I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
0
~
1
4
2
8
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v7
i
4
.
pp
1
4
2
0
-
1
428
1420
J
o
ur
na
l
ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
A Co
m
pa
ra
tive S
tudy o
f
Pow
er Sem
ico
ndu
ctor
Dev
ices for
Indu
stria
l P
WM
Inv
erte
rs
G
ia
nl
uca
Sena
1
,
Ro
bert
o
M
a
ra
ni
2
,
G
enna
ro
G
ela
o
3
,
Ann
a
G
ina
P
er
ri
4
1
,
3,
4
El
e
c
tro
n
ic De
v
ice
s
L
a
b
o
ra
to
r
y
,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
ri
,
Ital
y
2
Co
n
sig
li
o
Na
z
io
n
a
le
d
e
ll
e
Rice
rc
h
e
,
Istit
u
t
o
d
i
S
t
u
d
i
su
i
S
istem
i
In
telli
g
e
n
ti
p
e
r
l'
A
u
to
m
a
z
io
n
e
(IS
S
IA
),
Ba
ri,
Italy
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
A
p
r
3
0
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
1
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
Dec
1
4
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
e
g
ro
w
in
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
tran
sla
tes
in
to
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
d
riv
e
s.
Bo
th
th
e
se
sy
st
e
m
s
a
re
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
u
lse
W
id
th
M
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M
)
In
v
e
rter
.
In
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
w
e
f
ir
s
tl
y
p
re
se
n
t
th
e
sta
te
o
f
a
rt
o
f
th
e
m
a
in
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
se
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
rs
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
In
d
u
strial
P
W
M
In
v
e
rter.
In
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
we
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
las
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
S
il
ico
n
Ca
rb
id
e
(S
iC)
M
OSF
ET
s
a
n
d
I
n
su
late
d
G
a
te
Bip
o
lar
T
ra
n
sisto
r
s
(IG
B
T
s)
a
n
d
w
e
p
re
se
n
t
a
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
se
d
e
v
ice
s,
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
S
P
ICE
sim
u
latio
n
s,
b
o
t
h
f
o
r
sta
ti
c
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
t
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
r
e
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
n
e
s
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
g
a
te
re
sista
n
c
e
,
in
o
rd
e
r
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
ich
m
a
k
e
s th
e
P
W
M
in
v
e
rter m
o
re
e
ff
icie
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
I
G
B
T
s
P
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
P
W
M
I
n
v
er
ter
SiC
MO
SF
E
T
s
SP
I
C
E
s
i
m
u
latio
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
6
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
n
a
Gin
a
P
er
r
i
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
ar
i
,
Via
E
.
Or
ab
o
n
a,
4
,
7
0
1
2
5
B
ar
i
,
I
taly
.
E
m
ail: a
n
n
a
g
i
n
a.
p
er
r
i
@
p
o
lib
a.
it
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ne
w
g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
h
a
v
e
led
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
P
o
llu
tio
n
r
e
s
tr
ictio
n
s
,
co
s
ts
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
is
i
n
g
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
a
n
s
lated
in
to
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
d
r
iv
es.
B
o
th
th
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
I
n
v
er
ter
[
1
]
P
W
M
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
m
o
d
i
f
ie
s
ti
m
i
n
g
o
f
a
p
u
ls
e
tr
ain
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
ig
n
a
l,
w
h
o
s
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
to
th
e
w
id
th
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
s
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
tr
ain
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
L
o
w
p
a
s
s
f
il
ter
in
g
a
P
W
M
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
e
x
tr
ac
ts
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
[
2
]
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
th
e
p
u
ls
e
tr
ai
n
is
m
o
d
if
ied
,
it
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
t
y
p
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
w
o
o
f
t
he
ma
in
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
P
W
M
u
s
ed
in
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
Sin
u
s
o
id
al
P
W
M
(
SP
W
M
)
an
d
Sp
ac
e
Vec
to
r
P
W
M
(
SVPW
M)
.
I
n
SP
W
M
a
s
in
e
w
av
e
is
u
s
ed
as
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
it
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
tr
ian
g
u
lar
w
av
e.
W
h
en
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ia
n
g
le
w
a
v
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
r
ea
ch
e
s
t
h
e
lo
w
le
v
el;
o
t
h
er
w
is
e,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
ig
n
al
is
g
r
ea
t
er
th
an
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ian
g
le
w
a
v
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
is
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
s
t
P
W
M:
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
e
w
h
o
s
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
h
as
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
b
u
t,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
s
i
m
p
lic
it
y
,
it
h
as
s
o
m
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
(
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
p
o
o
r
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e,
w
ea
k
m
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
ab
ilit
y
o
n
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
,
h
i
g
h
er
T
HD)
[3
-
4]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
f P
o
w
er S
emic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
Dev
ices fo
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l P
WM
I
n
ve
r
ters
(
A
n
n
a
Gin
a
P
err
i
)
1421
SVP
W
M
ar
e
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
SP
W
M
b
u
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
p
h
aso
r
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
latio
n
u
ti
lizes
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
l
y
a
n
d
g
e
n
e
r
ates
less
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
a
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
[
2
]
.
P
W
M
I
n
v
er
ter
is
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
DC
/
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
t
h
i
s
AC
p
o
w
er
is
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ases
AC
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
ac
tiv
e
o
r
p
ass
iv
e)
r
ec
tif
icatio
n
,
o
r
f
r
o
m
a
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
e.
g
.
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
o
f
DC
p
o
w
er
to
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
m
o
d
e
w
it
h
P
u
ls
e
-
W
id
th
Mo
d
u
latio
n
[
5
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
t
w
o
-
l
e
v
el
s
P
W
M
in
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
u
s
i
n
g
s
ix
s
w
i
tch
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
s
ix
p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
d
ev
ices
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
s
th
at
m
a
k
e
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
s
at
h
i
g
h
r
ep
etitio
n
r
ates
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
DC
ter
m
i
n
a
ls
an
d
t
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
es
o
f
th
e
AC
d
ev
ice,
u
s
u
all
y
a
m
o
to
r
,
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
d
esire
d
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
A
C
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
i
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
th
e
s
ix
P
W
M
s
i
g
n
al
s
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
P
W
M
in
v
er
ter
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
at.
So
f
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es,
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
m
an
y
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
tl
y
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
a
tter
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
L
a
s
t
b
u
t
n
o
t
l
ea
s
t,
also
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
t
l
y
e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ca
u
s
e
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
: i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
ese
d
ev
ices
m
ea
n
s
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
er
m
a
l h
ea
ti
n
g
o
r
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
lo
s
s
e
s
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
at
f
ir
s
t
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
ain
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
P
W
M
I
n
v
er
ter
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
w
e
e
x
a
m
in
e
t
h
e
last
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
o
f
Sil
ico
n
C
ar
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
MO
SF
E
T
s
an
d
I
n
s
u
lated
G
ate
B
ip
o
lar
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
an
d
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
e
t
w
ee
n
th
e
s
e
d
ev
ices,
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
SP
I
C
E
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
s
tatic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
an
d
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
a
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t g
a
te
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es t
h
e
P
W
M
in
v
er
ter
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
.
2.
4H
–
Si
C
ST
E
P
T
RE
N
CH
G
AT
E
P
O
W
E
R
M
O
SFET
2
.
1
.
An int
ro
du
ct
io
n a
bo
ut
P
o
w
er
M
O
SFET
a
nd
T
re
nc
h G
a
t
e
Str
uct
ure
I
n
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
n
-
ch
a
n
n
el
MO
SF
E
T
,
later
al
MO
SF
E
T
,
t
h
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
d
r
ai
n
cu
r
r
en
t
,
I
Dsat
,
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
[
7
-
8]
:
2
T
GS
ox
n
s
a
t
D
V
V
L
2
W
C
I
w
h
er
e
n
is
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
C
ox
i
s
t
h
e
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e,
W
an
d
L
ar
e
t
h
e
w
id
th
an
d
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
len
g
t
h
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
V
GS
i
s
t
h
e
g
ate
-
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
V
T
is
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ad
e
W
lar
g
e
an
d
L
s
m
a
ll.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
L
,
w
e
h
av
e
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
-
to
-
d
r
ain
j
u
n
ctio
n
is
r
e
v
er
s
e
p
o
lar
ized
,
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
eg
io
n
s
p
r
ea
d
s
in
to
s
h
o
r
t
ch
a
n
n
el,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
at
r
elati
v
el
y
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
l
i
m
it
s
t
h
e
later
al
MO
S
FE
T
in
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[9
]
.
P
lan
ar
MO
SF
E
T
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
)
,
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
DM
OS
FET
(
d
o
u
b
le
d
if
f
u
s
ed
)
,
h
as b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
o
b
tain
s
h
o
r
t c
h
an
n
e
l.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DM
OSFET
(
a)
an
d
T
r
en
ch
Gate
MO
SF
E
T
(
b
)
w
it
h
R
DS
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
(
fr
o
m
[
1
0
]
)
T
h
e
ch
an
n
e
l
is
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
b
y
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
e
lativ
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
P
b
o
d
y
an
d
N+
s
o
u
r
ce
r
eg
io
n
s
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
len
g
t
h
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
v
er
ticall
y
,
f
r
o
m
d
r
ain
to
s
o
u
r
ce
,
cr
o
s
s
in
g
N
d
r
if
t
r
eg
io
n
.
D
u
e
to
th
e
t
w
o
ad
j
ac
en
t
P
b
o
d
y
w
ell
s
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
w
a
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
J
FET
-
ef
f
ec
t
w
h
en
f
lo
w
s
i
n
N
-
d
r
if
t
r
eg
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
th
e
tr
en
ch
-
g
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
b
)
th
e
g
ate
is
etc
h
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
4
2
0
–
1
42
8
1422
v
er
ticall
y
alo
n
g
th
e
d
e
v
ice
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
t
h
e
v
er
tical
s
id
e
w
alls
o
f
th
e
tr
en
ch
a
n
d
th
e
J
FET
r
esis
ta
n
ce
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
[
1
0
-
11
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
Sil
ico
n Ca
rbide a
nd
t
he
new
est
S
iC
P
o
w
er
M
O
S
F
E
T
T
h
e
Sil
ico
n
C
ar
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
,
as
Sil
ico
n
(
Si),
i
s
a
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ial
b
u
t,
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
latter
,
o
f
f
er
s
:
a
lo
w
er
i
n
tr
i
n
s
ic
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
(
9
–
1
8
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e)
,
a
h
ig
h
e
r
elec
tr
ic
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
f
iel
d
(4
–
8
tim
es)
t
h
at
allo
w
s
a
te
n
ti
m
es r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
r
if
t la
y
er
th
i
ck
n
e
s
s
,
a
h
ig
h
er
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
th
at
al
lo
w
s
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
p
er
atio
n
u
p
to
3
5
0
°C
,
a
lar
g
er
s
atu
r
ated
e
lect
r
o
n
d
r
if
t
v
elo
cit
y
t
h
at
allo
ws
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
Du
e
to
d
if
f
icu
l
t
y
w
it
h
m
ater
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
cr
y
s
tal
d
ef
ec
t
s
,
s
i
lico
n
ca
r
b
id
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ices
o
n
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
las
t
y
ea
r
s
a
f
ter
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
On
l
y
th
e
6
H
–
a
n
d
4
H
–
SiC
p
o
l
y
-
t
y
p
es
ar
e
a
v
ai
lab
le
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
b
u
t
4
H
–
SiC
i
s
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ices
f
ab
r
icatio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
h
ig
h
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
its
lo
w
d
o
p
an
t
io
n
iza
tio
n
en
er
g
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
SiC
P
o
w
er
MO
S
FET
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
3
]
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
4
H
-
Si
C
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
ater
ial
h
as
1
0
X
h
i
g
h
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
s
tr
en
g
t
h
w
h
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
ilico
n
,
lead
in
g
to
r
ea
lize
a
1
0
k
V
d
ev
ices.
W
ith
Si
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
R
DS
,
to
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
p
er
d
ie
an
d
s
w
itch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
e
s
p
er
ch
ip
ar
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
tr
en
ch
g
ate
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
al
lo
w
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
m
atter
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es.
3.
7
th
G
E
N
E
RA
T
I
O
N
T
RE
NC
H
G
AT
E
P
UNCH
T
H
RO
U
G
H
I
G
B
T
3
.
1
.
An int
ro
du
ct
io
n a
bo
ut
I
G
B
T
a
nd
P
u
nch
-
T
ro
ug
h
T
e
chno
lo
g
y
An
I
GB
T
co
m
b
in
e
s
t
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
M
OSFET
s
an
d
B
J
T
s
.
MO
SF
E
T
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
ar
e
v
o
lta
g
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
u
t
t
h
e
ir
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
ta
n
ce
g
r
o
w
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ap
p
licab
le
v
o
ltag
e.
B
J
T
s
in
s
tead
,
h
a
v
e
a
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
b
u
t
r
eq
u
i
r
es
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
s
i
n
p
u
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al.
I
GB
T
is
a
v
o
ltag
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
ev
ice,
it
h
as
a
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
it
is
f
ast
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
I
f
w
e
a
n
al
y
s
e
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
GB
T
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
v
er
tical
MO
S
FET
(
DM
OS)
w
h
er
e
N
+
in
ter
f
ac
e
i
s
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
P
+
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
o
w
er
MO
S
FET
(
lef
t)
I
GB
T
(
r
ig
h
t)
(
f
r
o
m
[
1
5
]
)
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
al
s
o
ca
ll
ed
No
t P
u
n
ch
T
r
o
u
g
h
(
NP
T
)
,
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
NPT
(
lef
t)
an
d
PT
(
r
ig
h
t)
I
GB
T
(
f
r
o
m
[
1
3
]
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
f P
o
w
er S
emic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
Dev
ices fo
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l P
WM
I
n
ve
r
ters
(
A
n
n
a
Gin
a
P
err
i
)
1423
A
NP
T
I
G
B
T
p
r
esen
ts
t
w
o
m
a
in
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
f
o
r
s
w
i
tch
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
it
h
a
s
eq
u
al
f
o
r
w
ar
d
an
d
r
ev
er
s
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
es
an
d
p
r
ese
n
t
s
a
lo
n
g
tail
cu
r
r
en
t
(
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
ar
g
e
in
N
-
d
r
i
f
t
r
e
g
io
n
)
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
ese
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
P
u
n
ch
T
r
o
u
g
h
(
PT
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
PT
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
ad
d
in
g
a
N+
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
in
NP
T
I
GB
T
b
et
w
ee
n
P
+
s
u
b
s
tr
at
e
a
n
d
N
–
d
r
if
t
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
N+
r
eg
i
o
n
is
a
b
u
f
f
er
la
y
er
th
at
m
a
k
es
th
e
P
+N
–
d
io
d
e
lik
e
a
P
I
N
t
y
p
e
d
io
d
e:
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
lif
e
ti
m
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
(
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
t
h
e
tai
l c
u
r
r
en
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
)
an
d
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
ev
er
s
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
g
r
e
ater
th
an
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
d
esp
ite
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ON
-
s
tate
[
1
4
]
[
1
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
New
est
g
ener
a
t
io
n
o
f
I
G
B
T
T
h
e
7
th
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
I
GB
T
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
1
6
]
,
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
e
w
e
s
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
T
r
en
ch
Gate
P
u
n
ch
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
I
GB
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
6
th
g
en
er
at
io
n
I
GB
T
(
lef
t)
a
n
d
th
e
7
th
g
en
er
at
io
n
I
GB
T
(
r
ig
h
t)
(
fr
o
m
[
1
6
]
).
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
tr
e
n
ch
g
en
er
atio
n
,
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
th
e
d
ie
s
ize
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
a
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
lead
s
to
a
n
e
w
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
l
y
co
m
p
ac
t a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
t p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
r
if
t
la
y
er
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
6
t
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
a
lo
wer
o
n
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
m
iller
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
on
-
s
tate
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
lo
s
s
es
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
Field
Sto
p
lay
er
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
p
ti
m
ized
,
r
ea
lizin
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
r
if
t la
y
er
h
as
led
to
t
h
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
7
t
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
di
o
d
e.
B
y
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
lif
e
ti
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
t
h
e
7
th
g
e
n
er
atio
n
d
io
d
e
r
ea
lized
a
s
o
f
ter
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
lo
s
s
es
[
1
6
]
.
4.
SiC
-
B
ASE
D
M
O
SFET
VS
S
i
-
B
ASE
D
I
G
B
T
:
ANA
L
YS
I
S O
F
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
e
p
r
esen
t
a
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
e
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esu
lts
,
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
SiC
-
MO
S
FET
(
S
T
S
T
GW
1
5
H1
2
0
DF2
[
1
7
]
)
an
d
Si
-
I
GB
T
(
ST
SC
T
2
0
N1
2
0
[
1
8
]
)
w
it
h
th
e
s
a
m
e
1200
V
v
o
ltag
e
r
ati
n
g
an
d
s
i
m
ilar
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
,
1
5
A
o
f
I
GB
T
an
d
2
0
A
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
.
B
o
th
p
o
w
er
d
ev
ices
h
a
v
e
a
n
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
r
ec
o
v
er
y
a
n
tip
ar
allel
d
io
d
e.
T
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ices,
a
r
ea
l
test
-
b
ed
is
s
i
m
u
la
ted
u
s
i
n
g
v
alu
e
s
esti
m
ated
in
[
1
9
-
20
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
test
cir
cu
i
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
1
0
0
u
H
in
d
u
cto
r
is
u
s
ed
as tes
t lo
ad
w
i
th
2
0
p
F e
q
u
iv
ale
n
t p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
3
mΩ
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t ser
ies r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
4
.
1
.
St
a
t
ic
Cha
ra
ct
er
iz
a
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
V
CE
/V
DS
u
s
i
n
g
1
0
Ω
g
ate
r
esis
ta
n
ce
at
t
h
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
2
5
°C
.
So
lid
lin
e
s
w
it
h
s
q
u
ar
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
s
h
o
w
I
GB
T
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
I
C
v
s
V
GE
)
an
d
d
ash
ed
l
in
e
s
w
i
th
“x
”
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
s
h
o
w
M
OSFET
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
I
D
v
s
V
GS
).
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ate
b
ias
u
s
i
n
g
1
0
Ω
g
a
te
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
at
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
2
5
°C
.
So
lid
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
4
2
0
–
1
42
8
1424
lin
es
w
it
h
s
q
u
ar
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
s
h
o
w
I
GB
T
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
I
C
v
s
V
CE
)
an
d
d
as
h
ed
lin
e
s
w
it
h
“x
”
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
s
h
o
w
MO
SF
E
T
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
I
D
v
s
V
DS
).
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
r
an
s
f
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
est C
ir
cu
it
4
.
2
.
Dy
na
m
ic
Cha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
I
GB
T
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
es
8
a
n
d
9
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
w
e
h
av
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
th
e
t
u
r
n
-
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
,
w
h
ile
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
th
e
t
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
b
e
h
av
i
o
u
r
is
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ted
.
T
o
p
g
r
ap
h
s
p
r
esen
t
th
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
as
d
as
h
ed
lin
e
a
n
d
V
GE
as
s
o
lid
lin
e.
I
n
m
id
d
le
g
r
ap
h
s
co
llecto
r
cu
r
r
en
t i
s
s
h
o
w
n
a
n
d
b
o
tto
m
g
r
ap
h
s
p
r
esen
t t
h
e
V
CE
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
in
g
p
u
ls
e
h
ad
2
µ
s
p
u
l
s
e
an
d
a
4
µ
s
p
er
io
d
at
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
2
5
°
C
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
c
h
ar
a
ct
er
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
MO
S
FET
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es
1
0
an
d
1
1
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
tu
r
n
-
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
,
w
h
ile
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
th
e
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
is
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
f P
o
w
er S
emic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
Dev
ices fo
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l P
WM
I
n
ve
r
ters
(
A
n
n
a
Gin
a
P
err
i
)
1425
T
o
p
g
r
ap
h
s
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
as d
a
s
h
ed
l
in
e
an
d
V
G
S
as
s
o
lid
li
n
e.
I
n
m
id
d
le
g
r
a
p
h
s
d
r
ain
cu
r
r
e
n
t i
s
s
h
o
w
n
an
d
b
o
tto
m
g
r
ap
h
s
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
V
DS
.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
p
u
ls
e
h
ad
2
µ
s
p
u
ls
e
a
n
d
a
4
µ
s
p
er
io
d
at
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
1
2
5
°C
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
I
GB
T
tu
r
n
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
GB
T
tu
r
n
o
f
f
.
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
MO
SF
E
T
tu
r
n
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
MO
SF
E
T
tu
r
n
o
f
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
co
m
p
ar
es I
GB
T
(
a)
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
(
b
)
tu
r
n
-
o
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics at
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ate
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
s
.
On
t
h
e
to
p
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
,
o
n
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
t
h
e
V
GE
/V
GS
.
So
lid
lin
e
s
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
5
Ω
,
d
ash
ed
li
n
es
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
1
0
Ω
an
d
d
o
tted
lin
es
ar
e
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
2
0
Ω
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
g
ate
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
,
t
h
e
s
m
o
o
th
er
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
b
u
t tu
r
n
-
o
n
ti
m
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
co
m
p
ar
es
I
GB
T
(
a)
an
d
MO
SF
E
T
(
b
)
tu
r
n
-
o
f
f
d
y
n
a
m
ics
at
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ate
r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e.
On
t
h
e
to
p
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
,
o
n
t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
t
h
e
V
GE
/
V
GS
.
So
lid
lin
e
s
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
5
Ω
,
d
ash
ed
li
n
es
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
1
0
Ω
an
d
d
o
tted
lin
es
ar
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
R
G
=
2
0
Ω
.
A
s
i
n
t
u
r
n
-
o
n
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
g
ate
r
esis
tan
ce
,
t
h
e
s
m
o
o
t
h
er
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
u
t t
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
ti
m
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
4
2
0
–
1
42
8
1426
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
u
r
n
-
o
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
13.
T
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
g
a
te
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
S
w
itc
h
i
n
g
L
o
s
s
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
S
tu
d
y
o
f P
o
w
er S
emic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
Dev
ices fo
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ia
l P
WM
I
n
ve
r
ters
(
A
n
n
a
Gin
a
P
err
i
)
1427
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
af
ter
a
b
r
ief
ex
a
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
P
W
M
I
n
v
er
ter
s
,
w
e
h
av
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
t
h
e
last
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
o
f
Sil
ico
n
C
ar
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
MO
S
FET
s
an
d
I
n
s
u
lated
G
ate
B
ip
o
lar
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
.
S
P
I
C
E
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tatic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ev
alu
a
ted
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es
w
h
ile
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
n
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
ate
r
es
i
s
tan
ce
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
wh
ic
h
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
P
W
M
i
n
v
er
ter
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
Si
-
I
GB
T
s
,
n
o
tail
cu
r
r
e
n
t
w
a
s
n
o
ticed
f
o
r
SiC
-
MO
SF
E
T
lead
in
g
to
h
i
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
t
h
ese
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
Si
C
MO
SF
E
T
s
h
o
w
ed
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
as
w
ell
a
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
b
u
t
r
i
n
g
i
n
g
e
f
f
ec
t
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
F
u
ji
h
ira
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
S
ta
te
-
of
-
T
h
e
-
Art
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
T
re
n
d
o
f
P
o
we
r
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
De
v
ice
s”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
P
CI
M
E
u
ro
p
e
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
3
4
,
N
u
re
m
b
e
rg
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
19
-
2
1
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
K.
V
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
S
P
W
M
a
n
d
S
VP
W
M
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
th
re
e
p
h
a
se
in
v
e
rter”
,
AR
PN
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
2
-
7
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
]
J.
Ca
ld
w
e
ll
,
“
A
n
a
lo
g
P
u
lse
W
id
th
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
(S
L
A
U5
0
8
),
”
T
e
x
a
s
In
stru
me
n
ts,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
Z.
Ib
ra
h
im
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
P
W
M
,
T
HIP
W
M
a
n
d
S
VP
W
M
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
T
h
re
e
P
h
a
se
Vo
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rter”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
3
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
J.
Ho
lt
z
,
“
Pu
lse
W
id
th
M
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Po
we
r
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
4
-
1
2
1
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[6
]
B.
Ca
o
a
n
d
L
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
“
A
V
a
ria
b
l
e
S
wit
c
h
i
n
g
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
Al
g
o
rit
h
m
to
Imp
r
o
v
e
th
e
T
o
ta
l
Ef
fi
c
ien
c
y
o
f
S
i
n
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
Gr
id
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
In
v
e
rte
rs
”
,
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
(A
P
EC),
2
0
1
3
Tw
e
n
t
y
-
Ei
g
h
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
0
-
1
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
A.
G
.
P
e
rri,
“
F
o
n
d
a
m
e
n
ti
d
i
Disp
o
siti
v
i
El
e
tt
ro
n
ici”
,
E
d
.
P
r
o
g
e
d
it
,
B
a
ri,
Italy
,
IS
BN
978
-
88
-
6
1
9
4
-
0
8
0
-
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
A
.
G
.
P
e
rri,
“D
isp
o
siti
v
i
El
e
tt
r
o
n
i
c
i
Av
a
n
z
a
ti
”
,
Ed
.
P
r
o
g
e
d
it
,
Ba
ri,
I
taly
,
IS
BN
978
-
88
-
6
1
9
4
-
0
8
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
R.
V
a
i
d
a
n
d
N.
P
a
d
h
a
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
M
OSF
ET
d
e
v
ice
stru
c
tu
re
s”
,
In
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
re
&
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
h
y
sic
s,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
9
8
0
-
9
8
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
0
]
“
P
o
w
e
r
M
OSF
ET
Ba
sic
s”
,
AL
PHA
&
OM
EGA
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
to
r
,
h
t
t
p
:/
/w
ww
.
a
o
s
m
d
.
c
o
m
/p
ro
d
u
c
ts
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
A
.
S
a
tt
a
r,
“
IX
YS
P
o
w
e
r
M
OSF
ET
P
ro
d
u
c
ts
(I
X
A
N0
0
6
2
)
”
,
IXY
S
C
o
rp
o
r
a
ti
o
n
,
h
tt
p
:/
/i
x
d
e
v
.
ix
y
s.co
m
.
[1
2
]
A.
El
a
ss
e
r
a
n
d
T
.
P.
C
h
o
w,
“
S
i
li
c
o
n
Ca
r
b
id
e
Be
n
e
f
it
s
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Circu
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
IEE
E,
v
o
l.
9
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
6
9
-
9
8
6
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
3
]
J.B.
Ca
sa
d
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
w
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
1
0
k
V
S
iC
Po
we
r
M
OS
FE
T
a
n
d
Di
o
d
e
s
f
o
r
In
d
u
stri
a
l
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
”
,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
P
CI
M
E
u
ro
p
e
2
0
1
5
,
Nu
re
m
b
e
rg
,
Ge
r
m
a
n
y
,
19
-
2
1
M
a
y
2015
.
[1
4
]
A
.
S
a
tt
a
r,
“
In
su
late
d
Ga
te
Bip
o
lar
T
ra
n
sisto
r
(I
G
B
T
)
Ba
sic
s
(IX
A
N0
0
6
3
)”
,
IXY
S
Co
rp
o
r
a
ti
o
n
,
h
tt
p
:
//
ix
d
e
v
.
ix
y
s.co
m
.
[1
5
]
“
IG
B
T
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals”
,
S
IEM
ENS
S
e
mic
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r Gr
o
u
p
.
[1
6
]
T
.
He
in
z
e
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Ne
w
Hig
h
Po
we
r
De
n
sity
7
th
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
IGBT
M
o
d
u
le
fo
r
Co
mp
a
c
t
Po
we
r
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
P
CIM
Eu
ro
p
e
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
Nu
re
m
b
e
rg
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
19
-
2
1
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
“
S
TGW
1
5
H1
2
0
DF2
Da
tas
h
e
e
t
(
Do
c
ID0
2
3
7
5
1
Re
v
5
)”
,
S
T
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
8
]
“
S
CT
2
0
N1
2
0
Da
tas
h
e
e
t
(Do
c
ID0
2
6
4
1
3
Re
v
4
)
”
,
S
T
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
9
]
K.
P
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
ter
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
S
iC
M
OS
FE
T
B
o
d
y
Di
o
d
e
”
,
2
0
1
6
I
EE
E
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
siti
o
n
(A
P
EC),
p
p
.
2
1
2
7
-
2
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
M
.
Na
w
a
z
a
n
d
K.
Ilv
e
s,
“
On
th
e
c
o
mp
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
me
n
t
o
f
1
.
7
k
V,
3
0
0
A
fu
l
l
S
iC
-
M
OS
FE
T
a
n
d
S
i
-
IGBT
p
o
we
r
mo
d
u
les
”
,
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
siti
o
n
(A
P
EC),
p
p
.
2
7
6
-
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
G
ian
lu
c
a
S
e
n
a
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
c
u
rricu
l
u
m
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsità
d
e
l
S
a
len
to
,
L
e
c
c
e
(
Italy
),
in
2
0
1
1
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
f
ro
m
2
0
1
2
to
2
0
1
5
in
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
R&
D
G
ro
u
p
o
f
En
e
rg
y
F
a
c
to
r
y
Ba
ri,
a
n
in
teg
ra
ted
m
u
lt
id
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
lab
o
ra
to
ry
f
o
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
a
e
ro
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
f
ield
s.
A
c
tu
a
ll
y
h
e
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
o
f
M
.
S
.
c
o
u
rse
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
ri
(Ital
y
)
a
n
d
h
e
w
o
rk
s
in
th
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
De
v
ice
Lab
o
ra
to
ry
o
f
Ba
ri
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
of
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
1
4
2
0
–
1
42
8
1428
Ro
b
e
rto
M
a
ra
n
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
c
u
m
la
u
d
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
ri,
w
h
e
re
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
De
v
ice
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
o
f
Ba
ri
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
sig
n
,
re
a
li
z
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
s
.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r
h
e
w
o
rk
e
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
d
e
sig
n
,
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
e
v
ice
s an
d
sy
ste
m
s f
o
r
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
Dr.
M
a
ra
n
i
is
a
Re
se
a
c
h
e
r
o
f
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
Co
u
n
c
i
l
o
f
Italy
(CNR
),
a
t
th
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
(
Ba
ri
)
.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
o
v
e
r
1
6
0
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
,
jo
u
r
n
a
l
a
rti
c
les
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs an
d
se
rv
e
s as
re
fe
re
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
G
e
n
n
a
ro
G
e
l
a
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
L
a
u
r
e
a
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sity
o
f
Ba
ri,
Ital
y
,
in
1
9
9
3
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
h
y
sic
s
in
1
9
9
6
,
w
it
h
a
th
e
sis
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
CERN
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
t
ENEA
in
a
h
ig
h
p
re
c
isio
n
e
lec
tr
ica
l
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
.
F
ro
m
2
0
0
4
Dr.
G
e
lao
c
o
o
p
e
ra
tes
w
it
h
th
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
De
v
ic
e
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
o
f
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
ri
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
m
e
tri
c
a
l
e
le
c
tro
n
ic
s
y
ste
m
s,
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
e
v
ic
e
s
a
n
d
CNT
F
ET
s.
Ac
tu
a
ll
y
h
e
a
lso
w
o
rk
s
in
th
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s.
Dr.
G
e
lao
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
8
0
p
a
p
e
rs.
A
n
n
a
G
in
a
P
e
rri
is
F
u
ll
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
t
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
ri,
Ital
y
.
In
2
0
0
4
sh
e
w
a
s
a
w
a
rd
e
d
th
e
“
A
tt
e
sta
to
d
i
M
e
rit
o
”
b
y
A
S
S
IP
E
(A
S
S
o
c
iaz
io
n
e
Italian
a
p
e
r
la
P
r
o
g
e
tt
a
z
io
n
e
El
e
tt
ro
n
ica
),
M
il
a
n
o
,
BIA
S
’0
4
,
f
o
r
h
e
r
stu
d
ies
o
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
d
o
m
icili
a
r
y
tele
a
s
sista
n
c
e
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
re
in
th
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
e
lec
t
ro
n
ic
s
y
ste
m
s,
F
ET
o
n
c
a
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
a
n
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s
y
ste
m
s.
P
ro
f
.
P
e
rri
is
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
th
e
El
e
c
tro
n
De
v
ic
e
s
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
o
f
th
e
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
ri,
a
n
d
is
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
o
v
e
r
2
5
0
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
rti
c
les
,
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
s,
tw
e
lv
e
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
Re
f
e
re
e
o
f
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
P
ro
f
.
P
e
rr
i
is
th
e
h
o
ld
e
r
o
f
tw
o
it
a
li
a
n
p
a
ten
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
Ed
it
o
r
o
f
th
re
e
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
k
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.