Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
15
27
~
1535
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
15
27
-
1535
1527
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Op
tim
al
planning
of hy
br
i
d photo
voltai
c/batte
ry
/
die
sel
generat
or i
n ship
power sy
stem
Ab
b
a
L
awan
Bukar
1
,
C
hee
Wei
Tan
2
,
K
w
an
Yiew
Lau
3
,
A
hme
d Tij
jani D
ah
ir
u
4
1
,2,3,4
Division
of Electrical Power
,
School
of El
ec
t
ric
a
l
Eng
ineeri
n
g,
Univer
si
ti T
ek
nologi
Ma
la
ysia
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Fa
cul
ty
o
f
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univer
siti
of
M
ai
d
uguri
,
Nig
eria
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
5
, 20
20
Re
vised
M
a
r
30
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
Apr
16
, 20
20
In
li
n
e
wi
th
the
inc
re
asing
conce
rn
on
the
poll
u
tion
relea
se
by
m
ari
ne
ships,
ren
ewa
bl
e
en
erg
y
te
chno
logi
es
i
n
ships
power
s
ystem
has
re
ce
iv
ed
so
much
at
t
ent
ion
.
R
ec
en
tl
y,
photovoltaic
(PV
)
and
ene
rg
y
storage
sys
tem
(ESS)
ar
e
bee
n
integra
te
d
in
to
conve
n
ti
o
nal
die
s
el
gen
er
at
or
in
ships
po
wer
sys
te
m
Neve
rthele
ss
,
improper
si
zi
ng
o
f
the
ov
erall
ship
power
station
wi
ll
r
esult
i
n
a
high
inv
estm
e
nt
cost
and
inc
r
ea
se
CO
2
e
mi
ss
ion.
Th
is
pape
r
devi
sed
a
me
thodol
ogy
to
co
mput
e
the
opti
mal
siz
e
o
f
th
e
ESS
,
PV
and
d
ie
sel
gene
ra
tor
in
a
ship
power
sys
tem
to
mi
n
im
i
ze
CO
2
em
ission,
f
uel
cost,
an
d
inve
stme
n
t
cost.
It
is
a
wel
l
-
kn
own
fact
that
p
ower
gen
erati
on
in
a
sa
il
ing
ship
depe
nd
on
t
he
time
zone,
lo
ca
l
ti
m
e,
date,
latit
ude
,
and
long
i
tude
a
long
ship
navi
g
at
ion
r
oute
and
th
e
con
dit
ion
of
th
e
shi
p
power
sys
te
m
al
so
diff
ers
from
power
sys
t
em
s
on
la
nd
.
T
he
dev
ised
m
et
h
od
in
thi
s
pap
er
ta
k
es
int
o
ac
coun
ts
the
ge
ogra
phical
and
s
ea
son
var
ia
t
ion
of
solar
insola
t
i
on
al
ong
the
route
from
La
g
os
(Nige
ri
a)
to
Conakry
(Gu
inea)
and
a
cc
ur
at
e
l
y
mod
el
th
e
power
output of P
V m
odule
s is al
ong
the rout
e.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c s
ys
te
m
Sh
ip
po
wer sys
te
m
CO2
emissi
on
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Chee
Wei Ta
n,
Divisio
n of El
e
ct
rical
Power
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
y Te
knol
og
i
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
81310,
UT
M
S
kudai,
Joh
or
.
Emai
l:
ch
eewe
i@utm.
my
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
As
the
am
ount
of
C
O
2
e
missi
on
emit
te
d
by
ma
rine
s
hi
ps
increa
ses,
t
he
mari
ne
i
ndus
trie
s
an
d
internati
onal
marit
ime
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
re
unde
r
pr
e
ssure
f
rom
t
he
U
ni
te
d
Nati
on
s
a
nd
E
uro
pean
Un
i
on
fr
ame
w
ork
c
onven
ti
on
on
cl
imat
e
cha
ng
e
t
o
re
duce
CO
2
emissi
ons
[
1
]
.
Du
e
t
o
the
fact
that
mari
ne
s
hi
ps
are
powe
red
by
c
onve
ntion
al
D
G,
t
he
co
st
of
f
uel
ha
s
ad
ver
sel
y
af
fect
ed
the
operati
on
al
c
os
ts
of
sh
ips
.
Con
se
quently
,
ef
forts
are
been
m
ade
t
o
i
nteg
rate
re
new
a
ble
ene
r
gy
(RE)
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
,
s
pec
ific
al
ly
photov
oltai
c
(
PV
)
a
nd
e
ne
rgy
stora
ge
s
ys
te
m
(ESS)
int
o
t
he
sh
i
p
powe
r
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
integ
rati
on
of
t
he
RE
no
t
on
l
y
mit
igate
s
the
CO
2
emissi
on
a
nd
fu
el
co
st
but
al
so
imp
rove
s
powe
r
qual
it
y,
imp
r
ov
e
e
nerg
y
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
No
t
withstan
ding,
t
he
use
o
f
RE
te
chnolo
gies
in
creases
the
i
nvest
ment
cost
a
nd
make
s
the
powe
r
gen
e
rated
fluct
uates
f
rom
ti
me
to
ti
me
[
2
,
3
]
.
A
wi
de
ra
ng
e
of
resea
rch
ha
ve
pr
ov
e
n
tha
t
the
us
e
d
of
E
SS
is
on
e
of
the
mos
t
eff
ect
ive
met
hods
to
imp
rove
powe
r
qual
it
y
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
of
the
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
an
d
a
s
wel
l
favo
ur
s
t
he
pe
netrati
on
of
R
E
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
Noneth
el
ess,
the
de
plo
yme
nt
RE
te
chnolo
gy
ma
y
i
ncr
eas
e
the
in
vestme
nt
co
st
a
nd
ma
ke
the
po
wer
s
ys
te
m
to
be
w
obbly
ow
i
ng
t
o
t
he
i
ntermitt
ent
beh
a
vi
or
of
t
he
resou
rces
[
6
]
.
So
me
w
orks
ha
ve
c
onfirme
d
that
the
opti
m
al
mana
geme
nt
of
E
SS
with
RE
generato
rs
in
the
sh
ip
powe
r
sy
s
te
m can
r
e
duce
the co
st o
f
ope
rati
ng
e
xisti
ng
powe
r
sy
ste
m
and
reduce
ne
ga
ti
ve
env
i
ronm
ental
impact
[
2
,
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
27
–
15
35
1528
A
s
hip
powe
r
sy
ste
m
integ
rated
with
a
RE
sy
ste
m
ca
n
be
viewe
d
as
a
s
pecial
mobil
e
an
d
auto
nomous
s
yst
em.
Pr
e
vious
stud
ie
s
hav
e
e
xp
l
or
e
d
hybr
i
d
power
sy
ste
m
arr
a
ng
e
ments
on
s
hi
ps
[
8
-
10
]
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
a
D
G
i
n
co
njuncti
on
with
a
li
thium
-
io
n
ba
tt
ery
has
been
exa
mine
d
f
or
sh
ip
cra
ne
op
e
rati
on.
To
mi
nimize
fu
el
c
onsumpti
on,
the
batte
r
y
stora
ge
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
us
e
d
to
c
onve
rt
bul
k
ca
rr
ie
rs
to
al
l
-
el
ect
ric
sh
ip
s
[
11
]
.
Othe
r
st
udy
ha
ve
el
ucidate
d
diff
e
re
nt
c
on
t
r
ol
c
on
t
ro
l
sc
he
mes
t
o
re
du
ce
fu
el
co
nsum
ption
a
nd
prolo
ng
t
he
li
fesp
an
of
ES
S.
Als
o
a
vaila
ble
in
the
li
te
r
at
ur
e
a
re
stu
di
es
relat
ed
to
hybri
d
PV
/
Win
d/d
ie
sel
an
d
P
V/diesel
sy
ste
ms
in
co
nj
un
ct
io
n
with
ESS
on
la
nd
f
or
resi
den
ti
al
pur
pose
[
3
,
12
,
13
]
.
S
pecifica
ll
y,
t
he
op
ti
mal
siz
ing
of
a
n
a
utonomo
us
P
V/Wi
nd/ESS/
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
s
ys
te
m
has
bee
n
pro
p
os
ed
t
o
ma
ximize
reli
abil
it
y
an
d
minimi
ze
the
c
os
t
of
e
nerg
y
[
3
]
.
I
n
[
14
]
an
op
ti
m
um
unit
siz
ing
meth
od
has
been
pr
opos
e
d
f
or
a
sta
ndal
o
ne
micro
gr
i
d
s
ys
t
em.
An
opti
mu
m
desig
n
for
sta
nd
al
on
e
die
sel
/wind
/P
V
hybri
d
sy
ste
m
unde
r
un
ce
rtai
nt
ie
s
of
RE so
ur
ce
s
has
b
ee
n pro
po
se
d t
o
ma
ximize
r
el
ia
bili
ty an
d t
he
Le
veliz
ed
c
os
t
of
e
ne
rgy
To
the
best
of
our
knowle
dg
e
,
hy
br
id
P
V/diesel
with
ESS
on
sh
i
ps
has
not
bee
n
disc
us
se
d
extensi
vely
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
1
,
15
-
18
]
.
D
iffer
e
nt
f
rom
the
pre
vious
w
orks,
t
his
stu
dy
anal
ys
es
a
hybri
d
PV
/diese
l
with
ESS
f
or
a
n
oi
l
ta
nk
er
sh
i
p
nav
i
gating
f
rom
La
go
s
in
N
igeria
to
Co
na
kry
in
G
ha
na.
The
sh
ipl
oad
va
riat
ion
s
at
f
ull
-
spe
ed
sai
li
ng,
re
gu
la
r
sai
li
ng,
a
ncho
rin
g,
dock
ing
,
an
d
l
oad
i
ng
/
un
l
oad
i
ng
is
bee
n
modell
ed.
Fi
na
ll
y,
a
c
omparis
on
is
ma
de
ba
sed
on
va
rio
us
s
ys
te
m
c
onfi
gurati
ons
in
te
r
ms
of
C
O
2
e
m
issi
on
and
c
os
t
for
th
e
sh
ip
powe
r
s
ys
te
m.
The
re
st
of
t
he
pa
pe
r
is
org
a
nized
as
fo
ll
ows:
Se
ct
ion
2
prese
nts
the
mathemat
ic
al
modell
ing
of
the
c
omp
onent
that
c
ompo
se
d
the
hybr
i
d
sh
i
p
powe
r
syst
em.
Sect
io
ns
3
pr
ese
nt
the
f
or
m
ulati
on
opti
miza
ti
on
pr
ob
le
m
.
S
ect
ion
4
pres
ents
the
met
hodolo
gy.
Sect
ion
5
de
m
onstrat
es
exem
plar
y
cas
e
stud
ie
s
to
va
li
date
the
pro
po
s
ed
meth
odology
a
nd
fi
na
ll
y,
the
co
nclu
sion
is
dr
a
wn
ou
t
in
Sect
ion
6.
2.
DESCRIPTI
ON A
ND M
A
THE
MA
TI
C
AL
MO
DELL
ING
OF T
HE
HYBRID
SHIP
POWE
R
POWER
S
YST
EM
2.1.
Diff
ere
nce be
t
ween a s
hip p
ow
er
system
and p
ower sy
st
em o
n la
nd
This
stu
dy
i
s
relat
ed
t
o
ge
ner
at
io
n
plan
ning
e
xp
a
ns
i
on
in
sh
i
p
power
sy
ste
m
a
nd
it
dif
fer
s
consi
der
a
bly
f
r
om
aut
onomo
us
micr
ogrid
on
la
nd.
A
sh
i
p
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
c
an
be
viewe
d
a
s
sp
e
ci
al
mobil
e
an
d
auto
nomous
m
ic
rogr
id
[1]. T
he deta
il
s d
esc
riptio
n of
t
he d
iffer
e
nces is
d
e
scribe
d
in
Ta
ble 1
.
Table
1.
Dif
fere
nce
betwee
n
a
sh
i
p power
s
yst
em and
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
on lan
d
Hy
b
rid sh
ip
po
wer
sy
stem
Stan
d
alo
n
e po
wer
sy
stem
o
n
land
Po
wer
sy
stem
is
m
o
b
ile
Po
wer
sy
stem
is f
i
x
ed
in o
n
e po
sition
.
Ir
radian
ce
o
n
a
s
ailin
g
sh
ip
v
aries
with
th
e
ti
m
e
,
d
ate
an
d
p
o
sitio
n
o
f
th
e
sh
ip
;
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
it
relies
o
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
e and
latitud
e.
Fix
ed
ir
radian
ce is
r
eceived
.
Load
v
aries
with
th
e
o
p
erating
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
sh
ip
(f
u
ll
-
sp
eed
sailin
g
,
regu
lar
sailin
g
,
an
ch
o
ring
,
d
o
ck
in
g
an
d
load
in
g
/u
n
lo
ad
i
n
g
).
Load
fluctu
ates
co
n
tin
u
o
u
sl
y
in
stan
d
alo
n
e po
wer
sy
stem
Los
s
o
f
p
o
wer
supp
ly
p
ro
b
ab
ility
(
LPSP)
m
u
st
b
e
zero.
It
is n
o
t necess
ary
to
g
u
arantee zer
o
LPSP
Sea
wat
er
c
rash
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
eck
in
th
e
sh
ip
p
o
wer
sy
stem
h
as
a
g
rea
t
im
p
act
o
n
th
e
ef
ficiency
o
f
PV
m
o
d
els.
This
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
n
o
t
fou
n
d
in
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les o
n
land
.
The
an
g
le
o
f
in
cid
en
ce
o
n
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
ch
an
g
es
d
u
e
to
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
of the sh
ip
The
an
g
le
o
f
in
cid
en
ce
o
n
th
e
PV
a
rr
ay
is
fixed
.
2.2.
Descripti
on
of
t
he
hybri
d s
h
ip power
syste
m a
n
d na
vigat
ion r
oute
The
fo
c
us
of
t
his
stu
dy
is
t
o
op
ti
mall
y
desi
gn
a
hybri
d
po
wer
sy
ste
m
c
omp
rising
of
P
V,
ESS,
a
nd
diesel
g
ene
rato
r
s
ys
te
m
f
or
a
n
oil
ta
nker
s
hip.
Be
side
s,
the
s
tudy fur
th
er
an
al
yzed
the
emi
ssion
a
nd
c
os
t of
th
e
hybri
d
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
i
n
t
he
oi
l
ta
nk
e
r
s
hip.
The
w
ork
is
ba
sed
on
a
pr
oject
name
d
“
O
n
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
RE
te
chnolo
gy
in
Oil
Tan
ke
r
S
hi
p”
i
n
S
ub
-
Saha
ran
A
fr
ic
a
[
19
]
.
T
he
detai
l
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of
the
oil
ta
nker
s
hip
are
that
t
he
he
igh
t
,
widt
h,
an
d
le
ngth
are
20.
6
m
,
50
m,
and
20
0
m
,
re
sp
ect
ively
.
T
he
arc
hitec
ture
of
the
hybri
d
s
hip
po
wer
sy
ste
m
is
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1.
T
he
pow
er
s
ys
te
m
c
ons
ist
s
of
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
(
DG),
PV
modu
le
s
a
nd
E
SS.
T
he
esse
nc
e
of
t
he
ES
S
is
to
abs
orb
e
xc
ess
powe
r
g
e
ner
at
e
d
by
P
V
and
as
well
i
mpro
ve
the
reli
a
bili
ty
of
the
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
D
G
m
us
t
be
able
t
o
f
ulfil
the
s
hip
e
nergy
dema
nd
at
al
l
t
ime
since
the
s
hip’s
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
al
way
s
operate
s
in
sta
nd
al
one
mode.
Th
e
oi
l
ta
nk
er
sh
i
p
nav
i
gates
f
r
om
Lag
os
(N
i
ger
i
a)
t
o
Con
a
k
r
y
(
G
uine
a)
in
5da
ys
,
a
nd
sai
l
on
the
r
ou
te
fi
ve
ti
mes
annuall
y.
Pr
ec
ise
ly,
the
s
hip
sta
rts
sai
li
ng
at
9:00
am
on
Fe
bruary
10
th
,
April
10
th
,
J
un
e
10
th
,
Aug
us
t
10
th
,
O
ct
ob
e
r
10
th
fr
om
Lag
os
a
nd
r
et
urns
Fe
bruary
16
th
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al
plann
i
ng o
f
hy
br
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic/
batt
ery/
diesel
g
e
ne
ra
tor
in shi
p p
ower
…
(
A
bba Lawan
Buk
ar
)
1529
April
16
th
,
Jun
e
16
th
,
A
ugus
t
16
th
,
Oct
obe
r
16
th
res
pecti
vely
from
Co
na
kry
.
The
refor
e
,
th
e
op
ti
miza
ti
on
ta
kes
into acc
ount
1200
h
i
n
a
yea
r
.
2.3.
Model
li
ng
of
t
he ship
power
system c
om
p
on
en
ts
2.3.1.
Photov
olt
aic
s
ystem
Durin
g
the
na
vig
at
io
n
r
oute
from
La
gos
in
Niger
ia
t
o
Co
nakr
y
in
G
ui
ne
a,
so
la
r
i
rr
a
diance
va
ries
with
t
he
ti
me,
date
a
nd
posit
ion
of
the
s
hip.
T
he
mathe
ma
ti
cal
model
to
com
pu
te
f
or
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
po
wer
ou
t
pu
t
is
de
fin
ed
by
(
1)
[
17
,
20
]
.
Th
e
m
ode
l
est
imat
es
PV
powe
r
outp
ut
unde
r
varyin
g
ambient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
and s
olar
ir
rad
i
ance.
POW
pv
(
t
)
=
P
r
pv
×
(
G
G
ref
⁄
)
[
1
+
T
c
o
f
(
T
c
−
T
re
f
)
]
(1)
wh
e
re
is
the
total
hourl
y
P
V
pan
el
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
(
)
gen
e
rate
d
at
ti
me
(
)
,
is
t
he
P
V
pan
el
rated
po
wer
(
)
,
re
pr
es
ent
so
la
r
ir
radi
ance
(
2
⁄
)
,
repr
esents
the
so
l
ar
ir
rad
ia
nce
a
t
ref
e
ren
ce
c
ondi
ti
on
s
ha
ving
a
value
of
1000
(
2
⁄
)
,
de
note
the
PV
panel
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt,
it
is
set
a
s
−
3
.
7
×
10
−
3
(
1
℃
⁄
)
for po
l
y
a
nd
mono
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine sil
ic
on
[
21
]
.
de
note
the
P
V pan
el
cell
te
mp
e
ratur
e
, a
nd
la
stl
y,
is t
he
P
V pan
el
cell
te
mp
e
ratur
e
at st
and
a
r
d
te
st co
ndit
ion
,
no
rmall
y
set
as
25℃
[
22
]
.
DC
/
DC
DC
/
DC
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
E
S
S
O
i
l
t
a
n
k
e
r
s
h
i
p
D
C
Bu
s
A
C
Bu
s
DC
/
DC
D
C
L
o
a
d
A
C
L
o
a
d
C
y
cl
e
C
har
g
i
ng
-
C
ont
r
ol
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
DG
Co
n
a
k
r
y
(
G
u
i
n
e
a
)
La
go
s
(
N
i
ge
r
i
a
)
M
o
n
r
o
n
vi
a
(
Li
b
e
r
i
a
)
(a)
(b)
Figure
1.
(a
)
H
ybrid
o
il
tan
ke
r
s
hip
powe
r
s
yst
em (b)
na
viga
ti
on
route ma
p
Accor
ding
to
the
model
of
PV
propose
d
by
M
a
rkva
r
[
17
,
20
]
,
the
c
el
l
te
mp
eratu
r
e
can
be
expresse
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
T
c
=
T
a
mb
+
(
(
(
T
n
oc
t
−
20
)
/
800
)
×
G
)
,
(2)
wh
e
re,
repres
ents
am
bient
te
mp
erat
ur
e
in
℃
,
dep
ic
ts
t
he
nomi
nal
c
el
l
op
erati
ng
te
mp
erat
ur
e
i
n
℃
.
It
is
imp
ort
ant
to
no
te
t
hat
th
e
value
depe
nd
s
on
t
he
P
V
modu
le
s
pecifi
cat
ion
a
nd
it
sp
eci
fied
by
it
s
ma
nufactu
rer.
S
olar
irra
dia
nce
play
s
a
n
i
mporta
nt
r
ole
in
a
sh
i
p
powe
r
s
ys
te
m.
T
his
w
ork
,
therefo
re,
pr
opos
es
a
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
t
he
sol
ar
ir
rad
ia
nce
on
th
e
s
hip
bo
ard.
The
m
odific
at
ion
is
a
s
f
ollows
[
23
]
.
G
(
s
,
t
)
=
G
d
(
s
,
t
)
+
G
r
(
s
,
t
)
+
G
b
(
s
,
t
)
(3)
G
b
,
n
(
s
,
t
)
=
[
cos
(
θ
)
+
cos
2
(
ϕ
2
)
sin
(
χ
)
+
p
(
cos
χ
+
C
)
sin
2
(
ϕ
2
)
]
(4)
wh
e
re
(
,
)
,
(
,
)
,
(
,
)
and
,
(
,
)
den
ote
the
s
ky
dif
f
use
rad
ia
ti
on,
gro
und
ref
le
ct
i
on
rad
ia
ti
on,
direc
t
rad
ia
ti
on
an
d
direct
no
rmal
irrad
ia
nce
on
a
su
r
face
wh
ic
h
is
perpe
nd
ic
ular
to
th
e
sun
’s
ray
s
,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
T
he
var
ia
bles
,
and
represe
nt
the
ze
nith
a
ng
l
e,
di
ffuse
porti
on
co
ns
ta
nt
an
d
the
re
flect
io
n
ind
e
x,
res
pecti
vely. W
hile
re
pr
ese
nts t
he
a
ngle
the
so
la
r
r
a
ys
a
nd
bo
a
rd a
nd it
is co
mput
ed usin
g 5
[
24
]
.
cos
θ
=
[
cos
ϕ
cos
χ
+
sin
ϕ
s
in
co
s
(
ξ
−
Ƈ
)
]
(5)
wh
e
re
ϕ
de
no
te
the
ti
lt
ang
le
from
the
ho
rizon
ta
l
surface
a
nd
sin
c
e
PV
modu
le
s
are
horiz
on
ta
ll
y
placed
on
the
sh
ip
boar
d,
t
herefo
re,
ϕ
is
a
c
onsta
nt
0.
Ƈ
an
d
de
no
te
t
he
plate
azi
mu
t
h
and
sun
azi
mut
h
ang
le
,
r
es
pecti
vely. T
he
azi
m
uth
a
nd s
un ze
nith a
ng
le
can
be
c
ompu
te
d u
sing 6
[
25
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
27
–
15
35
1530
cos
θ
=
cos
χ
=
sin
λ
sin
δ
+
co
sxco
s
λ
cos
α
(6)
wh
e
re
denote
the
la
ti
tud
e
in
degrees,
is
the
so
la
r
decli
nation
a
ngle
w
hich
can
be
c
omp
uted
us
i
ng
7
a
nd
denote t
he
s
olar
a
ngle
, i
t i
s d
et
ermi
ne
d usin
g (8
-
13).
α
=
23
.
4
4
sin
[
360
(
d
−
80
365
.
25
)
]
(7)
β
=
360
24
(
LST
−
12
)
(8)
LST
=
LT
+
TC
60
⁄
(9)
TC
=
4
(
L
loca
l
−
LSTM
)
+
EOT
(
10)
LSTM
=
t
z
on
e
.
15
o
(
11)
EOT
=
9
.
8
7
sin
(
2B
)
−
7
.
5
3
co
s
(
B
)
−
1
.
5
sin
(
B
)
(
12)
B
=
360
(
d
−
81
)
/
364
(13)
wh
e
re
denote
the
numbe
r
of
da
ys
,
and
denote
the
loc
al
ti
me
and
lo
cal
sta
nd
ar
d
ti
me,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
r
epr
ese
nt
the
e
qu
at
io
n
of
ti
m
e,
ta
king
int
o
account
the
i
rregu
la
rity
of
th
e
sp
ee
d
of
ea
r
th
arou
nd
the
s
un.
rep
re
sent
t
he
dif
fer
e
nce
betwee
n
G
M
T
and
the
c
urre
nt
ti
me
zon
e
.
denote
the
local
longit
ude
. Ta
ble 2 p
rese
nts the
sp
eci
ficat
ion
of the
PV t
hat is
us
ed
in t
his stu
dy [3].
Table
2
.
T
ech
ni
cal
an
d ec
on
omi
c p
a
rameters
of the
syst
em
com
pone
nts
PV
Rated
po
wer
2
7
5
W
Thick
n
ess
of PV
m
o
d
u
le
0
.25
m
Initial co
st
$
2
.15
/W
Ef
fic
ien
cy
17%
PV r
eg
u
lato
r
co
st
$
1
5
0
0
Leng
th
of PV
m
o
d
u
le
1
m
Lif
eti
m
e
2
4
yr
W
id
th
of PV
m
o
d
u
le
0
.88
m
Battery
Disch
arge ef
ficien
cy
100yr
Lif
eti
m
e
3yr
Ch
argin
g
eff
icien
cy
85yr
Initial co
st
$
2
8
0
/
k
W
Diesel g
en
erator
Lif
eti
m
e
2
4
,00
0
h
o
u
rs
Initial co
st
$
1
0
0
0
/k
W
Rated
po
wer
W
2.3.2.
Battery
st
or
age system
and e
nergy m
ana
ge
ment
s
tr
at
e
gy
Du
e
t
o
t
he
spo
rad
ic
nat
ur
e
of
the
P
V
power
ou
t
pu
t,
E
SS
is
inco
rpor
at
e
d
to
the
s
hip
powe
r
sy
ste
m
t
o
mana
ge
t
he
de
fici
t
or
exce
ss
powe
r
pro
duc
ed,
ta
king
i
nto
acco
unt
the
s
ta
te
of
cha
rg
e
(S
OC
)
of
the
ESS.
Wh
e
n
the
pow
er
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
PV
m
odules
or
the
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
e
xcee
ds
the
loa
d
de
man
d
of
t
he
shi
p,
t
he
ESS
be
gin
s
to
cha
r
ge.
T
he
c
hargin
g
ene
rgy
of
t
he
batte
r
y
ba
nk
at
an
y
gi
ven
ti
me
c
an
be
co
m
pu
te
d
a
s
fo
ll
ows:
E
ES
U
(
t
)
=
E
ES
U
(
t
−
1
)
+
(
E
PV
(
t
)
+
E
die
sel
(
t
)
−
E
load
(
t
)
)
.
η
ch
(14)
wh
e
re
(
)
de
no
te
the
loa
d
dem
and,
(
)
and
(
−
1
)
denotes
the
c
ha
rg
i
ng
ene
rgy
of
the
batte
ry
at
ti
me
an
d
−
1
,
ℎ
is
t
he
chargin
g
ef
fici
ency
of
the
batte
ry
.
Simi
la
rl
y,
w
he
n
t
he
oil
t
ank
e
r
sh
i
p
energ
y
de
ma
nd
e
xceed
s
the
ge
ner
at
ed
po
wer
at
ti
me
,
the
ES
U
dis
charges
t
o
f
ul
fil
the
sh
i
p
de
man
d
accor
ding t
o
(
16)
.
Ta
ble
2 pr
e
sents the
s
pecif
ic
at
ion
of t
he b
at
te
ry
that is
u
s
ed
in
this st
udy [
3]
.
E
ES
U
(
t
)
=
E
ES
U
(
t
)
−
(
E
load
(
t
)
−
E
PV
(
t
)
−
E
die
sel
(
t
)
)
/
η
di
s
(
15)
2.3.3.
Diesel
g
e
nera
t
or
Fo
ll
owin
g
t
he
dep
l
oyment
of
the
P
V
s
ys
te
m
to
the
sh
i
p
po
wer
syst
em,
t
he
diesel
ge
ner
a
tor
now
act
s
as
a b
ac
kup
source
. I
t
s
witc
he
d
on w
he
n
the
total
p
ower
g
e
ner
at
e
d
from
P
V
a
rr
a
y
an
d
E
SU
is no
t
suffi
ci
ent
to
fu
lfil
the
de
m
and
of
the
s
hip
.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
t
he
dies
el
gen
e
rato
r
i
s
modell
ed
a
ccordin
g
to
it
s
fuel
consu
mp
ti
on
de
fine
d by [
3]
:
FC
d
=
γ
.
P
d
+
δ
.
P
d
rat
e
d
(
16)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al
plann
i
ng o
f
hy
br
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic/
batt
ery/
diesel
g
e
ne
ra
tor
in shi
p p
ower
…
(
A
bba Lawan
Buk
ar
)
1531
wh
e
re
and
den
ote t
he
outp
ut
an
d rate
d
po
w
er of
the
diesel
g
en
erato
r.
an
d
represe
nt the
coeffic
ie
nt
of
f
uel cons
umpti
on c
ur
ve
a
nd are
g
ive
n
a
s
0.246
(
L/h
)
a
nd
0.0845 (L/
h) r
es
pec
ti
vely.
2.3.4.
Loa
d
dem
and
To
achie
ve
a
r
el
ia
ble
sy
ste
m
that
would
ful
fil
the
load
re
qu
i
reme
nt
of
t
he
sh
i
p
at
al
l
t
ime,
al
l
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
t
he
sh
i
p
loa
d
pr
of
il
e
must
be
co
ns
i
der
e
d.
The
hour
l
y
ch
ang
e
i
n
the
s
hi
p
loa
d
pr
of
il
e
with
resp
ect
to
dif
fe
ren
t
op
e
rati
ng
modes
of
the
s
hip
is
acc
ounte
d
f
or
i
n
this
w
ork.
Fi
gure
2a
sh
ows
t
he
sh
i
p
load
prof
il
es
a
nd
it
s
dif
fer
e
nt
op
e
r
at
ing
m
odes.
T
he
loa
d
c
onditi
on
s
are
50
0
kW,
1290
kW,
1580
kW,
1650
kW,
and
1790
kW
w
hic
h
co
rr
e
spond
to
a
nc
hori
ng,
unloa
ding/
loading,
re
gu
la
r
cr
uisin
g,
doc
king,
a
nd
f
ull
-
sp
ee
d
sai
li
ng
, res
pecti
vely.
The
p
l
ot
of the
hourl
y
l
oad co
ndit
ion
al
ong
the
ro
ute is g
i
ven in
Fig
ur
e
2b.
3.
FOR
M
ULAT
ION
OF T
HE
OPTIMIZ
AT
ION
PR
OBL
EM
3.1.
Obj
ec
tive fu
n
ctions a
n
d c
onstrain
ts
Ba
sed
on
the
s
ys
te
m
desc
ript
ion
ab
ove,
t
he
main
obje
ct
iv
e
is
to
mini
mize
the
operati
ng
c
os
ts
a
nd
inv
est
me
nt
of
the
s
hip
s
pow
er
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
as
well
t
he
green
hous
e
e
missi
on
s
from
th
e
co
nve
ntion
diese
l
gen
e
rato
r
s
ys
t
em,
wh
il
e
sat
i
sfy
i
ng
al
l
othe
r
op
e
rati
onal
const
raints.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
ob
je
c
ti
ve
f
un
ct
io
ns
are
as
fo
ll
ows:
(a)
(b)
Figure
2
.
(a
)
S
hip
l
oad
i
ng c
onditi
on
(b)
L
oa
d prof
il
e
of the
sh
i
p
al
on
g
the
route
1
=
+
+
+
1
=
=
∑
∑
240
=
1
3
=
1
(
)
=
∑
∑
.
(
.
+
.
)
240
=
1
3
}
(17)
The
total
c
os
t
i
s
c
omprise
d
of
instal
la
ti
on
c
ost
,
f
uel
cost,
t
he
re
placeme
nt
cost
of
P
V
a
nd
ES
S.
T
hu
s
,
the cost
s ar
e
d
e
fine
d
f
ollo
ws.
{
=
∑
∑
.
(
.
+
.
)
3
=
1
3
=
1
=
.
(
+
)
=
.
(
+
)
(18)
wh
e
re
,
,
,
denotes
the
re
placement
a
nd
inst
al
la
ti
on
cost
fo
r
the
ESS
a
nd
P
V.
denote
the
fu
el
co
st
(0.39
$/L
),
denote
s
the
capaci
ty
of
th
e
batte
r
y
and
denote
t
he
siz
e
o
t
he
PV
(
kW)
.
T
o
c
onve
r
t
the
init
ia
l
syst
em
capit
al
c
os
t
to
an
nual
c
apita
l,
(
19)
for
capit
al
recover
y fact
or
(
CR
F) i
s a
pp
li
ed fo
r
the
pu
rpose.
=
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
−
1
(19)
wh
e
re
deno
te
the
real
interes
t
rate
and
is
the
li
fe
sp
a
n
of
the
ESS
a
nd
PV
.
F
or
the
hybri
d
s
hip
powe
r
sta
ti
on, t
he
f
ollo
wing
operati
onal
c
ons
trai
nts m
us
t
be fulfill
ed
.
≤
≤
(
)
≤
≤
(
)
≤
≤
(
)
}
(20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
27
–
15
35
1532
And most
imp
or
ta
ntly,
t
he
ac
ti
ve
powe
r
s
ho
uld
be bala
nc
e
d
in
s
uch a
wa
y
that,
+
+
=
(21)
wh
e
re
,
,
de
note
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
ESS
,
PV
a
nd
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
res
pect
ively
,
consi
der
i
ng
the ti
me (
t
)
a
nd seasonal
var
ia
ti
on
(s).
repres
ent the
sh
i
p
loa
d dema
nd.
4.
METHO
DOL
OGY
Since
the
f
ormulat
ion
of
t
he
siz
in
g
desi
gn
pr
ob
le
m
is
f
or
m
ulate
d
a
s
a
c
on
st
raine
d
nonlinea
r
op
ti
miza
ti
on
pro
blem,
par
ti
cl
e
s
war
m
opti
miza
ti
on
is
use
d
t
o
so
l
ve
the
opti
miza
ti
on
pro
blem
i
n
t
hi
s
pap
e
r.
PSO
was
fir
st
dev
el
op
e
d
by
Kenne
dy
an
d
Eberha
rt
in
19
95
[
2]
[
7
]
.
T
he
basic
c
on
ce
pt
i
nvolv
e
s
in
the
PSO
is
the
ra
ndom
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
s
w
arm
of
par
ti
cl
es
al
so
kn
own
a
s
the
po
pu
la
ti
on
of
in
div
i
du
al
s.
Eac
h
pa
rtic
le
in
t
he
swarm
is
re
pr
esenti
ng
a
po
t
entia
l
so
luti
on
to
the
opti
miza
ti
on
prob
le
m
flie
s
via
a
n
n
-
dime
ns
io
na
l
search
la
nd
sca
pe
at
a
rand
om
velocit
y.
T
he p
os
it
ion of each
swarm
is upd
at
e
d bas
ed on i
ts best
gl
ob
al
e
xp
e
rienc
e, its
best
ex
plorat
ion,
an
d
it
s
pr
evio
us
ve
locit
y
vect
or,
us
i
ng
the
f
ollo
wing
f
ormulae.
F
igure
3
pr
es
e
nts
the
flo
wch
a
rt of t
he
prop
os
ed
met
hodolo
gy.
x
i
k
+
1
=
x
i
k
+
v
i
k
+
1
(22)
+
1
=
+
1
1
(
−
)
+
2
2
(
−
)
(23)
Wh
e
re
de
no
te
the
ine
rtia
we
igh
t,
1
an
d
2
de
note
rand
om
nu
mb
e
r
betwee
n
0
a
nd
1,
1
an
d
2
denote acce
le
r
at
ion
c
onsta
nt,
de
no
te
t
he bes
t historic
posit
ion at
ta
in by
p
a
rtic
le
.
M
o
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
n
a
v
i
ga
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
Ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
v
e
op
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
s
R
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
ge
n
e
r
a
t
e
N
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
w
i
t
h
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
f
i
t
n
e
s
s
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
U
p
d
a
t
e
G
b
e
s
t
a
n
d
P
b
e
s
t
C
h
e
c
k
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
G
b
e
s
t
a
n
d
P
b
e
s
t
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
v
e
c
t
or
,
P
b
e
s
t
,
G
b
e
s
t
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
os
t
a
n
d
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Che
c
k
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
C
h
oo
s
e
b
e
s
t
s
ol
u
t
i
on
a
s
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
Y
e
s
No
S
t
a
r
t
S
t
a
r
t
Figure
3.
Flo
w
char
t
of the
pro
po
s
ed
meth
odol
ogy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al
plann
i
ng o
f
hy
br
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic/
batt
ery/
diesel
g
e
ne
ra
tor
in shi
p p
ower
…
(
A
bba Lawan
Buk
ar
)
1533
5.
SIMULATI
O
N
RESU
LT
S
AND DIS
C
USSION
Be
aring
in
min
d
the
in
flue
nce
of
s
olar
rad
ia
ti
on
on
t
he
op
ti
mal
siz
ing
desi
gn
pro
blem
,
th
e
co
rr
ect
io
n
coeffic
ie
nt
cos
(
)
of
t
he
PV
m
odule
s
is
i
nv
est
igate
d
i
n
t
his
pap
e
r
an
d
ta
king
int
o
acc
ount
the
par
a
mete
rs
of
(
4
)
-
(
12
)
.
I
n
thi
s
re
gard,
the
s
olar
i
rr
a
diati
on
is
sam
pled
al
ong
the
r
oute
f
r
om
Lag
os
in
N
igeria
t
o
C
on
a
kry
i
n
Gu
i
nea.
T
hu
s
,
the
s
olar
ir
rad
i
ance
obta
ine
d
for
t
he
P
V
s
yst
em
on
the
s
hi
p
boar
d
is
give
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4a
.
T
o
stren
gth
e
n
t
he
stu
dy,
a
n
ec
onomi
c
a
nalysis
on
t
he
im
pact
of
inte
gr
at
in
g
PV
a
nd
ESS
into
t
he
s
hip
powe
r
sy
ste
m
c
on
si
de
rin
g
dif
fer
e
nt
loa
ding
co
ndit
ion
is
a
nalyze
d
t
o
de
monstra
te
the
ef
fecti
ve
ness
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
PSO met
ho
d.
Fo
r
c
omparis
on
pur
po
se
, thre
e cases a
re c
onsidere
d:
Ca
se 1
: T
he
c
ost
conside
rin
g
t
he
s
hip p
ower
sy
ste
m
with
di
esel
g
e
ner
at
or
on
l
y.
Ca
se 2
: T
he
c
ost
o
f
sh
i
p p
ow
e
r
s
ys
te
m
with
PV
a
nd
diesel
gen
e
rato
r on
l
y.
Ca
se 3
: T
he
c
ost
sh
ip
po
wer s
ys
te
m c
onside
r
ing
ESS
, PV a
nd d
ie
sel
ge
nerat
or
.
Table
3
presen
t
the
C
O
2
th
at
would
be
e
mit
te
d
a
nd
t
he
t
otal
cost
of
th
e
s
hi
p
power
s
ys
te
m
f
or
Ca
se
1,
Ca
se
2,
an
d
Ca
se
3.
It
ca
n
be
seen
i
n
Tab
le
3,
the
outp
ut
of
the
DG
po
wer
is
re
duced
with
the
de
ployme
nt
of
PV
in
both
Ca
se
2
a
nd
C
ase
3.
T
he
em
issi
on
is
al
s
o
r
edu
ce
d
i
n
sinc
e
the
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
operati
on
is
com
pensat
ed
with
P
V
a
nd
ESS.
I
n
case
1,
t
he
s
hip
e
nerg
y
de
man
d
is
con
ti
nu
ous
ly
sup
plied
by
DG.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
it
re
su
lt
s
in
high
c
os
t
a
nd
t
he
pro
blem
of
C
O
2
e
missi
on
is
m
uc
h
highe
r.
I
n
ca
se
2,
eve
n
th
ou
gh
the
PV
is
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
int
o
t
he
syst
em,
the
s
ys
te
m
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
ha
s
t
he
hi
gh
e
st
cost
of
a
bout
($
1,2
16,30
0),
t
his
impli
es
that
ESS
is
essen
ti
al
in
the
po
we
r
s
ys
te
m
and
op
ti
miz
at
ion
pro
cess
mu
st
be
pe
rformed
.
Ou
tst
a
nd
i
ng
l
y,
wh
e
n
E
SS
is
inco
rpor
at
e
d
t
he
f
uel
co
st
an
d
s
ys
te
m
c
os
t
dr
ast
ic
al
ly
re
duce
to
$522,
90
5
an
d
$1,00
3,600
res
pecti
vely
. A
f
ue
l
pr
ic
e
of 0
.
39
$/L
is used
f
or
the
e
sti
mati
on.
Fi
gure 4b
depi
ct
s
the
s
umma
ry
of
the compa
ris
on for
t
he
th
ree
di
ff
ere
nt sce
nar
i
os
.
Table
3
.
CO
2
e
missi
on and
ne
t pr
ese
nt c
os
t f
or four
dif
fer
e
nt s
ys
te
m c
onfi
gurati
ons
Cas
e 1
Cas
e 2
Cas
e3
Size of P
V (
k
W
)
0
8
,28
0
5
,34
6
Cap
acity
of E
SS
(
k
W
h)
0
0
7
,40
0
NPC ($)
1
,05
6
,645
1
,21
6
,300
1
,00
3
,600
PV ins
tallatio
n
cos
t
0
1
3
,67
0
1
0
,86
7
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in
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st
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ep
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ep
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el Co
st ($)
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iss
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t (
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(a)
(b)
Figure
4. (a
) M
od
i
fied
s
olar
ir
rad
ia
nce alo
ng
the ro
ute (b)
Com
par
is
on of t
he
C
O
2
emissi
on a
nd NPC
fo
r t
he
three sce
ne
rios
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
meth
odol
ogy
to
co
mpute
f
or
the
opti
mum
siz
e
of
hybr
id
PV
/ES
S/D
G
in
a
sh
ip
pow
er
sy
ste
m
has
been
prese
nted
in
t
his
pa
pe
r.
Hour
l
y
loa
ds
pro
file
of
t
he
sh
ip
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mod
el
le
d
with
res
pect
to
the
shi
p
five
op
e
rati
ng
c
ondi
ti
on
s
namel
y,
ancho
rin
g,
unl
oad
i
ng
/l
oa
di
ng,
regular
cr
uisi
ng,
docki
ng,
a
nd
fu
ll
-
s
pee
d
s
ai
li
ng
.
Nav
i
gation
r
oute
fr
om
Lag
os
in
Nige
ria
to
C
on
a
kry
in
G
uine
a
is
con
si
der
e
d
as
a
case
stu
dy.
F
ollow
e
d
by
the
app
li
cat
io
n
of
PSO
to
c
omp
ut
e
f
or
the
best
siz
e
of
ES
S
a
nd
PV,
an
d
to
opti
mize
diesel
gen
e
rato
r
o
utput
s
o
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
15
27
–
15
35
1534
to
reduce
emis
sion
a
nd
total
cost.
The
sim
ul
at
ion
res
ult
ob
ta
ined
sho
ws
t
hat
th
e
net
pre
sent
c
os
t
of
t
he
s
hip
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
that
c
onsti
tutes
P
V/ESS/
diesel
ge
ner
at
or
is
le
ss
tha
n
t
ha
t
of
the
s
hip
pow
er
sy
ste
m
that
const
it
utes
PV/
diesel
ge
ner
at
or.
S
om
e
of
the
fi
nd
i
ngs
at
ta
ined
a
re
as
f
ol
lows
:
(i)
the
ti
me
zo
ne
a
nd
a
s
well
the
local
ti
me
has
a
great
infl
uen
ce
on
the
c
orrecti
on
c
oe
ffi
ci
ent
fo
r
PV
powe
r
in
the
sh
i
p
po
wer
s
ys
te
m.
(ii)
So
la
r
ir
rad
ia
nc
e
great
ly
af
fec
ts
the
P
V
po
wer
gen
e
rati
on
duri
ng
s
u
m
mer
tha
n
i
n
a
ny
oth
e
r
sea
son.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
met
hodolo
gy can be
impro
ved
a
nd
app
li
ed
t
o
ot
he
r
micr
ogrids
t
ha
t are mobil
e, s
uch
a
s a h
i
gh
-
s
peed
trai
n
a
nd conta
iner
s
hip.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
We
n
,
H.
L
an,
D.
C.
Yu,
Q
.
Fu,
Y.
-
Y.
Hong,
L.
Yu
,
et
a
l.
,
"O
ptimal
si
zi
ng
of
hy
brid
ene
rgy
stor
age
sub
-
sys
te
m
s
in
PV
/di
ese
l
shi
p
power
sys
tem
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req
uen
cy ana
lysis,"
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rg
y,
vo
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an
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ie
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nd
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al
one
photov
olt
aic
-
wind
ene
r
gy
sys
te
m
with
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l
ce
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l:
Sys
tem
opti
mization
and
ene
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nt
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ar,
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pti
mal
si
zi
ng
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an
au
tonom
ous
photovol
taic
/win
d/ba
ttery/d
ie
sel
gene
ra
tor mi
cro
grid
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asshopper
opt
im
i
za
t
ion
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l
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h
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nt
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abi
l
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y
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die
sel
hybr
id
e
ner
gy
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tem
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ula
r
Ma
la
ysia
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u
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o,
"Ec
onomi
c
Ana
lysi
s
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Reside
nt
ia
l
Grid
-
connect
ed
Photovolt
aic
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te
m
w
it
h
Lithi
um
-
ion
Battery
Storag
e,
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in
2
019
IE
EE
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ere
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o,
"O
ptima
l
Sizi
ng
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Hyb
rid
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Cell
an
d
PV
Em
ployi
n
g
Hybrid
PS
O
-
GA,
" i
n
2019
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EE
E
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renc
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ah
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al
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,
"N
SGA
-
II
and
MO
PS
O
base
d
opt
im
i
za
t
i
on
for
si
zi
ng
of
hybrid
PV
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d/ba
ttery
ene
rgy
storage
sys
te
m
,
"
Int.
J
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er
El
e
ct
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C.
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K.
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oorthy
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K.
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rz
ine
,
"O
ptimal
lo
ca
t
ion
and
sizi
n
g
of
en
erg
y
sto
r
age
modules
for
a
smart
e
le
c
tric
ship
power
sys
te
m
,
"
in
2011
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EE
Symposium
on
Computati
onal
Int
el
li
g
ence
Applic
ati
ons
In
Smar
t
Gr
id
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,
2
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E.
Ovrum
and
T.
Bergh,
"M
odelli
ng
li
thi
u
m
-
ion
b
at
t
ery
hybrid
shi
p
cra
ne
op
erati
o
n,
"
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i
ed
En
ergy
,
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B.
Za
hed
i,
L
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E
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Norum
,
and
K.
B
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Ludvi
gsen
,
"O
pti
mized
e
ff
ic
i
enc
y
of
all
-
elec
tr
ic
ships
by
dc
hybr
id
powe
r
sys
te
ms,"
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al
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ce
s,
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E.
K.
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es,
D.
A.
Huds
on,
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d
S.
R.
Turno
ck
,
"A
ss
essing
the
pote
nt
ia
l
o
f
hy
brid
ene
rgy
tech
nology
to
red
u
c
e
exha
ust
em
issio
ns from
glob
al shippi
ng,
"
Ene
rg
y
pol
ic
y
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vo
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A.
L.
Buk
ar,
B.
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Z.
M
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Gw
oma
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M.
Mus
t
apha
,
A.
B.
Buji
,
M.
B.
La
w
an
,
et
al
.
,
"
Ec
onom
i
c
As
sess
me
nt
of
a
PV
/Die
sel/
Batte
ry
Hybrid
En
erg
y
Sys
te
m
for
a
Non
-
El
ectrif
i
ed
Rem
ote
Vi
ll
ag
e
in
Nig
eria,
"
Eur
opean
Journal
o
f
Engi
ne
ering
R
ese
arch
and
S
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ce
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A.
Mal
eki
and
A.
As
kar
z
ade
h
,
"A
rti
fic
i
al
be
e
sw
arm
op
ti
m
iz
a
tion
for
optimum
sizi
ng
of
a
stand
-
al
one
PV
/W
T
/FC
hybrid
sys
te
m
c
onsideri
ng
LPS
P
concept
,
"
Solar
Ene
rgy,
vol
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,
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-
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,
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B.
Z
hao,
X.
Zh
ang,
P.
Li,
K.
Wa
ng,
M.
Xue,
and
C
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Wa
ng
,
"
Optim
al
siz
ing,
oper
atin
g
str
at
eg
y
and
oper
at
ion
a
l
expe
ri
ence
of
a
s
ta
nd
-
a
lone
micro
grid
on
Dongfus
han
Island
,
"
App
li
ed
Ene
rgy
,
vo
l. 113, pp. 1656
-
1
666,
2014
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[15]
K.
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J.
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D.
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S.
Shin,
J.
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P.
Lee,
D.
-
W.
Yoo,
H.
-
K.
Choi,
and
H
.
-
J.
Kim
,
"H
ybri
d
photovol
t
ai
c
/d
ie
sel
gr
ee
n
ship
oper
a
t
ing
in
sta
ndal
one
and
gri
d
-
conne
c
te
d
mo
de
in
South
Korea
-
Exp
eri
m
enta
l
inve
stig
at
ion
,
"
in
2012
I
EEE
Ve
hi
cl
e
Pow
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a
nd
Propulsion
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onfe
renc
e
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ua,
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anz
ol
la
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R.
Morell
o
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e
t
al
.
,
"Es
ti
ma
ti
on
o
f
ship
em
issions
in
the
port
of Tar
ant
o
,
"
Me
asur
eme
nt
,
v
ol.
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,
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-
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88,
2014
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[17]
H.
La
n
,
S.
W
en, Y.
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Y.
Hong,
C
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Y.
David
,
and
L
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Zha
ng
,
"O
ptima
l
sizi
ng
of
hybr
i
d
PV
/di
ese
l/
b
att
ery
in
ship
powe
r
sys
te
m,
"
App
lied
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P.
Cheng,
"A
ll
oc
ation
of
ESS
by
int
er
val
optimi
za
t
ion
me
thod conside
r
ing
im
p
ac
t
of
shi
p
sw
ingi
ng
on
h
ybrid
PV
/di
ese
l
ship p
ower
sys
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li
ed
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A.
Dol
a
ta
b
adi
a
nd
B.
Moham
m
adi
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Iva
tl
oo,
"S
to
cha
sti
c
r
isk
-
constra
in
ed
op
ti
m
al
s
iz
ing
for
hybrid
power
sys
te
m
of
me
rch
ant
ma
r
ine ve
ss
el
s,"
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
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matic
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ha
ee
,
"T
ec
hn
o
-
ec
onom
ic
optimizati
on
of
hyb
rid
photovo
lt
a
ic
/
wind
gene
r
ation
toge
th
er
wi
th
en
erg
y
stor
age
sys
te
m
in
a
stand
-
a
lone
micro
-
grid
subjec
t
ed
to
d
e
ma
nd
response,
"
Applied
En
ergy
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[21]
A.
Male
k
i
and
F.
Pourfaya
z,
"O
pti
mal
siz
ing
of
aut
o
nomous
hyb
rid
photovoltaic/
wind/ba
ttery
po
wer
sys
te
m
wi
th
LPS
P te
chnol
og
y
by
using
evol
u
ti
onar
y
al
gor
it
h
ms,"
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Ene
r
gy,
vo
l. 115, pp.
471
-
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A.
Hiendr
o,
Y.
I
smai
l
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F.
T
.
P.
Wi
gyar
ia
nto
,
K.
H.
Khw
ee
,
and
J
.
Junaidi,
"O
ptimum
Rene
w
abl
e
Frac
ti
on
for
Gri
d
-
conne
c
te
d
Phot
ovolt
aic
in
Off
ic
e
Bu
il
ding
E
ner
gy
Sys
te
ms
in
Indone
sia
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems,
v
ol.
9
,
p
.
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,
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18.
[23]
H.
Lan,
J.
Da
i,
S.
W
en,
Y.
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Y.
Hong,
D.
C.
Yu,
an
d
Y.
B
ai
,
"O
ptimal
tilt
angle
of
p
hotovol
taic
arr
a
ys
and
ec
onom
ic
al
lo
ca
t
ion
of
en
e
rgy
storage syste
m
on
la
rg
e
oi
l ta
nker
ship,"
En
ergie
s,
vo
l. 8, pp.
11515
-
11530,
2
015.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Op
ti
m
al
plann
i
ng o
f
hy
br
id
ph
oto
v
oltaic/
batt
ery/
diesel
g
e
ne
ra
tor
in shi
p p
ower
…
(
A
bba Lawan
Buk
ar
)
1535
[24]
H.
L
an,
Y.
B
ai,
S.
W
en,
D.
C.
Yu,
Y.
-
Y.
Hong,
J.
Dai
,
e
t
al
.
,
"M
odel
in
g
and
stabilit
y
ana
lysis
of
hyb
rid
pv/di
ese
l
/
ess i
n
ship p
ower
sys
t
e
m,
"
In
ve
nt
ions,
vol.
1
,
p
.
5
,
2016
.
[25]
A.
Anvari
-
Moghadda
m
,
T.
Dra
gic
ev
ic
,
L.
Men
g,
B
.
Sun,
and
J.
M.
Guerr
ero
,
"O
pti
ma
l
pl
anning
and
op
era
t
io
n
ma
nag
em
en
t
of
a
ship
e
le
c
tric
al
power
sys
tem
with
en
erg
y
storage
sys
te
m
,
"
in
IECON
2
016
-
42nd
Annu
al
Confe
renc
e
of
th
e
IE
EE Industria
l
E
le
c
tronic
s So
c
ie
t
y
,
2016,
pp.
2
095
-
2099.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Abba
La
wan
B
ukar
is
und
erg
o
ing
a
PhD
degr
ee
in
E
lectr
i
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mala
ysia
,
Johor,
Mala
ysia
.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
s
inc
lude
r
ene
w
abl
e
/a
l
te
rna
ti
v
e
ene
rgy
sys
te
ms
and
ene
rgy man
ageme
nt
.
Chee
W
ei
T
an
is
an
As
socia
te
Profess
or
at
Univer
siti
Te
kno
l
ogi
Mala
ysi
a
a
nd
a
member
o
f
the
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
,
Fa
cul
ty
of
elec
tri
c
al
eng
ine
er
in
g.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
in
cl
ud
e
th
e
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
po
wer
elec
troni
cs
i
n
ren
ew
abl
e
/a
l
ternat
iv
e
en
erg
y
s
ystem
s.
Kw
an
Yiew
Lau
is
a
Senior
Lectu
rer
at
the
In
s
ti
tute
of
High
V
olt
ag
e
and
High
Curre
nt,
Unive
rsiti
Te
knologi Mal
a
ysia.
Ahmed
Ti
j
ja
n
i
Dahir
u
is
cur
re
ntl
y
under
go
ing
a
PhD
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
er
ing
Programme
at
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mal
aysia,
Johor,
Mala
ysi
a.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
inclu
de
ren
ew
abl
e
e
ner
gy
int
egr
at
ion
int
o
power
distri
bu
tion ne
tworks.
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