Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1617
~
16
27
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
16
17
-
16
27
1617
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Compar
ative p
erforma
nce of a sol
ar assist
ed heat
pu
m
p dr
yer
with a h
eat pum
p dryer f
or
Curc
uma
R.
Ha
si
buan
1
,
M
.
Y
ah
ya
2
, H.
Fahmi
3
, Edis
on
4
1
Depa
rteme
n
Teknik
Kimia,
Uni
ver
sita
s Sum
at
er
a
Utar
a
2
,3,4
Fakult
as
Te
k
nologi
Industr
i, I
nstit
ut Te
kno
log
i
Padang
,
Indon
e
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
3
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Feb
4
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Apr
25
, 20
20
Thi
s
study
ev
aluate
d
the
per
for
ma
nc
es
of
solar
assisted
h
ea
t
p
ump
drye
r
(SA
HPD)
and
h
ea
t
pump
dry
er
(HP
D)
for
dryin
g
of
Curcuma
x
anthorrhiza
Rox
b
.
The
HP
D
and
SA
HP
D
re
duce
d
ma
ss
of
Curcuma
from
30.
70
kg
to
7.
85
kg
ne
ede
d
10.
5
hours
and
8
hours
with
ave
r
age
t
em
p
era
tur
e
and
relati
v
e
humi
dit
y
49.
2
o
C
and
26
.
5%,
an
d
57.
7
o
C
and
1
9.
8%,
fo
r
SD
a
nd
SA
HP
D
respe
ctivel
y
.
Th
e
moi
stur
e
of
Cu
rcuma
drie
d
fro
m
3.
167
db
to
0.
065
db
wit
h
an
a
ir
ma
ss
flo
w
rat
e
of
0.
121
kg/s.
The
SA
HP
D
red
uce
d
the
drying
tim
e
about
24%
co
mpa
red
to
HP
D.
The
drying
rat
e
and
the
sp
ec
if
ic
ene
rgy
consumpt
ion
we
re
c
alculate
d
in
an
ave
r
age
1.
0
5
kg/h
and
1
.
3
6kg/h,
and
1.
17kWh/
kg
an
d
2.
07k
Wh/
kg
for
HP
D
and
SA
HPD,
respe
c
ti
vel
y
.
The
spec
ific
moi
stur
e
ext
r
action
ra
t
e
and
th
e
drye
r
the
rm
al
eff
ici
enc
y
wer
e
ca
l
cul
a
te
d
in
an
ave
rag
e
0.
931
kg/kW
h
and
0
.
5
21
kg/kW
h,
and
61.
0%
and
34.
3%
for
HP
D
and
SA
HP
D,
r
espe
ctivel
y
.
Wh
ere
as,
the
p
ic
ku
p
eff
icien
cy
and
the
coe
ff
ici
ent
of
p
erf
ormance
of
the
h
ea
t
pump
were
ca
l
c
ula
t
ed
in
an
av
era
g
e
57.
5%
and
59.
2%
,
a
nd
4.
03
and
4
.
3
5
for
HP
D
and
SA
HPD
,
respe
ctivel
y
.
Th
e
SA
HP
D
is
ca
p
abl
e
of
drying
Curcuma
quic
kly
bec
ause
of
the
h
igh
pi
ckup effi
c
ie
ncy
and
hi
gh
drying
r
ate
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Com
par
at
ive
perf
ormance
Heat p
ump
dry
er
So
la
r
assist
ed heat
pum
p d
ryer
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
. Ya
hya
,
Fakult
as Tek
nolo
gi In
du
st
ri
,
In
sti
tut Te
knol
og
i
Pada
ng
,
Ind
on
esi
a,
25
146
.
Emai
l:
yahya
_e
rr
@
ya
hoo.co
m
NOME
N
CLA
TURE
A
SC
Area
of
so
lar
co
lle
cto
r
(
m
2
)
C
Pair
Sp
ecific
h
eat
of ai
r
(
Jk
g
-
1
C
-
1
)
H
fg
Latent h
eat of
vap
o
rization
of wate
r
(kJ
/k
g
)
I
T
so
lar
radiatio
n
(
W
m
-
2
)
ṁ
air
Air
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
at
e
(kg
/s)
m
d
Mass o
f
b
o
n
e dry
(
k
g
)
m
da
Mass flow
r
ate
of
d
ry air
(kg
d
r
y
air
/s)
M
d
b
,
t
Mois
tu
re
co
n
ten
t dry
bas
is at the ti
m
e
“
t
” (
k
g
m
ass
of
w
ater/
k
g
m
ass
of bo
n
e dry
)
M
d
b
,
t+∆
t
Mois
tu
re
co
n
ten
t dry
bas
is at the ti
m
e
“
Δt
t
+
” (
k
g
m
ass
of
wa
ter/
k
g
mas
s o
f
b
o
n
e dry
)
m
water
Mass o
f
water
eva
p
o
ration
r
ate (
k
g
/h
)
m
water
Mass o
f
water
eva
p
o
rated (
k
g
)
m
wetc
M
ass
of
wet Cu
rcu
m
a
(kg
)
t
Dryin
g
tim
e
(h)
T
in
,
C
o
n
d
Inlet air
te
m
p
eratu
re
o
f
co
n
d
en
ser
(
o
C)
T
o
u
t,
C
o
n
d
Ou
tlet air
tem
p
e
rat
u
re
o
f
co
n
d
en
ser
(
o
C)
T
in
,
SC
Inlet air
te
m
p
eratu
re
o
f
so
lar
collecto
r
(
o
C)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
17
–
16
27
1618
T
o
u
t,
SC
Ou
tlet air
tem
p
e
rat
u
re
o
f
so
lar
co
llect
o
r
(
o
C)
W
b
Electr
i
cal energy
c
o
n
su
m
ed
by
blo
we
r
(kW
)
W
C
o
m
p
Electr
i
cal energy
c
o
n
su
m
ed
by
compress
o
r
(kW
)
Y
as
Ad
iab
atic satu
ratio
n
hu
m
id
ity
of air
e
n
tering
dry
in
g
cha
m
b
er
(kg
water
/k
g
d
r
y
air
)
Y
i
Ab
so
lu
te hu
m
id
ity
of air en
tering
dry
in
g
chamber
(kg
wat
er
/k
g
d
r
y
air
)
∆t
Dryin
g
tim
e inte
rval (h)
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ind
on
esi
a
is
ri
ch
of
me
dicin
al
herbs
an
d
s
pices,
one
of
them
is
Curc
uma
xa
nthorr
hi
za
R
oxb.
It
is
al
so
know
n
as
te
m
ulawa
k
w
hich
widely
use
d
in
the
Ind
on
e
sia
n
tra
diti
on
al
herbal
m
edici
ne
(Ja
mu)
.
The
C
ur
cu
m
a
x
antho
r
rh
iz
a
R
oxb.
is
ric
h
i
n
s
ta
rch
,
at
siri
oil
an
d
c
urcu
mino
i
d
t
hat
c
ou
l
d
be
us
e
d
as
a
n
antimi
crobial
,
antise
ptic
anti
meta
sta
ti
c,
antibioti
c,
antic
an
cer,
a
ntica
ndid
al
,
antio
xid
a
nt,
an
d
hy
po
li
pi
de
mic
act
ivies.
As
a
medici
ne
,
it
c
ould
be
us
e
d
t
o
tread
stomac
h
diseases,
hem
orr
ho
i
ds
,
li
ver
di
so
r
der,
c
onsti
pation,
childre
n’s f
e
ve
rs,
bloo
dy d
ia
rrhea,
dyse
ntery,
and s
kin er
up
t
ion
s
[
1
, 2
].
Comm
only,
th
ere
are
th
ree
dryin
g
meth
ods
that
hav
e
be
en
us
e
d
f
or
dryin
g
me
dicina
l
herbs
a
n
d
sp
ic
es,
su
c
h
as
tradit
io
nal
dry
ing
meth
od,
ho
t
ai
r
-
dryin
g
me
thod,
an
d
lo
w
t
empe
rature
dry
ing
meth
od.
I
n
the
tradit
ion
al
drying
meth
od
s
uc
h
as
ope
n
sun
dryin
g,
wh
e
re
the
pro
du
ct
to
be
dri
ed
by
e
xpos
i
ng
directl
y
to
the
su
n,
w
hich
has
man
y
disa
dv
a
ntages
s
uc
h
as
long
dryi
ng
ti
me
an
d
lo
w
qual
it
y
of
the
pro
duct
[3]
.
I
n
t
he
ho
t
dryin
g
met
hod
su
c
h
as
s
olar
dryer,
wh
e
re
t
he
product
to
be
dr
ie
d
by
us
i
ng
the
rmal
e
nergy
f
rom
the
s
un.
T
his
method
has
m
any
a
dvanta
ge
s
s
uch
as
e
nergy
sa
ving,
fr
e
e,
cl
ea
n,
re
ne
wab
le
a
nd
is
a
n
a
bunda
nt
s
ource
of
energ
y
that i
s
re
adily a
vaila
bl
e.
Re
centl
y,
var
i
ous s
olar dr
yers
with air a
nd wat
er b
ase
d
s
ola
r
colle
ct
ors we
re r
e
viewe
d
[
4,
5]. S
e
ver
al
typ
es
of
s
olar
dryers
ha
ve
be
en
de
velo
pe
d
a
nd
te
ste
d
by
s
ome
researc
he
rs
f
or
dryin
g
of
medici
nal
he
r
bs
a
nd
sp
ic
es
s
uch
as:
so
la
r
dryers
f
or
c
hili
[6
,7
],
a
n
in
dire
ct
f
or
c
ed
co
nvect
io
n
so
la
r
dryer
wit
h
a
s
olar
ai
r
c
ol
le
ct
or
for
mint
le
ave
s
[
8
],
a
so
la
r
-
a
ssist
ed
dryi
ng
sy
ste
m
with
V
-
gro
ove
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
f
or
green
te
a
[
9
]
,
a
r
oof
-
integrate
d
s
olar
dr
ying
s
ys
te
m
f
or
r
os
el
la
fl
ow
e
r
a
nd
chili
[1
0
]
,
a
s
olar
dr
yer
with
f
or
ce
d
c
onvecti
on
f
or
l
ong
gr
ee
n
pe
pper
[
1
1
],
a
so
la
r
-
as
sist
ed
forced
c
onvecti
on
drye
r
for
onio
n
[
1
2
],
a
s
olar
tu
nn
el
dri
er
f
or
ho
t
chili
[1
3
]
,
a
roo
f
-
in
te
gr
at
ed
s
olar
dryin
g
syst
em
f
or
rosel
la
fl
ow
e
r
an
d
le
m
on
-
gr
asses
[1
4
].
H
oweve
r,
th
e
s
olar
dryer
has
man
y
disad
va
ntage
s
su
c
h
as;
fi
rstly,
if
the
dr
ying
process
onl
y
us
es
the
rmal
energ
y
from
th
e
sun,
the
dryin
g
rate
will
be
lowe
r
wh
e
n
cl
ou
dy
da
y
an
d
lo
w
s
unli
gh
t,
an
d
the
dryi
ng
process
c
annot
be
c
onduct
e
d
durin
g
rain
y
da
ys
.
Sec
ondl
y,
if
the
dryin
g
pr
ocess
is
do
ne
duri
ng
cl
ou
dy
da
y,
lo
w
sunli
ght
a
nd
rain
y
da
y,
the
so
la
r
drye
r
shou
l
d
be
assist
ed
with
an
au
xili
ary
heater
.
This
ca
us
ed
increases
the
energ
y
c
onsumpti
on
.
Thir
dly
,
t
he
dryi
ng
ti
me
or
dr
ying
rate
dep
e
nds
on
the
dryi
ng
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ure.
T
he
high
dryin
g
ai
r
te
mp
erat
ur
e
m
ay
rem
ove
the
importa
nt
in
gredie
nts,
w
hic
h
cause
s
colo
r
reacti
on
s
a
nd
degrad
at
i
on
of
the
pro
du
ct
res
ulti
ng
in
lo
w
pr
oduct
qual
it
y.
M
ea
nwhile
,
i
n
the
lo
w
te
m
pe
ratur
e
dryin
g
meth
od
su
c
h
as
heat
pump
dryer,
w
her
e
the
pro
duct
to
be
dr
ie
d
by
us
in
g
the
rm
al
ene
rgy
f
rom
the
e
xh
a
us
t
ga
s
(c
onde
ns
e
r)
of
th
e
heat
pum
p.
T
his
met
hod
ha
s
man
y
a
dvan
ta
ges
s
uch
as
lowe
r
e
nerg
y
co
ns
umpti
on,
cl
ean,
le
ss
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y,
lo
we
r
te
m
per
at
ure,
the
relat
ive
hu
midit
y
a
nd
dr
yi
ng
ai
r
te
m
per
a
ture
a
re
easi
ly
con
t
ro
ll
ed
an
d
good
qu
al
it
y o
f product
.
Var
i
ou
s
of
ty
pe
s
the
me
dicin
al
he
rb
a
nd
s
pi
ce
ha
ve
bee
n
dr
ie
d
i
n
t
he
he
at
pum
p
dryi
ng
s
uc
h
as;
sweet
peppe
r
[1
5
]
,
ginger
[
16
],
ga
rlic
[
17
],
J
e
w
’s
mall
ow,
sp
ea
rmi
nt
and
par
sle
y
[
18
]
,
a
nd
o
ni
on
s
[
19
].
Howe
ver
,
the
heat
pum
p
dr
yer
featu
res
ar
e
not
f
ully
op
erated,
this
du
e
to
t
he
dryin
g
ai
r
te
mp
e
rat
ur
e
is
li
mit
ed,
an
d
it
is
caused
by
the
li
mit
ed
op
erati
ng
te
m
pe
r
at
ur
e
of
the
re
fr
ige
ra
nt
an
d
c
ompres
sor
ope
rati
ng
conditi
ons
of
t
he heat
pum
p.
A
so
la
r
-
assist
e
d
heat
pump
drye
r
(SA
HPD)
prov
i
des
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
res
olv
e
the
disa
dvanta
ges
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
dry
ing
meth
od
s
f
or
dr
ying
me
dic
inal
he
rb
s
an
d
sp
ic
es.
T
his
dryer
c
onsist
s
of
a
heat
pump
a
nd
a
so
la
r
dryi
ng
s
yst
em.
It
ha
s
m
any
a
dv
a
ntage
s
su
c
h
as
l
ow
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y,
cl
ean,
ene
r
gy
sa
ving,
lo
w
energ
y
consu
mp
ti
on,
the
r
el
at
ive
hu
midit
y
a
nd
dr
yi
ng
ai
r
te
m
per
a
ture
a
re
easi
ly
con
t
ro
ll
ed
an
d
the
dr
ying
pro
cesses
can
be
c
onduct
ed wh
e
n
cl
oudy a
nd r
ai
ny d
a
ys
.
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
us
ed
SAHP
D
to
dry
a
gr
ic
ultur
al
pr
oducts
[
20].
Howe
v
er
,
to
our
best
knowle
dge,
the
performa
nce
of
S
A
HPD
for
dryin
g
of
C
ur
c
um
a
chi
ps
has
no
t
bee
n
in
vest
igate
d
yet,
an
d
li
mit
ed
st
ud
ie
s
ha
ve
com
par
e
d
heat
pum
p
dr
yer
(
HPD)
with
SAHP
D.
T
he
pur
po
s
e
of
this
study
was
perf
orme
d
to
c
omp
are
the
performa
nce
of SAHP
D w
it
h HP
D
f
or
dryin
g of Cu
rcuma
chips
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH
METHO
D
2.1.
Ex
peri
menta
l
set
-
up
The
photogra
ph
of
the
s
olar
assist
ed
heat
pum
p
dr
yer
(SAH
PD)
as
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
The
dryin
g
sy
ste
m
co
ns
ist
s
of
heat
pum
p
s
ys
te
m
,
s
ola
r
c
ollec
tor
ar
r
ay
,
dr
ying
c
ha
mb
e
r
a
nd
blower
.
T
he
h
eat
pum
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Comparati
ve
pe
rforma
nce
of
a
s
ola
r
a
s
sist
ed heat
pum
p dr
yer wi
th a h
e
at
pump
…
(
R
. Hasibu
an)
1619
sy
ste
m
co
ns
ist
s
of
co
m
pr
ess
or,
c
onde
ns
e
r,
evapo
rator,
an
d
e
xpan
sio
n
va
lve.
The
wor
king
flui
d
of
t
he
heat
pump
is
R
-
22
.
Com
pr
es
sor
us
e
of
el
ect
ric
al
capaci
ty
of
1
HP
.
The
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
fin
ned
double
-
pass
sol
ar
c
ollec
tor
with
black
a
bsor
be
r,
tran
sp
a
ren
t
co
ver
gla
ss
mate
rial
,
in
side
a
nd
outsi
de
t
he
colle
ct
or
c
oated
with
al
um
in
um
1m
m
t
hick,
a
ng
le
ir
on
fr
ame
,
an
d
in
su
la
ti
on.
Tw
o
so
la
r
c
ollec
tors
a
r
e
connecte
d
in
s
eries
with
a
n
a
rea
of
1.8
m
2
e
ach
.
The
dr
ying
c
ham
ber
us
e
s
of
t
he
ca
bin
e
t
typ
e
a
nd
co
nt
ai
n
the
dryin
g
t
ray
s
w
it
h
adj
us
ta
ble
r
acks
t
o
place
t
he
C
ur
c
uma
x
an
t
horrh
iz
a
R
oxb.
It
wall
s
c
on
sist
of
tri
ple
la
yers
,
an
outsi
de
la
ye
r
us
es
al
um
in
um
sh
eet
,
a
mi
ddle
insu
la
te
d
w
it
h
glass
fibe
r
mate
rial
s
and
i
nn
e
r
la
ye
r
of
use
s
of
al
um
in
um
sh
ee
t
.
The
dry
i
ng a
ir is circ
ulate
d by us
i
ng
blowe
r
wit
h
el
ect
rica
l capaci
ty
of 2
HP
.
2.2.
Ex
peri
menta
l
proced
ure
The
sa
mp
le
is
fr
es
h
C
ur
c
uma
xa
nthorr
hiza
Roxb
was
purc
hase
d
at
the
lo
cal
mar
ket
in
P
adang,
We
st
Su
mat
ra,
I
ndonesi
a
.
The
e
xperiments
we
re
car
ried
out
at
Pa
dang
I
ns
ti
tute
of
Tec
hnol
ogy,
West
S
uma
tra,
Ind
on
esi
a.
A
ft
er washi
ng, th
e
C
ur
c
uma
x
antho
r
rh
iz
a
R
oxb
was
c
ut int
o
c
hi
ps
of
2
-
3 mm
. A
s m
uc
h
as
30
.
7 k
g
pu
t i
nto
t
he dr
yi
ng
c
ham
be
r
f
or the
dry
i
ng pr
ocess,
sho
wn i
n
Fi
gure
2
.
In
le
t
a
nd
outl
et
ai
r
te
mp
e
ra
ture
of
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
,
heat
pum
p,
a
nd
dryi
ng
c
ham
ber
du
rin
g
t
he
op
e
rati
on
of
the
dryin
g
sy
st
em
w
ere
meas
ur
e
d
by
us
in
g
T
ty
pe
c
oppe
r
-
co
ns
ta
nta
n
t
he
rm
ocou
p
le
s
with
a
n
accurac
y
of
±
0.1
o
C,
a
nd
ope
rati
ng
te
m
pe
ra
ture
range
(
-
200
o
C
to
400
o
C)
.
The
s
olar
ra
diati
on
was
mea
su
re
d
by
a
n
LI
-
20
0
py
ranomete
r
in
±
0.1
Wm
-
2
acc
ur
ac
y,
a
nd
with
ma
xim
um
s
olar
ra
diati
on
of
2000
W
m
-
2
,
op
e
rati
ng
te
m
pe
ratur
e
range
(
-
40
o
C
t
o
400
o
C)
a
nd
op
e
rati
ng
relat
ive
humidit
y
ra
ng
e
(
0%
to
10
0%).
The
ai
r
velocit
y
was
measu
red
with
0
-
30
ms
-
1
range
a
n
HT
-
383
anem
om
et
er
,
a
n
acc
ur
ac
y
of
±
0.1
ms
-
1,
a
nd
with
op
e
rati
on
te
m
pe
ratur
e
ra
nge
(
-
10
o
C
to
45
o
C
).
The
s
olar
ra
diati
on
an
d
ai
r
te
mp
e
ratu
re
wer
e
rec
o
r
de
d
by
a
n
AH4
000
data
logger
with
re
adin
g
acc
ur
ac
y
of
±
0.1
o
C.
The
weig
ht
ch
ang
e
of
the
C
ur
c
uma
x
an
t
horr
hiza
Roxb
was
me
asur
e
d
by
0
-
15
kg
ra
nge
a
TKB
-
0.1
5
w
ei
gh
in
g,
a
n
a
ccur
ac
y
±
0.0
5kg.
T
he
C
urc
uma
xan
t
horrh
iz
a
R
oxb
was
wei
ghed
e
very
30 mi
nu
te
s
and tem
pe
ratur
e
w
a
s me
asur
e
d
e
ve
ry 30 mi
nu
te
s
.
The
dryi
ng
e
xperime
nts
we
r
e
car
ried
out
f
or
dr
ying
of
C
ur
c
uma
x
anth
orrhiza
R
oxb
c
hip
s
to
stu
dy
the
dr
yer
pe
rformance
un
der
two
di
ff
e
ren
t
op
e
rati
ng
m
od
es:
(1)
heat
pump
drye
r
(HP
D)
;
(2)
c
ombi
nation
betwee
n
heat
pump
drye
r
wi
th
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
(
so
la
r
a
ssist
ed
heat
pum
p
dryer
:
S
AHPD
)
.
F
or
the
heat
pump
dryer
mode
of
op
e
rati
on
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3
,
the
so
la
r
col
le
ct
or
is
not
op
era
te
d.
For
the
com
bin
at
io
n
mode
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
4
t
he
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
a
nd
the h
eat
pum
p op
e
rated
both
.
Figure
1. P
ho
t
ogra
ph of the
s
olar
as
sist
ed he
at
pump d
r
yer
(S
A
HPD
)
.
Figure
2. P
ho
t
ogra
ph of C
ur
c
um
a i
n dryin
g cham
ber
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
17
–
16
27
1620
Figure.
3
. Mod
e 1
: Sc
hemati
c
diag
ram of
the
HPD
Figure
4
.
Mo
de
2
: Sc
hemati
c
diag
ram of
the
SAHP
D
BL:
b
lo
wer, C:
co
m
press
or
,
C
D: con
denser,
EV: e
vapor
at
or, E
xp.V
: e
xpan
sion val
ve,
GV
:
gate
valve
, T: tem
per
at
ure sens
or.
2.3.
Ex
peri
menta
l
da
t
a an
alysi
s
The
performa
nces
of
t
he
H
PD
a
nd
the
S
AHPD
f
or
dry
ing
of
C
ur
c
uma
x
anth
or
r
hiza
Ro
xb.
a
r
e
char
act
e
rized
by
dryin
g
rate,
s
pecific
mo
ist
ur
e
e
xtracti
on
rate,
s
pecific
e
nerg
y
c
onsum
ption,
drye
r
th
ermal
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
an
d
pic
kup
ef
fici
ency.
It
is
highl
y
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
perf
or
ma
nce
of
eac
h
of
the
dryi
ng
s
yst
em
com
pone
nts s
uc
h
as
so
la
r
c
ollec
tor
a
nd
heat
pump.
The
ther
mal
e
f
fici
ency
of
a
s
olar
colle
ct
or
i
s
the
rati
o
of
us
ef
ul
heat
gai
n
by
so
la
r
c
ollec
tor
to
the
energ
y
inci
dent
in the pla
ne
of
the
co
ll
ect
or.
It w
as
d
et
e
rmi
ned usi
ng the
foll
ow
i
ng equat
ion
[
2
1
],
c
ol
l
=
̇
air
Pair
(
ou
t,
S
C
−
in
,
S
C
)
A
SC
×
100%
(1)
Wh
e
re
I
T
is
s
ol
ar
ra
diati
on
i
nc
ident
in
the
col
le
ct
or
,
A
SC
is
an
area
of
c
olle
ct
or
,
T
in,
SC
an
d
T
out,
SC
are
inlet
and
ou
tl
et
air
te
m
pe
ratur
e
s
of
so
la
r
c
ollec
tor, res
pecti
vely
.
ṁ
air
is ai
r
mass
f
l
ow ra
te
,
C
pair
is
sp
eci
fic
heat
of air.
The
c
oeffici
en
t
of
pe
rforman
ce
of
a
heat
pum
p
(C
OP)
is
the
rati
o
of
use
fu
l
heat
or
heat
ene
r
gy
release
d
by
t
he
refrige
ra
nt
in
the
c
onde
nse
r
to
the
el
ec
tric
al
energ
y
consu
med
by
com
pr
es
sor.
It
was
determi
ned usi
ng the
f
ollow
i
ng e
qu
at
io
n [
18
]
,
CO
P
hp
=
̇
air
Pair
(
ou
t,
C
ond
−
in
,
C
ond
)
C
om
p
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Comparati
ve
pe
rforma
nce
of
a
s
ola
r
a
s
sist
ed heat
pum
p dr
yer wi
th a h
e
at
pump
…
(
R
. Hasibu
an)
1621
Wh
e
re
i
n, Cond
an
d
out
, C
on
d
are
inlet
an
d
ou
tl
et
ai
r
te
mp
e
rat
ur
es
of
c
onde
nse
r,
res
pecti
vel
y,
a
nd
Com
p
is
the
el
ect
rical
en
er
gy c
onsume
d b
y t
he
c
ompres
sor.
The
m
oistu
re
c
on
te
nt
of
the
Curc
um
a
was
cal
culat
ed
by
t
wo
meth
ods
suc
h
as
wet
an
d
dry
basis
as
[22], T
he mois
ture
c
onte
nt
w
et
b
asi
s
was
ca
lc
ulate
d
as
wb
=
w
et
c
−
w
et
c
(
3
)
The moist
ure
c
on
te
nt dr
y basis was
calc
ulate
d
as
db
=
w
et
c
−
(
4
)
wh
e
re
m
d
the
mass
of bo
ne
i
s dry o
f
t
he
Cu
rcuma, a
nd
m
wt
c
is m
ass
of
we
t
Curc
um
a.
The
dryin
g
r
a
te
is
the
mass
of
water
e
va
porated
from
the
wet
C
ur
c
uma
pe
r
unit
ti
me.
It
was
determi
ned as
[6],
DR
=
̇
w
at
er
=
w
at
er
=
d
b
,
t
+
Δ
t
−
d
b
,
t
Δ
t
(
5
)
Wh
e
re
M
db,
t
is
mo
ist
ure
c
on
t
ent
dry
basis
of
cu
rcuma
at
t
he
ti
me
“
t
”,
db,t
+
Δ
t
is
mo
ist
ure
c
on
te
nt
dry
basis
of
c
ur
c
uma
at
t
he
ti
me “
+
Δ
t
”,
m
water
is
the
mass
o
f
w
at
er ev
ap
orat
ed,
t
is
dr
ying
ti
me,
a
nd
is
dryi
ng
ti
me interv
al
.
The ma
ss
of
th
e
water
eva
por
at
ed
(
m
water
)
f
r
om
t
he
wet
Cu
rcuma
was
cal
culat
ed
as
[
21
],
w
at
e
r
=
w
et
c
(
w
b
,
i
−
w
b
,
f
)
(
10
0
−
w
b
,
f
)
(
6
)
Wh
e
re
w
et
c
is
init
ia
l
mass
of
wet
cu
rcuma,
M
wb
,f
is
final
m
oist
ur
e
co
ntent
on
the
wet
basis
,
an
d
M
wb,i
is
init
ia
l moisture
content
on w
et
b
asi
s.
Sp
eci
fic
m
oistur
e
e
xtracti
on
r
at
e
(SMER
)
is rati
o
of
t
he
m
oi
sture
eva
pora
t
ed
f
rom w
et
pr
oduct
to
the
energ
y
i
nput
t
o
dryin
g
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
s
pecifi
c
m
oistur
e
e
xtracti
on
rate
of
the
H
PD
an
d
the
S
AH
P
D
wer
e
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
the
foll
owin
g eq
uations [
23
]
,
for
the
HPD
,
SME
R
HPD
=
̇
w
at
er
C
om
p
+
(
7
)
for
the
S
AHP
D,
SME
R
SAHP
D
=
̇
w
at
er
A
SC
+
C
om
p
+
(
8
)
wh
e
re
W
b
is
t
he
elec
tric
al
en
e
rgy
c
onsume
d
by b
l
ow
e
r
Sp
eci
fic e
nerg
y
c
on
s
umpti
on
(
SEC
)
is t
he mea
sure
of
t
he e
nerg
y
use
d
t
o rem
ov
e
1 k
g
of
w
at
er i
n
the
dryin
g
proce
ss
.
T
he
spe
ci
fic
ene
r
gy
c
onsumpti
on
of
t
he
HPD
a
nd
t
he
SAHP
D
wer
e
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
e
qua
ti
on
s,
for
the
HPD
,
SE
C
HPD
=
C
om
p
+
̇
w
at
er
(
9
)
for
the
S
AHP
D,
SE
C
SAHP
D
=
A
SC
+
C
om
p
+
̇
w
at
er
(10)
Thermal
e
ff
ic
i
ency
of
dryin
g
s
ys
te
m
is
ra
ti
o
of
the
ene
r
gy
us
e
d
for
m
oistur
e
e
vapo
r
at
ion
t
o
t
he
energ
y
in
put
to
dryi
ng
syst
em
.
T
he
the
rmal
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
the
HPD
a
nd
th
e
SAHP
D
were
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
e
qua
ti
on
s
[
24
],
for
the
HPD
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
17
–
16
27
1622
t
h
,H
P
D
=
̇
wa
ter
fg
C
om
p
+
(
11
)
for
the
S
AHP
D,
t
h
,SAHP
D
=
̇
w
at
er
fg
A
SC
+
C
om
p
+
(1
2
)
wh
e
re
fg
is l
at
ent
heat of
va
poriz
at
ion
of w
at
er
(kJ/k
g).
Pick
-
up
ef
fici
ency
a
s
the
rati
o
of
the
mo
ist
ur
e
e
va
porated
from
wet
pro
duct
or
the
m
ois
ture
picke
d
-
up
by
t
he
ai
r
in
the
dr
ying
c
ham
ber
to
t
he
theo
reti
cal
ca
pacit
y
of
the
a
ir
to
a
bsor
b
m
oistur
e
.
T
he
pi
ckup
eff
ic
ie
nc
y of t
he
H
P
D
a
nd the
SAHP
D were
cal
culat
ed usin
g
the
foll
owin
g eq
uation [
25
],
P
i
c
ku
p
=
w
at
er
̇
da
(
as
−
)
(1
3
)
Wh
e
re
da
m
is
mas
s
flo
w
rate
of
dry
ai
r
(
kg
dry
air
/
s),
i
Y
is
abso
l
ute
humidit
y
of
ai
r
e
nterin
g
dryi
ng
c
ham
ber
(kg
water
/kg
dryair
)
and
as
adiabati
c
sat
ur
at
io
n hum
idit
y
of air
e
nterin
g dryin
g
c
ha
mb
e
r
(
kg
water
/kg
dryair
).
2.4.
Ex
peri
menta
l
u
ncert
ainty
In
the
dryin
g
ex
pe
riments
of
the
Cu
rcu
ma
the
data
was
obta
ine
d
by
a
ppr
opriat
e
instr
um
e
nt,
howe
ver,
er
r
ors
an
d
un
ce
rtai
nties
can
arise
because
of
t
he
sit
uations
su
c
h
as
instr
ume
nt
sel
ect
i
on
,
c
ondi
ti
on,
env
i
ronme
nt,
ob
s
er
vation,
r
eadin
g,
a
nd
t
est
pla
nn
i
ng.
Un
ce
rtai
nty
w
as
cal
culat
e
d
us
in
g
the
f
ollow
i
ng
equ
at
io
n [
20,26
]
,
(1
4
)
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
va
riat
ions
of
s
olar
ra
dia
ti
on
an
d
s
olar
colle
ct
or
ef
fici
ency
with
ti
m
e
of
the
da
y
are
sho
wn
in
Figure
5
.
As
se
en
from
the
fi
gure
the
w
eat
he
r
is
quit
e
s
unny,
the
so
la
r
radi
at
ion
is
va
ried
f
rom
607.4
W
m
-
2
to
962.7
W
m
-
2
a
nd
i
n
a
ve
rag
e
is
80
1.1
Wm
-
2
w
as
re
c
orde
d.
T
he
so
la
r
c
ollec
tor
ef
fici
enc
y
is
va
ried
f
r
om
31.
1%
to
49.
2%
,
a
nd
in
ave
ra
ge
is
39.
2%,
with
an
ai
r
mass
flo
w
r
at
e
of
0.1
21
kgs
-
1
.
As
obse
rv
e
d
from
t
he
Fi
gure
5
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
is
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
s
olar
rad
ia
ti
on.
The
so
la
r
ra
diati
on
fluct
uates,
the
n
t
he
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
ef
fici
ency
al
s
o
fluctuates
.
The
e
val
uatio
n
of
the
un
ce
rtai
nty
of
e
xp
eriment
as
s
how
n
in
Table
1.
Table
1.
U
ncert
ai
nties of
t
he
par
a
mete
rs
dur
ing
dryi
ng exp
eriment
of Cu
r
cuma
Para
m
eters
Un
it
Un
certa
in
ty
com
m
en
t
SAHPD
HPD
Air
te
m
p
eratu
res
o
C
± 0.1
7
± 0.1
7
Air
r
elativ
e hu
m
id
i
ties
%
± 0.2
2
± 0.2
2
Air
ab
so
lu
te hu
m
i
d
ities
k
g
water
/k
g
dry
air
± 0.2
6
± 0.2
6
Air
ad
iab
tic satu
rat
io
n
hu
m
id
ities
k
g
water
/k
g
dry
air
± 0.2
6
± 0.2
6
So
lar
radiatio
n
W
/m
2
± 0.1
4
-
Air
v
elo
city
m
/s
± 0.2
4
± 0.2
4
Mass lo
ss
of sa
m
p
l
es
g
± 0.0
1
4
± 0.0
1
4
Mass lo
ss
of pro
d
u
cts
kg
± 0.1
1
± 0.1
1
Read
in
g
valu
es o
f
tab
le (
ρ
,
C
p
,
an
d
H
fg
)
-
± 0.1
-
0
.2
± 0.1
-
0
.2
Tim
e
meas
u
re
m
en
t
m
in
± 0.1
± 0.1
The
va
riat
ion
of
inlet
a
nd
ou
tl
et
ai
r
te
mp
e
r
at
ur
e
of
c
onde
ns
er
a
nd
CO
P
of
the
he
at
pump
with
ti
me
of
the
da
y
for
SAHP
D
a
nd
HPD
a
re
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
6.
The
ave
ra
ge
i
nlet
an
d
outl
et
te
mp
e
ratu
re
of
the
conde
ns
er
are
27.5oC a
nd 51.6oC
, and 2
4.9oC
an
d 5
0.9
oC for
HPD a
nd S
AHPD
w
e
re re
corde
d,
res
pecti
vely
.
Wh
e
reas,
the
aver
a
ges
of
th
e
COP
of
t
he
heat
pu
mp
we
re
cal
culat
ed
of
a
bout
4.03
a
nd
4.35
f
or
H
P
D
a
nd
SAHP
D,
res
pe
ct
ively
, wit
h
a
n
ai
r
mass
f
lo
w
r
at
e is a
bout
0.121 k
gs
-
1.
1
/
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
+
+
+
=
n
n
R
w
x
R
w
x
R
w
x
R
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Comparati
ve
pe
rforma
nce
of
a
s
ola
r
a
s
sist
ed heat
pum
p dr
yer wi
th a h
e
at
pump
…
(
R
. Hasibu
an)
1623
Figure
5. Va
riat
ion
in
s
olar
ra
diati
on
a
nd e
ff
i
ci
ency
of colle
ct
or w
it
h
ti
me
of the
da
y
Figure
6. Va
riat
ion
in
tem
per
a
ture
a
nd CO
P
of the
heat pum
p wit
h
ti
me
of the
da
y.
The
va
riat
ion
of
am
bient
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
an
d
ai
r
te
mp
erat
ure
inlet
and
out
le
t
of
dryi
ng
c
ham
ber
with
dryin
g
ti
me
f
or
S
A
HP
D
a
nd
HPD
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
7.
For
t
he
HPD,
t
he
a
mb
ie
nt
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
and
ai
r
te
mp
erat
ur
e
inl
et
an
d
outl
et
of
the
dr
ying
c
ha
mb
e
r
a
re
va
ried
from
29.0oC
to
34.
3oC,
43.
5o
C
to
51.3oC
,
a
nd
30.1oC
t
o
39.6oC,
res
pecti
vely,
with
c
orres
pondin
g
a
ve
rage
va
lue
s
of
32.
3o
C
,
49.2oC
a
nd
32.
8oC.
W
her
eas
,
for
t
he
S
AH
P
D,
the
am
bien
t
te
mp
e
ratu
re,
and
ai
r
te
m
perat
ur
e
inlet
a
nd
outl
et
of
the
dryin
g
cha
mb
e
r
a
r
e
var
ie
d
from
33
.1oC
t
o
35.
1o
C,
53.4oC
to
61.7oC,
a
nd
32.
0o
C
to
47.
2oC,
res
pecti
vel
y,
wit
h
c
orres
pondin
g
aver
a
g
e
val
ues
of
34.
3oC,
57
.7oC
a
nd
36.
9oC.
The
res
ults
in
dicat
ed
tha
t
the
ai
r
-
dryin
g
te
m
pe
ratu
re
in
the
SAHP
D
was
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
the
HPD.
T
he
dif
f
eren
ce
value
is
8.5°C,
this
ca
n
be
sta
te
d
t
hat
the
dryin
g
r
at
e
in
the
SAHP
D
is
higher
tha
n
the
i
n
HPD.
As
se
en
fro
m
f
ig
ure
that
the
drying
c
ham
ber
outl
et
ai
r
te
mpe
ratur
e
increase
d
wit
h
increasi
ng
i
n
dryin
g
ti
me.
This
due
t
o,
the
heat
tra
nsfer
c
oeffici
en
t
decr
ease
d
in
the
dryin
g
ti
me.
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
a
mb
ie
nt
relat
ive
humidit
y,
and
ai
r
relat
iv
e
humidit
y
inl
et
and
ou
tl
et
of
the
dr
ying
cham
ber
with
dryin
g
ti
me
f
or
SAHP
D
a
nd
HPD
are
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
8.
Fo
r
t
he
H
PD,
the
ambie
nt
re
la
ti
ve
humidit
y,
an
d
ai
r
relat
ive
hu
midit
y
inlet
an
d
outl
et
of
t
he
dryin
g
c
ham
be
r
are
var
ie
d
f
r
om
58.9%
to
80.
4%,
24.7%
t
o
28.8%,
a
nd
48.2%
to
92.3%
,
res
pe
ct
ively,
with
corres
pondin
g
aver
a
ge
val
ues
of
68.
9%,
26.
5%
an
d
72.7%.
Wh
e
re
as,
f
or
SAHP
D
,
the
am
bient
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y,
a
nd
ai
r
relat
ive
humidit
y
inlet
and
outl
et
of
t
he
dryin
g
c
ham
be
r
are
va
ried
f
r
om
56.
2%
t
o
70.
9%,
17.
7%
t
o
23.9%,
a
nd
37.1%
to
88
.
3%
,
re
sp
ect
ivel
y,
with
corres
pondin
g
aver
a
ge
val
ues
of
64.
0%,
19.
8%,
an
d
68.
6%
.
T
he
res
ults
in
dicat
ed
t
hat
the
ai
r
-
dr
ying
relat
ive
humidit
y
in
t
he
SAHP
D
was
lowe
r
tha
n
t
he
HPD.
The
di
fference
val
ue
is
6.7%
.
As
see
n
from
fi
gure
t
ha
t
the
dryin
g
c
ham
be
r
ou
tl
et
ai
r
rel
at
ive
humi
dity
dec
rease
d
with
i
ncr
easi
ng
in
dryi
ng
ti
me.
This
due
t
o,
t
he
mass
trans
fer
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt d
ec
rease
d i
n
the
dryi
ng ti
me.
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
mo
ist
ur
e
c
onte
nt
of
C
ur
c
uma
xa
ntho
rrhiza
Roxb
with
dryin
g
ti
me
f
or
SAHP
D
an
d
HPD
a
re
s
how
n
in
Fig
u
re
9.
The
mo
ist
ur
e
con
te
nt
of
C
urcuma
xa
nthor
r
hiza
Ro
xb
was
re
du
ce
d
from
3.16
7
dry
basis
to
fin
al
mo
ist
ure
c
onte
nt
of
a
bout
0.065
dry
basi
s.
T
he
ti
me
to
reach
t
he
fi
nal
mo
ist
ure
c
on
te
nt
was
fou
nd
of
ab
out
10.5
ho
ur
s
a
nd
8h
ours
for
H
PD
a
nd
S
AHP
D,
resp
e
ct
ive
ly
.
The
SAHP
D
had
a
s
horter
dryi
ng
ti
me
comp
a
re
d
to
the
HPD.
I
n
ot
her
wor
ds
,
the
SAHP
D
re
du
ce
d
the
dryi
ng
ti
me
24
%
c
ompare
d
to
the
HP
D
.
This
due
to
,
it
s
m
oistur
e
c
onte
nt
tran
sfe
r
ra
te
is
hi
gh
e
r
t
ha
n
t
he
HPD,
this
ca
us
e
d
by
the
diff
e
re
nce
in
the
par
ti
al
vap
our
pr
ess
ure
betwe
en
C
ur
c
um
a
xa
nthor
rh
iz
a
Ro
xb
a
nd
the
dry
ing
ai
r
obta
ine
d
i
n
t
he
SAHP
D
i
s
higher
tha
n
i
n
the
HPD.
This
dif
fer
e
nce
val
ue
is
ve
ry
depend
e
nt
on
t
he
dryin
g
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y,
w
he
n
dryi
ng
ai
r
te
mp
e
rature
is
high
an
d
relat
i
ve
humi
dity
is
low,
t
he
dif
fe
ren
ce
i
n
the
pa
rtia
l
vapo
ur press
ure betwee
n
C
urcuma
xa
nthor
r
hiza Ro
xb a
nd
the dr
ying air
is also
high,
and
vice v
e
rsa.
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
dryi
ng
rate
with
dryin
g
ti
me
f
or
SAHP
D
an
d
HPD
a
r
e
show
n
in
Fi
gure
10.
T
he
dryin
g
rate
of
C
ur
c
um
a
xan
t
horrhiza
Ro
xb
was
cal
culat
ed
,
for
the
H
PD,
the
dryin
g
rat
e
is
va
ried
f
r
om
0.6
0
kg
/
h
t
o
1.65
kg/h
a
nd
i
n
a
ve
rag
e
is
1.05k
g/h
.
w
her
eas
,
for
the
SAHP
D,
the
dryin
g
rate
is
var
ie
d
from
0.85
kg
/
h
to
1.8
5
kg/ha
nd
in
a
verage
is
1.36k
g/h
.
Re
ferrin
g
to
Fi
gure
10,
the
dryin
g
rate
de
creased
with
i
ncr
eas
e
by ti
me. T
he
n,
the ev
a
porati
on
rate o
f
m
oist
ur
e
d
ec
rease
d by ti
me.
The
va
riat
ion
of
S
M
ER
a
nd
SEC
with
drying
ti
me
for
S
AHPD
an
d
HPD
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
1.
The
S
M
ER
is
var
ie
d
from
0.533
kg/
kWh
to
1.4
67
kg/k
W
h
a
nd
0.3
27
kg/
kWh
to
0.676
kg/
kWh
a
nd
i
n
a
n
aver
a
ge
of
a
bout
0.9
31
kg
/
kWh
an
d
0.5
21
kg/k
Wh
f
or
HPD
an
d
SAHP
D,
res
pecti
vely
we
re
cal
culat
ed
.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
12:0
0
1
3
:00
1
4
:00
1
5
:00
1
6
:00
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
Efficiency
of co
llec
tor
(
%)
So
la
r r
adia
tio
n
(
W
/m
2
)
Ti
me
o
f th
e
d
ay (h
)
So
l
ar
r
ad
i
ation,
SAHPD
Ef
f
i
cienc
y o
f
coll
e
ctor
, SA
HPD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
1
4
:00
15:0
0
1
6
:00
1
7
:00
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
COP
o
f h
ea
t
p
u
mp
Temperatu
re
(
o
C)
Ti
me
o
f th
e
d
ay (h
)
Ti
n Cond
,
HPD
Ti
n Cond
,
SAHPD
Tout
Co
nd, HP
D
Tout
Co
nd, S
AHPD
COP,
HPD
COP,
SAHPD
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
16
17
–
16
27
1624
Wh
e
reas,
the
S
EC
are
var
ie
d
from
0.6
8
kW
h/kg
t
o
1.8
8
kWh/
kg
a
nd
1.2
7
kWh/
kg
to
3.53
kWh/k
g,
a
nd
i
n
a
n
aver
a
ge
of
a
b
ou
t
1.1
7
kW
h/k
g
a
nd
2.07
kWh/
kg
for
HPD
a
nd
SAHP
D,
res
pecti
vel
y
were
cal
c
ulate
d.
A
s
ob
s
er
ved
from
the
fig
ur
e
that
the
S
M
ER
dec
reased
a
nd
S
E
C
increa
sed
with
inc
rease
by
t
ime.
T
his
due
to,
the
dryin
g
rate
dec
reased
in
ti
me,
an
d
al
so
the
S
M
ER
of
t
he
H
PD
is
hi
ghe
r
th
at
the
S
AHPD,
this
due
t
o
the
total
energ
y
in
put t
o t
he HP
D
is l
ower
tha
n
to
the
SAHP
D.
The
var
ia
ti
on
of
drye
r
the
rm
al
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
pic
kup
e
ff
i
ci
ency
with
dryin
g
ti
me
f
or
SAHP
D
an
d
HPD
are
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
12.
The
dryer
t
hermal
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
var
ie
d
f
rom
33.50%
t
o
97.
07%
an
d
21.45
%
to
44.39%
,
a
nd
in
an
a
ver
a
ge
of
about
61.
03%
and
34.28%
f
or
HPD
a
nd
SAHP
D,
res
pecti
ve
ly
wer
e
cal
cul
at
ed
.
The
pic
kup
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
is
var
i
ed
from
34.04
%
to
93.
37%a
nd
30.30%
to
92.78%
,
a
nd
i
n
a
n
ave
ra
ge
of
a
bout
57.51%
a
nd
59
.
21%
f
or
H
PD
an
d
SAHP
D,
re
sp
ect
ively w
e
re
cal
culat
ed
. A
s o
bs
e
r
ved
f
r
om
t
he
fig
ure
that
th
e
pick
up
ef
fici
en
cy
of
t
he
S
AHPD
is
higher
th
an
the
HPD.
T
his
due
t
o,
t
he
evapo
rati
on
rat
e
of
m
oistur
e
in
the
SAHP
D
is
higher
tha
n
the
HPD.
Figure
7.
Va
riat
ion
in
tem
per
a
ture wit
h dryin
g
ti
me
Figure
8. Va
riat
ion
in
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y wit
h
dryin
g
ti
me
Figure
9. Va
riat
ion
of m
oisture
content
with
dryin
g
ti
me
Figure
10. Vari
at
ion
in
dr
ying
rate wit
h d
ry
i
ng ti
me
0
20
40
60
80
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
12:0
0
1
3
:00
1
4
:00
1
5
:00
1
6
:00
1
7
:00
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
Temperatu
re
(
o
C)
Drying
time
(
h
)
Ta
mbient
,
HPD
Ta
mbient
,
SAHPD
Ti
n DC
, HPD
Ti
n DC
, S
AHPD
Tout
DC,
HPD
Tout
DC,
SAHPD
0
20
40
60
80
1
0
0
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
1
4
:00
1
5
:00
1
6
:00
1
7
:00
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
13:0
0
Rel
ati
ve hu
midity
(
Rh,
%)
Drying
time
(
h
)
Rh
a
m
bi
ent, HP
D
Rh
a
m
bi
ent, SAH
P
D
Rh
i
n DC
,
HPD
Rh
i
n DC
,
SAHPD
Rh
out
DC, HPD
Rh
out
DC, S
AHPD
0
.
0
0
.
5
1
.
0
1
.
5
2
.
0
2
.
5
3
.
0
3
.
5
1
0
:00
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
1
4
:00
1
5
:00
1
6
:00
1
7
:00
1
0
:00
11:0
0
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
Moi
stu
re
c
o
n
ten
t
(
d
ry
b
asi
s,
kg/kg)
Drying
time
(
h
)
HPD
SAH
P
D
0
1
2
3
10:3
0
1
1
:30
1
2
:30
1
3
:30
1
4
:30
1
5
:30
1
6
:30
1
0
:30
11:3
0
1
2
:30
1
3
:30
Drying
rate
(
kg/h
)
Drying
time
(
h
)
HPD
SAH
P
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Comparati
ve
pe
rforma
nce
of
a
s
ola
r
a
s
sist
ed heat
pum
p dr
yer wi
th a h
e
at
pump
…
(
R
. Hasibu
an)
1625
Figure
11.
Var
i
at
ion
in
S
M
ER
and SE
C wit
h
dryin
g
ti
me
Figure
12. Vari
at
ion
in
the
rma
l effici
enc
y
a
nd
pick
Up ef
fici
ency with
dr
ying ti
me
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
The
pe
rfo
rma
nc
es o
f
a
S
A
HPD and a HPD h
ave b
ee
n
ev
al
ua
te
d
for
dr
ying
o
f
Cu
rcu
m
a
xan
t
horrh
iz
a
Roxb
.
T
he
HPD
a
nd
S
A
HPD
re
du
ce
d
mass
of
Curc
uma
x
anth
or
r
hiza
Ro
xb
f
r
om
30.
70
kg
to
7.8
5
kg
ne
eded
10.5
hours
a
nd
8
ho
ur
s
wit
h
a
ve
rag
es
te
mp
e
ratur
e
a
nd
relat
ive
humi
dity
of
a
bout
49.2
o
C
an
d
26
.5
%
,
a
nd
57.7
o
C
a
nd
19.
8%,
for
S
D
a
nd
S
AHPD
res
pe
ct
ively.
T
he
mo
ist
ur
e
of
C
urc
uma
dr
ie
d
f
r
om
3.167
db
to
0.0
65
db
with
a
n
ai
r
mass
fl
ow
rate
of
0.1
21
kg/s.
The
S
A
HPD
r
edu
ce
d
t
he
dry
ing
ti
me
of
ab
ou
t
24%
c
omp
ared
t
o
the
HP
D
.
The
dryin
g
rate
a
nd
t
he
s
pecific
energ
y
c
onsumpti
on
rate
w
ere
cal
c
ulate
d
in
a
n
a
ver
a
ge
of
ab
out
1.05
kg
/
h
an
d
1.36k
g/h
,
a
nd
1.17k
Wh
/
kg
a
nd
2.07k
Wh
/
kg
f
or
H
PD
a
nd
S
AHPD
,
res
pe
ct
ively.
The
s
pecific
mo
ist
ure
e
xtra
ct
ion
rate
a
nd
dryer
the
rmal
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
we
r
e
cal
culat
ed
in
an
a
ver
a
ge
of
ab
out
0.931
kg/k
Wh
and
0.5
21
kg/kW
h,
a
nd
61.
03%
an
d
34.
28%
f
or
HPD
and
SAH
P
D,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
Wh
e
reas,
t
he
pick
up
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
coeffic
ie
nt
of
pe
rformance
of
the
heat
pump
wer
e
cal
culat
e
d
i
n
a
n
a
ve
rag
e
of
a
bout
57.
5%
an
d
59.2%,
a
nd
4.
03
a
nd
4.35
f
or
H
PD
a
nd
S
AHPD
,
res
pec
ti
vely.
Wh
e
rea
s,
the
a
ver
a
ge
of
the
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
wa
s
cal
culat
ed
to
be
about
39.
2%.
The
res
ult
sho
ws
that
the
S
A
HPD
is
capa
ble
of
d
r
ying
Cu
rcu
m
a
qu
ic
kly
beca
use
of the
h
i
gh dr
ying
rate an
d h
igh
pick
up e
ff
i
ci
ency
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
W.
Nurcho
li
s
,
B
.
P.
Priosoeryant
o
,
E
.
D.
Purw
akusuma
h
,
T.
K
at
ay
a
ma
,
T.
Suzuk
i,
“
Ant
ioxidant
,
c
ytotoxic
activ
it
i
es
and
to
ta
l
pheno
lic
con
te
nt
of four
Indone
sian
Med
ic
in
al
p
la
nts
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2012
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Sylvia
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a,
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F.
Rom
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“
S
tudy
on
antiba
ct
er
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l
a
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it
y
from
‘
T
em
u
la
w
ak’
(Cur
cum
a
xant
horri
za
Rox
b.
)
r
hiz
o
me
s
ag
ai
nst
pa
thoge
ni
c
s
mi
cro
bes
c
el
l
destruc
t
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”
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urnal
of
Appl
i
ed
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Industrial
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otechnolog
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Yahya
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K.
So
pia
n,
W
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Daud
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M.Y.
Othm
an,
B
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Ya
ti
m
,
“
Design
of
s
ol
ar
assisted
dehumidifica
ti
o
n
of
ai
r
drying
sys
te
m
for
m
edicinal
her
bs: p
egaga
leaf,
”
In: Procee
d
ings o
f
th
e
S
ec
ond
Asian
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c
eani
a
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yi
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renc
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2001),
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u
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la
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A.
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basa
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B.
Bakh
ty
ar,
M.
Yahya
,
M.H.
Ruslan
,
S.
Mat
,
“
T
ec
hno
-
e
conom
i
c
of
sola
r
drying
sys
te
ms
with
wat
er
b
ase
d
solar
colle
ct
or
s
in
Ma
la
ysia
:
a
rev
i
ew,
”
R
enewable
and
Sust
ainabl
e
En
ergy
Re
v
ie
w
,
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pp.
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–
820
,
20
15
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[5]
A.
Fudholi
,
K.
S
opia
n,
B.
Bakh
t
yar
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M.
G
abba
sa
,
M.Y.
Oth
ma
n,
M.H.
Ruslan
,
“
Revi
ew
o
f
sol
ar
drying
sys
te
ms
with
ai
r
b
ase
d
solar
co
ll
e
ct
ors
i
n
Mal
aysia,
”
R
e
newabl
e
and
Su
stainabl
e
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–
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M.
Y
.
Othma
n
,
M.
H.
Ruslan
,
K.
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“
Drying
o
f
Mala
ysian
Cap
sicum
annuum
L.
(re
d
chi
l
i)
dri
e
d
by
open and
sol
a
r
drying
,
”
In
te
rn
ati
onal Journal of
Pho
toe
nergy
,
pp.
1
-
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2013.
[7]
A.
Fudholi,
K.
Sopian,
M.
Y.
Yaz
di,
M.
H.
R
uslan,
M.
Gabba
sa,
H.
A.
Ka
zem,
“
Perform
ance
an
al
ysis
of
sol
a
r
drying
sys
te
m
fo
r
red
chili,
”
So
la
r E
nergy
,
vol
.
99
,
pp
.
47
-
54
,
201
4
.
[8]
E.
K
Akpin
ar,
“
Drying
of
mi
nt
l
ea
v
es
in
sol
ar
drye
r
and
unde
r
open
sun:
Mo
del
ing
,
per
form
anc
e
ana
lyses
,
”
Ene
rgy
Con
ve
rs
i
on
and
Manag
e
ment
,
vo
l.
51
,
pp
.
2407
-
2418
,
201
0
.
[9]
M.
Yahya
,
M.H
.
Ruslan,
M.Y.
Othma
n,
B
.
Yat
i
m,
M.Y.
Sul
ai
m
an,
M.
Ma
t,
L.
C
.
Haw,
A.
Za
ha
r
im
,
K.
Sopian,
“
Evaluation
of
e
ner
gy
req
u
ireme
nt
for
dry
ing
of
gre
en
tea
using
a
solar
assisted
drying
sys
te
m
(
V
-
groove
solar
col
l
ec
tor)
,
”
In
P
roc.
of
th
e
3rd W
SEA
S
In
t.
Conf
.
o
n
Re
n
ewabl
e
En
ergy
Source
s
,
pp
.
298
-
303
,
2009
.
0
.
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
6
0
.
0
0
.
5
1
.
0
1
.
5
2
.
0
2
.
5
3
.
0
3
.
5
4
.
0
1
0
:30
1
1
:30
1
2
:30
1
3
:30
1
4
:30
1
5
:30
1
6
:30
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
1
3
:00
SEC
(
kWh
/kg
)
SMER
(
kg/kW
h
)
Drying
time
(
h
)
SEC,
HPD
SEC,
SAHPD
SMER
, HPD
SMER
, SA
HPD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
:30
1
1
:30
1
2
:30
1
3
:30
1
4
:30
1
5
:30
1
6
:30
1
1
:00
1
2
:00
13:0
0
Pi
c
k Up
effic
iency (%)
Therm
al
effic
iency
(
%)
Drying
time
(
h
)
Th
ermal
Ef
f
,
HPD
Th
ermal
Ef
f
,
SAHPD
Pi
ck Up
Ef
f
, HPD
Pi
ck Up
Ef
f
, S
AHPD
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
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