In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2029~
20
36
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2029-2036
2029
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Efficien
cy and energy modellin
g for PVT air
collector with
extended heat transfer area: a
revi
e
w
Ahma
d
Fu
dho
li
1
,
Mariy
a
m
Faz
l
een
a Mu
sthaf
a
2
,
Ivan
Tas
li
m
3
,
Meri
t
a
Ayu In
d
rianti
4
,
In
tan
N
ovi
an
tari M
an
y
o
e
5
,
M
o
hd. Yusof
O
t
h
man
6
1,
2
,
6
S
o
l
a
r
Energ
y
Res
earch In
s
t
itu
te,
Un
iversiti Keban
gs
aa
n
M
a
la
y
s
i
a
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
3,
4
Un
ivers
i
t
a
s M
u
ham
m
a
d
i
yah
Go
ront
alo,
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
5
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ta
s
Ne
g
e
r
i
G
or
on
ta
l
o
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
No
v
1
9
,
2
018
Re
vise
d F
e
b 12,
201
9
A
c
c
e
pte
d
A
pr 7,
201
9
S
o
l
a
r
e
n
ergy
i
s
ren
e
wab
l
e
and
envi
ron
m
en
t
f
r
i
e
nd
ly
a
n
d
h
as
b
een
w
i
d
e
l
y
us
ed
i
n
elect
ric
i
ty
g
en
erati
on
and
t
h
erm
a
l
energy
t
hro
ugh
pho
to
voltai
c
thermal
(P
VT)
syste
m
.
Thi
s
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
b
e
n
e
f
ic
i
a
l
in
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
ma
x
imum
energ
y
g
ener
at
ion
an
d
co
st
o
f
us
a
g
e.
T
h
e
g
ro
w
i
ng
con
cern
o
n
e
ne
r
g
y
s
ources
and
th
eir
us
age
h
a
s
in
cre
a
se
d
t
h
e
s
i
gn
ifi
cance
and
dem
a
nd
f
or
P
VT
col
l
ect
ors
.
A
P
V
T
a
ir
c
oll
ecto
r
c
on
si
s
t
s
of
a
P
V
p
a
nel
and
a
t
h
er
m
a
l
collecto
r
sy
st
e
m
.
In
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or,
electrici
ty
a
n
d
t
h
e
rm
al
e
nerg
y
ar
e
ge
n
e
ra
te
d
simu
lta
n
e
ou
sly
.
T
hi
s
re
vie
w
f
oc
u
s
e
s
o
n
e
f
fic
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
o
delli
ng
f
o
r
P
V
T
air
collecto
r
w
ith
e
x
t
end
e
d
heat
t
ransf
e
r
area.
F
i
ndin
g
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
review
in
di
cated
t
h
a
t
PVT
air
collect
or
w
ith
e
xt
end
e
d
heat
t
ran
s
f
e
r
ar
ea
pro
d
u
c
ed
P
V
T
effici
ency
h
i
g
h
e
r
th
an
c
onv
ent
i
o
n
al
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ollecto
r
.
T
h
e
the
r
ma
l
ef
fici
ency
o
f
PV
T
ai
r
co
l
l
ect
or
f
o
r
w
ith
a
nd
w
i
t
h
out
e
x
t
en
ded
h
eat
t
rans
f
e
r
a
r
e
a
a
re
2
1-8
3
%
a
n
d
12
-7
0%
,
re
sp
e
c
t
ive
l
y,
w
hic
h
t
he
i
mpr
o
ve
m
e
nt
o
f
th
erm
a
l effi
c
i
ency
is
15.7
-
42.
8
%
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Therm
a
l
mode
lli
n
g
Phot
o
v
o
lta
ic
Therm
a
l
Solar
col
l
ec
tor
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ivan
T
asl
i
m,
U
n
i
v
ersi
tas M
uham
m
a
di
ya
h G
o
r
o
n
t
a
l
o,
I
ndone
si
a
.
Em
ail:
i
v
a
n
t
a
s
lim
@umg
o.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Ene
r
g
y
i
s
a
ke
y
requ
ire
m
e
n
t
for
u
nder
g
o
i
ng
a
nd
perf
ormi
ng
w
o
rk.
A
roun
d
the
2
0
t
h
c
e
nt
ury,
t
he
dem
a
nd
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
nsum
pt
i
o
n
ha
ve
i
nc
rea
s
ed,
and
th
e
prim
ary
e
ner
g
y
source
i
s
foss
il
fuel
s.
A
t
pre
s
en
t,
the
w
o
r
l
d
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
n
s
ump
t
ion
is
e
xpe
c
t
e
d
t
o
co
nt
i
n
uous
ly
g
r
o
w
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
f
o
ssi
l
f
u
e
l
r
e
s
erv
e
s
a
r
e
l
i
m
i
t
ed
and
m
a
y
n
o
t
m
e
e
t
t
he
e
ner
g
y
dem
a
nd
i
n
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
on,
t
h
e
re
l
e
ase
of
g
re
e
n
g
as
r
es
ult
i
n
g
from
e
x
ce
ssi
v
e
fo
ssi
l
fu
el
c
o
m
bu
st
i
o
n
re
l
e
ases
g
re
en
hou
s
e
g
a
s
es
a
nd
ca
use
s
g
lo
ba
l
c
lima
t
e
c
h
an
ge.
H
e
nc
e,
f
oss
i
l
fue
l
i
s
a
n
u
ns
u
s
t
a
in
a
b
l
e
e
ne
rg
y
so
u
r
ce.
A
t
prese
n
t
,
u
sing
e
n
erg
y
fr
om
r
ene
w
a
b
l
e
r
eso
u
rc
es
i
s
a
key
fact
or
i
n
impro
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
ad
d
i
n
g
b
e
n
ef
it
s
t
o
t
he
s
oc
i
e
ty
b
e
c
a
u
se
it
is
s
us
t
ai
na
ble.
S
o
l
ar
e
nerg
y
is
r
a
d
ia
t
i
o
n
pro
d
u
c
e
d
by
n
u
c
l
e
ar
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
is
r
ad
i
a
t
e
d
fro
m
t
h
e
su
n
in
a
ll
d
i
r
ect
io
n
s
.
S
o
lar
e
n
erg
y
b
ea
me
d
o
n
t
o
t
he
E
ar
th
f
or
e
v
e
n
a
n
ho
ur
i
s
su
ffic
i
e
nt
t
o
pr
o
d
uc
e
t
h
e
g
l
oba
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
n
eed
f
or
a
n
e
n
t
ire
year
.
Ma
ny
te
c
h
n
o
l
ogie
s
a
re
a
va
ila
ble
for
harne
ssi
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
from
t
he
s
un,
a
n
d
s
uc
h
ene
r
g
y
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
w
o
fo
rms
,
n
amel
y
,
t
he
rma
l
a
n
d
el
ect
ri
cal
ene
r
g
y
.
Photo
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
the
r
m
a
l
(PV
T
)
te
chno
l
ogy
u
t
iliz
es
r
adia
t
i
o
n
from
solar
e
n
erg
y
t
o
pr
o
duce
ele
c
tri
cal
a
n
d
therm
a
l
ene
r
g
y
.
T
his
tec
h
n
o
lo
gy
c
ons
is
t
s
o
f
a
P
V
T
coll
e
c
t
o
r
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
hybr
id
s
ystem
tha
t
d
e
p
l
o
y
s
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
a
n
d
sol
a
r
h
e
a
t
e
r
.
Th
e
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
t
e
mp
erat
u
r
e
i
n
cre
a
se
s
wh
en
t
h
e
P
V
pa
ne
l
i
s
i
rradia
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
so
l
a
r
ener
g
y
.
The
hi
ghe
r
t
h
e
differ
e
nce
be
tw
e
e
n
t
he
a
m
b
ie
nt
t
e
m
pe
rat
u
re
a
nd
t
he
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
o
f
the
c
e
ll
i
s
,
the
l
o
w
e
r
the
elec
tr
ical
e
ffici
enc
y
a
nd
e
le
c
t
rical
o
ut
p
u
t
o
f
t
he
P
V
pa
nel
wil
l
b
e
.
Th
e
ele
c
t
r
i
c
al
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
c
a
n
b
e
e
nh
an
ced
t
h
ro
ugh
h
ea
t
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
on
b
y
pa
ssi
n
g
a
h
e
a
t
-
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
f
l
ui
d
(ai
r
o
r
w
a
ter)
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
m
odu
le.
T
h
is
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
te
d
me
tho
d
,
w
h
ere
elec
tr
i
c
a
l
a
nd
t
he
rm
al
e
ner
g
y
a
r
e
ge
ne
rate
d
simu
l
ta
ne
ous
l
y
,
is
t
he
b
a
s
i
s
o
f
P
V
T
c
o
lle
c
t
or
s
[1-
11].
A
s
te
e
t
a
l
.
[1
2]
v
a
lida
t
ed
a
s
i
m
ula
t
ion
m
odel
pro
p
o
se
d
by
Ast
e
e
t
al.
[1
3
]
b
a
s
ed
m
ai
n
l
y
on
t
h
r
e
e
b
a
l
a
n
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
9
– 2
036
2
030
e
q
u
a
ti
on
s
fo
r
t
h
e
c
o
ll
ec
to
r
sub
-
sys
t
ems
and
two
equations
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
a
n
k
,
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
i
n
m
a
t
r
i
x
f
o
r
m
.
More
ove
r,
a
s
yste
m
of
f
i
v
e
a
ddi
ti
o
n
a
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s
for
t
h
e
dy
na
mic
c
a
l
c
u
lat
i
on
o
f
the
c
o
n
v
ec
ti
ve
a
n
d
r
adia
ti
ve
c
o
eff
i
ci
ent
s
w
a
s
s
ol
ve
d
by
mea
n
s
o
f
an
it
e
ra
ti
v
e
p
ro
c
e
du
re
. Th
e
d
i
f
f
e
ren
c
e b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e
e
xp
eri
m
ent
a
l
d
a
ta
a
nd
si
m
u
late
d
da
ta
w
ere
foun
d
t
o
b
e
onl
y
a few
perc
en
tage
p
o
i
nt
s.
Th
e
maj
o
r
a
d
va
n
t
ag
es
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
PVT
are
as
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
(i
)
It
h
as
a
dua
l-p
u
rp
ose,
t
h
a
t
is,
i
t
c
a
n
p
r
oduc
e
elec
tr
ici
t
y
a
nd
hea
t;
(
ii)
it
is
e
fficie
n
t
a
nd
fl
exi
b
le,
the
co
m
b
ine
d
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
is
h
i
g
he
r
t
h
an
t
ha
t
o
f
u
si
ng
tw
o
in
div
i
dua
l
sys
t
em
s
a
nd
is
e
sp
e
c
ial
l
y
a
t
t
ra
c
t
i
v
e
w
h
e
n
r
o
o
f-p
a
nel
s
pac
i
ng
i
s
lim
ite
d
;
(
iii) it
has
w
i
d
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
i
o
n
pros
pec
t
s,
w
here
t
he
h
ea
t
ou
t
p
u
t
i
s
im
p
o
rta
n
t
for
he
a
t
i
ng
a
nd
c
oo
lin
g
(
d
e
si
cc
ant
c
o
ol
i
n
g
)
a
ppl
ica
t
i
o
n
s
depe
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
he
s
ea
son
a
n
d
i
s
s
ui
ta
ble
for
dome
s
tic
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
ns
;
an
d
(i
v)
it
is
c
hea
p
a
nd
pra
c
t
i
ca
l
a
nd
c
a
n
be eas
il
y in
te
gra
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
bu
i
l
di
n
g
w
ith mi
n
o
r
modifica
t
i
o
n
. F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
o
re,
replac
i
ng the
ro
of
ing ma
teria
l
w
i
t
h
the P
V
T c
a
n
re
duc
e t
h
e
pa
yb
a
c
k
pe
r
iod.
The
m
a
in
c
om
p
o
ne
nts
of
P
V
T
c
ol
lec
t
ors
are
a
P
V
p
a
n
el
on
th
e
to
p
f
or
c
on
vert
i
ng
s
o
l
a
r
ra
di
a
tio
n
in
to
e
lectr
i
c
a
l
ene
r
g
y
,
an
a
bs
o
r
ber
p
l
a
t
e
a
nd
insu
lat
o
rs
a
t
the
bot
to
m
of
t
h
e
c
oll
e
c
t
o
r
.
Th
e
t
h
erma
l
a
b
s
o
r
b
er
un
derne
a
t
h
t
h
e
pa
ne
l
c
a
p
t
u
res
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
e
n
erg
y
a
nd
rem
ove
s
e
x
c
e
ss
i
v
e
hea
t
from
the
pa
nel.
T
h
e
o
vera
ll
perform
ance
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
col
l
e
c
t
or
s
ca
n
be
e
va
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
hro
u
g
h
t
he
r
m
o
dyna
mic
,
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
an
d
ec
onom
ic
impa
ct
a
n
a
l
y
se
s.
E
nv
iro-e
c
o
n
o
mic
a
nd
e
x
er
go-e
c
o
n
o
mic
a
n
al
yse
s
o
f
P
V
T
air
c
o
l
l
ec
t
o
rs
w
er
e
also
c
o
nduc
t
e
d.
S
c
hol
a
r
s
or
r
e
s
ear
cher
s
ha
ve
a
l
s
o
s
t
u
d
i
ed
e
n
e
rgy
–
exer
g
y
–
e
c
on
om
i
c
–
en
v
i
ronm
en
ta
l
a
n
a
l
yse
s
o
f
d
i
ffe
re
nt
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
[
1
4
-
1
7
]
.
T
r
i
p
a
t
h
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
s
t
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
g
a
r
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
lo
ss
fac
t
or
d
uri
ng
t
h
e
transm
iss
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
ribu
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
s
s
in
t
h
e
s
up
pl
y
en
e
r
gy
,
esti
mat
e
d
C
O
2
e
m
i
ssi
o
n
ra
t
e
p
er
k
W
h
i
s
2.
0
8
k
g.
T
he
y
c
o
nd
uc
ted
stud
ies
on
e
n
e
r
gy,
e
ne
rg
y
a
n
d
ca
rbo
n
a
nal
y
si
s
o
n
s
ola
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
PVT
system
s
t
h
a
t
w
er
e
in
a
s
hie
l
de
d
part
c
o
nn
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
s
eri
e
s.
T
h
e
s
t
udy
w
a
s
c
on
du
cte
d
b
y
pl
a
c
in
g
s
o
l
a
r
c
ol
le
ct
o
r
s
on
f
ou
r
c
o
ndi
tio
n
s
with
d
iff
e
re
n
t
so
l
a
r
col
l
e
c
t
o
r
pro
t
ect
i
on
r
a
te
s
of
25%
,
50%
,
75%
a
nd
10
0
%
i
n
N
e
w
D
elhi.
In
t
h
i
s
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
w
e
f
ocuse
d
on
th
e
efficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
nerg
y
mode
ll
i
ng for
P
V
T a
i
r
col
l
ec
tor
w
ith exte
nde
d he
a
t
t
ransfer
are
a
.
2.
STUDIES C
O
N
D
UCT
ED ON
PVT
AI
R
CO
LLECTO
R
S
2.1.
C
o
n
v
en
t
i
on
al
P
V
T
air
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
Jos
h
i
&
Ti
w
a
ri
[
1
8
]
car
ried
o
ut
a
n
e
n
erg
y
a
nd
e
x
er
g
y
a
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
P
V
T
par
a
l
l
el
p
late
a
i
r
c
o
llec
t
or
for
t
h
e
c
o
ld
c
l
i
ma
te
r
egi
o
n
o
f
I
nd
ia
(
S
r
i
n
a
g
ar).
T
hey
r
e
po
rted
tha
t
t
he
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ollec
t
or
h
ad
i
ns
ta
nta
n
eo
us
ene
r
g
y
a
nd
e
x
e
r
g
y
e
f
fic
i
enc
i
e
s
o
f
55%
–
6
5
%
a
n
d
12%
–
15%
,
re
spe
c
t
i
ve
ly.
D
u
be
y
e
t
a
l.
[
19]
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
a
n
e
x
ergy
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
P
VT
s
yst
e
m
wi
th
t
w
o
c
o
n
f
i
gu
rat
i
ons
o
f
a
i
r
co
l
l
ecto
r
,
n
a
me
l
y
,
C
a
se
I
(
ai
r
co
l
l
ect
o
r
i
s
fu
l
l
y c
o
ve
red
b
y
P
V
m
odu
l
e
[gla
ss-t
o
-gla
ss],
a
n
d a
i
r fl
ow
s a
bov
e th
e
ab
sorb
e
r
p
l
a
t
e
)
an
d
C
a
se II (air collector
is fu
l
l
y
c
ove
re
d b
y
P
V
m
odu
le
[gla
s
s-
to-
g
la
ss],
a
nd a
i
r
flow
s b
e
l
ow
the a
b
s
orber
p
l
a
t
e).
A
deta
ile
d a
n
a
l
ys
is o
f
exe
r
g
y
f
o
r
t
he con
fig
u
ra
tio
n o
f
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
ors
c
onc
lude
d t
h
at
the
d
esi
g
n of C
ase II is
a
d
v
a
n
ta
geo
u
s i
n
te
r
ms o
f ho
t
air
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
a
nd
e
l
ec
tric
it
y
ge
ner
a
t
i
on.
F
or
C
a
s
e
II,
t
he
d
a
i
ly
u
se
fu
l
hea
t
g
ai
n
inc
r
ea
se
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
c
rea
s
in
g
numbe
r
of
c
o
l
l
e
ctors
d
u
e
t
o
t
he
h
i
g
h
opera
t
i
ng
t
em
per
a
ture
.
In
a
ddi
t
i
o
n
,
a
t
l
ow
a
i
r
v
el
oc
it
y
,
t
he
d
a
i
ly
u
sefu
l
hea
t
g
ai
n
i
n
cre
a
sed
for
Case
I
I
and
bec
a
m
e
n
ea
rly
the
sa
me
f
or
hig
h
e
r
v
eloc
i
t
y
d
u
e
to
t
he
l
ow
o
p
e
ra
tin
g
tem
p
era
t
ur
es; henc
e,
upw
ar
d
therm
a
l
losses
decr
ease
d
.
To
nu
i
a
nd
Tr
i
p
ana
g
no
st
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
[
20]
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
ind
u
c
e
d
m
a
ss
f
l
o
w
rate
o
n
glaz
e
d
a
nd
un
g
l
a
z
e
d
P
V
T
p
r
o
t
o
t
ype
m
od
e
l
s.
T
h
e
i
nd
uce
d
m
ass
fl
ow
r
ate
incre
ase
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
s
o
lar
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
due
t
o
mor
e
i
rra
d
i
a
n
c
e
i
nterc
e
p
te
d
b
y
t
he
P
V
T
c
oll
e
ctor.
Th
is
p
he
nome
n
on
incr
e
a
sed
th
e
hea
t
e
nerg
y
tra
n
sfe
r
t
o
t
h
e
air
fl
ow
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
nel,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
t
u
rn
i
nc
re
ased
t
he
o
u
t
put
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
a
h
i
g
h
s
t
a
c
k
e
f
f
e
c
t
.
More
ove
r,
t
he
i
n
d
u
ce
d
ma
ss
flow
r
ate
w
a
s
hig
h
a
t
low
am
bie
n
t
or
i
n
l
e
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
a
t
a
l
a
r
g
e
t
i
l
t
a
n
g
l
e
bec
a
u
s
e
the
t
e
mpe
r
ature
inc
r
ea
se
w
as
g
rea
t
e
r
a
t
low
in
le
t
t
e
mpe
ratures
than
a
t
hig
h
i
nl
et
t
emperatures
.
T
hese
results
are
significant
for
PVT
app
lica
t
io
ns
o
pe
rate
d
i
n
f
o
u
r-s
e
a
sona
l
cou
n
tr
ies,
w
he
re
h
ig
h
an
d
low
flo
w
rate
s
are
antic
ipa
t
e
d
i
n
win
t
er
a
nd
summ
er
,
re
specti
v
e
l
y.
I
n
su
mm
e
r
,
the
fl
ow
r
ate
ma
y
be
i
m
p
ro
ved
by
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
g
a
s
m
a
l
l
f
a
n
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
m
a
l
l
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
pro
d
u
ce
d
from
t
h
e
P
V
t
o
pow
er
t
he
f
a
n
.
In
w
i
n
t
e
r
,
the
fa
n
m
a
y
be
s
w
i
tc
hed
off
t
o
u
se
a
ll
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
ect
rici
ty
g
e
n
er
ate
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
f
or
o
t
h
er
a
pp
li
c
a
tio
ns
in t
he
bui
l
d
ing.
H
e
gaz
y
[
2
1
]
c
o
mpr
e
he
nsi
v
e
l
y
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
ate
d
t
he
o
vera
l
l
p
erform
anc
es
o
f
fl
at
p
l
a
t
e
P
VT
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
ect
o
r
s.
Th
is
i
nves
t
iga
tio
n
w
a
s
base
d
on
sin
g
le
g
la
z
i
n
g
c
o
l
lect
ors
,
w
he
r
e
a
i
r
fl
o
w
s
over
the
a
b
sor
b
e
r
(
Mode
l
I)
or
bel
o
w
it
(M
od
el
II)
a
nd
o
n
b
ot
h
side
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
bsor
be
r
i
n
a
s
in
g
l
e
p
a
s
s
(M
od
e
l
I
II)
o
r
i
n
a
do
ub
l
e
p
ass
(M
od
el
IV).
T
h
e
r
es
ul
ts
c
on
c
l
ud
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
o
r
a
gi
ve
n
c
o
ll
ecto
r
d
esign
,
t
he
t
em
per
a
t
u
re
o
f
the
P
V
d
e
c
re
ases
due
t
o
an
incre
a
se
i
n
fl
o
w
r
a
t
e
,
t
he
reby
i
m
pro
v
i
n
g
t
he
e
lec
t
ric
a
l
e
fficie
nc
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
ol
lec
t
or.
A
m
ong
t
h
e
four
P
V
T
mode
l
s
,
Mo
de
l
1
d
i
sp
laye
d
the
low
e
s
t
overa
ll
p
e
rform
anc
e
,
w
h
ere
a
s
M
ode
l
III
e
x
h
i
bi
t
e
d
t
h
e
hi
gh
e
s
t
o
v
e
r
al
l
perform
ance
,
f
o
ll
ow
e
d
b
y
M
ode
l
IV
.
The
flow
c
ha
n
n
e
l
r
a
t
i
o
D
/L,
wh
e
r
e
L
i
s
t
h
e
e
ff
ecti
v
e
a
b
so
rb
er
a
re
a
of
the
le
ng
t
h
a
n
d
D
i
s
t
h
e
de
p
t
h
of
t
he
f
l
o
w
c
h
anne
l,
w
as
f
o
u
nd
to
b
e
a
n
i
mpor
ta
n
t
d
e
s
i
g
n
para
me
ter.
T
he
r
a
t
i
o
must
b
e
e
q
ua
l
to
2
.
5
×
1
0
-3
t
o
a
chie
ve
t
he
o
p
tim
al
t
her
m
oe
l
e
ctric
effi
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
In
a
ddi
tio
n,
th
is
s
tud
y
r
ev
e
a
led
tha
t
t
he
u
se
o
f
selec
tive
a
b
s
o
rber
p
la
t
e
s
i
n
s
uch
t
y
pes
of
P
V
T
col
l
ec
t
o
rs
r
educe
d
t
he
e
l
ectric
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
ated
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Effic
ie
nc
y an
d
ener
gy
m
ode
ll
i
ng f
o
r
PVT
air
col
l
ec
t
o
r w
ith
ex
t
e
n
d
e
d
he
at
… (Ahm
ad
F
u
dho
li)
2
031
PV.
The
r
efore,
M
ode
l I
II PVT co
l
l
ect
or w
as ide
n
tifie
d as
t
he
m
o
s
t
s
uita
b
l
e des
i
g
n
for
co
nve
r
tin
g s
o
l
a
r e
n
erg
y
in
to
l
ow
-q
ua
lit
y
heat
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
qua
li
ty
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l e
n
erg
y
.
Tr
i
p
a
n
ag
n
o
s
t
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
e
t
a
l
.
[2
2]
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
l
y
a
na
lyse
d
th
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
o
f
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
ect
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
gl
a
zed
a
nd
u
n
g
l
a
z
e
d
col
l
ecto
r
s.
Thi
n
f
i
l
l
m
e
tal
l
i
c
s
he
e
t
(
TF
MS
)
modi
fica
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
ene
r
g
y
o
utp
u
t
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
t
ha
t
in
a
n
u
ngl
az
ed
P
VT
a
i
r
c
ol
l
ecto
r
.
Th
e
mod
i
fi
c
a
t
io
n
al
so
p
ro
du
c
e
d
a
hi
ghe
r
e
l
e
c
trica
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
t
han
tha
t
i
n
a
g
l
az
ed
PV
T.
F
urther
more
, the
e
l
ec
tri
c
a
l
o
u
t
put of th
e
P
V
T
w
a
s
hig
h
er t
han t
h
at
o
f
the
sta
n
dar
d
P
V
for
o
n
l
y
t
he tit
led
un
g
l
a
z
e
d
P
V
T
a
nd
t
h
e
t
itle
d
P
V
T
w
i
t
h
T
F
M
S
.
T
he
calcu
late
d
the
r
m
a
l
o
ut
p
u
t
for
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
e
d
a
ir
f
or
6
m
onth
s
w
a
s
near
l
y
4
0
%
of tha
t
from
the r
e
fe
renc
e
mode
of
1
2
m
onths.
Bam
b
ro
ok
a
n
d
S
p
rou
l
[
2
3
]
c
ond
uc
t
e
d
a
n
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
t
o
m
a
xim
i
se
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
out
put
o
f
a
PVT
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
S
y
d
n
e
y
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
.
A
s
t
h
e
a
i
r
m
a
s
s
f
l
o
w
r
a
t
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
sed,
t
he
t
herm
al
e
fficie
n
c
y
v
al
ues
i
n
c
r
ea
sed
,
a
p
p
ro
a
c
hi
ng
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
a
r
ou
nd
5
5%–60
%.
A
l
t
ho
u
gh
th
is
t
he
rm
al
e
ffi
c
ienc
y
see
m
s
very
g
o
od,
t
he
i
n
c
rea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
a
ir
t
em
per
a
t
u
re
f
rom
t
h
e
i
n
le
t
t
o
t
h
e
o
u
t
l
e
t
w
a
s
ver
y
s
ma
l
l
a
t
h
i
gh
e
r
a
i
r
f
low
rate
s.
T
he
r
e
a
son
i
s
t
ha
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
a
ir
f
low
ve
loc
ity
i
nc
rea
s
es,
a
i
r
h
a
s
l
e
s
s
t
i
m
e
i
n
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
t
o
a
t
t
a
i
n
hi
ghe
r ou
tle
t te
mpe
r
ature
s
.
To
nu
i
an
d
Tr
ipa
n
a
g
no
sto
p
o
u
l
o
s
[
2
4
]
i
nve
st
i
g
a
t
e
d
a
nd
va
li
date
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
col
l
ec
t
o
rs
c
an
b
e
inc
r
ea
se
d
whi
l
e
ma
in
t
a
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
f
fic
i
e
n
cy
a
t
a
n
acc
e
p
ta
b
l
e
le
ve
l
.
T
he
r
esu
lts
reve
ale
d
t
ha
t
the
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
ffi
cienc
i
e
s
f
or
f
i
nne
d,
s
u
s
pe
n
d
e
d
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c
p
l
a
t
e
a
n
d
n
o
rm
al
a
i
r
h
ea
t
e
rs
w
e
r
e
30%
,
28
%
a
n
d
25%
,
respec
tive
l
y.
T
he
y
a
l
s
o
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
s
imil
ar
m
odel
to
v
a
lida
t
e
the
P
V
m
odu
le
t
e
m
pe
rature
,
bac
k
w
al
l
te
m
p
er
at
ure
and
a
i
r
ou
t
l
et
t
em
p
e
r
a
ture
o
f
PVT
con
f
i
g
u
ra
ti
on
s
by
u
sin
g
th
in
f
l
a
t
met
a
l
sh
e
e
t
s
suspe
n
de
d
i
n
t
he
m
id
dl
e
or
a
t
t
h
e
fin
n
e
d
b
a
c
k
w
a
l
l
o
f
a
n
a
ir
c
h
an
ne
l
i
n
t
he
P
V
T
.
This
m
odel
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
tem
p
era
t
ur
es
w
it
hin
a
n
e
rror
of
a
p
p
ro
x
i
ma
te
ly
±
2
°C
on
aver
age
for
al
l
m
easure
d
t
em
pera
t
u
res.
T
hey
ha
ve
als
o
a
na
l
y
sed
t
h
e
e
f
fe
ct
o
f
g
l
azin
g
.
S
e
ve
ral
st
ud
i
e
s
on
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
a
n
d
e
x
ergy
a
n
al
yses
on
P
V
T
a
i
r
co
l
l
ect
ors
a
r
e l
i
s
t
e
d
in
Tab
l
e
1
.
Tab
l
e 1.
S
t
udie
s
c
on
duc
te
d
on
P
V
T
a
i
r
coll
e
c
t
or
s
Author
(s
)
St
ud
y
En
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
ci
en
cy
(
%)
PV
T
e
x
e
r
gy
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
PV
T
PV
T
he
r
m
al
Tonui
&
T
rip
a
na
g
nostop
oulos
[
24]
*
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
61-
62
9-10
52
-
Sli
m
a
n
i, e
t a
l
. [25]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
90
10.
5
70
-
Ghola
m
pour
&
M
. Am
e
r
i
[
26]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
54-
70
-
45-55
4
.
35-
8.
66
Ra
joria
,
e
t
a
l
.
[27]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
-
3
.
1
-
9
.
1
12.1-
28.
1
-
A
m
ori
&
A
bd-AlR
a
h
e
em
[
28]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
-
8
.
3
-
1
0.
4
46-62
-
Ra
joria
,
e
t a
l
.
[29]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
-
-
1
6
.
3
A
m
ori,
&
A
l-N
a
jj
a
r
[
3
0
]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
47.
8-
5
3
.
6
9
-12.
3
19.4-
22.
8
-
Agra
wa
l, e
t a
l
.
[
31]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
12.
4
35.7
-
S
a
rh
a
d
d
i
,
et
a
l
. [
3
2
]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
7.
13
33.54
-
Agra
wa
l &
T
i
wa
ri [
33]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
4
5
10
17.18
10.
75
Agra
wa
l &
T
i
wa
ri [
34]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
53.
7
-
-
-
S
a
rh
a
d
d
i
,
et
a
l
. [
3
5
]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
45
1
0
17.18
-
Fudholi,
e
t a
l
.
[
36]
*
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
31.
21
-
94.
2
4
9.
87-11.
34
21.3-
82.
9
12.
66
-12.
9
1
O
t
h
m
an
,
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
*
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
39-
70
-
-
-
Moju
m
d
e
r
e
t a
l
. [39]
*
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
13.
8
56.2
-
I
. T
ab
e
t
,
et
a
l.
[4
0
]
*
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
10
22-78
-
R
o
s
a
-C
lot
,
et a
l
.
[
41]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
-
13.
2
62
-
Ti
w
a
r
i
a
nd
T
i
wa
ri [42]
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
6
8
.
5
-
-
-
B
.
D
a
s
,
e
t
al.
[
43]
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
72-
83
13.
5-14.
6
-
16.
4-
16.
6
Abdull
a
h,
e
t
al.
[
44]
T
he
or
e
tica
l
35-
56
7-15
5
-
2
0
-
*:
P
V
T
a
ir c
oll
e
c
t
or
w
i
t
h
e
x
t
e
nd
e
d
h
e
a
t
t
ra
nsf
e
r
a
r
ea
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
9
– 2
036
2
032
2.2.
PVT air
co
l
l
ec
t
o
r
with
e
xtende
d heat
tr
a
nsfe
r
area
To
nu
i
a
nd
Tri
p
a
n
a
g
no
st
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
[
24]
pos
ite
d
t
h
a
t
c
om
par
e
d
w
ith
a
n
un
glaz
e
d
s
ys
tem
,
a
g
la
z
e
d
a
i
r
col
l
ec
t
o
r
sys
t
e
m
e
xh
ibi
t
ed
h
ig
her
t
h
er
ma
l
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
b
ec
a
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
duc
e
d
h
ea
t
lo
sses
an
d
the
low
e
r
elec
tr
ical
e
ff
ici
e
ncy
as
a
r
esu
lt
of
i
ncre
ase
d
a
bs
orpt
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
efl
e
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
sse
s
in
t
he
g
lass
c
over
a
n
d
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
emp
e
ra
t
u
re.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
o
n
,
T
o
nui
a
nd
T
ri
pan
a
gno
st
opo
ul
os
[
24]
p
r
o
ve
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
a
ir
o
u
tlet
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
dec
r
ea
sed
w
i
t
h
i
nc
rea
s
i
ng
c
h
a
n
nel
dep
t
h.
T
he
f
in
s
y
s
t
em
r
esu
l
ts
p
rod
u
ce
d
outle
t
tem
p
er
atur
e
hi
ghe
r
tha
n
t
h
o
se
o
f
t
h
e
T
M
S
and
co
nve
n
t
io
na
l
air
co
l
l
ec
tor
sy
s
te
ms
f
o
r
a
ny
c
h
a
nne
l
de
pt
h.
T
he
i
nc
rea
s
ed
hea
t
e
xtr
act
i
o
n
by
t
h
e
fi
ns
a
n
d
t
he
T
MS
s
y
s
t
e
m
pr
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
hi
g
h
e
r
o
u
t
l
e
t
te
mpe
r
ature
tha
n
t
hat
of
t
he
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l a
i
r
colle
c
t
or
sys
te
m bec
a
use o
f
the
i
ncre
ased
h
eat
exc
ha
ng
e
s
u
rface
. In a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
, the
t
her
m
a
l
an
d
elec
tr
ical
e
f
f
ici
e
nc
i
e
s
d
e
cr
eased
w
it
h
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
c
ha
n
n
e
l
d
e
p
th
.
Th
e
t
h
e
r
mal
eff
i
ci
e
n
cy
d
e
c
re
as
ed
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
of
the
r
e
duce
d
f
l
o
w
ra
te,
where
a
s
t
h
e
elec
t
r
ic
al
e
ffi
c
ie
nc
y
dec
r
ea
se
d
be
c
a
use
of
t
he
i
nc
rea
s
e
in
t
h
e
P
V
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
as
t
he
d
e
p
th
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
ed.
The
fin
sys
t
em
e
xh
ib
it
e
d
b
e
tt
e
r
t
her
m
a
l
a
nd
elec
tri
cal
p
e
rform
anc
e
t
ha
n
the
t
w
o
ot
her
sys
t
em
s.
C
om
par
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
on
ven
t
i
ona
l
air
col
l
e
c
t
or
s
ys
t
e
m,
t
he
T
MS
s
ystem
prov
ide
d
a
bet
t
er
t
herm
al e
nerg
y
bu
t
o
n
ly
a
m
argina
l
l
y
bet
t
er
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
ffici
e
nc
y.
3.
MATHE
M
A
T
ICAL MODEL OF PVT AIR
C
OL
LE
CTORS
WI
TH EX
TENDED HEAT
T
R
ANSFER
A
R
E
A
A
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
lle
ctor
c
ons
ists
o
f
a
c
o
nve
n
tio
na
l
P
V
p
a
n
el
a
nd
a
t
her
m
a
l
c
o
l
lec
t
or
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
s
yste
m
c
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
di
rec
t
l
y
c
on
vert
e
d
fro
m
sunl
ig
ht
by
u
sing
t
he
p
h
o
to
e
l
ect
ri
c
e
f
f
e
c
t
,
e
x
t
r
ac
t
h
eat
from
t
he
P
V
p
a
nel
an
d
w
a
r
m
t
he
a
ir
f
low
i
n
s
i
de
t
he
c
o
l
l
e
ct
or.
P
V
T
c
ol
lec
t
ors
m
a
xi
miz
e
t
he
u
se
o
f
so
l
a
r
e
n
ergy
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
du
al
f
un
c
tio
ns
a
nd
h
a
v
e
hig
h
e
r
o
v
e
r
al
l
so
l
a
r
con
v
er
si
on
ra
te
t
han
tha
t
P
V
or
s
ola
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
a
l
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
P
V
c
e
l
l
s
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
e
d
o
f
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
m
a
t
e
r
ia
ls
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
the
hi
g
h
-e
nerg
y
p
h
o
to
ns
o
f
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
t
so
lar
ra
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
to
e
l
e
c
t
ri
ci
ty
.
Lo
w-en
e
r
g
y
phot
on
s
ar
e
a
b
s
o
rbed
by
the
P
V
p
a
n
el
a
n
d
g
en
er
ate
hea
t
w
i
t
h
in
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
s
.
The
g
e
ner
a
t
i
on
o
f
h
e
a
t
w
ith
in
t
he
cell
r
ed
uc
es
t
h
e
e
ffi
c
i
e
ncy
of
t
he
c
e
lls.
The
P
V
T
col
l
ec
t
o
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
ts
a
g
re
at
p
or
tio
n
o
f
t
he
h
ea
t
for
pr
act
ica
l
a
p
p
lica
t
io
ns.
Th
e
r
e
m
oval
o
f
h
eat
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ce
l
l
a
n
d
trans
f
e
rrin
g
it
t
o
t
he
w
or
ki
n
g
flu
i
d
inc
r
ea
se
t
he
e
l
e
ctrica
l
ef
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
ane
l
w
hi
l
e
s
im
ulta
ne
ou
sly
pro
duc
i
ng
ho
t
flu
i
d
fo
r
t
h
erm
a
l
ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
ions
.
P
V
T
offers
a
n
im
p
rov
e
d
me
t
hod
o
f
uti
l
i
z
in
g
sol
a
r
e
n
e
r
gy
a
nd
lead
s
t
o
h
i
g
h
ove
ra
ll
eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
One
w
a
y
to
e
n
h
a
nc
e
t
h
e
col
l
ect
or’
s
e
ffic
i
e
nc
y
o
f
P
VT
a
ir
col
l
ec
t
o
r
is
u
se
h
ea
t
t
r
ans
f
er
a
re
a
thro
ug
h
a
b
sorbe
r
s.
F
ig.
1
s
how
s
t
h
e
t
h
re
e
ty
pes
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
llec
t
or
s
w
i
t
h
e
x
t
e
nd
ed
h
eat
tra
n
s
f
e
r are
a
.
(a)
(
b
)
(
c)
F
i
gur
e 1.
P
hotogra
ph o
f
e
xte
nde
d
hea
t
t
rans
fe
r a
r
ea insta
l
le
d a
t
t
h
e
b
a
ck
o
f P
V
p
ane
l
,
(a)
hone
ycom
b
abs
o
rber,
(
b
)
▽
-
g
roove
a
bso
r
ber
,
a
nd (c
)
sta
i
n
l
ess
por
o
u
s
me
dia a
b
s
o
rber
I
n
2
018,
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
e
t
al.
[3
6]
t
he
oret
ica
l
l
y
a
nd
e
x
p
e
r
ime
n
ta
lly
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
▽
-
gro
ove,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
.
1(b
)
a
nd
F
i
g.2.
T
he
s
tea
d
y-
sta
t
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
bala
nc
e
e
qua
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r
PV
T
air
coll
ectors
w
ith
▽
-gr
oove
a
re
e
xpre
s
se
d as
f
ol
low
s
.
Fo
r
PV
:
n
p
b
p
rpb
f
p
a
p
t
Q
G
T
T
h
T
T
h
T
T
U
G
1
(
1
)
F
o
r
the a
i
r fl
o
w
c
ha
nne
l:
n
f
b
f
p
i
o
Q
T
T
h
T
T
h
T
T
mC
2
1
(2)
For
the ba
ck
p
la
t
e
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ef
fi
c
i
e
n
cy
an
d e
n
er
gy
m
ode
lli
ng
for P
V
T
air c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or w
i
t
h
exten
de
d he
at
…
(
A
hm
ad
F
udh
o
li)
2
033
a
b
b
f
b
b
p
rpb
T
T
U
T
T
h
T
T
h
2
,
(3
)
wh
ere
f
p
n
c
n
n
T
T
h
NA
Q
,
(4
)
MH
MH
n
ta
nh
,
(
5
)
and
2
1
2
cn
n
c
A
k
l
h
M
.
(
6
)
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
. Sc
h
emat
i
c
o
f
h
e
at
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r ch
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
sti
c
s o
f
PVT
a
i
r
c
ol
lect
or
w
ith
▽
-g
r
o
ov
e
T
o
n
u
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
w
o
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
h
e
at
r
e
m
o
v
a
l
enh
a
n
ceme
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
h
an
ne
l
of
a
P
V
T
a
ir
s
yste
m
to
obta
i
n
a
hig
h
t
her
m
a
l
o
u
t
pu
t
a
n
d
P
V
c
ooli
n
g
a
n
d
impr
ove
e
le
c
t
r
i
ca
l
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
.
Th
e
r
ecomm
ende
d
me
th
od
u
s
ed
a
f
l
a
t
TMS
d
e
fe
rre
d
at
t
h
e
m
i
ddle
or
a
f
i
nne
d
ba
c
k
w
a
l
l
i
n
t
he
P
V
T
a
i
r
syste
m
.
The
e
n
er
gy
bala
nc
e
o
f
t
he
P
V
T
a
ir
c
oll
e
c
t
or
i
s
show
n
in
F
ig.
3.
Fo
r t
h
e b
a
ck
wal
l
fin
sy
st
em,
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
i
s
e
xp
ress
ed
a
s f
o
llo
ws.
F
o
r
the
glass
c
over
:
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
(
7
)
Fo
r
t
h
e
f
l
u
i
d
:
ℎ
ℎ
2ℎ
(
8
)
Fo
r t
h
e b
a
ck
wal
l:
ℎ
,
ℎ
(
9
)
Fo
r
t
h
e
f
i
n
:
2ℎ
(
10)
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
3.
V
a
r
ious
P
V
T
s
yst
e
ms
w
it
h
an
d
w
i
t
h
ou
t
g
l
ass
(
a
)
PV
T/a
i
r
-
Fin+U
G
L, (b
)
P
VT/air
-
F
in+GL
an
d
(c)
P
V
T/air-REF+GL
s
y
stem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
029
–
2
036
2
034
O
t
hma
n
e
t
a
l
.
[3
7,
38]
e
xa
mi
ned
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
it
y
and
he
a
t
e
ner
gy
w
i
t
h
a
do
uble
-
pass
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ol
l
e
c
t
or
wit
h
f
i
n
.
F
i
n
wa
s
use
d
t
o
incr
ease
the
o
v
era
ll
o
f
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
t
he
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
pass
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ol
lec
t
or
.
The
e
n
er
g
y
ba
l
a
nce
o
f
t
h
i
s
P
V
T
air
colle
c
t
or
,
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
g
.
4,
i
s
expr
e
ssed
as
f
ol
low
s
.
They
c
o
n
c
lu
de
d
t
h
at
i
mpor
ta
n
t
to
u
se
f
ins
as
a
n
i
n
t
e
gr
al
p
ar
t
o
f
t
he
a
bs
or
b
e
r
sur
f
a
c
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
a
n
i
ng
ful
ef
fi
c
i
en
c
i
es
f
or
b
oth
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
a
nd
t
h
e
rma
l
o
ut
put
o
f
t
h
e PVT
ai
r
co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
.
F
o
r
the
glass
c
over
:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
11)
Fo
r t
h
e f
i
rst
ai
r ch
a
n
n
e
l:
ℎ
ℎ
(
12)
F
o
r
the
absor
b
e
r
p
la
t
e
c
onta
i
ni
n
g
t
he
P
V
modu
le
a
nd
f
i
ns:
1
1
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
(
13)
F
o
r
the
sec
ond
air
chan
ne
l:
ℎ
ℎ
(
14)
F
o
r the
bo
ttom
pla
t
e
:
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
15)
The
va
r
i
ables
T
g
,
T
p
a
nd
T
b
c
an
b
e
e
limi
n
a
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
Eqs.
(
12)
a
nd
(
1
4)
by
s
u
bst
itu
t
i
ng
E
qs.
(
11)
-
(
13
)
i
n
t
o
them
.
Then
w
ill
get tw
o li
nea
r
fi
r
st-or
d
er
d
iffer
e
nt
ial e
qua
tio
ns
w
er
e
obta
i
ned.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
4.
(
a
)
S
c
h
em
at
i
c
m
ode
l
of
a d
oub
le-pass
PVT
air
co
ll
ecto
r wi
th
f
in
, (b
)
Th
e
t
h
e
r
mal
sche
ma
tic
m
od
el
o
f
a
do
uble
-
pass
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
olle
c
t
or
w
it
h
f
i
n
[3
7
]
4.
CONCLUSIONS
Th
is
r
ev
iew
c
onc
l
ude
s
tha
t
a
n
um
ber
of
r
ese
a
r
c
h
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
o
n
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
rs
t
o
e
x
p
l
or
e
eff
i
c
i
ency
e
nha
nce
m
ents
b
y
de
si
gn
deve
l
o
p
m
ent,
num
er
i
c
a
l
si
mul
a
t
i
on
,
p
r
o
t
ot
yp
e
d
e
sign
,
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
t
e
s
tin
g
a
n
d
t
e
sti
n
g
me
th
odo
l
o
g
i
es
f
or
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
l
l
ecto
r
s.
T
he
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
ex
ergy
e
ffi
ci
e
n
ci
e
s
o
f
PVT
ai
r
c
o
ll
ect
o
r
s
wi
th
e
x
t
en
ded
he
at
t
rans
fer
ar
ea
w
e
r
e
39
%–
94
%
and
1
2
.
66
%-12
.91%,
resp
e
c
t
i
v
ely
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
i
es
v
a
r
y
be
ca
use
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nce
s
i
n
the
h
e
at
t
r
a
nsf
e
r
a
r
e
a
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
he
a
bsor
be
r
(
f
i
nne
d
a
b
s
o
r
b
er
a
n
d
c
o
r
r
uga
te
d
sur
f
ac
es)
,
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
nd
a
i
r
fl
ow
c
o
n
f
i
gur
a
t
ion
(
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
a
ss
a
n
d
dou
ble-
pass
;
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
g
lass
c
over
)
.
G
e
ne
r
a
ll
y,
t
he
s
te
a
d
y
-
st
a
t
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
ala
n
c
e
e
qua
ti
ons
u
s
i
ng
t
o
m
a
t
he
ma
t
i
c
a
l
mode
l
lin
g
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
lle
c
t
or
w
it
h
exte
n
d
ed
h
eat
t
ra
nsfer
a
r
ea
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
l
i
n
e
ar
f
irst-
o
rder
d
iffer
e
nt
ia
l
e
q
uat
i
o
n
s
w
er
e
re
por
ted
f
o
r
so
lu
tio
n
of
m
athem
a
t
i
ca
l
mode
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Effic
ie
nc
y an
d
ener
gy
m
ode
ll
i
ng f
o
r
PVT
air
col
l
ec
t
o
r w
ith
ex
t
e
n
d
e
d
he
at
… (Ahm
ad
F
u
dho
li)
2
035
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
We
g
rate
full
y
ac
know
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
e
f
u
nd
in
g
from
US
AI
D
t
h
r
oug
h
t
h
e
S
H
ERA
pro
g
ra
m-Centre
f
or
D
e
ve
lopm
en
t
of
S
us
ta
i
n
ab
le
R
e
g
i
o
n
(CD
S
R
)
.
In
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
7
-
20
21
CD
S
R
i
s
l
e
d
b
y
Ce
n
t
er
f
or
E
nerg
y
S
t
ud
ies-
UGM.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M.
M
us
ta
ph
a
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Rev
i
ew
o
n
energy
a
nd
e
xerg
y
anal
ys
is
o
f
ai
r
and
wa
ter
based
p
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
(P
VT)
col
l
ect
or, “
Interna
tio
nal
J
o
ur
na
l o
f
P
o
wer El
ectroni
cs a
nd Drive
S
y
st
ems
(
I
JPEDS)
,
9
(3
),
p
p
.
1
383-1
389
,
2
01
8.
[2]
N.
S.
N
az
ri
et
a
l
.,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
t
ical
m
od
eli
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
t
herm
al
-therm
o
e
lectri
c
(PVT
-TE
)
a
ir
c
o
l
lecto
r
.
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics an
d Dri
ve System
s
(
I
JP
EDS)
, 9
(2
)
,
p
p
. 7
95
-80
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3]
N.
S.
N
azri,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
nt
al
s
tu
d
y
o
f
ph
ot
ovolt
a
ic
t
herm
al-t
hermoe
l
ectric
(P
V
T
-TE
)
a
ir
c
ollect
o
r
,”
International
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r Elect
ronics
and
Dri
ve Sys
t
em
s
(
I
JPEDS)
,
9 (3
)
, p
p. 1
40
6-1
4
1
2
,
2
01
8.
[4]
M.
Z
o
h
r
i
et a
l
.,
“P
h
o
to
vo
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
sy
st
e
m
w
ith
a
nd
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
fin
s
c
ol
lecto
r
:
th
e
o
re
ti
cal
a
p
p
ro
ach,
”
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ect
ronics an
d Dri
ve System
(
I
JPEDS
)
8
(4
), p
p.
1
7
5
6
-6
3, 20
1
7
.
[5]
M.
Z
oh
r
i
,
et
al
.,
“
Ex
erg
y
a
ss
ess
m
ent
of
p
hotovo
lta
i
c
t
herm
a
l
w
it
h
v-g
r
oo
ve
c
ol
lecto
r
u
s
i
ng
t
heo
r
eti
cal
s
t
u
d
y
,”
TELKOMNIKA
1
6
(
2), pp
.
55
0
-5
7, 2
01
8.
[6]
[
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
&
D
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
P
V
T
)
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
a
n
o
v
ervi
ew,
”
International Journal of
Power
El
ectr
onics
an
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S
)
9
(2),
p
p
. 80
3
-1
0
, 2
01
8.
[7]
A.
F
ud
ho
li
,
et a
l
.,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
anal
ys
is
o
f
pho
to
vo
ltaic
t
h
e
rm
al
(
PV
T)
w
at
er
c
o
l
l
ectors,"
En
ergy Co
nvers
i
o
n
an
d
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vol.
78,
p
p
.
6
41-6
5
1
,
2
01
4.
[8]
A.
F
ud
ho
l
i
,
et al
.,
"
Co
ll
ector
e
ffi
cien
cy
o
f
the
d
o
ubl
e-pas
s
s
olar
a
i
r
c
ol
lect
or
s
wit
h
f
i
n
s,
"
P
r
ocee
di
ng
s
of
t
h
e
9
t
h
WSE
A
S
In
tern
atio
nal
Con
f
erence
o
n
SYS
TE
M
SCIENCE
an
d
S
I
M
U
LAT
I
ON
i
n
E
NGI
N
E
E
R
I
N
G
(IC
O
S
SSE’10),
Jap
a
n,
2
0
10,
pp.
4
28-3
4
.
[9]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et al
.,
"
Ex
perim
e
ntal
S
tud
y
o
f
t
h
e
do
ub
le-p
a
s
s
s
o
lar
ai
r
co
ll
ector
w
ith
st
aggered
fins,"
P
ro
ceedi
ngs
o
f
th
e
9t
h
WSEAS
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Co
nf
erence
o
n
S
Y
STEM
S
CIE
N
CE
a
nd
SI
MU
LA
TI
ON
i
n
EN
GI
N
E
ERING
(ICOSS
S
E’10
)
, Japan
, 20
1
0
, pp
.
4
10
-14
.
[10]
A.
F
u
dholi
,
et a
l
.,
“
R
evi
e
w
o
f
s
olar
pho
to
vo
lt
aic
/
t
h
erm
a
l
(PV/T)
a
ir
c
ol
lect
or,“
In
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l
of E
l
ectr
i
cal
an
d
Co
mp
u
t
er Eng
i
neer
in
g (
I
JECE)
9
(
1),
pp.
126-1
33,
2
0
1
9
.
[11]
N.
F.M.
R
azali
et a
l
.,
“Ex
p
erimen
t
stu
dy
o
f
w
at
er
b
as
ed
p
hot
o
v
ol
ta
i
c
-therm
al
(
P
V
/T)
c
o
l
lect
or,”
Interna
t
ional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectr
i
cal a
nd
Co
mp
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
in
g (IJE
C
E)
9(1
)
,
p
p
.
1
18
-12
5
, 2
01
9.
[12]
N.
A
s
t
e,
C
.
Del
P
e
ro
,
F
.
L
eo
nfo
r
te,
and
M
.
M
anf
r
en,
“
P
erf
o
rm
anc
e
mo
nito
r
i
ng
a
n
d
m
od
e
l
in
g
of
a
n
un
c
o
ve
re
d
ph
ot
ov
oltaic-t
he
rm
al
(
P
V
T)
w
a
t
er
c
o
l
l
ecto
r
,
”
So
lar E
n
er
gy
, vo
l
.
13
5, p
p.
55
1
–
5
6
8
,
2
01
6.
[13]
N.
A
s
t
e,
F
.
Leonf
ort
e
,
and
C.
D
el
P
ero
,
“
Sim
u
la
t
i
on
and
m
o
d
e
l
v
ali
d
ati
o
n
o
f
u
n
c
o
v
ered
P
VT
s
o
l
ar
s
y
s
t
e
m,”
4t
h
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l
Con
f
er
ence o
n
Cl
e
a
n
El
ectrical
P
o
wer:
Ren
e
wa
bl
e En
erg
y
Res
o
u
r
ces
Impa
ct,
ICCEP
20
13,
p
p
.
7
89–
79
5,
2
0
13.
[14]
S
h
y
a
m
an
d
G.N.
T
iw
ari,
"
Anal
ys
is
o
f
s
e
ries
c
on
nect
ed
p
h
o
to
vo
lt
a
ic
t
h
e
rma
l
a
ir
c
olle
c
t
o
r
s
pa
rt
ia
l
l
y
c
o
v
e
re
d
by
semitransparent
photovoltai
c
m
o
d
ul
e"
,
So
lar E
n
erg
y
, vo
l
.
1
3
7
, p
p
. 1
37
:
4
52
-46
2
, 2
01
6.
[15]
C.S.
R
ajor
ia,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
N
o
v
e
l
inv
e
st
ig
a
t
i
o
n
of
b
u
ild
ing
in
t
e
g
r
at
ed
p
h
o
t
ovolt
a
ic
t
h
e
rm
al
(
Bi
PV
T
)
s
ys
t
e
m
:
a
com
p
arativ
e stu
d
y.
S
o
l
ar
En
e
r
gy
, vo
l
.
13
1
, p
p.
10
7
-
1
1
8
, 20
1
6
.
[16]
C.S.
R
ajor
ia,
et a
l
.,”
A
n
e
wer
app
r
oach
o
n
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
d
i
agram
to
i
nv
esti
ga
t
e
t
he
e
ff
ect
o
f
energy
p
ayb
ack
t
i
m
e
an
d
earned
c
a
rbon
c
redi
ts
o
n
lif
e
c
y
c
l
e
c
os
t
o
f
d
iff
e
ren
t
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
array
sy
ste
m
s
”
,
So
lar E
n
erg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
4
,
pp
.
1
24:2
54-2
67,
2
016
.
[17]
R.
T
ri
pa
t
h
i,
e
t
al.,
“
O
v
eral
l
energ
y
,
exerg
y
a
n
d
c
a
r
bon
c
redit
analy
s
i
s
o
f
N
p
a
rti
a
ll
y
cov
e
red
ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
th
erm
a
l
(P
VT
) con
cent
r
at
in
g
co
ll
ecto
r
c
o
n
nected
in
seri
es,”
S
o
l
ar
E
nerg
y,
v
o
l
.
1
3
6
,
p
p.
260-26
7,
201
6.
[18]
A.
S.
J
os
h
i
a
nd
A
.
Ti
wari,
"E
nergy
and
ex
ergy
e
ffici
enci
es
o
f
a
hy
bri
d
p
h
o
t
ovoltaic-t
herm
al
(
P
V
/T)
air
co
llect
or,
"
Re
ne
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
, vo
l
. 3
2
, no
.
1
3
,
p
p.
2
22
3-4
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[19]
S
.
D
u
b
e
y
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
P
V
/
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
ctors
con
n
ect
e
d
i
n
seri
es,"
En
ergy and
Bu
il
di
ng
s
,
vo
l.
4
1
,
n
o.
8,
pp.
8
63
-70
,
2
0
09.
[20]
J.
K
.
T
o
nui
a
nd
Y
.
T
r
ip
anagn
o
s
t
o
pou
lo
s,
"
P
e
rfo
rm
ance
im
pro
v
em
ent
o
f
P
V
/T
s
o
l
ar
c
o
llect
ors
with
n
at
ural
a
ir
f
low
op
erati
o
n
,
"
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
, v
ol
.
8
2
,
n
o.1,
p
p.
1-1
2,
2
00
8.
[21]
A.
H
egazy,
et
a
l.,
"Com
p
a
ra
t
i
v
e
s
tu
dy
of
t
h
e
p
erf
o
rm
ances
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
h
o
to
vo
ltai
c
/
t
h
erm
a
l
solar
air
col
l
ect
ors,"
E
n
er
gy Co
nvers
i
o
n
and
M
a
nag
ement
,
vol.
4
1
,
pp.
8
6
1
-8
1,
200
0.
[22]
Y.
T
ri
pan
a
gno
stop
oul
os,
et
a
l.
,
"P
erfo
rm
ance,
c
o
s
t
and
lif
e
-cyc
l
e
a
ss
ess
m
ent
study
o
f
hy
brid
P
VT/A
IR
s
o
l
ar
sy
st
e
m
s
,
"P
rog
r
ess
in
P
ho
to
vo
ltaics:
Research
a
nd
App
l
i
cati
o
n
s
,
vol
.
1
4
,
no.
1
,
p
p
.
65
-
76
,
2
0
0
6
.
[23]
S
.
M.
B
am
broo
k
and
Sp
rou
l
,
"M
a
x
imi
s
i
ng
t
h
e
energy
out
pu
t
o
f
a
P
V
T
air
syst
e
m
,"
So
la
r En
e
r
gy
,
vo
l.
8
6
,
no.
6,
p
p
.
1
8
5
7
-7
1, 2
01
2.
[24]
J.
K.
T
on
u
i
a
n
d
Y
.
T
r
ipan
ag
n
o
s
t
o
poulo
s
,
"A
ir-coo
led
P
V
/T
s
o
l
ar
c
o
llectors
with
l
ow
c
os
t
p
e
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
improve
m
ents,"
So
lar En
erg
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
1
,
n
o.
4,
p
p
.
4
98
-51
1
,
200
7.
[25]
M
.
E.
A.
Slim
an
i,
e
t
al
.
,
"Stu
dy
and
m
od
elin
g
o
f
energy
perf
orm
a
n
c
e of
a
hyb
rid
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
/
t
h
e
rm
al
s
olar
c
oll
ecto
r
:
Con
f
ig
uration
sui
t
able
f
or
a
n
i
n
d
i
rect
s
o
l
ar
d
ry
er,"
En
erg
y
Co
nvers
i
o
n
an
d
M
anag
emen
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
5
,
p
p.
2
09
-2
1,
20
16
.
[26]
M
.
G
ho
l
a
m
p
o
u
r
&
M
.
A
m
e
ri,
"
En
ergy
a
n
d
ex
e
r
gy
a
naly
ses
of
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c/
Therm
a
l
flat
t
rans
pi
red
co
llect
ors:
Exp
e
ri
me
n
t
al
an
d
theo
r
etical
s
t
u
dy
,"
Applied Energy
,
vol.
1
6
4
,
p
p
.
837
-56
,
2
016
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
2
9
– 2
036
2
036
[27]
C.S.
R
a
j
o
r
ia
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
E
x
e
rge
t
ic
a
nd
e
nv
iro
e
c
o
nomic
a
na
lysis
of
s
em
it
ransp
a
rent
P
VT
a
rray
base
d
on
o
p
tim
um
a
ir
flow c
on
fig
u
ra
ti
on
a
nd
i
ts c
om
pa
ra
tiv
e
stud
y
,
"
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
vol.
1
2
2,
p
p.
1
1
38-4
5
,
20
15.
[28]
K
.
E
.
A
m
o
r
i
,
M
.
A
.
A
b
d
-
A
l
R
a
h
e
e
m
,
"
F
i
e
l
d
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
i
r
b
a
s
e
d
pho
to
vo
ltai
c
/
t
h
erm
a
l
hyb
rid
so
lar
col
l
ect
ors,"
R
e
newa
ble Ener
gy
,
v
o
l.
6
3,
p
p
.
4
0
2
-14,
201
4.
[29]
C.S.
R
a
j
o
r
ia
,
e
t
a
l.,
"
E
xe
rg
e
t
ic
a
nd
e
nv
iro
e
c
o
nomic
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
n
ov
e
l
h
yb
rid
PVT
a
rra
y,
"
So
la
r E
n
er
gy
,
vol.
88,
p
p
.
11
0-1
9
,
201
3.
[30]
K.
E.
A
mor
i
,
and
H.
M.T.
A
l-Najjar
,
"
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tri
cal
p
erf
o
rm
an
ce
of
a
h
y
b
rid
(P
V/T)
a
ir
b
as
ed
solar col
l
ector
f
o
r
Iraq,"
A
p
p
l
i
e
d Ener
gy
,
v
ol.
98,
pp.
3
8
4
-95
,
2
01
2.
[31]
S
.
A
graw
al,
et
a
l.,
"
I
n
d
o
o
r
ex
perim
e
n
t
al
a
nal
y
sis
of
g
l
a
zed
h
yb
ri
d
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
ic
t
he
rm
al
t
iles
air
collecto
r
c
o
nnect
e
d
in
s
er
i
e
s,
"
E
n
ergy a
nd
Bu
ild
in
g
s
,
v
o
l
. 5
3,
pp
.
14
5
-
5
1, 2
01
2.
[32]
F
.
S
arhadd
i,
e
t
al.
,
"An
i
m
pro
v
ed
t
h
e
rmal
a
nd
electri
cal
m
o
d
el
fo
r
a
solar
pho
to
vo
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
(P
V
/
T)
a
ir
col
l
ect
or,"
Ap
p
l
i
e
d Ene
r
gy
,
vol.
87
,
p
p.
2
32
8-3
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[33]
B.
A
g
r
awal
&
G
.
N
.
Ti
wari
,"O
p
t
i
mi
zin
g
t
h
e
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
exer
g
y
o
f
b
u
ildi
ng
int
e
grat
ed
p
ho
t
o
volt
a
i
c
t
h
ermal
(BIPVT
)
sys
t
em
s under co
ld cl
i
mat
i
c condition
s
,"
Ap
pli
e
d E
n
er
g
y
,
vol.
8
7
,
pp.
417-2
6
,
2
01
0.
[34]
B.
A
grawal
&
G
.N.
Ti
wari,
"
L
if
e
cy
cle
cos
t
a
s
s
essm
ent
o
f
b
uil
d
i
ng
i
ntegrat
e
d
p
hot
ov
oltai
c
t
h
e
rm
al
(
BIP
V
T)
syst
e
m
s
,
"
Energy and
B
u
ildings
,
vo
l.
42,
p
p
.
1
47
2
-
81
,
2
01
0.
[35]
F
.
S
arh
a
dd
i,
e
t
al.,
"
Exerg
e
ti
c
perf
o
r
man
ce
as
sess
m
e
nt
o
f
a
s
o
l
ar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
th
e
r
m
a
l
(PV/T)
a
ir
c
oll
ecto
r
,"
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Bu
i
l
din
g
s
, v
ol. 4
2,
pp
.
21
8
4
-
99
, 20
1
0
.
[36]
A.
F
udh
oli,
e
t
al.
,
"
E
n
erg
y
a
nd
e
xerg
y
an
alys
es
o
f
photo
volt
a
ic
t
herm
al
c
o
l
lect
or
w
it
h
▽
-groove,
"
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
v
o
l. 1
59
,
p
p
. 7
42
-50
, 20
1
8
.
[37]
M
.
Y.
O
thm
a
n
,
e
t
al.,
"P
erf
o
rm
ance
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
a
do
ubl
e-pas
s
p
ho
to
vo
lta
i
c
/t
herm
al
(
P
V
/T
)
s
o
l
a
r
col
l
ecto
r
w
ith
C
P
C
an
d fins
.
Ren
e
w
a
ble energ
y
, v
ol
. 3
0, pp
. 20
0
5
-
20
17
, 20
0
5
.
[38]
M
.
Y.
O
t
h
m
a
n,
e
t
al.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
r
man
ce
st
udi
es
o
n
a
fi
nned
do
ubl
e-pa
s
s
p
ho
t
o
v
o
l
t
aic-therm
a
l
(PV
/
T
)
s
o
l
ar
c
ollect
or”.
Desalination
,
vo
l.
20
9
(
1–
3),
p
p
.
4
3
–
4
9
, 2
00
7.
[39]
J.
C.
M
oju
m
de
r,
et
al
.,
“
An
e
xp
erim
en
t
a
l
inv
e
stig
ati
on
on
p
erf
o
rm
ance
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ai
r
ty
pe
p
ho
to
vol
ta
i
c
t
herm
al
col
l
ect
or
s
ystem
i
n
tegrated
w
ith c
ooli
ng
f
ins des
i
gn,
”
En
ergy and
B
u
ild
i
n
g
s
,
vol.
130
:2
72-2
8
5
,
2
016.
[40]
Tabet,
et a
l
.
,
“A
n
ex
peri
men
t
al
i
nves
t
i
g
atio
n
on
perf
orm
a
n
ce
a
n
al
ysis
o
f
ai
r
t
y
p
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
th
e
r
m
a
l
collect
o
r
sy
st
e
m
integ
rated
wit
h
c
oolin
g fins
d
es
ig
n
,
”
T
h
e
Eu
rop
e
an
Ph
y
s
i
s
ic
a
l
J
o
urna
l
P
l
u
s
,
vol.
13
1(4
1
), p
p.
1
-1
5,
2
01
6.
[41]
M
.
R
osa-Cl
ot,
et a
l
.
,
“
E
xperim
e
n
t
al
photo
v
o
l
t
a
ic-th
e
rm
al
P
ower
P
lan
t
s
bas
e
d
on
TES
P
I
p
anel
,”
So
la
r En
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
3
,
p
p.
3
05
-31
4
, 20
1
6
.
[42]
S
.
Tiwari
an
d
G.N.
T
i
w
ari,
“
Exerg
o
econ
o
m
i
c
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ph
otovo
l
t
a
ic-t
herm
al
(
P
V
T
)
m
i
x
ed
m
o
d
e
greenh
o
u
s
e
solar dryer,”
Energy
,
v
o
l
.
11
4,
pp
. 15
5
-1
64
,
20
16
.
[43]
B.
D
as,
et
a
l.,,
“
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
anal
ysis
o
f
si
ng
le
g
l
aze
d
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
T
a
ir
c
oll
ecto
r
i
n
th
e
clim
ati
c
c
o
n
d
i
ti
on
o
f
NE
Ind
i
a,”
P
r
o
ceedin
gs
:
4
th
Int
e
rn
a
tion
a
l
El
ectro
ni
c
Conf
ren
ce
o
n
E
n
t
r
op
y an
d Its
Ap
pli
c
a
t
io
n
(
E
CEA 20
17)
,
p
p
.
1
-
14
,
2
01
8.
[44]
A.
L
.
A
bd
ul
la
h
,
et a
l
.,
“
Num
e
rical
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
s
o
l
ar
h
yb
rid
pho
to
voltai
c
t
herm
al
a
i
r
c
ol
le
c
t
o
r
s
imu
l
a
t
io
n
by
ANSY
S,”
CF
D Let
t
er
, v
o
l
. 1
1(2
)
, pp
. 1
-11
,
2
0
1
9
.
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