In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
568~
5
7
4
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
5
68-
57
4
568
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A
ba
t
t
ery-less pow
er supply us
ing supercapacitor as e
nergy
sto
r
age powered by solar
Moh
a
m
m
ad
H
ad
in
A
. M
a
le
k
,
Far
ah
iy
ah
M
u
s
taf
a
,
An
is M
ai
sar
a
h
Moh
d
Asry
Facul
t
y o
f
E
ngineering Technol
ogy,
Univers
iti Tun Hus
s
ein Onn M
al
ays
i
a, M
al
ay
s
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
1
7
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
29,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 16,
2
0
1
8
Th
is
p
aper
p
res
e
nts
a
b
a
ttery
-
les
s
p
o
w
er
s
up
p
l
y
usin
g
su
percap
a
ci
to
r
as
energ
y
s
torag
e
p
o
w
ered
by
s
o
l
a
r
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
dy
the
s
u
p
e
rc
apa
c
it
o
r
a
s
en
ergy
st
orag
e,
a
s
op
po
sed
t
o
b
at
teri
es,
has
w
i
dely
r
esearch
ed
i
n
re
ce
n
t
y
ears
.
S
u
p
e
rcapa
c
it
ors
act
l
i
k
e
oth
e
r
capacit
o
rs
,
but
t
hei
r
a
dvan
t
ag
e
is
h
avi
ng
eno
r
m
ous
p
ower
s
to
rage
cap
a
b
ilit
i
es.
M
a
ximum
ch
argi
ng
v
o
ltag
e
a
nd
capa
c
i
t
ance
are
t
w
o
v
a
riab
les
of
s
torag
e
i
n
th
e
s
u
p
e
rcapacit
o
r.
T
h
e
su
percap
aci
to
r
is
u
s
e
d
as
e
nerg
y
st
orag
e
t
o
c
harg
e
a
lo
w
power
d
e
vice
wi
relessly
and
act
a
s
a
po
wer
su
pp
ly
.
Th
e
so
lar
en
erg
y
i
s
u
s
ed
a
s
a
b
a
c
k
u
p
po
wer
sup
p
l
y
i
f
t
h
ere
is
n
o
el
ectricity
i
n
t
h
e
rem
o
te
o
r
is
o
l
at
ed
a
rea
to
c
h
a
rg
e
th
e
s
u
p
e
rcap
acit
o
r.
T
he
tim
e
t
a
ken
to
c
h
a
rg
e
t
h
e
sup
e
rcap
aci
tor
d
ep
end
on
th
e
am
ou
nt
o
f
c
u
rrent
r
ati
n
g
of
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
anel
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
he
c
urrent
,
the
sh
ort
e
r
th
e
time
t
aken
t
o
charg
e
s
th
e
su
percap
a
c
i
t
o
r
.
P
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
usi
ng
su
percap
aci
to
r
c
a
n
s
t
o
r
e
up
to
3
0
V
d
c
u
s
i
ng
a DC-D
C
bo
ost
con
v
e
rt
er.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
C
-D
C bo
os
t
con
v
er
t
e
r
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
So
lar
en
erg
y
S
upe
rca
p
ac
it
or
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
po
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
F
a
rahiya
h
Mus
t
afa,
F
a
cult
y
o
f
E
ngine
er
in
g Te
ch
n
o
l
ogy,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia,
H
ub P
e
ndi
d
i
ka
n Ti
n
g
g
i
P
a
g
o
h,
86
4
00 P
a
ncur,
Joh
o
r,
Mala
y
si
a.
Em
ail:
far
a
hi
y
a
h@
u
t
hm.
e
du.
m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
o
w
e
rba
nk
i
s
s
impl
y
a
n
e
x
t
er
na
l
e
n
erg
y
s
tor
a
ge
t
ha
t
is
u
se
d
t
o
st
o
r
e
c
h
arg
e
s
th
at
c
oul
d
ca
rry
a
h
i
g
h
ca
paci
t
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
. Norm
a
lly,
ba
t
t
e
r
ies are
u
s
ed as
a
n
e
nerg
y st
or
age s
y
ste
m
(ESS) beca
use i
t
has hi
g
h
e
n
erg
y
den
s
i
t
y
an
d
l
o
w
m
a
in
tena
n
c
e.
A
not
her
opt
i
on
o
f
E
S
S
is
by
a
ppl
y
i
ng
s
u
perc
apac
itor.
T
hi
s
is
b
ec
au
se
sup
e
rc
apac
it
or
h
as g
iga
n
tic
p
ow
er
s
tora
ge
capa
b
ili
t
i
e
s
.
The
r
e
ha
ve
b
ee
n
num
erou
s
a
ppr
oac
h
e
s
f
or
t
he
s
uperc
apac
it
or
s
inc
e
it
h
a
s
fa
s
t
c
ha
rg
ing
a
n
d
di
sc
harg
i
ng
c
y
c
l
e
[1],
[
2]
.
The
r
e
a
r
e
som
e
r
esea
rch
d
one
b
y
ap
p
l
y
ing
s
u
p
e
rca
p
aci
tor
a
s
e
nerg
y
st
ora
g
e
such
as
m
ode
lli
ng
o
f
ba
tter
y
-su
p
e
r
ca
pac
itor
hy
bri
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
age
s
y
s
t
em
[
3].
T
h
e
rese
a
r
c
h
er
c
ombi
ne
d
t
h
e
sup
e
rc
apac
it
or
w
it
h
the
b
a
t
t
er
y
t
o
c
o
nne
c
t
i
n
the
s
y
ste
m
t
o
det
er
mi
ne
t
he
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
of
t
he
s
u
p
e
r
ca
pac
i
tor
a
s
ene
r
g
y
st
o
rage
. In the su
perc
apac
i
t
or,
e
n
ergy
i
s stor
ed e
lec
t
ro
s
t
at
ica
l
l
y
o
n the
surface
o
f t
h
e ma
t
e
rial a
n
d
d
oe
s
n
o
t
in
vol
v
e
c
he
mi
c
a
l
re
a
c
t
i
on
s
[
4
].
T
h
e
s
up
erca
p
a
ci
t
o
r
can
b
e
c
ha
rge
d
q
u
i
ck
l
y
,
lea
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
v
ery
h
i
g
h
p
ow
er
den
s
i
t
y,
a
nd
d
o
n
o
t
l
ose
the
i
r
stora
g
e
ca
pa
b
i
l
i
t
i
es
o
ver
t
i
me
[
4].
In
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy,
t
he
s
uperc
a
p
ac
i
t
or
i
s
c
hos
en
a
s
ene
r
g
y
stora
ge
for
dua
l
func
t
i
ona
l w
i
rele
ss
a
nd p
o
w
e
r sup
p
l
y u
n
it.
Wi
r
e
less
powe
r
t
rans
fer
(W
P
T
),
i
n
which
electr
i
c
power
is
t
rans
m
itte
d
t
h
r
oug
h
the
over
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
ma
gnet
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
s
o
f
a
t
r
ansm
itter
an
d
re
ce
i
v
e
r
,
i
s
u
se
d
as
f
eat
u
re
s
of
t
h
i
s
stud
y
to
c
ha
rge
a
lo
w
e
r
de
vi
c
e
wi
re
l
e
s
s
l
y
.
WPT
i
s
a
p
romi
s
i
n
g
t
e
ch
nol
ogy
b
a
s
ed
o
n
e
l
ect
ro
ma
gne
tic
t
heor
y
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
ow
ave
the
o
r
y
,
repr
esent
i
n
g
th
e
com
b
ine
d
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
trica
l
a
nd
r
adi
o
s
ci
e
n
ce
[
5
]
.
In
p
re
vi
ou
s
re
sea
r
ch
t
h
a
t
ap
ply
i
ng
WP
T
conce
p
t
suc
h
a
s
ele
c
t
ri
c
veh
i
c
l
e
char
gin
g
[
6
]
,
[7],
pow
e
r
t
ransm
i
ssion
s
yst
e
m
[8],
w
i
r
eless
charger
f
o
r
mobi
le
p
ho
ne
[
9]
s
how
s
tha
t
t
he
i
m
p
orta
n
t
p
art
of
t
he
W
P
T
i
s
th
e
t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
rece
i
v
e
r
.
Th
e
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
of
t
he
t
r
a
nsmi
tter
c
o
i
l
i
s
t
o
t
ra
ns
fer
the
cu
r
r
ent
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
l
ux
to
t
h
e
r
e
cei
ve
r
c
o
il
.
Lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A
b
a
t
t
er
y-l
e
ss p
o
we
r suppl
y
u
s
in
g
sup
e
rc
ap
aci
t
o
r
a
s
e
n
erg
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
…
(Mo
h
a
mmad
Ha
di
n
A. Ma
l
e
k
)
56
9
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
a
n
g
e
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
w
o
m
a
i
n
i
s
s
u
e
s
o
f
WPT.
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
f
f
i
ci
en
ci
es
a
re
o
n
l
y
ac
h
i
eved
at ve
r
y sh
ort
t
r
ansmiss
i
on d
i
st
a
n
ces
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
ransm
itt
er
and
r
e
c
e
iver
[10].
S
o
lar
pa
ne
l
ha
s
be
e
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
t
o
be
u
sed
as
a
b
ac
kup
p
ow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
c
ha
rge
the
supe
rca
p
aci
t
o
r.
T
he
p
re
vi
ou
s
stud
y is u
sin
g
so
l
a
r
pow
er for pow
er
up a b
o
a
t
[
1
1
]
,
[12]. In t
hi
s stu
d
y
the
s
un
lig
ht i
s use
d
t
o pow
er up a
boa
t
and
it
repre
s
en
t the
mos
t
succ
e
ssfu
l
a
n
d
at
t
rac
tive
ap
p
lica
tio
n
of P
V
in the
fie
l
d of sus
t
a
ina
b
le tra
nspor
t
.
Thi
s
p
a
p
er
p
re
sent
s
a
b
a
tt
ery-l
e
ss
power
supply
u
sing
s
uper
capa
c
i
t
o
r
a
s
e
n
e
rgy
st
o
r
a
g
e
po
were
d
by
so
l
a
r.
I
n
thi
s
s
tu
d
y
t
he
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
b
a
tt
e
r
y-less
po
w
e
r
su
pp
ly
u
si
ng
su
pe
rca
p
ac
i
t
or
a
s
e
n
erg
y
s
tora
ge
pow
er
ed
b
y so
la
r
ha
s
be
en
s
t
u
die
d
. The so
l
a
r pane
l i
s
use
d
i
n
t
his
s
t
u
d
y
t
o char
ge
t
he
s
u
p
e
rc
apa
c
i
t
or
. In
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
oo
st
u
p
the
vo
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
he
s
up
e
r
ca
paci
t
o
r
befor
e
i
t
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
h
e
d
e
vi
c
e
,
th
e
DC
-DC
bo
ost
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
.
The
D
C
-D
C
b
oos
t
c
o
nve
rter
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
use
d
t
he
X
L6
007
a
s
a
m
ai
n
part
o
f
t
h
a
t
c
irc
u
it.
T
hen
t
h
e
ou
t
put
from
t
he
m
o
d
u
le
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
up
m
a
ny
o
t
he
r
e
l
e
c
tr
on
ic
d
evi
ce
su
c
h
a
s
mobi
l
e
p
ho
ne,
spe
a
ker,
flas
h
l
i
ght
a
nd
e
t
c
.
2.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
F
i
gure
1
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
fl
ow
c
ha
r
t
o
f
th
i
s
r
ese
a
rc
h.
T
his
fl
ow
char
t
s
h
ow
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
w
hole
sys
t
em
d
ual
fu
nc
ti
o
n
al o
f w
i
rele
ss
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
suppl
y us
i
ng su
per
capa
c
i
t
o
r
as
e
ner
gy st
orage
.
F
i
gure
1. F
low
c
h
art of the
w
ho
l
e
pro
je
c
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
56
8
–
574
57
0
P
o
w
e
r
sour
ce
i
s
neede
d
t
o
po
w
e
r
up
ever
y
d
e
vice
s
an
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
o
m
a
ke
t
ha
t
sys
t
e
m
w
or
k
w
e
ll.
I
n
t
his
stu
dy,
s
olar
p
ane
l
o
r
socke
t
ou
t
le
t i
s
u
se
d
a
s
a
p
ow
e
r
sour
c
e
in
or
d
e
r
to
c
har
g
e
th
e su
per
c
apac
i
t
or
.
T
he
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
u
p
l
o
w
p
o
w
er
d
e
v
i
c
es.
Th
e
fun
c
tion
of
t
h
e
sup
e
r
capa
c
i
t
o
r
in
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
is
it
a
c
t
s
as
b
a
t
te
ries
t
o
s
t
o
r
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
N
e
x
t
,
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
w
i
l
l
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
s
t
o
r
e
d
a
n
d
go
es
t
o
th
e
t
r
a
n
smi
t
t
e
r
c
oi
l
t
o
t
ra
n
s
mi
t
th
e
e
l
ec
tr
ic
i
t
y.
T
h
e
f
unc
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
er
coi
l
is
to
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
s
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
by
us
ing
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
l
ux
t
o
t
he
r
ece
ive
r
c
o
il
a
n
d
t
h
en
w
i
ll
c
h
ar
ge
a
l
ow
pow
e
r
d
evice
.
Bes
ide
s
t
ha
t,
s
uper
c
a
p
ac
it
or
a
ls
o
can
b
e
us
ed
a
s
a
pow
e
r
s
uppl
y
(
m
a
xi
mum
30V
dc)
by
usin
g
dc-
d
c
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
. B
oost
c
onv
ert
e
r wi
t
h
US
B
t
yp
e
ma
l
e
c
onn
e
c
t
e
r al
so
u
s
e
d
t
o
pr
o
duce
th
e
fi
xe
d
5V
ou
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
t
o
ope
r
a
te
l
ow
p
o
w
er
d
evic
es
s
u
c
h
as
a
s
pea
k
er
,
f
l
a
s
hli
g
h
t
,
dc
m
ot
o
r
o
r et
c.
In
o
rder
t
o
s
t
e
p
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
uperc
apac
i
t
or
,
DC
-DC
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
erter
is
u
sed.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
bo
ost
con
v
ert
e
r
c
o
uld
st
ep
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
u
p
t
o
25V
dc
a
nd
c
a
n
be
u
se
d
a
s
a
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y
u
ni
t
.
T
hi
s
st
u
dy
use
d
m
od
ule
of
d
c-
dc
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
ve
r
t
er
u
s
i
n
g
X
L6
00
9
a
s
m
a
i
n
ch
i
p
.
F
igur
e
2
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
sche
ma
t
i
c
s
d
i
a
gr
am
of
X
L
60
09
D
C
-
D
C
Bo
ost
Con
v
er
t
e
r
.
F
i
gur
e
2.
S
c
h
em
atic
d
iagr
am
of
X
L
6
0
0
9
D
C
-
D
C
boos
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
I
n
t
h
i
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
t
h
e
X
L
6
0
0
9
i
s
u
s
e
d
a
s
a
m
a
i
n
p
a
r
t
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
put
v
olta
g
e
f
low
t
o
t
he
in
d
u
ct
or
t
hen
g
o
t
hr
o
u
g
h
t
he
p
in
3
(
S
W
)
of
t
he
X
L
6
0
0
7
.
Dur
i
ng
s
w
i
tc
hi
ng
w
i
t
h
h
igh
s
p
eed
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
the
e
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
s
r
ele
a
sed.
T
he
d
isc
h
ar
ge
o
f
t
h
is
e
ner
g
y
has
a
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
b
e
i
n
g
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
di
o
d
e,
S
S
34.
T
hi
s
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
g
o
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
d
i
v
ider
p
o
t
e
n
ti
om
eter
R
1
a
n
d
R
2
t
he
n
g
o
t
o
pin
5.
The
n
,
i
t
g
oe
s
i
n
t
o
t
he
a
m
p
lif
ie
r
circ
uit.
A
fte
r
t
ha
t
it
g
oe
s
to
t
he
c
ompa
r
a
t
o
r
an
d
in
t
o
t
he
R
S
F
l
i
p
-
F
lo
p
cir
c
u
i
t
to
c
on
tr
o
l
t
he
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
ncy.
T
he
h
ig
h
fr
e
que
ncy
s
til
l
ex
is
ts o
n
the
d
i
o
d
e,
a
l
t
h
o
ugh
it
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
c
tif
ie
d.
Th
is
f
r
e
que
nc
y
sti
l
l
l
e
a
k
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
av
oi
d
t
h
i
s
f
r
o
m
happe
ni
n
g,
t
he
c
apa
c
i
t
or
2
0
0
μF
i
s
used
a
s
a
f
i
lt
er
.
3.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND ANALY
S
IS
F
i
gur
e
3
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
s
uper
c
a
p
ac
it
or
.
Tw
o
p
i
e
ce
s
of
5
0
0
F
s
u
p
er
capa
c
i
t
o
rs
w
i
t
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
r
a
ti
n
g
o
f
2
.7
V
a
r
e
c
o
n
n
ect
e
d
i
n
s
e
ri
e
s
t
o
d
oubl
e
u
p
t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
t
o
the
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
vol
tag
e
t
hat
ca
n
b
e
c
h
ar
ge
d
is
5
.
4
V
but
t
he
c
a
p
a
c
ita
nc
e
w
i
ll
be
com
e
h
al
f.
W
h
i
le
5
pi
ec
es
o
f
4
F
a
n
d
8
pi
e
ces
o
f
2
F
i
s
c
on
n
ect
ed
in
p
a
r
a
lle
l
be
c
a
use
the
v
o
lta
ge
r
a
t
ing
i
s
a
l
r
ea
dy
5.
5
V
.
T
he
s
u
pe
rca
p
a
c
it
or
i
s
a
ttac
h
t
oge
the
r
i
n
p
a
ralle
l
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
t
o i
n
cr
ease
t
h
e cap
a
c
ita
nce
va
lue
so i
t c
o
u
l
d s
t
or
e
mo
re
e
n
e
rg
y
an
d
c
o
uld
act
as a
b
att
e
ry
. Figu
re
2
show
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
c
apac
i
t
a
n
c
e
i
s
54
1
F
a
r
a
d
s
.
F
i
gur
e
3
Cir
c
u
it
dia
g
r
a
m
of
s
u
p
er
c
a
pac
itor
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A ba
ttery-
l
e
s
s
po
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
u
s
i
ng su
perc
a
p
a
c
it
or as e
n
e
r
gy
st
or
age
… (
M
oham
m
a
d H
a
d
i
n A.
Malek
)
57
1
3.
1.
Ch
arging
t
ime
of supercap
a
cit
o
r
using
adap
ter
r
e
sul
t
s
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
4,
t
he
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
time
of
s
up
er
ca
p
a
ci
tor
i
s
f
a
s
t
r
a
t
h
e
r
t
ha
n
a
ba
tte
r
y
.
I
t
j
us
t
nee
d
e
d
2
0
m
i
n
u
t
e
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
6
8
V
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
5
.
0
5
V
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
ime
of
s
upe
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
or
i
n
20
m
i
nu
t
e
s
b
y
us
in
g
U
S
B
ad
a
p
t
e
r
5
V
an
d o
u
t
p
ut c
ur
r
e
nt 2
A
.
The
vo
l
t
a
g
e inc
r
e
as
es
r
ap
id
l
y
fr
o
m
1
m
i
nu
te
un
t
il 1
0
m
in
u
t
e
s
.
Aft
e
r
th
a
t
,
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
ri
se
s
sl
o
w
ly
b
e
cau
se
t
h
e
s
up
e
r
ca
p
acit
o
r
i
s
tru
l
y
s
u
c
k
u
p
a
ll
the
v
i
t
a
li
t
y
i
t
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
u
n
til
fu
ll (
w
it
h
>0.
0
1 Ohm
ES
R
)
.
F
i
gur
e
4.
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
Tim
e
o
f
S
uper
c
a
p
ac
it
or
u
s
i
n
g
A
dap
t
er
3.
2.
Ch
arging
t
ime
of supercap
a
cit
o
r
using
so
l
a
r
p
a
nel
F
r
om
s
un
ir
r
a
di
a
n
ce,
t
he
s
ola
r
p
ane
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
t
he
D
C
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
tage
a
nd
c
o
u
l
d
act
a
s
a
b
a
cku
p
powe
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
f
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
e
l
ectric
i
t
y
o
r
i
n
t
he
i
so
la
ted
ar
ea
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
of
s
o
l
ar
p
ane
l
s
is
d
e
p
e
n
de
d
on the
in
te
ns
it
y
of lig
h
t
.
The
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s
i
n
cr
e
a
sed
as t
he
i
n
t
e
n
s
ity
o
f
ligh
t
i
s
inc
r
ea
si
n
g
.
F
i
gur
e
5
s
how
s
tha
t
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
ac
hed
u
n
t
i
l
7
V
dur
i
ng
pe
a
k
h
o
ur
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
O
ut
p
u
t
vo
lta
ge
o
f
sol
a
r
pa
nel
d
u
r
i
ng
pea
k
h
ou
r
I
f
6
.
81V
(
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
nta
l
v
a
l
u
e
)
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
he
s
upe
rca
p
a
c
it
or,
it
will
da
ma
ge
t
h
e
sup
e
r
capa
c
i
t
o
r
im
me
di
a
t
e
l
y.
T
h
i
s
is
b
e
cau
s
e
t
he
m
ax
im
u
m
c
har
g
in
g
vo
lta
ge
o
f
supe
r
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
is
5
.
4
V
.
T
he
pr
ote
c
t
i
on
w
a
y
sho
u
l
d
b
e
tak
e
n
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
a
n
unw
a
n
t
e
d
e
x
p
l
o
s
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
super
capa
c
i
tor
by
us
in
g
vo
lt
a
g
e
r
e
gu
lat
o
r
L
M
7
8
0
5
t
o r
e
gu
la
te
t
he
v
olta
ge
to
5V
.
A
dio
d
e
1
N
40
02
is use
d
and c
o
nnec
t
e
d
in f
o
r
w
ar
ding
bia
s
t
o
the
s
uper
c
apa
c
i
t
or
t
o
av
o
i
d
f
r
om
r
e
v
er
se
c
har
g
i
ng
o
f
s
ola
r
p
a
n
e
l.
F
i
gur
e
6
sh
ow
s
t
h
at
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
o
f
s
u
p
e
r
c
ap
ac
itor
i
s
i
ncr
e
a
s
i
n
g
g
ra
du
al
ly
a
g
a
in
st
t
i
m
e
i
n
2
0
m
i
nut
es.
Th
is
i
s
bec
a
u
s
e
t
he
s
o
l
ar
p
an
e
l
p
ro
d
u
ced
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
curr
en
t
to
c
h
ar
ge
t
he
s
upe
r
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
.
T
he
s
pec
i
f
i
cat
i
on
o
f
the
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
l
is
6
V
,
500m
A
.
T
he
w
ea
t
h
e
r
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
o
n
t
he
d
ay
the
e
x
per
i
m
e
nt
i
s
c
o
n
d
uc
t
e
d
i
s
a
s
unn
y
da
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
56
8
–
574
57
2
F
i
gur
e
6.
C
h
a
r
gi
n
g
time
of
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r
us
i
n
g
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
3
.
3
.
Ch
a
r
g
i
ng Time o
f
Supe
rca
p
a
c
it
o
r
u
sing
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
el
F
i
gur
e
7
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
h
i
gher
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
nt
,
the
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
the
t
i
me
t
o
c
h
ar
ge
t
he
s
up
e
r
ca
paci
t
o
r
.
T
he
o
u
t
pu
t
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
r
o
m
the
ada
p
t
e
r
is
2
A
w
hi
l
e
t
he
s
olar
p
a
n
e
l
o
n
l
y
pr
od
u
c
e
d
5
0
0
m
A
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
n
i
t
w
i
l
l
t
a
k
e
a
lo
n
g
er
t
ime
w
h
e
n
u
si
n
g
s
olar
pane
l
c
om
par
e
d
to the
a
dap
t
e
r
.
Thi
s
h
a
pp
ens
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
th
e
ad
apt
e
r
gi
v
e
s
con
s
t
a
nt
powe
r
to
the
su
perc
apa
c
itor
whi
l
e
the
so
lar
panel
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
de
pends
o
n
t
h
e
l
i
ght
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
sun.
F
i
gur
e
7.
C
om
par
i
s
on
char
gi
ng
tim
e
b
e
tw
ee
n
the
a
d
a
p
ter
and
so
la
r
pa
ne
l
3
.
4
.
Ch
a
r
g
i
ng Time
o
f
Supe
rca
p
a
c
it
o
r
u
sing
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
el
F
i
gur
e
8
show
s
t
h
e
si
ne
w
av
e
of
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
er
a
nd
r
e
ce
i
v
e
r
c
o
i
l
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
ent
d
i
s
t
anc
e
s
.
I
n
w
ireless
pow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
fe
r
,
t
he
d
ista
nc
e
betw
ee
n
tr
a
n
smit
t
e
r
and
r
e
c
e
iver
i
s
t
h
e
c
h
al
le
ng
e
for
the
ef
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
pr
oduc
t
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
ec
a
u
se
t
he
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nce
o
f
d
i
s
tanc
e
pr
o
duc
es
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
tage
.
F
i
gur
e
8
(
a
)
show
s
tha
t
t
he
d
is
ta
n
c
e
be
twee
n
the
transm
it
ter
an
d
re
cei
ver
is
0
c
m,
a
n
d
th
e
out
put
v
ol
t
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
er
i
s
21
.6
V
.
F
igur
e 8
(
d
)
show
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
d
is
ta
nc
e
be
tw
een t
he tr
a
nsmi
tter
a
nd r
e
c
e
i
v
er
is
3 cm
,
and
the
ou
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
6
V
Whe
n
t
he
d
i
s
ta
nce
be
tween
t
he
t
ra
nsm
itte
r
an
d
rec
e
i
v
e
r
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
t
a
ge
a
t
th
e
re
ce
iv
er
c
o
i
l
de
cr
e
a
sed
due
t
o
th
e
h
i
gh
f
r
e
que
nc
y
an
d
l
o
w
ma
gnet
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
pr
o
d
u
c
ed
.
Hi
gh
e
r
e
ffi
ci
e
n
ci
es
a
re
o
n
l
y
a
c
hi
ev
ed
a
t
v
er
y
s
hor
t
tr
a
n
smiss
i
on
d
i
s
t
anc
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
tr
a
nsm
i
t
t
er
a
nd r
e
cei
ver
.
I
t
show
s
tha
t
f
or
F
ig
ur
e
8
(
a
)
the
ou
tpu
t
vo
l
t
age
o
f
t
he
r
ece
iv
e
r
i
s
the
hi
g
h
es
t
va
l
u
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
ot
h
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ec
ei
ver
.
A
fter
t
he
r
ec
ei
ver
c
o
i
l
r
ece
i
v
e
t
h
e
po
we
r,
it
re
cti
f
ie
d
the
AC
t
o
th
e
DC
u
s
i
n
g
a
b
r
i
dge
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
and
filt
er
u
sing
t
h
e
c
ap
a
c
ito
r.
E
v
e
n
ou
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
c
oi
l
d
o
e
s
n
ot
r
ea
ch
5
V
,
th
e
m
o
d
ul
e
o
f
t
he
r
ec
e
i
v
e
r
c
o
il
u
sed
boo
st
c
onv
e
r
t
e
r
a
nd
pr
od
uce
d
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
V
to
c
ha
r
g
e
low
p
o
w
e
r
de
v
i
c
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A ba
ttery-
l
e
s
s
po
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
u
s
i
ng su
perc
a
p
a
c
it
or as e
n
e
r
gy
st
or
age
… (
M
oham
m
a
d H
a
d
i
n A.
Malek
)
57
3
(a)
(b
)
(c)
(d
)
F
i
gur
e
8.
T
he
W
a
v
e
f
or
m
of
t
r
a
nsm
i
t
t
e
r
a
nd
r
ece
i
v
e
r
f
or
(
a)
0
c
m
(
b)
1
c
m
(
c
)
2
cm
a
nd
(
d
)
3
cm
3.
5.
D
i
re
ct
P
ower
S
up
p
l
y
The
D
C
-
D
C
b
oos
t
c
o
nver
t
e
r
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
ste
p
up
the
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
su
p
erc
a
p
a
ci
to
r
a
n
d
a
c
t
as
d
i
r
ec
t
p
o
w
er
sup
p
l
y
un
i
t
i
n
F
i
gur
e
9.
T
h
i
s
pr
ojec
t
use
d
a
m
odu
le
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
onve
r
t
er
u
s
i
ng
X
L600
9
a
s
t
he
m
ain
c
h
ip.
The
min
i
mum
inp
u
t
vol
tage
t
o
ste
p
u
p
the
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
betwe
e
n
3
V
t
o
3
2
V
.
The
act
ua
l
m
a
xim
u
m
ou
tp
u
t
of
D
C-
D
C
boo
st
c
on
ver
t
e
r
i
s
40V
b
ut
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
the
m
o
d
u
le
f
r
o
m
da
mag
e
,
th
e
t
a
ggi
ng
i
s
used
a
s
a
ref
e
r
e
n
c
e
to
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
can
b
e
ad
ju
st
ed
b
y
u
s
ing
a
po
t
e
nt
i
o
met
e
r
th
at
i
s
p
r
ovid
e
d
a
n
d
th
e
vol
t
m
e
t
er
w
i
ll
di
sp
l
a
y
the
va
l
u
e
cha
n
ge
.
F
i
gur
e
9.
P
ow
er
s
upp
ly
u
n
it
u
s
i
ng
D
C
-
D
C
b
oos
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
56
8 –
57
4
57
4
4.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Thi
s
p
a
p
er
p
re
sent
s
a
b
a
tt
ery-l
e
ss
power
supply
u
sing
s
uper
capa
c
i
t
o
r
a
s
e
n
e
rgy
st
o
r
a
g
e
po
were
d
by
so
l
a
r.
I
n th
i
s
stud
y
,
a batt
ery-
le
ss
pow
er
s
up
p
l
y usi
n
g
su
perc
a
pa
ci
tor
a
s
ene
rgy
st
ora
g
e
is deve
l
ope
d to c
ha
rge
low
p
o
w
e
r
dev
i
ce
w
i
r
eless
l
y
or
d
ire
c
tly.
Thi
s
p
rojec
t
i
s
use
d
W
P
T
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
w
h
i
c
h
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
s
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
b
y
over
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
o
f
ma
gne
tic
f
ie
ld
s.
T
he
W
P
T
c
o
n
cep
t
is
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
d
s
inc
e
t
he
e
ffic
i
e
nc
y
of
t
he
W
P
T
i
s
de
p
e
nd
e
d
on
the
dis
t
a
n
c
e
betw
ee
n
the
transm
itte
r
an
d
the
rec
e
iver
c
oi
l.
Hi
g
h
e
r
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
o
n
l
y
ac
hi
e
v
ed
w
he
n
th
e
di
sta
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
t
r
a
nsm
itter
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
ce
i
v
e
r
i
s
s
hor
te
r.
A
d
i
r
ect
p
o
w
er
s
up
ply
i
s
p
ro
vi
de
d
to
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
users.
This m
o
du
l
e
i
s t
o
pr
o
vide
t
he v
olta
ge
ou
t
pu
t
t
o
5 V
. The
m
in
imum
in
p
u
t vo
l
t
a
g
e ste
p
up is be
t
w
e
en 0.9
V
to
4
.8
V
.
I
t
a
lso
pr
ov
ides
t
w
o
U
S
B
s
ocke
t
w
i
th
0
.6
A
a
nd
1.
5
A
.
B
esi
d
es
t
ha
t,
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y
ca
n
be
u
se
d
as
a
pow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
the
users
w
h
e
n
t
r
a
vel
l
i
ng
a
s
it
c
a
n
p
o
w
e
r
up
a
n
y
e
l
ec
t
r
on
i
c
d
ev
ic
e
su
ch
a
s
a
fl
a
s
hl
i
g
h
t
,
DC
motor,
s
pea
k
e
r
a
nd
e
t
c
.
T
h
e
so
lar
pa
ne
l
c
a
n
be
a
b
a
c
ku
p
su
p
p
l
y
if
t
h
e
re
i
s
no
el
ect
ri
ci
ty
t
o
c
h
arg
e
sup
e
rc
apac
it
or.
F
o
r
th
e
fu
ture
s
co
pe
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tud
y
,
the
su
pe
r
capa
c
i
t
or
c
a
n
b
e
h
y
b
ri
d
e
n
er
gy
b
y
c
om
bi
n
i
ng
i
t
w
it
h
bat
t
ery
or
r
ene
w
able
e
ner
gy
t
o
e
nsur
e
the
s
uper
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
or
c
an
d
e
live
r
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
l
y
.
H
ybri
d
e
nerg
y
w
i
de
ly
u
sed
si
nce
it
h
a
s
m
or
e
ad
van
t
a
g
e
to
t
he
u
se
r
a
nd
r
e
duce
s
e
ner
g
y
con
s
ump
t
io
n.
T
he
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
pane
l
t
h
at
u
se
d
a
s
a
b
a
c
k
u
p
t
o
cha
r
ge
t
he
s
u
p
e
rca
p
aci
tor
mu
st
b
e
h
i
gh
o
u
t
put
c
urr
e
n
t
s
o
t
h
at
it
ca
n
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
he
sup
e
rc
apac
it
or
i
n a
sh
o
r
ter
t
i
m
e
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
au
t
hors
g
r
a
t
e
f
u
l
ly
a
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
dge
t
he
s
up
p
o
rt
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
lays
i
a
n
M
ini
s
try
of
H
ig
h
e
r
Educa
tio
n
(MO
H
E
)
throu
gh
F
R
G
S
R
es
ea
rch
G
r
a
n
t
N
o
.
16
1
5
a
n
d
t
he
U
nive
rsi
t
i
T
un
H
u
sse
in
O
nn
M
a
lay
s
i
a
t
hro
u
g
h
S
hort-
Term
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U
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"
Th
e
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e
nn
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S
t
a
t
e
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t
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A
Jo
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A
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d
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u
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aci
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r
H
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d
E
n
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S
t
o
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S
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tem
f
o
r
Photovo
l
ta
i
c
Inst
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l
l
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In
te
rn
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t
io
na
l J
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urna
l
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0
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.
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"
E
n
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g
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S
t
o
r
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"
No
va S
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N.
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hino
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"
W
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Tran
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adi
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W
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IST
E
L
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s
&
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"
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o
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l
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h
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c
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P
o
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ro
ni
c
Ha
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oo
k
, v
ol
4
,
pp.
1
1
1
3
-
11
37,
2
0
1
7
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[7]
K.A.
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a
r
,
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,
"Ind
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C
o
u
p
l
ed
P
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T
ra
nsf
e
r
(ICPT)
for
elect
r
i
c
vehi
c
le
c
h
a
rgi
ng,
"
Renewa
bl
e an
d
Su
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e E
n
e
r
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"
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ir
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A
N
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we
r
T
r
a
n
smi
ss
ion
Sy
s
t
e
m
,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
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u
r
n
a
l of Com
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5
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l
.
,
"S
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ar
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ess
P
o
wer
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nd
uc
ti
ve
C
ou
plin
g
f
o
r
M
ob
il
e
Ph
on
e
Ch
arger,"
I
E
E
E
8t
h
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Power E
ngin
e
er
in
g
a
n
d
Opti
mi
zation Co
nf
eren
c
e
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P
EO
CO2
014),
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3
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M
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h
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"
W
i
rel
e
s
s
P
o
w
er
T
ran
s
f
e
r
via
Radi
o
w
a
ves
,
"
Gr
ea
t
Brit
ai
n
&
US
A:
IST
E
Ltd
&
Jo
h
n
W
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ley &
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Inc
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2
01
4
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[11]
A.
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as
i
r
udi
n
an
d
R.Chao
,
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olar
P
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w
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a
t
Des
i
g
n
O
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"
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to
S
ol
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o
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,
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