Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
160
~
169
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
160
-
169
160
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Analysis
on th
ree p
hase cas
caded
H
-
bri
dge
m
ultilevel
inver
ter
based o
n sinus
oidal and
thir
d ha
rm
on
i
c in
jected p
ulse wi
dth
modul
ation vi
a le
ve
l
sh
i
ft
ed and
ph
ase shift
ed mod
ulatio
n
techni
que
A
.
Sh
amsu
l
R
ah
im
i
A
.
Sub
ki
1
, Za
h
aria
h
Manap
2
, M
ohd Zaidi
Tu
ma
ri
3
, A
im
an Z
akw
an
Jidin
4
,
Shahri
zal S
aa
t
5
, Ama
r F
aiz
Zainal
Ab
idi
n
6
, Muhamm
ad Sa
li
hin
Sa
e
al
al
7
1,2,4,5,6
Depa
rtmen
t
of El
ec
tron
ic &
Comput
er
Eng
.
Te
chno
logy
,
Fac
ult
y
of
Elec
tri
c
al a
nd
Elec
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Te
chno
logy
,
Uni
ver
sity Te
knik
al
Mala
ysia
Mel
ak
a
,
Me
la
ka
,
Malays
ia
3,7
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng.
Te
chno
logy
,
Fac
ult
y
of
Elec
tri
c
al a
nd
Elec
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Tec
hnology
,
Univ
er
sity
Te
knik
al
Ma
la
ys
ia
Me
la
ka
,
M
el
a
ka
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
2
Cent
er
for Tele
com
munica
ti
on
Resea
rch
&
I
nno
vat
ion
(CeT
RI)
,
Univer
sity Te
kni
kal
Ma
la
ysia
Me
la
ka
,
Me
la
ka
,
Mala
ysia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
13
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Jan
16
,
20
21
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
,
2021
Thi
s
work
propo
ses
a
com
par
ativ
e
an
al
ysis
of
sin
usoidal
and
thi
r
d
har
mon
ic
inj
e
ct
ed
r
efe
r
en
ce
signa
l
modu
la
ti
on
accom
p
a
ny
with
le
v
el
-
s
hift
ed
PWM
te
chn
ique
name
d
as
phase
dispo
siti
on
(
LSP
D),
p
hase
opposi
ti
on
dispositi
on
(LSPO
D),
and
a
lt
ern
at
e
ph
ase
o
ppositi
on
d
ispositi
on
(LSAP
OD
)
and
ph
ase
-
shifte
d
PWM
technique.
Sw
it
ch
ing
pulses
from
both
ref
ere
nc
e
signal
and
PWM
technique
hav
e
b
ee
n
fed
int
o
three
ph
ase
eleve
n
l
evel
cas
ca
ded
H
-
bridge
mul
t
il
ev
e
l
inv
ert
er
(CHB
MLI)
fed
on
a
r
esisti
ve
-
indu
ctiv
e
lo
ad
wi
th
the
modulat
ion
dept
h
(MD
)
set
to
var
i
ed
from
80%
to
100%.
For
volt
age
source
inv
erter,
tot
al
har
moni
c
d
istort
ion
(THD)
cont
en
t
is
critica
l
and
must
be
with
in
th
e
al
l
owable
r
ange.
T
o
prove
the
fe
asi
bil
it
y
of
the
ref
e
ren
ce
signa
l
with
ca
r
rie
r
si
gnal
sche
me
s,
the
en
ti
r
e
sim
ula
ti
on
of
th
e
modul
a
ti
on
te
chn
ique
s
is
e
stabl
ished
and
conduc
t
ed
vi
a
t
he
Simul
ink
en
vironm
ent
.
Acc
ording
to
th
e
an
al
y
ze
d
r
esul
t,
the
per
form
an
ce
is
a
cc
ep
ta
b
le
in
te
rms
of
%THDV
and
%THDI
val
u
es.
Simul
at
ion
an
al
ysis
al
so
indicates,
at
ful
l
modul
ation
d
epth,
due
to
high
e
r
funda
m
ent
al
output
vo
lt
ag
e
com
ponen
t
produc
es
via
th
e
THIPWM
mo
dula
ti
on
techniq
ue
com
p
are
d
to
the
SP
WM
te
chn
ique
,
th
is causes
highe
r
%T
HD
V va
lue
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ca
scaded
H
-
bri
dg
e
M
L
I
Level
-
s
hifte
d
P
W
M
Ph
ase
-
sh
i
fted PW
M
Sinu
s
oi
dal P
W
M
Thir
d har
moni
c injec
ti
on P
W
M
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
A
.
Sh
a
ms
ul Rahimi A
.
S
ubki
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
ro
nic
&
C
ompu
te
r
E
ng. T
ech
no
l
ogy
Un
i
ver
sit
y Te
knikal
M
al
aysia
M
el
a
ka,
M
el
a
ka,
M
al
a
ys
ia
Emai
l:
sh
ams
ul
rah
imi
@
utem.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt ti
mes, m
ulti
-
le
vel i
nverter
(ML
I)
ha
s por
tra
ye
d
si
gn
i
ficant inte
re
st i
n
high
pow
er u
ti
li
zat
ion
du
e
to
nume
r
ous
be
nef
it
s.
T
he
mo
st
ob
vious
M
L
I
a
dvan
ta
ges
a
re
with
ou
t
co
nnect
ing
outp
ut
node
to
t
he
trans
forme
r
an
d
wit
hout
dy
na
mic
volt
age
ba
la
ncing
c
irc
uits,
M
L
I
ca
n
yield
hi
gh
-
po
we
r
outp
ut
th
rou
gh
t
he
util
iz
at
ion
of
semic
onduct
or
switc
hes
ma
inly
i
nsula
te
d
gate
bi
po
la
r
tra
ns
ist
or
(IGBT)
.
Anot
he
r
M
L
I
sign
ific
a
nt
c
ontribu
ti
on
is
th
e
ha
rm
on
ic
s
di
stortion
c
on
te
nt
of
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
al
ong
wit
h
el
ect
ro
-
mag
net
ic
interfer
e
nce
(E
M
I
)
dec
rea
se
if
the
num
ber
of
outp
ut
le
vels
increase
s
[1].
T
he
t
he
ory
of
inv
e
rter
outp
ut
volt
age
ca
n
be
cat
eg
or
iz
e
d
into
tw
o
disti
nc
ti
ve
m
odes,
f
or
insta
nce,
s
quare
wav
e
outpu
t
(
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
t
hre
e phase
c
as
ca
ded h
-
br
id
ge m
ulti
le
v
el
inverte
r base
d on
...
(A.
Shams
ul R
ah
i
mi A.
Su
bki)
161
modes
switc
hi
ng)
an
d
m
od
i
fied
square
wa
ve
or
quasi
-
s
qua
re
wa
ve
outp
ut
(
6
m
od
es
s
witc
hing)
[
2].
Ba
s
ed
on
the
fact
that for
lo
w
an
d
medi
um
pow
e
r
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s,
the
square w
a
ve
a
nd
q
ua
si
-
s
qu
a
re wave
in
ver
te
rs
c
an
be
bear
a
ble.
Nonetheless,
high
po
wer
util
iz
at
ion
re
qu
ir
ed
sin
usoidal
wav
e
forms
with
lo
w
d
is
torted
char
act
e
risti
cs.
This
cause
s
f
our
modes
and
six
m
od
e
s
switc
hi
ng
i
nv
e
rter
not
r
e
comme
nded
due
to
remarka
bly
l
ow
-
qual
it
y
wa
ve
form
due
to
t
he
prese
nce
of
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on
[3
]
,
[
4
].
To
a
ppre
hend
this
deme
rit,
the
m
ulti
-
le
vel
in
vert
er
(
M
LI
)
c
oncept
w
hich
pr
oduces
a
m
ulti
-
ste
pp
e
d
or
la
dd
e
r
wav
e
f
orm
was
introd
uced.
T
he
pri
nci
ple
of
t
he
M
LI
i
s
sta
rted
base
d
on
t
he
co
nc
ept
of
a
sin
us
oi
dal
volt
ag
e
ste
p
appr
ox
imat
io
n.
Via
pulse
wi
dt
h
m
odulati
on
te
chn
iq
ue,
the
wav
e
f
or
m
of
M
L
I
ou
t
pu
t
is
segr
e
gated
int
o
tw
o
h
igh
-
fr
e
quenc
y
cat
eg
or
ie
s
an
d
lo
w
-
fr
e
quenc
y
m
ulti
-
ste
pped
wav
e
f
or
m
.
The
outp
ut
volt
age
wa
ve
form
of
M
L
I
can
be
ac
hiev
ed
by
casca
di
ng
c
onnecte
d
t
wo
or
m
ore
le
g
of
a
n
H
-
br
id
ge
i
nverter
.
U
sing
lo
w
sup
pl
y
DC
vo
lt
age
rati
ng,
the
ob
je
ct
ive
of
the
M
LI
t
opologies
is
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
a
high
-
powe
r
A
C
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
by
util
iz
at
ion
s
witc
hing
de
vices
that
usual
ly,
the
se
s
witc
hing
de
vices
a
re
swit
ched
se
quentia
ll
y
via
P
W
M
pulse
s
,
giv
in
g
a
n
ou
t
put
patte
r
n
w
hi
ch
co
ns
ist
s
of
discrete
pr
e
de
fine
d
volt
age
ste
ps
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
M
L
I
us
a
ge
st
ron
gly
reli
es
on
the
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
a
nd
the
f
reque
ntly
us
e
d
MLI
to
polo
gies
ca
n
be
gro
up
i
nto
fl
ying
ca
pacit
or
(F
C
),
neu
t
ral
po
i
nt
c
la
mp
ed
(NPC),
an
d
casca
ded
H
-
br
i
dg
e
(CH
B)
M
LI
[5].
A
mong
the
se
t
opol
og
ie
s
,
base
d
on
it
s
modu
la
rity
a
nd
simpli
ci
ty
to
c
ontr
ol,
t
h
e
CHB
M
L
I
has
bee
n
at
tr
act
ive,
a
nd,
has
bee
n
ef
fe
ct
ively
impleme
nted, f
abr
ic
at
ed
and
c
om
me
rcial
iz
ed
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
M
ulti
ple
t
opol
og
ie
s
of
pu
lse
widt
h
m
odula
ti
on
(PWM
)
ba
sed
sc
heme
s
hav
e
bec
om
e
increasi
ng
l
y
li
keab
le
an
d
r
apidly
de
man
d
more
at
te
ntio
n
am
ong
resea
rc
he
rs.
PWM
-
base
d
te
ch
niques
a
re
em
ployed
t
o
pro
du
ce
va
riab
le
fr
e
quenc
y
a
nd
volt
age
s
ource.
Mo
du
la
ti
on
meth
od
s
bas
ed
on
ca
rr
ie
r
si
gn
al
ar
rangem
ent
are
cl
assed
into
th
ree
t
opologies
namely
,
phase
sh
ift
PWM
(PSPW
M),
le
vel
sh
ift
PWM
(L
SPWM
),
an
d
hybri
d
PWM
m
od
u
la
ti
on
te
c
hn
i
que
[
10
]
-
[
13
].
For
a
ny
num
be
r
of
l
evels,
ai
me
d
t
o
re
du
ce
the
volt
age
dist
or
ti
on
and
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
c
e
l
l
s
,
P
S
P
W
M
i
s
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
h
u
g
e
l
y
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
t
o
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
l
e
v
e
l
s
a
n
d
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
t
he
LSP
W
M
te
c
hniq
ue
c
a
n
b
e
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
a
n
u
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
U
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
o
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
c
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
L
S
P
W
M
i
s
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
d
i
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
p
h
a
s
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
[
14
],
p
h
a
s
e
op
po
sit
i
on
a
n
d
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
p
h
a
s
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
,
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
[1
5
]
-
[
17
]
an
d
hybri
d
te
chn
iq
ues
of
carrier
a
r
range
ment.
T
o
pro
duce
the
switc
hi
ng
pulse
s
,
sin
usoidal
a
nd
thir
d
har
m
onic
inj
ect
ion
ref
e
ren
ce
mod
ulati
ng
si
gn
al
s
are
us
e
d,
a
nd
both
a
re
tu
ned
t
o
ope
rate
via
a
b
ip
ola
r
switc
hi
ng
m
et
hod.
Normall
y,
f
or
an
op
e
n
-
lo
op
s
ys
te
m,
the
si
nuso
idal
ref
e
ren
c
e
mod
ulati
on
s
ign
al
is
c
hosen
w
hile
f
or
a
cl
os
e
d
-
loop
s
ys
te
m,
t
he
same
refe
re
nce
wit
h
a
co
mp
e
ns
at
in
g
sig
nal
is
sel
ect
ed
[18].
By
t
he
i
nject
ion
of
the
third
-
order
harmo
ni
cs
i
nt
o
th
e
si
ne
wa
ve
re
fer
e
nc
e,
T
HI
re
fere
nc
e
sig
nal
with
du
al
pea
k
cha
r
act
erist
ic
is
ge
ner
at
e
d.
Since
it
s
simi
la
rity
t
o
the
Se
le
ct
ed
Har
m
on
ic
I
nject
ion
m
et
hod,
it
ca
n
impleme
nt
i
n
t
he
same
ma
nn
er
as
sinu
s
oid
al
P
W
M
[
1
5
].
Si
nce
the
T
HI
ref
e
re
nce
sig
nal
c
onsist
s
of
both
a
fun
dame
ntal
c
ompone
nt
a
nd
a
thir
d
harmo
nic
co
m
pone
nt,
the
T
HI
ref
e
ren
ce
wav
e
is
not
sinu
s
oid
al
a
nd
easi
ly
noti
ceable
it
s
du
al
peak
char
act
e
risti
c.
Subseque
ntly,
the
pea
k
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
f
undame
ntal
co
mpon
e
nt
is
ap
pro
ximate
ly
15.
5%
higher
in
am
pl
it
ud
e
t
ha
n
t
hat
achie
ve
d
by
t
he
sin
us
oi
dal
PWM
[
19].
T
her
e
fore,
the
t
hir
d
harm
on
ic
P
W
M
delivers
b
et
te
r
consu
mp
ti
on
of the
D
C
sup
ply
vo
lt
age
tha
n t
he MLI
SPW
M
does.
In
this
w
ork
,
m
ulti
carrier
ba
se
d
PWM
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
fo
c
us
i
ng
on
le
vel
-
sh
i
fted
PWM
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ph
a
se
disposit
ion
(
PD),
pha
se
opposit
ion
disposit
ion
(POD
),
a
nd
al
te
rn
at
e
phase
opposit
io
n
disposit
ion
(A
P
O
D)
is
c
ho
sen
t
o
be
co
mpa
red
with
ph
a
s
e
-
sh
i
fted
-
PWM sw
it
chi
ng
te
chn
i
qu
e
.
B
oth t
he
m
ulti
carrie
r
P
W
M
te
chn
iq
ue
has
been
fed
t
o
11
-
le
vel
ca
scade
d
H
-
bri
dge
MLI
as
switc
hi
ng
pulse
s.
T
o
de
te
rmin
e
the
si
gn
i
ficant
diff
e
re
nce
between
P
WM
m
odulati
on
te
ch
niques,
it
wort
h
c
on
si
der
i
ng
the
ef
fecti
ve
outp
ut
volt
age
(
V
RMS
),
the
pe
rce
ntage
of
total
har
m
on
ic
disto
rtion
TH
D
a
nd
the
qual
it
y
of
outpu
t
wa
veform
base
d
on
crest
facto
r
(CF)
a
nd
f
orm
facto
r
(
FF)
ra
ti
o.
Th
e
DC
supp
l
y
util
iz
at
ion
f
or
eac
h
le
g
betwee
n
CHB
M
L
I
that
us
e
SWP
M
and
T
HIPW
M
al
so
will
be
i
nvest
igate
d.
B
y
ind
ivi
du
al
l
y
c
ompa
rin
g
Sin
usoidal
an
d
Thi
r
d
Ha
rm
on
ic
I
nj
ect
ion
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l
with
va
rio
us
mu
lt
ic
arr
ie
r
le
vel
-
s
hifted
an
d
phase
-
sh
i
fted
sign
al
with
the
mod
ulati
on
de
pth
is
var
ie
d
f
r
om
80
% to
100%
, the
PWM
sig
nal
is ge
ner
at
ed
fo
r
eac
h
le
g o
f M
LI.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
M
L
I
syst
em
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
directl
y
ass
ociat
ed
wit
h
the
modu
la
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
wh
ic
h
is
u
sed
t
o
regulat
e
the
outp
ut
volt
age
(and
c
urren
t)
.
Via
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
valu
e
ob
ta
ine
d,
t
he
cal
culat
ion
of
M
L
I
sign
ific
a
nt
paramet
ers
su
c
h
a
s
total
harmo
ni
c
dist
or
ti
on
(%
THD),
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
f
or
m
qu
al
it
y
ba
sed
on
th
e
f
orm
factor
a
nd
cres
t
facto
r
r
at
io
a
nd
s
witc
hing
powe
r
l
os
ses
ca
n
be
perf
or
me
d.
For
volt
age
so
urce
i
nverter
,
the
mo
st
exte
ns
ive
ly
us
e
d
is
si
nuso
idal
P
W
M
(
SPWM
),
thir
d
harmo
nic
i
njec
ti
on
P
WM
(T
HI
P
W
M
)
a
nd
sp
ace
vecto
r
P
W
M
(S
V
PWM
)
[
20]
.
With
the
diff
e
re
nces
i
n
fun
dame
ntal
vo
lt
age
co
mpon
e
nt,
a
mp
li
tu
de,
a
n
d
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
that
is
usual
ly
a
si
nuso
i
dal
f
orm
i
n
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
,
the
obje
ct
ive
of
a
m
odulati
on
sign
al
is
t
o
yield
a
ste
pp
e
d
wav
e
f
orm
that
is
ai
ds
as
a
n
ap
prox
imat
io
n
of
a
ref
e
ren
ce
si
gn
al
.
This
ca
n
be
acco
mp
li
s
he
d
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
160
–
169
162
manipula
ti
ng
t
he
duty
rati
o
of
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
c
ompone
nts.
Be
side
SP
WM
is
the
sim
plest
c
ontr
ol
strat
e
gy
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
widel
y
in
t
he
i
nv
e
rte
rs,
it
has
s
ome
disa
dv
a
nta
ge
s
w
hich
is
po
or
outp
ut
wa
ve
form
qual
it
y,
wea
k
modu
la
ti
on
a
bi
li
ty
on
act
ive
powe
r
an
d
re
act
ive
powe
r,
very
narrow
li
near
ra
ng
e
,
hi
gh
e
r
total
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on
(THD)
a
nd
l
ow
e
rs
eff
ect
ive
util
i
zat
ion
of
DC
value
[11].
Wi
th
the
me
ntioned
draw
bac
k
of
t
he
SPWM
te
ch
niq
ue
,
T
H
IPW
M
is
la
rgel
y
use
d.
T
he
performa
nce
c
ompa
red
to
SP
W
M
in
te
rms
of
r
edu
ci
ng
harmo
nic
c
on
t
ent
in
c
urre
nt
rip
ple,
op
ti
miz
ed
s
witc
hing
s
equ
e
nce
a
nd
i
ncr
ease
d
volt
age
tra
ns
f
er
rati
os
a
re
tremen
dous
l
y
bette
r
an
d
pr
ovide
a
hu
ge
si
gn
i
ficant
ad
va
ntage.
T
he
re
a
re
va
rio
us
ty
pe
s
of
met
hods
for
the
sel
ect
ion
of
s
witc
hing
te
ch
ni
qu
es
a
nd
str
at
egies
for
the
CHBML
I.
I
n
t
his
pa
per,
mu
l
ti
carrier
-
le
vel
-
sh
ifte
d
PWM
(
M
C
-
L
S
PWM)
a
nd
m
ulti
carrier
-
phas
e
-
sh
i
fted
(
M
C
-
PSP
WM)
te
ch
niques
are
c
hosen
to
be
c
ompare
d
betwee
n
one
a
no
t
her
to
ide
ntify
a
nd
deter
m
ine
thei
r
at
trib
ute
a
nd
sig
nifi
cantl
y
dif
fer
e
nt
w
hen
b
een
fe
d
i
nt
o
CHBML
I.
F
or
LSP
W
M
,
it
c
omprises
of
va
rio
us
t
yp
es
of
disposit
ion
s
uc
h
as
ph
ase
dis
po
sit
io
n
(PD)
,
ph
a
se
opposit
ion an
d dis
po
sit
io
n (P
OD),
al
te
r
nativ
e phase
opposi
ti
on
a
nd d
is
pos
it
ion
(AP
O
D)
[
21
]
-
[
23].
2.1.
Ref
ere
nce sig
na
l
With
si
nuso
i
da
l
pulse
width
m
odulati
on
(
SPWM
)
te
c
hniqu
e,
a
sin
us
oi
dal
wav
e
form
is
pro
duced
thr
ough
filt
eri
ng
an
ou
t
pu
t
pu
lse
wa
ve
for
m.
B
y
varyin
g
the
am
plit
ude
a
nd
f
re
qu
e
ncy
of
a
re
fere
nce
or
modu
la
ti
ng
sig
nal,
an
im
pro
ve
d
filt
ered
si
nuso
i
dal
outp
ut
wa
ve
form
ca
n
be
gen
e
ra
te
d
by
util
iz
ing
a
hi
gh
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
sche
me.
For
t
he
SP
W
M
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
i
ns
te
ad
of
main
ta
ining
ide
ntica
l
widt
hs
,
it
m
ai
ntains
the
pulse
s
in
diff
e
re
nt
widt
hs
wh
e
re
the
distor
ti
on
factor
(DF)
a
nd
lowest
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
s
(L
O
H)
a
r
e
sign
ific
a
ntly
c
ompact
.
In
th
r
ee
-
phase
SP
W
M
,
a
ca
rr
ie
r
volt
age
wa
veform
is
c
ompare
d
with
thr
ee
si
nuso
i
dal
con
t
ro
l vo
lt
age
s
(V
a
,
V
b
,
a
nd V
c
),
which
a
re 1
20° out
of
ph
ase
with o
ne
a
no
t
her
a
nd
the co
m
par
at
ive
le
vels
of
the
wa
veforms
are
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
switc
hing
of
the
de
vices
in
eac
h
phase
le
g
of
t
he
inv
e
rter
[
18].
Asid
e
from
S
PWM,
s
ince
the
thir
d
ha
rm
on
ic
c
omp
on
e
nt
is
not
ex
ist
ing
in
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
sy
ste
m
s,
the
Thir
d
Ha
r
monic
In
je
ct
io
n
P
W
M
is
ideal
a
nd
pr
act
ic
al
f
or
t
her
e
phase
MLI
[
13].
Sin
usoidal
P
W
M
is
the
m
od
est
modu
la
ti
on
schem
e
t
o
un
de
rstan
d,
bu
t
it
is
inco
mp
et
e
nt
to
f
ully
ex
plo
it
the
offe
red
D
C
bu
s
sup
ply
volt
age
w
hic
h
means
,
at
lower
m
odul
at
ion
in
dices,
on
e
or
tw
o
le
gs
of
an
in
ver
te
r
is
not
fu
ll
y
ut
il
iz
ed.
Du
e
to
this
dra
wb
ac
k,
the
THIPW
M
str
a
te
gy
was
dev
e
lop
e
d
to
im
prov
e
i
nv
e
rter
pe
rformance
.
By
injec
ti
ng
re
f
eren
ce
si
gn
al
s
with
a
third
harmo
nic
sig
nal,
the
T
HI
P
W
M
re
fere
nce
wa
vefo
r
m
is
pr
oduce
d
with
dual
pea
k
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
It
is
po
s
sible t
o ac
quire a
sig
nifica
nt am
plit
ud
e
s
urge at t
he ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
without l
oss
of qu
al
it
y
[18
]
,
[
24]
.
2.2.
Ca
rri
er
sign
al
a
rr
angemen
t
U
s
i
ng
a
m
e
t
ho
d
de
ve
l
op
e
d
a
s
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
i
n
[
18
]
,
di
ve
r
s
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
gn
a
l
s
a
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
ba
s
e
d
o
n
L
e
ve
l
-
S
hi
f
t
e
d
a
nd
P
ha
s
e
-
S
hi
f
t
e
d
Mu
l
t
i
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
P
W
M
s
c
he
m
e
.
F
or
bo
t
h
s
c
he
m
e
s
,
f
o
r
n
-
l
e
ve
l
C
H
B
ML
I
,
a
l
l
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
gn
a
l
s
a
r
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
ca
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
,
fc
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
e
x
pl
a
i
ne
d
on
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
gn
a
l
w
a
ve
f
o
r
m
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
vi
a
pu
l
s
e
ge
ne
r
a
t
or
.
B
y
f
ur
t
he
r
t
u
ni
ng
of
pu
l
s
e
a
m
pl
i
f
i
e
r
,
s
i
gn
a
l
a
m
pl
i
f
i
e
r
,
a
nd
a
m
pl
i
t
ud
e
m
o
di
f
i
e
r
m
od
ul
e
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
,
s
ym
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
m
of
a
m
pl
i
t
ud
e
a
nd
w
i
dt
h
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
gn
a
l
s
c
a
n
be
c
r
e
a
t
e
d.
In
th
e
PS
WPM
sc
heme,
t
he
ph
as
e
-
s
hifte
d
am
ong
a
ny
two
neig
hbour
ing
ca
rr
ie
r
wa
ves
wit
h
the
tria
ngular
ca
rr
i
ers
ha
vi
ng
a
n
i
den
ti
cal
f
reque
ncy
an
d
sa
me
peak
-
peak
a
m
pl
it
ud
e.
I
n
orde
r
to
pr
ov
i
de
an
even
powe
r
distrib
ut
ion
a
m
ong
th
e
CHB
M
L
I
ce
ll
s,
each
cel
l
is
m
odulate
d
in
dep
e
ndently
vi
a
bi
po
la
r
pulse
wi
dth
modu
la
ti
on.
F
or
m
num
ber
vo
lt
age
le
vel,
(m
-
1)
a
num
be
r
of
car
rier
si
gn
al
s
are
re
qu
i
red
an
d
phase
-
sh
ifte
d
ang
le
,
θ
is
cal
culat
ed
as
(36
0°/
m
-
1).
In
t
he
L
SPWM
sc
hem
e,
carrie
r
sig
na
ls
exten
d
an
d
c
ov
e
r
the
t
otal
r
ang
e
of
pro
du
ce
d
c
onve
rter
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
,
a
nd
c
onta
in
the
sa
me
amplit
ude,
Ac.
Fo
r
each
subca
te
gory
of
LSP
W
M
,
the
car
rier
sig
na
l
is
cl
assifi
ed
base
d
on
m
ulti
ple
car
riers
sig
nals
the
placement
a
nd
disposit
ion.
F
or
al
l
ty
pe
of
disposit
ion,
as
mentio
n
earli
er
in
[14],
M
f
and
M
a
are
c
ho
s
en
.
LSP
W
M
is
f
ur
t
her
s
ubdiv
i
ded
into
ph
a
se
disposi
ti
on
(PD),
ph
a
se
opposit
ion
a
nd
disp
osi
ti
on
(
POD)
an
d
al
te
rn
a
te
phase
op
posit
ion
a
nd
dis
po
sit
io
n
(A
P
O
D).
Detai
le
d
of eac
h dis
po
sit
io
n u
nd
e
r LSP
WM is as
discusse
d i
n [14].
Figure
1. The
modu
le
of car
r
ie
r
sig
nal g
e
ne
rati
on v
ia
a
pul
se g
e
ner
at
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
t
hre
e phase
c
as
ca
ded h
-
br
id
ge m
ulti
le
v
el
inverte
r base
d on
...
(A.
Shams
ul R
ah
i
mi A.
Su
bki)
163
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
w
a
r
d
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
l
e
v
e
n
l
e
v
e
l
s
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
C
H
B
M
L
I
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
MATL
AB/Si
mu
li
n
k
env
i
ronme
nt
is
fu
ll
y
util
iz
ed
to
sim
ulate
plan
ned
i
nv
e
rter
t
opol
ogy.
A
r
efe
ren
ce
si
gn
al
o
f
Sinusoi
dal
an
d
thir
d
harmo
nic
inje
ct
ion
acc
ompa
ny
wit
h
bipolar
le
vel
-
sh
i
fted,
an
d
phase
-
sh
ifte
d
m
ulti
carrier
P
W
M
c
arr
ie
rs
'
arr
a
ng
e
ment
is
us
e
d
t
o
yield
the
switc
hi
ng
sig
nals
for
CHBM
LI
.
F
or
dif
fer
e
nt
va
lues
of
m
odulati
on
amplit
ude
in
di
ces
,
M
A
sim
ulati
on
s
a
re
c
omplet
ed.
A
nalyz
ed
m
odulati
on
dep
t
h
e
xten
ding
from
80%
t
o
100%
modu
la
ti
on
de
pth
with
a
rati
o
of
Modula
ti
on
F
reque
nc
y,
M
f
s
et
at
100.
F
or
in
di
vidu
al
cel
ls,
the
volt
age
so
urce i
s set to
r
eg
ulate
at a fixed
value o
f
100 V
with a combinati
on
of
t
hr
ee
-
phase se
ri
es
-
co
nnect
ed
R
L load
set
at
100
Ω
a
nd
50
mH.
To
e
ach
le
g
of
CHBML
I,
with
existi
ng
of
S
P
W
M
a
nd
TH
IPW
M
ref
e
re
nce
sig
nal,
par
a
mete
rs
suc
h
R
M
S
ph
as
e
volt
age
li
ne
-
to
-
ne
utral
(V
RMS
),
crest
fac
tor
(CF
),
f
orm
fa
ct
or
(
FF
)
,
P
has
e
Vo
lt
age
a
nd
P
hase
Cu
rr
e
nt
%TH
D
V
an
d
%TH
D
I
is
eval
uated.
Fig
ur
e
2(a)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
2(b)
d
ispla
ys
t
he
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
wa
ve
for
m
of
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
f
or
t
he
C
HBM
L
I
by
SP
W
M
an
d
TH
I
PWM
ref
e
ren
c
e
sign
al
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
at
=
1
us
in
g
le
vel
-
s
hifted
mu
lt
ic
ar
rier
P
W
M
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
(L
SP
W
M
).
M
ea
nw
hile,
the
th
ree
-
phase
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
form
f
or
C
HBMLI
thr
ough
S
P
W
M
an
d
TH
I
PWM
re
fer
e
nc
e
sign
al
te
ch
niq
ue
at
=
1
us
ing
ph
a
se
-
s
hifted
mu
lt
ic
arr
ie
r
P
W
M
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
(
PSP
W
M
)
is
as
s
how
n
in
F
igure
3(
a
)
a
nd
Figure
3(b
).
F
or
both
carrier
ar
range
ment
strat
e
gy,
the
same
str
uctu
re
of
eac
h
ou
t
pu
t
ph
a
s
e
volt
age
waveform
is
see
n
w
hen
simulat
ed
via
SPWM
or
T
H
IPWM
.
The
refor
e
,
t
o
re
c
ogni
ze
the
s
ubsta
nt
ia
l
dif
fer
e
nce
amo
ng
L
SP
W
M
an
d
PSP
WM car
rie
r
ar
ra
ng
e
ment,
furthe
r deepe
r a
nalysis is
car
r
ie
d
out.
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. O
utput v
oltage
wa
ve
form
t
hr
ee
-
ph
ase el
eve
n
le
ve
l C
HBM
L
I wit
h
L
SP
WM car
r
ie
r
ar
rangeme
nt
v
ia
,
(a)
SP
WM,
(b)
THIP
WM
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. O
utput v
oltage
wa
ve
form
t
hr
ee
-
ph
ase el
eve
n
le
ve
l C
HBM
L
I wit
h
P
SP
WM car
r
ie
r
ar
rangeme
nt
v
ia
,
(a)
SP
WM,
(b)
THIP
WM
Ba
sed
on
the
pr
e
vious
stu
dy
co
nducted
f
or
CHB
M
L
I
with
LS
PWM
ca
rr
ie
r
sig
nal
ar
r
ang
e
ment
,
Ph
ase
Disposit
ion
ca
rr
ie
r
sig
nal
re
vealed,
a
t
100%
m
odul
at
ion
de
pt
h,
it
is
far
im
pro
ve
d
co
mp
a
re
d
to
POD
and
APO
D
ca
rr
ie
r
si
gn
al
a
rrang
e
ment
[14
]
.
The
refore
,
to
simpli
fi
ed
a
na
lysis
an
d
determine
t
he
im
portant
diff
e
re
nce
am
ong
LSP
W
M
an
d
PS
PWM
ca
r
rier
ar
rangem
e
nt,
P
D
car
rier
sign
al
ar
ra
ng
e
ment
is
ch
os
e
n
to
be
com
par
e
d
with
the
PS
WPM
c
arr
ie
r
sig
nal
a
r
rangeme
nt.
By
ta
bula
te
d
data
captu
red
f
r
om
M
A
TLAB/Si
m
ulin
k
env
i
ronme
nt,
Fig
ure
4(a)
ex
hib
it
s
t
he
ph
a
s
e
volt
age,
V
RMS
(
V
a
,
V
b
,
an
d
V
c
)
w
hen
the
CHB
M
LI
sim
ulate
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
160
–
169
164
us
in
g
LS
PWM
(
LSP
D)
a
nd
PS
PWM
ca
rr
ie
r
st
rateg
y
with
SP
W
M
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l
at
80
%
t
o
100%
modu
la
ti
on
de
pth
.
Ba
sed
on
data
gat
her
e
d,
wh
e
n
us
in
g
t
he
same
ref
e
rence
sig
nal,
the
values
of
V
RMS
is
no
t
var
ie
d
exces
sively
f
orm
on
e
ano
t
her.
Ne
ve
rtheless,
Fi
gu
re
4(b
)
s
hown,
wh
e
n
the
n
C
HBM
L
I
is
simulat
ed
us
in
g
t
he
T
H
I
PWM
ref
e
re
nc
e
sig
nal,
t
he
phase
volt
age,
V
RMS
is
5%
high
er
wh
e
n
us
i
ng
LSP
WM
co
m
pa
red
to
PSP
WM.
This
obse
rv
at
io
n
justi
fie
d
that
the
PDPW
M
c
arr
ie
r
ar
ra
ng
e
ment
will
pro
du
ce
a
hi
gher
phase
vo
lt
age
co
mp
a
re
to
P
O
DPW
M
,
APOD
PWM,
a
nd
PS
PWM.
Furthe
r
an
al
ys
is
is
carrie
d
out
to
deter
mine
th
e
diff
e
re
nce
between SP
W
M
a
nd T
HI
P
W
M
i
n
te
r
ms
of outp
ut volt
ages
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. V
RMS
(V
a
,
V
b
an
d V
c
)
re
fer
e
nce
at
di
ff
ere
nt ca
rr
ie
r
arr
a
ng
e
ment
strateg
y
at
var
i
ous
M
a
via
,
(a)
SP
WM,
(b)
THIP
WM
The
outp
ut
volt
age
va
riat
ion
f
or
phase
-
to
-
neu
t
ral
volt
ag
e
am
ong
ca
rr
i
er
si
gn
al
with
SP
W
M
a
nd
THIPW
M
re
fe
ren
ce
is
re
vea
le
d
as
i
n
Fi
gure
5.
It
is
obs
erv
e
d
t
hat
the
phase
volt
age
,
V
A
f
or
CHB
M
L
I
simulat
ed
via
THIPW
M
re
fe
ren
ce
sig
nal
ha
ve
a
ppr
oximat
el
y
15
%
gr
eat
er
i
n
pea
k
am
pl
it
ud
e
value
th
an
t
hat
reg
ist
ere
d
by
the
Si
nu
s
oid
al
PWM
.
T
his
evide
nce
s
upports
previ
ous
work
that
bee
n
done
by
[
14]
.
T
o
con
cl
ud
e
,
for
al
l
ref
ere
nce
s
ign
al
st
rateg
y
and
car
rier
ar
r
ang
e
ment
co
nt
ro
l
a
nd
at
fu
ll
mod
ulati
on
de
pth
,
ph
a
se
-
to
-
neu
tr
al
v
oltag
e is ta
bu
la
te
d as i
n
T
able 1.
The
C
HB
M
LI
sp
ect
rum
of
vo
lt
age
harmo
nics
(%T
HD
V
)
simulat
ed
us
ing
the
SP
W
M
ref
e
re
nc
e
sign
al
f
or
P
D
(LSPW
M
)
,
an
d
PS
PWM
ca
r
rier
ar
ra
ng
e
me
nt
strat
eg
y
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
6
via
util
iz
ing
fast
four
ie
r
tra
nsfo
r
m
(F
FT
)
[
19].
It
ca
n
obser
ve,
bas
ed
on
this
sp
ect
r
um
of
vo
lt
age
ha
rm
onic
s,
no
oth
e
r
ha
r
monic
energ
y
pro
duc
es
oth
e
r
tha
n
fun
dame
ntal
ha
rm
on
ic
wit
h
the
SP
WM
re
fer
e
nce
sig
nal.
Thro
ugh
an
al
ys
is,
%TH
DV
is
rec
orde
d
is
11%
a
t
100%
m
odul
at
ion
de
pth,
f
or
both
P
D
(
LS
PWM)
a
nd
PS
PWM
via
the
SPWM
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l.
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
%T
HDV
rec
orde
d
not
sh
ow
s
ubsta
nt
ia
l
diff
ere
nt
be
tween
PD
(L
SPWM
)
and
P
SP
WM
c
arr
ie
r
ar
ra
ng
e
men
t.
T
he
dif
f
eren
ce
of
%T
HDV
acr
os
s
a
nalyze
d
mod
ul
at
ion
de
pth
f
or
LSP
W
M
and PS
PWM
c
arr
ie
rs'
ar
range
ment
via the
S
PWM
ref
e
ren
c
e sig
nal is p
l
otted as
in Fi
gure
7
.
Figure
5. O
utput v
oltage
va
riat
ion
for ph
a
se
to neut
ral b
et
ween LS
PD an
d
P
SP
WM v
ia
SPWM a
nd
THIPW
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
t
hre
e phase
c
as
ca
ded h
-
br
id
ge m
ulti
le
v
el
inverte
r base
d on
...
(A.
Shams
ul R
ah
i
mi A.
Su
bki)
165
Table
1.
V
oltage
for ph
a
se to
n
e
utral at
100%
m
odulati
on
dep
t
h
PW
M
Te
ch
n
iq
u
e
Carrie
r
Str
ateg
y
V
R
MS
(φ
A
)
V
R
MS
(φ
B
)
V
R
MS
(φ
C
)
SPW
M
PD
3
5
6
.2
3
5
6
.3
3
5
7
.1
POD
3
5
5
.6
350
352
APOD
3
6
3
.5
3
5
5
.5
3
5
9
.7
PS
356
3
5
4
.9
3
5
9
.4
THI
PW
M
PD
412
4
1
2
.2
4
1
2
.2
POD
3
9
8
.2
3
9
9
.9
3
9
9
.6
APOD
4
0
1
.3
4
0
0
.9
4
0
1
.4
PS
3
9
9
.1
3
9
8
.1
4
0
1
.2
The
C
HBMLI
sp
ect
r
um
of
vo
lt
age
ha
rm
onic
(%
TH
D
V
)
simulat
ed
us
i
ng
the
TH
IPW
M
re
fer
e
nce
sign
al
f
or
P
D
(LSPW
M
)
,
an
d
PS
PWM
ca
r
rier
ar
range
me
nt
strat
eg
y
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
8.
Accor
ding
to
the
sp
ect
r
um
of
volt
age
harmo
ni
cs,
it
can
be
reali
zed,
ot
he
r
tha
n
f
unda
mental
har
m
onic
,
a
sig
nific
ant
3
rd
harmo
nic
en
er
gy
is
pro
duce
d.
%
TH
D
V
re
corde
d
is
18.
5%
at
100%
m
odulati
on
de
pt
h
f
or
sim
ulate
d
P
D
(LSPW
M
)
an
d
PSP
W
M
strat
egy
of
ca
rr
ie
r
arr
a
ng
e
ment
.
Be
tween
ca
rr
ie
r
ar
range
ments
,
not
a
ny
sig
nificant
diff
e
re
nces
obs
erv
e
d
ba
sed
on
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
%
TH
D
V
rec
orde
d.
T
he
dif
f
eren
ce
of
%T
HD
V
acr
os
s
a
na
lyze
d
modu
la
ti
on
de
pth
f
or
PD
(L
SPWM
)
a
nd
PSP
WM
ca
rr
i
ers'
a
rran
geme
nt
t
hroug
h
the
T
HI
P
W
M
re
f
eren
ce
sign
al
is
plo
tt
e
d
a
s
i
n
Fig
ur
e
9.
At
am
plit
ude
m
odulati
on
i
nd
ic
es
e
qu
al
to
0.9
,
f
or
al
l
L
S
PWM
an
d
PS
P
W
M
carrier
a
rr
a
nge
ment,
the
maxi
mu
m
%
TH
D
V
recorde
d.
Fig
ure
10
sho
ws
th
e
com
par
is
on
of
ph
a
se
volt
age
total
harmo
nic
dist
or
ti
on,
%TH
D
V
acro
ss
anal
yz
ed
m
odulati
on
de
pt
h
f
or
P
D
(L
SP
W
M
)
and
PSP
W
M
carriers'
arr
a
ng
e
ment
t
hro
ugh
S
PWM
and
TH
IPW
M
ref
e
ren
ce
si
gnal
.
To
c
on
cl
ude,
the
rec
orde
d
%TH
D
V
us
in
g
the
SPWM
re
fere
nc
e
sig
nal
is
l
ower
c
ompare
t
o
%TH
D
V
rec
orde
d
via
the
THIPW
M
re
fe
ren
ce
si
gn
al
due
t
o
the
low
e
r ou
t
pu
t
f
undame
ntal
volt
age comp
one
nt r
ec
orde
d [14
].
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. %T
H
D
V
am
ong ca
r
r
ie
r
sig
nal th
rou
gh SPW
M
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
nal,
(a
)
P
D (LSP
W
M),
(b)
P
SP
W
M
Figure
7. %T
H
D
V
va
riat
ion f
or LS
PWM
and
PSP
WM car
rie
r's
ar
ra
ng
e
men
t st
rategy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
160
–
169
166
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. %T
H
D
V
am
ong ca
r
r
ie
r
sig
nal th
rou
gh T
HI
P
W
M
r
efere
nce si
gn
al
, (
a
)
P
D (LS
P
W
M
), (
b) PS
P
W
M
Figure
9. %T
H
D
V
va
riat
ion f
or LS
PWM
and
PSP
WM car
rie
r's
ar
ra
ng
e
men
t st
rategy
Figure
10. C
ompa
rison
of %
THD
V
f
or P
D
(
LSP
WM)
and PS
PWM
c
arr
ie
r's
ar
range
ment th
r
ough
SPWM
and T
HI
P
W
M
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l
Anothe
r
fasci
na
ti
ng
pe
rforma
nce
pa
rameter
that
can
be
co
mp
a
red
betwee
n
LSP
W
M
a
nd
PS
PWM
is
the
cu
rr
e
nt
t
otal
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on
(%T
HD
I
).
T
he
refor
e
,
a
n
a
nalysis
co
nducte
d
to
deter
mine
th
e
sig
nif
ic
ant
var
ia
nce
wh
e
n
CHBM
LI
is
f
ed
from
SP
W
M
a
nd
T
HI
P
W
M
ref
e
ren
ce
si
gn
al
.
He
nce,
F
igure
11(a)
shows
the
com
par
is
on
of
cu
rr
e
nt
t
otal
ha
rm
on
ic
disto
r
ti
on
,
%T
HD
I
a
cro
ss
a
nalyze
d
m
odulati
on
de
pth
f
or
al
l
L
S
PWM
and
PS
PWM
c
arr
ie
rs'
ar
range
ment
th
r
ough
t
he
S
PWM
ref
e
ren
ce
switc
hi
ng
met
hod.
F
rom
the
data
gather
e
d
and
a
nalyze
d,
%TH
D
I
is
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
im
pro
ved
wh
e
n
CHBML
I
util
iz
ed
P
S
PWM
carrier
a
rr
a
ng
ement
strat
egy.
It
is
r
ecorde
d
that
vi
a
LSP
W
M
,
%
THD
I
ta
bula
te
d
a
rou
nd
2.3%
com
pa
red
to
0.2%
via
P
SP
W
M
at
100%
mod
ulati
on
dep
t
h.
M
ea
nwhile
,
the
re
is
no
sig
nifican
t
diff
e
ren
ce
i
n
te
rms
of
%T
H
D
I
wh
e
n
C
HBM
L
I
is
simulat
ed
us
i
ng
T
H
IPWM
.
F
igure
11(
b)
s
hows
the
c
ompa
rison
of
c
urrent
total
ha
rm
onic
dist
or
ti
on,
%
THD
I
acro
s
s
anal
yze
d
m
odulati
on
dep
t
h
f
or
al
l
L
SPWM
a
nd
P
S
PWM
ca
rr
ie
rs'
arr
a
ngeme
nt
thr
ough
the
T
H
IPWM
ref
e
ren
ce
swit
chin
g
met
hod.
Howe
ver,
%T
HD
I
is
recor
de
d
to
ha
ve
sta
bl
e
value
ac
r
os
s
ana
lyze
d
m
od
ulati
on
dep
t
h via PS
P
W
M
.
To
mea
sure
th
e
low
-
f
reque
nc
y
sig
nals,
c
rest
facto
r
(CF
)
is
a
decisi
ve
par
a
mete
r.
Cre
st
fa
ct
or
(C
F)
is
def
i
ned
as
a
f
r
act
ion
of
the
w
avefor
m's
pea
k
am
plit
ud
e
val
ue
t
o
it
s
R
M
S
value
[
14].
T
he
so
le
pur
pose
for
CF
determi
natio
n
is
to
qu
ic
kly
r
ecognize
how
mu
c
h
im
pact
has
occ
urred
i
n
t
he
wav
e
f
orm
[
3].
To
ach
ie
ve
a
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
l
y
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
a
l
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
C
F
r
a
t
i
o
v
a
l
u
e
g
a
i
n
e
d
m
u
s
t
a
r
e
e
q
u
a
l
o
r
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
t
h
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
2
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
C
F
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r
L
S
P
W
M
a
n
d
P
S
P
W
M
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
v
i
a
S
P
W
M
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
w
i
t
h
r
a
n
g
e
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
m
od
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
p
t
h
i
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
a
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
meanti
me,
Figure
12(
b)
s
hows
the
a
nalysis
f
or
LS
PWM
an
d
PS
PWM
car
rier
ar
ra
ng
e
ment
sim
ulate
d
via
t
he
T
HI
P
W
M
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l
switc
hing
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
with
ra
ng
e
acr
os
s
a
na
lyzed
mod
ulati
on
de
pth.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
(
a
)
a
n
d
12
(
b
)
a
t
f
u
l
l
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
o
r
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
S
P
W
M
a
n
d
T
H
I
P
W
M
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
P
D
(
L
S
P
W
M
)
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
C
F
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
o
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
oot o
f 2
value
.
Normall
y,
to
quantif
y
t
he
s
ha
pe
of
outp
ut
volt
age,
the
val
ue
of
f
orm
fac
tor
(F
F
)
is
us
e
d
[25]
.
T
he
assessme
nt
f
or
both
ref
e
renc
e
sign
al
switc
hing
sc
heme
i
n
te
r
m
of
FF
for
LS
PWM
a
nd
PS
PWM
c
arr
ie
r
arr
a
ng
e
ment
a
cro
ss
a
nalyz
e
d
mod
ulati
on
de
pth
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
13.
Ba
sed
on
ou
r
a
nalysis,
at
100%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
t
hre
e phase
c
as
ca
ded h
-
br
id
ge m
ulti
le
v
el
inverte
r base
d on
...
(A.
Shams
ul R
ah
i
mi A.
Su
bki)
167
modu
la
ti
on
de
pth
,
FF
is
ca
ptu
re
d
near
l
y
pe
rf
ect
for
SP
W
M
ref
e
ren
c
e
si
gn
al
switc
hi
ng
te
chn
i
que
acc
ompan
y
with
PD
(LSPW
M
)
an
d
PS
P
W
M
ca
rr
ie
r's
a
rr
a
ng
e
ment.
F
or
T
HIPW
M
,
i
t
is
r
eco
rd
e
d
to
yield
the
cl
ose
d
FF
rati
o
th
rou
gh P
D
(
LSP
W
M
)
c
arr
ie
r
ar
range
ment.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11. C
ompa
rison
of %
THD
I
acr
os
s
L
SPWM a
nd P
S
PWM ca
rr
ie
r'
s
arr
a
ng
e
ment
r
e
fer
e
nce si
gn
al
via
,
(a)
SP
WM,
(b)
THIP
WM
(a)
(b)
Figure
12. C
re
st facto
r
f
or
outpu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
via LSP
W
M
a
nd PS
P
W
M
ca
rr
i
er arra
ng
e
ment
w
it
h dif
fer
e
nt
switc
hing tec
hniq
ue,
(a) SP
W
M
, (
b)
TH
IPW
M
(a)
(b)
Figure
13. Fo
r
m Facto
r
c
omp
ariso
n
am
ong
LSP
WM an
d P
SPWM c
ar
rier’s ar
rangeme
nt
via,
(a)
SP
W
M,
(b)
T
HIPW
M
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Via SIM
ULIN
K
e
nv
ir
onme
nt thr
ee
phase
C
HBM
L
I,
11 le
vels w
it
h R
-
L l
oad u
ti
li
zi
ng
si
nu
s
oi
dal and
third
harmo
ni
c
injec
ti
on
P
W
M
refe
re
nce
sign
al
s
witc
hi
ng
strat
e
gy
ha
s
bee
n
est
abl
ished
,
simulat
ed
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
160
–
169
168
analyze
d.
P
D
(LSPW
M
)
a
nd
PS
PWM
c
on
t
ro
l
meth
ods
ar
e
im
plemente
d
an
d
c
ompare
d
with
a
n
i
de
ntica
l
simulat
ion
paramet
er,
a
nd
Ma
ro
se
from
80%
to
100%
m
odulati
on
de
pth
.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
the
a
nalyze
d
resu
lt
,
the
pe
rforma
nc
e
is
acce
ptable
in
te
rm
s
of
%
THDV
a
nd
%
THDI
values
.
Simulat
io
n
ana
lysis
al
so
i
nd
ic
at
es,
at
f
u
l
l
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
p
t
h
,
d
u
e
t
o
h
i
g
h
e
r
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
v
i
a
t
h
e
T
H
I
P
W
M
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
S
P
W
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
t
h
i
s
c
a
u
s
e
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
%
T
H
D
V
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
o
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
w
o
r
k
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
imple
mentat
io
n,
ne
e
ds
to
be
cond
ucted.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
FTK
E
E
with full
su
pp
or
t
f
r
om
UTe
M
tha
nked
for
fi
nan
ci
ng
a
nd
spo
ns
or
ing
this
st
udy
via
PJP/2
019/
FTK
E
E (4B)/S
01656 sh
ort
-
te
r
m gra
nt.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
B.
Shan
thi
and
S.
P.
Nat
araja
n
,
“
Compa
r
at
iv
e
st
udy
on
unipolar
mul
ticar
r
ie
r
PW
M
strategie
s
for
five
-
l
eve
l
f
lyi
ng
ca
pa
ci
tor
inve
r
t
ers,
”
2009
In
ter
nati
onal
Confer
enc
e
on
Cont
rol,
Aut
omat
ion
,
Comm
unic
ati
o
n
and
Ene
rgy
Conservati
on,
Perundura
i
,
Ta
m
ilnadu,
2009
,
pp
.
1
–
7.
[2]
Cola
k
I
.
,
Kab
alci
E
.
,
and
B
ayindir
R.
,
“
R
evi
e
w
of
mul
ti
-
le
v
e
l
voltage
sourc
e
inve
rt
er
topo
lo
gie
s
and
cont
ro
l
sche
me
s,
”
Ene
rg
y
Conv
ers
and
Manag
eme
nt
,
vo
l.
52
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
1
114
–
1128
,
2011
.
[3]
O.
Sala
m
a,
A
.
T
abya
oui
,
and
M
.
Benc
hagr
a,
“
Co
ntrol
Methods
o
n
Thre
e
-
ph
ase
P
ower
Converters
in
Photovolt
ai
c
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
1
–
1
8
6
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4]
H
.
Hasabe
l
rasul
and
X
.
Yan,
“
Compa
rison
of
mul
ticar
r
ie
r
PW
M
te
chn
ique
s
f
or
ca
sc
ade
d
H
-
bridge
mul
ti
-
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
6
1
–
8
6
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5]
Muhamm
ad
T
.
et
a
l
.
,
“
Casc
aded
Symmetric
M
ult
ilevel
Inv
ert
er
with
Reduced
Number
of
Cont
roll
ed
Sw
it
ch
es,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS)
,
vo
l. 8, n
o.
2
,
pp
.
795
–
80
3,
2017
.
[6]
N.
Cel
anov
ic
a
nd
D.
Boroyev
ic
h,
“
A
fast
s
pac
e
-
v
ector
mo
dula
ti
on
al
gor
ithm
for
multi
-
l
eve
l
three
-
phas
e
conve
rt
ers,
”
in
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Industry A
ppli
cations,
vo
l.
37,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
63
7
–
641
,
2001
.
[7]
J
.
Jos
eph
and
A
.
Praka
sh,
“
C
asc
ade
d
mu
lt
i
-
l
eve
l
inverter
w
it
h
mul
t
ic
arr
ie
r
PWM
t
ec
hni
q
ues,
”
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Journal
of
Engi
n
ee
ring S
ci
en
ce
&
Ad
vanc
ed
Tec
hnology
,
vol
.
4
,
no.
5
,
pp
.
437
–
4
42
,
2014
.
[8]
A.
S
.
R
.
A.
Subki,
M
.
Z
.
M
.
Tumari
,
W
.
N
.
A
.
R
ashid,
A
.
Z
.
Jidin
,
and
A
.
N
.
M
.
Mu
stafa
,
“
Hardwar
e
im
plementat
ion
of
single
phase
thre
e
-
le
ve
l
ca
sc
ade
d
H
-
br
idg
e
mul
ti
-
le
v
el
inverter
using
sin
usoidal
pulse
widt
h
modul
ation,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journ
al
o
f
Powe
r
E
lectronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
JP
E
DS)
,
vol
.
10,
no
.
2,
pp
.
625
–
635,
2019.
[9]
L
.
Nand
a,
A.
D
asgupta
,
and
U.
K.
Rout
,
“
A
co
mpa
ra
ti
ve
Analy
sis
of
Symme
tr
i
ca
l
and
As
ymmetrical
Casc
ade
d
Multi
le
v
el
Inv
er
te
r
Having
R
ed
uce
d
Number
o
f
Sw
it
che
s
and
DC
Source
s,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS),
vo
l. 8, n
o.
4
,
pp
.
1595
–
1
602,
2017
.
[10]
N
.
P
rab
aharan
a
nd
K
.
Pal
ani
sa
my,
“
A
com
p
re
hensive
r
evi
ew
on
red
uc
ed
sw
itch
multi
-
l
evel
i
nver
te
r
topol
og
i
es,
modul
ation
tech
nique
s
and
applications,
”
R
enewable
and
Sust
ainabl
e
En
ergy
Re
v
ie
ws
,
vol
.
7
6,
pp
.
1248
–
128
2,
2017.
[11]
Tsunoda
A.,
Hi
nago
Y.,
and
K
oiz
umi
H.,
“
L
e
vel
-
and
ph
ase
-
shifte
d
PWM
f
or
seve
n
-
le
v
el
s
witc
hed
-
ca
p
ac
i
t
or
inve
rt
er
us
ing
serie
s/par
al
l
el
c
onver
sion,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
on
s
on
Industrial
El
e
ct
ronics
,
v
ol.
61,
no.
8
,
pp.
4011
–
40
21
,
2014.
[12]
Carr
ara
G
.
,
Gard
el
l
a
S.,
Mar
che
s
oni
M.,
Salu
ta
r
i R.,
and
S
ci
utt
o
G.,
“
A ne
w m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
PWM m
e
thod:
a the
ore
tic
al
ana
lysis,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
3
,
pp.
497
–
505
,
19
92
.
[13]
H
iya
gar
a
ja
n
V.
and
Som
asunda
r
am
P.,
“
A
New
Seven
Le
ve
l
Symme
tr
ical
Inve
r
t
er
wi
th
R
educed
Sw
it
ch
Count
,
”
Inte
rnatio
nal
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS
),
vo
l. 9, n
o.
2
,
pp
.
921
–
92
5,
2018
.
[14]
Nade
ri
R.
and
Rahm
ati
A.,
“
Phase
-
shifte
d
ca
rri
er
PWM
t
ec
hniqu
e
for
g
ene
ra
l
c
asc
ade
d
inve
rt
ers,
”
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
23
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1257
–
1
269
,
2008.
[15]
Zha
o
J.
,
He
X.,
and
Zha
o
R
.
,
“
A
novel
pwm
cont
rol
method
for
hybrid
-
c
la
m
ped
mu
lt
i
-
le
ve
l
inve
rt
ers,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l. 57, n
o.
7
,
pp
.
2365
–
2
373,
2010
.
[16]
Alexa
nder
S.
A.,
“
Dev
el
opm
ent
of
solar
photovo
lt
aic
inve
r
te
r
wi
t
h
red
uc
ed
h
arm
o
nic
d
istort
ions
suita
bl
e
fo
r
Indi
a
n
sub
-
cont
ine
n
t,
”
Re
newab
le
and
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
Revi
ews
,
vol
.
56
,
pp
.
694
–
70
4
,
2016
.
[17]
Y
.
Babkr
ani,
A
.
Nadda
mi
,
and
M
.
Hil
al
,
“
A
s
ma
rt
c
asc
ad
ed
H
-
bridge
mul
t
i
-
l
eve
l
inv
erter
wi
th
an
op
ti
m
iz
ed
modul
ation
tech
nique
inc
r
ea
sing
th
e
qu
ality
and
red
uci
ng
h
arm
o
nic
s,
”
In
te
rnatio
nal
Journal
o
f
P
ower
E
le
c
tronics
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vo
l
.
10
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1
852
–
1862
,
2019
.
[18]
A.
S.
R
.
A.
Subk
i,
M.
Z
.
Tum
a
ri,
N.
M.
Y
usof,
A.
Z.
Jidin
,
A.
F.
Z
.
Abidin
,
W.
N.
A
.
Rashid
,
M.
S.
Saeala
l
,
and
A
.
W.
Ab
Az
iz,
“
C
ompa
ra
ti
ve
stud
y
of
sinusoidal
PWM
and
thi
rd
har
monic
in
je
c
ted
PWM
on
three
phase
ca
sc
aded
H
-
bridge
multi
-
l
eve
l
inve
r
te
r
at
var
ious
am
p
li
tu
de
modulati
on
i
ndic
es,
”
2018
I
EE
E
PE
S
Asia
-
Pac
ific
Powe
r
a
nd
Ene
rgy
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
Conf
ere
nce (
AP
P
EE
C
), Kota
Kinaba
lu
,
2018
,
pp.
520
–
525
.
[19]
C.
R
.
B
al
a
muru
gan,
S.
P.
Na
ta
r
aj
an
,
R
.
Bensra
j
,
and
B.
Shanth
i,
“
A
rev
ie
w
on
m
odula
ti
on
str
at
eg
ie
s
of
multi
-
le
ve
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
E
E
C
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
8
1
–
7
0
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
t
hre
e phase
c
as
ca
ded h
-
br
id
ge m
ulti
le
v
el
inverte
r base
d on
...
(A.
Shams
ul R
ah
i
mi A.
Su
bki)
169
[20]
Bal
am
u
ruga
n
C.
R
.
,
Nata
r
ajan
S
.
P.,
and
Pad
ma
th
il
ag
am
V.
,
“
Compa
ra
ti
ve
study
on
var
iou
s
bipo
l
ar
pwm
str
at
eg
ies
for
thr
ee
phase
s
fiv
e
le
v
el
c
asc
a
ded
inve
rt
er
,”
A
RP
N
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
App
li
ed
Sc
ie
n
c
es
,
vo
l.
7,
no
.
9,
pp.
1091
–
1101
,
2012.
[21]
T.
P.
Kakosimo
s,
K.
Pavlou,
A.
Klada
s,
and
S.
Mania
s,
“
A
sing
le
-
phase
n
ine
-
l
e
vel
inv
ert
er
for
re
newa
bl
e
en
erg
y
sys
te
ms e
mp
l
oyi
ng
model
pr
edi
c
t
ive
cont
rol
,
”
En
e
rgy
Conve
rs
ion and Manage
men
t,
vo
l. 89, pp. 42
7
–
437,
2015
.
[22]
M.
Coppola,
F.
Di
Napoli,
and
P.
Guerr
ie
ro
,
“
An
FP
GA
-
Based
Advanc
ed
Contro
l
Strategy
of
a
Gr
id
-
Tied
PV
CHB
Inve
rte
r
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
31
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
806
–
816
,
2
016.
[23]
S.
V
.
Madha
v
i
a
nd
G.
T
.
R
.
Das,
“
Compa
r
ative
Study
of
Contro
ll
ers
for
an
Isola
te
d
Full
Bridge
Boost
Converter
Topol
ogy
in
Fuel
Ce
ll
Appl
icat
ions,
”
In
te
rnatio
nal
Journal
o
f
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1644
–
1656,
201
8.
[24]
M.
Khanfa
ra
,
R.
El
Ba
cht
ir
i,
M
.
Bouss
et
ta
,
and
K.
El
Ha
mm
ou
mi
,
“
A
Multi
ca
rr
ie
r
PWM
Techni
que
for
Five
Le
v
el
Inve
rte
r
Conn
ecte
d
to
the
Grid
,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
J
ournal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol.
9
,
no.
4
,
pp
.
1774
–
1783,
2018
.
[25]
G.
V
.
Krishnan
,
M.
V
.
Ra
jkumar,
and
C
.
Hem
al
a
tha
,
“
Modeling
and
Sim
ulati
on
of
13
-
l
eve
l
Casca
ded
Hybri
d
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
r
te
r
wit
h
l
ess
numbe
r
of
Sw
it
ch
es,
”
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
o
f
In
novat
i
ve
S
tudi
es
in
Sc
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
Engi
ne
ering
Tec
hnology
ISSN
24
55
-
4863
(IJ
ISS
E
T)
,
vol. 2, no. 11
,
pp
.
43
–
47
,
201
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.