lt
i-p
hase pe
r
m
ane
nt
m
a
gne
t synchr
on
o
u
s
m
o
t
o
r
ba
sed on (D
aham
a
n
Ishak)
1
203
3.
3.
Ph
ase
b
a
c
k
-
e
mf
a
nd
h
armon
i
c
s
The
pha
se
b
ac
k-em
f w
a
ve
form
s of
10-s
l
ot
/4
-po
l
e P
M
S
M
s for R
M
, P
a
M
and
S
H
are
sho
w
n
i
n F
i
gur
e
8
.
I
t
i
s
n
ot
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
h
a
se
b
ac
k
-
emf
fo
r
t
h
e
ma
ch
in
e
wit
h
R
M
an
d
Pa
M
are
tra
p
ezo
i
d
al
i
n
s
h
a
p
e,
b
ut
t
he
ma
chine
w
i
t
h
P
a
M
e
xh
ib
its
s
lig
h
tly
h
i
g
h
e
r
ma
gnitu
de
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
ba
c
k
-e
mf
t
h
a
n
th
e
ma
ch
i
n
e
wi
t
h
R
M
.
Add
iti
ona
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
pha
se
b
ac
k-em
f
for
th
e
m
a
chi
n
e
w
i
t
h
S
H
i
s
m
or
e
si
nu
so
id
al
a
n
d
hi
gh
er
i
n
ma
gni
t
ude
w
i
t
h
DLDW com
pa
re
d
to RM a
nd P
a
M. Meanw
h
ile,
t
h
e m
ach
in
e with SLC
W a
nd D
L
CW
c
o
n
fi
g
u
r
a
t
i
ons ge
n
er
at
e
exa
c
t
l
y
t
h
e
sa
me
m
agni
tude
a
nd
s
h
ape
o
f
p
ha
se
ba
c
k
-e
mf.
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
(
d
)
F
i
gure
8.
P
hase
and
Li
ne-Li
n
e
back-
e
m
f
s of
f
ive-
pha
se,
10
-slo
t
/
4-p
o
l
e
PMS
M
f
or
d
i
f
fe
re
nt w
in
d
i
ng
con
f
ig
ura
tio
ns
a
nd m
a
gne
t
i
za
t
i
o
n
pa
t
ter
n
s,
(
a
)
P
ha
se
ba
c
k-e
m
f
f
or
S
LCW
and D
L
CW, (
b) Line
bac
k
-em
f
f
or
S
L
CW
a
n
d
D
LCW,
(
c
)
P
ha
se
ba
c
k-e
m
f
for
D
L
D
W
,
(
d
) Line
b
ac
k-em
f
f
or DLDW
3.
4.
Co
gg
i
n
g
t
o
rqu
e
G
e
nera
lly,
c
o
g
g
in
g
to
r
que
e
x
i
sts
from
t
he
i
nt
era
c
ti
o
n
o
f
perm
an
e
n
t
m
a
gne
t
M
M
F
h
a
rm
oni
c
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
air
g
a
p
p
e
r
m
e
a
nce
har
m
on
ics
due
t
o
slo
t
t
i
n
g.
A
l
ow
c
og
g
i
n
g
t
or
q
ue
m
ay
b
e
ac
h
i
e
v
ed
w
he
n
t
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
of
t
he
slot numbe
r
t
o
pole
n
u
m
b
er is fra
c
ti
o
n
al, an
d
the
sm
al
les
t
com
m
on
i
n
teger
b
et
we
en
t
h
e
s
lo
t
n
u
m
be
r
a
n
d
po
le
n
u
m
ber
is
h
ig
h.
S
ince
t
h
e
P
M
m
a
c
hi
ne
s
un
der
co
ns
id
era
t
i
on
ha
ve
1
0-sl
ot
/4-p
ole
n
u
m
b
ers,
t
her
e
for
e
,
the
sma
l
le
st
c
omm
on
in
teg
e
r
i
s
2
0
.
A
s
a
re
su
lt
,
t
h
e
c
oggi
ng
t
o
r
q
u
e
w
a
v
efo
r
m
i
s
r
e
p
e
a
t
i
n
g
ev
ery
1
8
0
me
ch
.
or
3
6
0
e
l
e
ct
.
Th
e
sy
st
em
v
ariab
l
e
R
M
TORQUE
i
n
OPERA2
D
sof
t
ware
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
ogg
in
g
t
o
rq
ue
w
he
n
the
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
is
s
im
ula
t
e
d
d
urin
g
o
p
e
n
-
c
ircu
it
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
.
A
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
,
b
o
t
h
P
M
ma
chine
s
w
it
h
Pa
M
a
n
d
RM
h
a
v
e
a
n
a
l
m
ost
s
i
m
ilar
s
h
ape
o
f
t
he
c
o
ggi
ng
t
o
r
qu
e
wa
v
e
fo
rm.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
mac
h
i
n
e
wi
th
P
a
M
h
as
s
l
i
gh
tl
y
s
m
al
l
e
r
c
ogg
ing
t
o
rq
u
e
c
omp
a
re
d
t
o
mach
in
e
wit
h
R
M
.
A
s
exp
e
ct
ed
,
a
PM
ma
chine
w
i
th
S
H
exhi
b
i
t
s
a
l
m
ost z
e
ro
c
og
g
i
ng
t
o
rq
ue.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
&
D
ri. S
y
st. V
ol
.
10,
N
o.
3,
S
e
p 2019 :
1
197
–
120
6
1
204
F
i
gure
9.
C
o
g
g
i
n
g
t
orq
u
e
for
five-
pha
se ,
10-s
l
ot
/4-
p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
u
n
de
r di
ffer
e
n
t
m
a
gne
t
i
za
ti
on pa
tter
n
s
3.
5.
Ele
c
tr
om
agn
e
t
i
c
t
orqu
e
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
o
n-l
o
ad
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on,
e
lec
t
r
o
ma
gne
t
i
c
(EM)
t
orq
u
e
i
s
s
i
m
u
la
t
e
d
i
n
2
D
F
E
A
r
o
t
a
tin
g
ma
chine
a
n
a
l
ysis
by
e
x
c
i
t
i
n
g
pha
se
c
urre
n
t
s
of
5
A
pe
a
k
i
nto
t
h
e
s
tat
o
r
w
i
ndi
ng
s.
T
he
E
M
torq
ue
w
a
v
efor
ms
of
t
he
f
ive-
pha
se
,
10-
sl
o
t
/
4
-p
ol
e
m
ach
i
n
e
fo
r
thre
e
m
a
gne
tiz
at
i
on
pa
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1
0
.
Th
e
EM
tor
que
f
or
t
he
m
otor
w
ith
P
aM
i
s
the
hi
gh
e
s
t
tha
n
R
M
an
d
S
H
.
Th
e
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
w
ith
S
H
has
the
low
e
s
t
E
M
tor
que.
Th
is
i
s
qu
ite
e
xpe
cte
d
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
fu
nda
me
n
t
a
l
b
a
c
k
-e
mf
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
for
the
m
achi
n
e
wi
th
P
AM
a
n
d
low
e
s
t
f
or
S
H
,
a
s
s
how
n
e
a
rl
i
e
r
in
T
ab
le
2
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
on,
t
he
m
a
chi
n
es
w
it
h
D
L
D
W
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
hi
ghe
st
E
M
tor
que,
w
h
i
l
e
the
S
L
CW
h
a
s
a
l
ow
est
E
M
t
o
r
que
v
a
l
u
e
c
o
m
pare
d
to
o
the
r
t
ypes
o
f
w
i
ndin
g
s.
P
a
r
ticu
l
arly,
t
h
e
tor
que
r
i
p
p
l
e
i
n
t
he
m
ac
h
i
ne
s
w
h
ic
h
ha
ve
D
LD
W
ar
e
the
h
i
g
h
es
t
c
ompa
red
t
o
o
t
h
er
s.
T
h
e
a
vera
ge
E
M
t
o
rq
ue
and
pea
k
-
t
o-pe
ak
t
or
que
rip
p
l
e
are liste
d i
n
Ta
b
le
3.
F
i
gure
1
0
.
El
e
c
trom
ag
net
i
c
tor
que f
or five
-
ph
ase,
10-
slo
t
/4-
p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
un
d
er
diffe
ren
t
m
agne
tiz
a
tio
n
pat
t
erns
Tab
l
e
3.
E
l
e
ctrom
a
gne
t
i
c
tor
q
ue w
it
h 5A
s
i
n
uso
i
da
l pha
se
c
urren
t
Ma
gne
t
i
za
tion
Pa
t
t
e
r
ns
W
i
nding
C
onfigu
r
a
t
i
ons
A
v
er
ag
e
E
M
T
o
r
que
(
Nm
)
P
eak
-
t
o
-
P
eak
T
o
rque
R
ipple
(N
m
)
Pe
ak
-
t
o
-
P
eak
T
o
rque
R
ipple
(%)
RM
SLC
W
6
.
3
2
0.
93
14.
71
D
L
C
W
6
.
4
9
0.
95
14.
71
D
L
D
W
10.
5
1.
10
10.
53
Pa
M
SLC
W
6
.
5
9
0.
72
10.
97
D
L
C
W
6
.
7
8
0.
68
10.
09
D
L
D
W
10.
9
0.
82
7.
59
SH
SLC
W
6
.
1
3
0.
025
0.
42
D
L
C
W
6
.
2
4
0.
029
0.
46
D
L
D
W
10.
1
0.
10
0.
99
3.
6.
S
k
ew
in
g me
thod
The
c
o
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
rq
ue
i
n
1
0
-sl
o
t
/
4-
p
o
le
P
MS
M
w
i
th
R
M
a
n
d
P
a
M
c
a
n
b
e
f
u
rth
e
r
mi
ni
miz
e
d
by
a
ppl
yi
ng
the
sk
e
w
ing m
e
tho
d
i
n 2D
F
E
A
[2
2
-2
5].
The
r
e is
n
o
m
o
r
e
cog
g
i
ng
to
rqu
e
mi
n
i
m
iz
at
io
n re
q
u
i
r
e
d
fo
r
SH
sin
ce
it
a
l
r
eady
e
xhi
bi
ts
a
lmo
s
t
zer
o
c
o
g
g
i
ng
t
orq
u
e
i.
e.
0
.
0
4
N
m
p
e
a
k
.
U
si
ng
OPERA2
D
sof
t
war
e
,
th
e
st
ato
r
c
o
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int.
J
. P
o
w.
E
lec.
& D
ri. S
y
st.
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Pe
rform
a
nce
e
v
al
u
a
ti
on
o
f
m
u
lt
i-p
hase pe
r
m
ane
nt
m
a
gne
t synchr
on
o
u
s
m
o
t
o
r
ba
sed on (D
aham
a
n
Ishak)
1
205
of
10-s
l
o
t
/
4
-
pole
P
M
m
ac
hin
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
l
ic
e
d
i
n
t
o
thre
e
a
x
i
a
l
s
e
g
me
n
t
s.
E
ac
h
ax
ia
l
se
g
m
ent
o
f
t
he
s
ta
tor
is
skew
e
d
w
it
h
a
n
i
nc
l
i
na
ti
o
n
a
ng
le
e
qua
l
t
o
6
o
m
e
c
ha
nic
a
l
,
m
a
kin
g
t
o
t
a
l
s
ke
w
an
gle
α
i
of
1
8
º
m
ec
ha
n
i
c
a
l
.
F
i
gure
11
s
ho
w
s
t
he
c
o
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
rq
ue
r
ed
uct
i
o
n
for
t
h
e
1
0
-sl
o
t
/
4-
po
le
P
M
ma
chi
n
e
for
R
M
a
n
d
P
a
M
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
The
re
su
lt
an
t
c
ogg
i
ng
t
o
rq
ue
i
s
near
ly
n
ine
t
i
m
e
s
s
m
a
ller
t
h
an
t
he
i
n
i
tia
l
val
u
e.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
PM
ma
chine
w
i
th
s
kew
e
d
st
a
t
or
has
s
l
i
gh
t
l
y
l
o
w
e
r
phase
b
ack-
e
m
f
du
e
to t
he
s
kew
i
n
g
effec
t.
F
i
gure
1
1
.
Cog
g
i
n
g tor
que
m
i
n
im
i
z
a
t
ion
us
ing
ske
w
i
ng m
e
th
o
d
for
f
iv
e
-
ph
ase
,
1
0
-
slot
/4-p
ol
e
PM
SM
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Th
is pa
p
e
r
h
a
s
in
v
es
t
i
ga
t
e
d
t
h
e in
flue
nce
of di
ffe
re
nt
w
in
d
i
ng
c
o
n
f
igur
at
ions a
n
d
ma
g
n
e
ti
z
a
t
i
o
n pa
ttern
s
on
th
e
perfor
m
ance
o
f
a
five
-p
hase
,
10-s
l
o
t/4-
p
o
l
e
P
M
S
M
.
G
e
nera
l
l
y,
1
0
-
sl
ot/
4
-p
ole
P
M
S
M
c
a
n
p
ro
d
u
ce
di
ffe
re
nt
m
ach
ine
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
ce
due
t
o
the
d
i
ffer
ence
s
in
m
a
gne
t
i
z
a
t
i
on
p
a
tt
e
r
ns
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
i
ng
c
o
nfi
gur
a
t
i
o
ns.
F
u
r
t
he
r, it
is
a
l
s
o show
n tha
t
b
e
t
t
e
r
ma
ch
i
n
e
p
e
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e
ca
n
b
e
ac
hi
ev
e
d
b
y
appl
yin
g
t
he
s
k
e
wing
m
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
2D
F
EA
t
o
m
i
ni
m
i
ze
the
c
o
g
g
in
g
t
o
rqu
e
.
In
t
erm
s
o
f
phas
e
b
a
c
k-e
mf,
t
h
e
ma
ch
i
n
e
wi
th
s
e
g
me
nt
ed
H
al
b
ach
exh
i
bi
t
s
t
he
m
os
t
sinus
o
i
da
l
w
a
ve
form
.
Wh
ere
a
s,
t
he
P
MS
M
w
i
th
r
a
d
ia
l
an
d
pa
ral
l
el
m
agnet
i
za
t
i
o
n
s
induc
e
mor
e
t
ra
p
e
zo
i
d
al
s
ha
pe
o
f
pha
se
b
a
c
k
-
e
m
f
.
The
five
-phase,
1
0
-sl
ot
/4
-pol
e
P
M
S
M
w
it
h
dou
bl
e
-
l
a
y
e
r
di
stri
b
u
te
d w
i
n
d
i
n
g (
D
LD
W) for
par
alle
l m
a
gne
t
i
za
ti
o
n
(
P
a
M) g
i
v
e
s
t
h
e
be
s
t
ma
ch
in
e
p
e
rf
o
r
ma
n
c
e
co
mp
are
d
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
,
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
o
f
f
u
n
dam
e
nt
a
l
p
hase
b
a
c
k
-e
mf,
low
e
r
c
o
gg
in
g
tor
que,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
lec
t
r
o
ma
gne
t
i
c
t
o
r
que
.
F
u
tur
e
r
ese
a
rc
h
w
i
l
l
b
e
fo
c
u
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
t
o
r
que
v
ersu
s
s
p
eed
o
f
th
e
PM
SM
i
n
o
r
d
e
r t
o
d
et
ermi
n
e
it
s
sui
t
a
bi
lity
i
n t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
eh
i
cl
es
a
nd
hy
b
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
th
ors
w
oul
d
like
t
o
t
h
a
nk
U
n
iv
ersi
ti
S
ains
M
ala
y
s
i
a
for
t
he
f
ina
n
cia
l
s
up
p
o
rt
u
nder
RU
I
gra
n
t
schem
e
w
ith
p
r
o
jec
t
n
umber 1001/PELEC
T/8014
027.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
BP
E
n
e
rgy
Econ
omi
c
s,
201
8
BP
E
nerg
y
O
u
tl
oo
k
2
0
1
8
B
P
E
n
erg
y
O
utl
ook,
A
vai
l
able
a
t
:
ht
tps://w
w
w
.
bp.com
/
con
t
ent/d
a
m
/b
p
/
en
/co
r
porat
e/p
d
f/
energy
-ec
ono
m
i
cs/energ
y-o
u
t
l
oo
k
/
bp
-energy
-
ou
tl
ook
-
20
18
.
p
d
f
,
2
0
18.
[2]
A.
M
.
Bazzi
,
Y.
L
iu
&
D
.
S.
F
ay
,
"El
ectric
m
a
c
h
in
es
a
nd
e
nerg
y
s
t
o
r
age:
O
v
e
r
a
ce
n
t
u
r
y
of
t
echn
o
l
ogi
es
i
n
elect
ric
and
hy
bri
d
el
ectric
vehi
cles,"
IE
EE Ele
c
t
ri
fic
at
io
n
Ma
ga
zine
,
v
o
l
.
6(3
)
,
p
p.
4
9-5
3
,
20
18.
[3]
M
.
Z
erao
ul
ia,
M
.
E
.
H.
B
en
b
o
uzid
,
&
D
.
D
ial
l
o
,
"
Elect
ric
M
o
t
o
r
D
r
ive
S
e
l
ecti
on
Is
su
es
f
o
r
H
EV
P
ro
puls
i
o
n
Sy
ste
m
s
:
A
C
o
m
p
a
rat
i
ve S
tud
y
, "
IEE
E
Tr
an
sactio
ns
on
Veh
i
cu
la
r
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
. 5
5(6
)
,
pp
. 1
75
6-
17
64
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4]
Ve
le
v
B.
,
"
C
o
m
p
a
ra
tive
A
na
lysi
s
of
P
M
A
C
M
o
tors
f
or
E
V
a
n
d
HEV
A
pp
l
i
catio
ns,
"
Sci
e
ntifi
c Pr
oceeding X
X
I
I
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Scient
ifi
c
-T
echn
i
cal Con
f
er
ence
(
t
rans
&
MOTAUTO
)
, v
o
l
. 2
,
p
p
.
7
8
-8
2, 20
1
4
.
[5]
N.
K
.
Ng
uy
en
,
et
a
l.,
"F
aul
t
-t
ol
e
r
an
t
o
p
erati
o
n
of
a
n
o
p
en
-
e
nd
wind
i
n
g
fi
v
e
-ph
a
se
P
MSM
d
r
i
v
e
wi
th
s
ho
r
t
-c
i
r
c
u
it
in
verter f
ault
,"
IEEE
T
r
ansa
c
tions
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
al
E
l
ect
ronics
,
v
o
l
.
63
(1),
p
p
.
5
9
5
-605,
2
0
1
6
.
[6]
Feng
Y
u,
e
t al.
,
"
Cont
rol
and
Pe
rf
or
mance
E
v
al
uati
on
o
f Mu
ltiph
a
s
e
FSPM
Mo
t
o
r
i
n
L
o
w
-
S
p
e
e
d
Re
g
ion
for
Hyb
r
i
d
El
ectric
Vehi
c
l
es
,"
En
erg
i
es
, v
ol
. 8,
pp
.
1
0
3
3
5
-1
03
53
, 20
1
5
.
[7]
D.
T
i
n
g
,
L
.
F
e
ng
hui
&
S
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Li
,
"F
aul
t
-t
ol
e
r
an
t
m
e
th
od
f
or
s
ix-p
ha
s
e
P
M
S
M
b
y
a
dj
us
tin
g
p
h
ase
ang
l
e,"
20
th
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
Electrica
l
M
a
chines
an
d
Syst
ems
(
I
CEM
S
)
,
pp
. 1
-5,
S
y
dn
ey, 2
01
7.
[8]
D
.
I
s
h
a
k
,
Z
.
Q
.
Z
h
u
,
&
D
.
H
o
w
e
,
"
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
agn
e
t
brus
hl
ess
m
o
t
o
rs
w
i
t
h
all
teet
h
an
d
alt
e
rnati
v
e
teet
h
wi
ndings,
"
Seco
nd
IEE
Inter
nati
onal Con
f
er
en
ce
on
P
o
wer Electr
o
n
i
cs,
M
a
chi
n
es
,
and
Dri
ve
s
(P
E
M
D
)
,
pp.
8
3
0
-8
34
.
2
004
.
[9]
Ali
Sar
i
khani,
W
i
l
der
Saint-
H
i
l
a
i
r
e,
& O
sam
a
A.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d,
A
Stud
y o
n
t
h
e effect
PM
ma
chi
n
e d
e
sig
n
param
eters
c
h
an
ge
s on
pe
rfo
r
ma
nc
e
me
asu
r
e
s
.
IEEE P
ES G
en
eral
M
eeti
n
g
, 2
010
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISS
N
:
208
8-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t
.
J
.
P
o
w.
E
le
c.
&
D
r
i
.
S
y
st.
V
o
l.
10,
N
o.
3
,
S
e
p
2019
:
1
1
9
7
–
120
6
1
206
[10]
S
.
S
adeg
hi
a
nd
L
.
P
a
rsa,
"
Multio
b
j
ecti
v
e
D
e
si
g
n
O
p
t
im
izati
o
n
o
f
F
iv
e
P
h
a
s
e
Halb
ach
A
rray
P
e
rm
an
ent
M
a
gn
e
t
M
ach
ine,
"
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
ctio
ns
on M
a
gnetics
,
v
o
l
. 4
7(6),
pp
.
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58
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6
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
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M
.
R
ezal
a
nd
D
.
Ish
a
k,
"
New
In-
W
h
eel
E
l
e
c
t
ric
M
o
t
o
r
D
e
si
gn
f
or
S
m
all
E
l
ectri
c
V
e
hicl
e
U
s
i
ng
O
p
era2D
,
"
Ap
pl
ie
d
M
echan
ics
an
d
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
, vo
l
.
1
6
5
, pp
.
38
-
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0
12
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[12]
B.
H
ann
on,
P
.
S
e
rgeant
&
L.
D
u
p
ré.,
"
2
-
D
A
n
aly
t
i
cal
S
ub
dom
a
i
n
M
ode
l
o
f
a
Slotted
P
M
S
M
W
it
h
Sh
i
e
ldi
n
g
Cy
li
nder,
"
I
E
E
E
Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
Ma
gn
e
tic
s
,
vo
l.
50
(
7),
p
p.
1
-1
0,
J
ul
2
014
.
[13]
A
.
R
ahi
d
eh
a
nd
T
.
Korak
i
an
itis.,
"
An
aly
t
i
c
al
m
agn
e
ti
c
fiel
d
d
i
s
tr
ibution
of
s
l
o
tless
b
rush
le
ss
P
M
m
otors
.
P
a
r
t
2:
O
p
en
-c
i
r
cui
t
fi
e
ld
and
to
r
qu
e calcu
lati
ons,"
IET
El
ectrical P
o
wer
Appli
c
a
t
io
n
s
, v
o
l
. 6
(9),
p
p.
63
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[14]
T
.
L
u
b
i
n
,
S
.
M
e
z
a
n
i
&
A
.
R
ezzou
g
.,
"2
-D
e
xact
a
nal
y
ti
cal
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
su
rf
ace-moun
ted
perm
anen
t-m
a
g
n
et
m
oto
r
s
w
i
t
h
s
em
i-c
l
o
s
ed sl
o
ts,"
IEE
E
Tr
an
sa
c
t
io
n
s
on
M
a
gn
e
t
ic
s
,
vol.
47(2),
p
p.
4
7
9
-4
92,
F
eb
2
01
1.
[15]
L
.
J
.
W
u
,
et
a
l.
,
"
A
n
i
m
prov
ed
s
ub
do
mai
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
red
i
c
t
i
ng
m
agn
e
t
i
c
f
o
f
su
rface-m
o
un
ted
p
e
rm
anent
m
a
gn
e
t
m
ach
ines
accou
n
t
i
n
g
f
o
r
to
o
t
h
-tip
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sac
t
io
n
s
on
M
a
gn
e
t
ic
s
,
vol.
4
7
(
6),
p
p.
1
6
9
3
-
1704,
J
u
n
2
01
1.
[16]
Z
.
Q
.
Z
hu,
L
.
J.
W
u
&
Z.
P
.
X
i
a., "
A
n
accu
rate
s
ub
do
mai
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
a
gn
etic
f
ie
l
d
c
o
m
putati
o
n
in
s
lott
ed
s
urf
ace-
m
o
unt
ed
p
erm
a
nen
t
-m
agn
e
t m
ach
in
e
s
,"
IEEE Tran
sa
ctio
n
s
on
M
a
g
n
eti
c
s
,
vol.
4
6
(4
),
p
p.
1
10
0-1
1
1
5
,
A
pr
201
0.
[17]
A
.
G
il
son,
e
t
al
.
,
"
2
-
D
analy
t
i
cal
s
ub
do
m
a
i
n
m
odel
f
o
r
h
i
gh
-sp
e
ed
p
erm
a
nen
t
-m
agn
e
t
mach
in
es,"
1
8t
h
In
tern
ati
ona
l
Co
nf
erence o
n
E
lect
rical
M
achines
a
nd
S
y
st
ems
(ICE
M
S
),
2
0
15,
p
p
. 15
0
8
-
15
14
,
P
a
t
ta
ya
, 2
01
5
.
[18]
T
i
an
g,
T
.L.,
et
a
l.
,
"A
c
om
p
r
ehens
i
v
e
a
nal
y
ti
cal
s
ub
do
m
a
i
n
m
o
d
e
l
an
d
its
f
ield
s
o
l
uti
ons
f
or
s
urf
ace-m
o
u
n
t
e
d
p
e
rm
a
n
ent
m
a
gnet m
ach
ines,"
IEE
E
Tr
an
sa
cti
ons o
n
M
agn
eti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
SI(4),
pp
.
1-1
4
, Apr
2
01
5.
[19]
Z
.
Q
.
Zhu,
D
.
Ho
we
&
C
.
C.
C
han.
,
"
I
m
p
rov
e
d
anal
yt
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
predicting
the
magneti
c
f
ield
d
is
t
r
ibution
i
n
b
r
us
hles
s
perm
a
n
en
t-m
a
gn
et m
ach
in
e
s
,"
IEE
E
Tr
an
sa
cti
ons o
n
M
agn
eti
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
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22
9
-2
38
, Jan
2
0
0
2
.
[20]
M
.
R
ezal,
D
.
I
shak
&
W
.
A.
S
alah.,
"M
ul
tio
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
des
i
g
n
o
f
pe
rm
an
ent
m
a
g
n
et
s
yn
chron
o
u
s
m
achi
n
es
b
ased
o
n
an
aly
tical
s
ub-dom
ai
n
p
a
rti
c
le
s
warm
optimi
zation,
"
IEEE
Co
n
f
e
r
ence
on
En
erg
y
Con
vers
i
on
(
C
ENCO
N)
,
pp
.
2
3
0
-
23
5, Kua
la
Lu
m
pu
r,
2
0
1
7
.
[21]
M
.
R
ezal
,
et
a
l.,
"
S
t
a
tic
Anal
ys
is
o
f
1
8
-Sl
o
t/16
-P
ol
e
P
e
rman
ent
M
a
g
ne
t
Syn
c
h
r
on
ou
s
Mo
t
o
r
Using
F
E
A,
"
In
ter
natio
nal Jour
na
l o
f
E
ngin
eerin
g
and
T
echn
o
l
o
g
y
,
vol.
5
(3
),
pp.
1
76
-18
0
,
2
015.
[22]
G
o
g
a
C
v
e
tk
ov
sk
i,
L
id
i
j
a
P
e
t
r
o
v
s
k
a,
&
P
au
l
L
e
f
l
ey.,
"
T
o
p
o
lo
g
i
cal
m
od
ifi
cati
o
n
s
i
n
f
u
n
c
ti
on
o
f
c
og
gin
g
t
orque
re
du
c
t
io
n o
f
p
e
r
ma
n
e
nt
m
a
g
n
e
t s
y
n
c
hr
on
ou
s mo
to
r,"
P
r
z
e
gla
d
Elect
ro
tech
nicz
ny
,
pp.
1
1
3
-1
15,
2014
.
[23]
L
.
M
e
l
c
e
s
c
u
,
M
.
C
o
v
r
i
g
&
A
.
M
o
r
a
r
u
.
,
"
A
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
o
f
c
o
r
e
s
k
e
w
i
n
g
influ
e
nce
i
n
p
erm
a
nen
t
m
ag
net
s
ynch
r
on
ou
s
m
ach
ine
by
2D F
EM fi
e
ld
c
o
m
putatio
n,
"
U.
P
.
B
.
S
c
i.
B
u
l
l
.
,
S
e
ri
es C
, vo
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. 6
8(2
)
, p
p. 4
1-5
2
,
20
0
6
.
[24]
O
.
K
ud
rjav
tsev
a
n
d
A
.
Kilk
.,
"
Co
gg
in
g
to
rque
r
edu
c
ti
on
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
"
E
l
ectr
i
cal
P
o
wer
Qua
lit
y Suppl
y
Reliab
i
l
ity
Co
nf
e
r
ence
,
pp
.
25
1-2
5
4
,
2
0
14
[25]
Ri
hab
Ab
delm
o
u
la,
et
a
l.
,
"
R
ed
uci
n
g
to
rqu
e
r
i
pple
i
n
p
erm
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
gn
et
s
yn
chro
nou
s
m
o
t
o
r,
"
Jo
ur
na
l of
El
ectric
a
l
Sy
ste
m
s
,
vol.
13
(3
),
p
p.
5
2
8
-54
2
,
20
17
.
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
M
ohd
R
ezal
M
o
h
am
ed
r
ecei
ved
t
h
e
BEn
g
(
Hon
s
)
d
e
gre
e
i
n
el
ectri
ca
l
and
el
ectronic
s
eng
i
neeri
n
g
an
d
th
e
M
S
c
i
n
e
lectron
i
c
engi
neeri
n
g
f
r
om
t
h
e
U
ni
v
ersiti
P
u
tra
Malaysia,
Serdang
,
S
e
lang
or,
Ma
l
a
ys
ia
i
n
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
2
008
r
esp
ecti
v
ely
.
H
e
is
c
urrent
ly
p
ursuing
P
h
D
degree
in
electri
cal
m
ach
ines
a
nd
d
ri
ves
f
r
om
t
h
e
U
ni
ve
rs
it
i
S
a
in
s
M
a
l
a
ys
ia
,
Pe
na
ng
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
.
He
i
s
current
ly
a
s
en
io
r
lect
urer
a
t
the
El
ectrical
,
E
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s,
a
nd
A
ut
oma
t
ion
Section,
U
n
i
versit
i
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
ur,
M
a
laysian
S
p
a
n
i
s
h
In
st
itute
,
Kul
i
m,
K
edah,
Mal
a
ys
i
a
.
H
i
s
c
u
rrent
r
es
e
a
rch
interests incl
ude
design of perm
an
ent
mag
n
et sy
n
ch
ron
ous
m
achin
es
and
elect
ric v
e
hi
cles.
Dah
a
m
a
n
Ish
a
k
rec
e
ived
t
h
e
B
S
c
d
egre
e
in
e
lectri
cal
e
ng
in
eer
ing
f
ro
m
Syracuse
U
niversity
,
S
y
racus
e
,
N
Y
,
U
S
A
,
t
he
M
S
c
d
eg
ree
in
e
l
ectrical
p
ower
f
rom
the
Un
iversit
y
o
f
N
e
wcas
tl
e
Up
o
n
Ty
ne,
New
castle
up
on
T
yn
e,
UK,
a
n
d
t
he
P
hD
d
egree
in
e
lectri
cal
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Un
iversit
y
o
f
S
h
effi
eld,
S
heffield,
UK,
i
n
19
90
,
20
01
a
n
d
2
0
0
5
res
p
ect
iv
ely.
H
e
is
c
u
rrently
a
n
As
soci
a
t
e
P
r
of
ess
o
r
wit
h
t
he
S
ch
oo
l
of
E
l
ectrical
a
n
d
E
lectro
n
i
c
En
gi
neerin
g
,
U
nivers
iti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lays
ia,
P
e
n
a
ng
,
Mal
a
ysia.
His
cu
rrent
r
es
ear
ch
i
n
t
erest
s
i
ncl
ud
e
p
e
rm
a
n
ent
mag
n
et
b
rus
h
l
e
s
s
m
achin
es,
e
l
ectrical d
riv
e
s,
pow
e
r
elect
ron
i
c co
nverters
a
n
d
re
n
e
wab
l
e en
ergy
.
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