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a
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t
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ti
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s
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t
M
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e
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o
f
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ti
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n
.
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h
e
e
x
p
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n
tal
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su
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s
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h
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rd
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re
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f
ied
w
it
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m
u
latio
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d
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d
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K
ey
w
o
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d
:
Mu
ltip
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t Co
n
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ter
(
MP
C
)
Sin
g
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E
n
d
ed
P
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i
m
ar
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I
n
d
u
cto
r
C
o
n
v
er
ter
(
SEP
I
C
)
Sin
g
le
-
i
n
p
u
t M
u
lti O
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
SO)
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
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r
e
s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C.
An
u
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ad
h
a
,
Dep
ar
t
m
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t
o
f
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lectr
ical
an
d
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o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
SR
M
I
n
s
tit
u
te
O
f
Scie
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ce
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h
n
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r
,
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in
co
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e
-
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0
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3
.
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am
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ad
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n
d
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.
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m
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n
u
r
it
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v
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@
g
m
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
en
e
w
ab
le
e
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er
g
y
is
o
f
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te
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tial
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n
ter
est
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
to
r
e
p
lace
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
e
l
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
[
8
]
.
F
u
tu
r
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
ill
r
eq
u
ir
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ter
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o
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io
u
s
e
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er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
5
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
en
ab
le
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
m
u
lti
-
p
o
r
t
co
n
v
er
ter
(
MP
C
)
is
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
u
s
e.
T
h
e
m
u
l
ti
-
p
o
r
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
co
u
ld
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
co
m
b
i
n
e
t
h
eir
ad
v
an
ta
g
es.
MP
C
s
ar
e
m
ai
n
l
y
class
if
ied
in
to
f
o
u
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
B
ased
o
n
,
(
1
)
to
p
o
lo
g
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(
s
er
ie
s
an
d
p
ar
allel)
(
2
)
p
o
r
t
p
lace
m
e
n
t
(
Si
n
g
le
I
n
p
u
t
M
u
lti
-
o
u
tp
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t,
Mu
lti
-
in
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u
t
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n
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le
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u
tp
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t
a
n
d
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u
l
ti
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i
n
p
u
t
M
u
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o
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tp
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t
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co
u
p
lin
g
(
is
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a
n
d
n
o
n
-
is
o
lat
ed
)
(
4
)
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
a
n
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al)
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
la
r
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
it
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
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to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
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r
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ag
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it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
c
in
p
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t v
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g
e
an
d
also
ca
n
i
n
v
er
t
it
s
p
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lar
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y
[
7
]
.
A
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
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ter
o
p
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ates
b
y
f
r
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tl
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o
p
er
atin
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
w
itc
h
es
[
1
]
,
[
6
]
.
A
B
u
ck
-
B
o
o
s
t,
C
u
k
an
d
SEP
I
C
co
n
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ter
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n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
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s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
th
an
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
cu
k
an
d
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
u
n
lik
e
i
n
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
is
lead
s
to
an
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
i
n
b
etter
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
.
An
o
th
er
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
S
E
P
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
t
h
at
it
h
a
s
n
o
n
-
i
n
v
er
tin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
l
ik
e
in
c
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
4
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
A
l
s
o
in
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
er
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
in
p
u
t
to
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
th
u
s
ca
n
r
esp
o
n
d
m
o
r
e
g
r
ac
io
u
s
l
y
to
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
o
u
tp
u
t,
a
n
d
b
ein
g
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
t
h
e
tr
u
e
s
h
u
td
o
w
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
is
u
s
ed
as
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
o
r
k
s
as
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
s
o
n
l
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
f
as
h
io
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
r
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
ad
j
u
s
ted
to
g
et
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
r
es
u
lt
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
r
es
u
lt
s
m
o
r
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
[
1
5
]
.
T
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
b
o
t
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
)
h
a
v
i
n
g
s
a
m
e
p
o
w
er
r
ati
n
g
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
u
s
e
b
o
th
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
,
th
e
t
w
o
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
p
er
ate
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
al
u
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ter
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
Mu
ltip
o
r
t
SEP
I
C
C
o
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
ated
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
u
t
y
c
y
cles.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
i
s
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
s
in
g
le
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
in
p
u
t.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
o
p
er
ated
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t a
n
d
f
o
r
lo
w
er
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
f
o
r
les
s
er
v
al
u
e
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SIM
O
co
n
v
er
ter
2.
SI
N
G
L
E
-
I
NP
U
T
M
UL
T
I
-
O
UT
P
UT
U
NID
I
RE
CT
I
O
NA
L
S
E
P
I
C
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
s
in
g
le
i
n
p
u
t
Mu
lti
-
o
u
tp
u
t
SEP
I
C
/SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
u
l
s
ati
n
g
Vo
ltag
e
C
ell
s
(
P
VC
)
[
2
0
]
.
P
VC
s
ca
n
b
e
o
f
t
w
o
t
y
p
es,
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
s
id
e
it
is
P
u
ls
ati
n
g
Vo
lta
g
e
So
u
r
ce
C
ell
(
P
VSC
)
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
d
e
it
is
P
u
ls
ati
n
g
Vo
ltag
e
L
o
a
d
C
ell
(
P
VL
C
)
[
1
4
]
.
E
ac
h
P
VSC
co
n
n
ec
t
s
w
it
h
a
co
m
m
o
n
P
VL
C
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
co
m
p
lete
SEP
I
C
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
is
V
1
(
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
)
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
b
e
V
2
an
d
V
3
f
o
r
r
esi
s
tan
ce
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
as
t
w
o
lo
ad
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
D
1
,
D
2
a
n
d
D
3
ar
e
t
h
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
les
o
f
s
w
itc
h
S
1
,
S
2
a
n
d
S
3
(
P
VSC
,
P
VL
C
1
a
n
d
P
VL
C
2
)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
mode
-
1
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
ir
cu
it d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
i
n
p
u
t
m
u
lti
-
o
u
tp
u
t u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
e
-
1
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
260
–
2
6
8
262
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
e
-
2
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
d
e
-
3
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
m
o
d
e
-
2
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
W
h
er
e
i
n
m
o
d
e
2
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
S
1
r
e
m
ai
n
s
OFF
an
d
s
w
itc
h
es
S
2
,
S
3
r
e
m
ai
n
in
ON
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
D
2
.
No
w
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
s
tar
t
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
w
h
ic
h
r
elea
s
es
its
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
co
m
m
o
n
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
b
ein
g
c
h
ar
g
ed
in
i
tiall
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ce
lls
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
an
d
C
3
ar
e
also
s
to
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
is
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
m
o
d
e
-
3
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SEP
I
C
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
i
n
m
o
d
e
3
,
s
w
itch
e
s
S
1
a
n
d
S
2
ar
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
OFF
an
d
s
w
itc
h
S3
alo
n
e
co
n
d
u
cts
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
Def
f
(
De
f
f
=
D
3
-
D
2
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
a
n
d
L
2
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
2
s
u
p
p
lies
to
th
e
lo
ad
V
2
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
3
co
n
tin
u
e
s
to
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
i
s
m
o
d
e.
3.
ST
E
ADY
S
T
A
T
E
AN
AL
Y
S
I
S O
F
SI
N
G
L
E
-
I
NP
UT
M
UL
T
I
-
O
UT
P
U
T
UNID
I
R
E
CT
I
O
NAL
SE
P
I
C
CO
N
VE
R
T
E
R
Stead
y
s
tate
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
r
ee
p
o
r
t
SEPI
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
o
n
e
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
r
ip
p
le
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
s
n
e
g
li
g
ib
l
e.
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
,
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
1
1
1
V
dt
di
L
L
(
1
)
1
C
L
V
dt
di
L
(
2
)
L
C
i
dt
dV
C
1
1
(
3
)
1
O
2
2
C
2
R
V
dt
dV
C
(
4
)
2
O
3
3
C
3
R
V
dt
dV
C
(
5
)
Stead
y
s
tate
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
2
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
2
C
1
C
1
1
L
1
V
V
V
dt
di
L
(
6
)
2
C
L
V
dt
di
L
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
S
tea
d
y
S
t
a
te
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f No
n
-
I
s
o
la
ted
S
in
g
le
-
I
n
p
u
t Mu
lti
-
Ou
tp
u
t S
E
P
I
C
C
o
n
ve
r
ter fo
r
…
(
C.
A
n
u
r
a
d
h
a
)
263
1
1
1
L
C
i
dt
dV
C
(
8
)
1
O
2
L
1
L
2
C
2
R
V
i
i
dt
dV
C
(
9
)
Stead
y
s
tate
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
3
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
,
3
C
1
C
1
1
L
1
V
V
V
dt
di
L
(
1
0
)
3
C
L
V
dt
di
L
(
1
1
)
1
1
1
L
C
i
dt
dV
C
(
1
2
)
1
O
2
2
C
2
R
V
dt
dV
C
(
1
3
)
2
O
3
L
1
L
3
C
3
R
V
i
i
dt
dV
C
(
1
4
)
C
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
all
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
1
,
2
an
d
3
ar
e
D
1
,
D
2
an
d
D
eff
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
as,
L1
1
1
1
I
f
D
V
L
(
1
5
)
C1
e
f
f
1
1
V
f
D
I
C
(
1
6
)
L
e
f
f
2
2
I
f
D
D
V
L
(
1
7
)
1
C2
e
f
f
2
2
2
R
V
f
D
D
V
C
(
1
8
)
2
C3
1
3
3
R
V
f
D
V
C
(
1
9
)
Fro
m
th
e
s
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
lu
e
s
an
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cles
ar
e
ca
lc
u
lated
as,
V
1
=
2
5
V,
D
1
=
6
0
%
,
D
2
=
3
0
%,
D
eff
=
1
0
% a
n
d
,
∆
I
L
1
=
∆
I
L
=
0
.
5
∆
V
C
1
=
∆
V
C
2
=
∆
V
C
3
=
0
.
5
W
ith
to
ler
ab
le
r
ip
p
le
v
alu
es,
t
h
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
v
al
u
es o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
a
n
al
y
s
is
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
as,
L
1
=3
m
H
C
1
=4
1
6
µf
L
=3
.
0
8
m
H
C
2
=5
3
9
µf
,
C
3
=4
6
2
µf
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
r
ip
p
les f
r
o
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
260
–
2
6
8
264
∆
I
L
1
=
0
.
55
,
∆
I
L
=
0
.
4
.
4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S F
O
R
SI
N
G
L
E
-
I
NP
U
T
M
UL
T
I
-
O
UT
P
UT
U
NID
I
RE
CT
I
O
NAL S
E
P
I
C
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
o
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
im
u
latio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
NK
p
latf
o
r
m
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
w
itc
h
i
s
clo
s
ed
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
in
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
in
i
t.
A
t
t
h
a
t
ti
m
e,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
i
n
t
h
at
cir
cu
it
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e
s
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
lies
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
C
C
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
to
1
1
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
C
C
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6.
I
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
v
o
lta
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a
tical
m
o
d
el.
A
l
s
o
th
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
en
lo
o
p
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
er
i
f
ie
d
w
it
h
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
id
ea
l
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
a
n
d
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ar
e
v
er
if
ied
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ho
n
g
f
e
i
W
u
,
Ju
n
ju
n
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
Ya
n
X
in
g
,
“
A
F
a
m
il
y
o
f
M
u
lt
i
p
o
rt
B
u
c
k
–
Bo
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
rters
Ba
se
d
o
n
DC
-
L
in
k
In
d
u
c
to
rs (DL
Is),”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
we
r e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
3
5
–
7
4
6
,
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
Zu
b
a
ir
Re
h
m
a
n
,
Ib
ra
h
im
A
l
-
Ba
h
a
d
ly
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
M
u
k
h
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
in
p
u
t
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
–
An
Ov
e
rv
iew,”
S
c
ien
c
e
Dire
c
t,
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
p
p
.
5
2
1
–
5
3
9
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
H.T
a
o
,
A
.
Ko
tso
p
o
u
lo
s,
J.L
.
Du
a
rte
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
.
He
n
d
rix
,
“
F
a
mil
y
o
f
mu
lt
i
p
o
rt
b
i
d
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
–
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs
,
”
IEE
P
ro
c
.
-
El
e
c
tr.
P
o
w
e
r
A
p
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
5
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
5
1
–
4
5
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
6
.
[4
]
S
iv
a
p
ra
sa
d
A
th
ik
k
a
l,
Ku
m
a
ra
v
e
l
S
u
n
d
a
ra
m
o
o
rth
y
,
A
sh
o
k
S
a
n
k
a
r,
―A
M
o
d
if
ied
Du
a
l
In
p
u
t
DC
-
DC Co
n
v
e
rter f
o
r
H
y
b
rid
En
e
rg
y
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
‖
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
Vo
l
8
,
N
o
1
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
W
e
i
Jia
n
g
a
n
d
Ba
b
a
k
F
a
h
im
i,
“
M
u
lt
i
p
o
rt
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
In
te
rf
a
c
e
—
Co
n
c
e
p
t,
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
De
sig
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
no.
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
0
-
1
9
0
0
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
L
.
P
a
lm
a
a
n
d
P
.
N.
En
jeti
,
“
A
m
o
d
u
lar
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
m
o
d
u
lar
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
7
1
4
4
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
0
9
.
[7
]
M
.
H.
T
o
d
o
ro
v
ic,
L
.
P
a
lm
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
N.
En
jeti,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
w
id
e
in
p
u
t
ra
n
g
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
a
ro
b
u
st
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
su
it
a
b
le
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
In
d
.
E
lec
tro
n
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
7
–
1
2
5
5
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
8
.
[8
]
J.
T
.
Ha
w
k
e
,
H.
S
.
Krish
n
a
m
o
o
rt
h
y
a
n
d
P
.
N.
En
jeti
,
“
A
n
e
w
u
ti
li
t
y
-
sc
a
le
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
fo
r
la
rg
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
we
r
p
la
n
ts
wit
h
i
n
d
ivi
d
u
a
l
st
a
c
k
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
2
7
t
h
A
n
n
u
.
IEE
E
A
p
p
l.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Co
n
f
.
Ex
p
o
sit
(A
P
EC)
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
2
–
1
4
8
8
,
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
260
–
2
6
8
268
[9
]
H.
Yu
e
h
u
i
a
n
d
C.
K.
T
se
,
“
Circ
u
it
th
e
o
re
ti
c
c
las
sif
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
p
a
r
a
ll
e
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rte
rs,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Circ
u
it
s S
y
st.
I,
Reg
.
Pa
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
9
–
1
1
0
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
7
.
[1
0
]
R.
J.
W
a
i,
C.
Y.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
B.
H.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
t
w
o
in
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
so
u
rc
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
2
–
1
8
7
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
F
.
Ca
o
,
J.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
H.W
u
,
H.
Hu
,
Y
X
i
n
g
a
n
d
X.
M
a
,
“
A
d
u
a
l
-
i
n
p
u
t
b
o
o
st
-
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
wit
h
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
in
d
u
c
t
o
rs
fo
r
T
EG
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
in
P
ro
c
.
I
EE
E
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs.
Co
n
g
r.
Ex
p
o
,
p
p
.
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
2
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
Z.
Ou
y
a
n
g
,
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
M
.
A
.
E.
A
n
d
e
rse
n
a
n
d
O.
C
.
T
h
o
m
se
n
,
“
F
o
u
r
q
u
a
d
ra
n
ts
i
n
teg
ra
ted
tran
sf
o
rm
e
rs
f
o
r
d
u
a
l
-
in
p
u
t
is
o
late
d
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
7
–
2
7
0
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
T
K
S
a
n
th
o
sh
,
C
G
o
v
in
d
a
ra
ju
,
―De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
re
d
ictiv
e
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
M
u
l
ti
-
P
o
rt
DC/DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
6
8
3
–
6
9
2
.
[1
4
]
Z.
S
h
e
n
,
X
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
W
.
W
a
n
g
,
X
.
T
a
n
,
N.
Ya
n
a
n
d
H.
M
in
,
“
P
re
d
ictiv
e
d
ig
it
a
l
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
sin
g
le
-
in
d
u
c
t
o
r
mu
lt
ip
le
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
CCM
w
it
h
lo
w
c
ro
ss
re
g
u
latio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
7
–
1
9
2
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
P
.
P
a
tra,
A
.
P
a
tra
a
n
d
N.
M
isra
,
“
A
sin
g
le
-
in
d
u
c
to
r
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
sw
it
c
h
e
r
w
it
h
si
m
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
Bu
c
k
,
Bo
o
st,
a
n
d
in
v
e
rted
o
u
t
p
u
ts,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
6
–
1
9
5
1
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
H.
W
u
,
K.
S
u
n
,
R
.
C
h
e
n
,
H.
Hu
a
n
d
Y.
X
in
g
,
“
F
u
ll
-
b
rid
g
e
t
h
re
e
-
p
o
rt
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
w
id
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ra
n
g
e
f
o
r
re
n
e
wa
b
le p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
9
6
5
–
3
9
7
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
7
]
H.
W
u
,
R.
Ch
e
n
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Y.
Xin
g
,
H.
Hu
a
n
d
H.
G
e
,
“
A
fa
m
il
y
o
f
th
re
e
p
o
rt
h
a
lf
-
b
rid
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
a
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
re
n
e
w
a
b
le p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
7
–
2
7
0
6
,
S
e
p
te
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[1
8
]
H.
Be
h
j
a
ti
a
n
d
A
.
Da
v
o
u
d
i,
“
P
o
w
e
r
b
u
d
g
e
ti
n
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
d
iv
e
rsif
ied
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
s
u
sin
g
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
in
p
u
t
-
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
o
u
t
p
u
t
DC/DC c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
I
n
d
.
A
p
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
6
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9
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H.
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in
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.
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,
p
p
.
1
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1
0
3
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
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