Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
2
,
Jun
202
1
,
pp.
902
~
912
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
pp
902
-
912
902
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn a
nd
imp
lementatio
n of a sin
gle
-
ph
ase fiv
e
-
level
inver
ter
usin
g a DC S
our
ce with
voltag
e balan
cer
on c
apac
itor
Le
onardus
He
ru Pr
atom
o,
S
lamet
Riyadi
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Soeg
ij
ap
ra
nat
a
Cat
ho
li
c
Un
ive
rsity
,
Indon
esia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
2
7
, 202
0
Re
vised
Jan
15
, 202
1
Accepte
d
M
ar
1
, 2
02
1
The
glob
al
use
of
ren
ewa
b
le
e
ner
gy
resourc
es
has
le
d
to
the
design
and
deve
lop
me
nt
of
high
p
erf
orm
anc
e
,
eff
icien
t,
cont
ro
ll
ab
le,
and
ch
ea
p
mul
tilevel
inv
er
te
rs,
which
act
as
a
solu
ti
on
to
the
num
er
ous
power
def
iciencie
s.
Ho
weve
r,
in
te
r
ms
of
cont
rol
,
thes
e
multil
eve
l
in
ver
te
rs
are
ofte
n
associ
at
ed
with
DC
source
s
and
com
p
le
xi
ty.
Th
ere
for
e,
th
is
rese
arc
h
designe
d
a
sing
l
e
-
phase
five
-
le
v
el
inve
rt
er
using
a
DC
source
,
w
it
h
a
nov
el
sinusoidal
pu
lse
-
width
-
modulated
(SP
WM)
con
trol
sch
eme.
T
he
sys
te
m
consists
of
a
f
lyi
ng
ca
p
ac
i
tor
DC
-
DC
converte
r
and
H
-
brid
ge
inv
erter
(FCD
CDC
-
HBI)
.
A
single
absol
ute
ref
ere
n
ce
si
gnal
and
the
ph
ase
-
shifte
d
tri
angular
ca
rr
ier
were
used
to
gene
ra
te
SP
WM
to
enha
n
ce
the
ca
p
acitor
volt
ag
e
balanc
e.
The
design
ed
in
ver
te
r
is
ca
p
abl
e
of
produc
ing
fi
ve
le
v
el
s
o
f
output
vo
ltage
l
e
vel
s,
namely
Vi
,
Vi/2
,
0
,
−Vi
/2,
and
−Vi
from
a
DC
sup
ply,
the
reb
y
r
educ
ing
th
e
over
a
ll
cost
and
com
pl
exi
t
y
of
th
e
SP
WM
sys
te
m.
Th
i
s
rese
arc
h
al
so
pro
duce
d
a
d
et
a
il
ed
oper
ation
p
rinci
ple
of
the
propos
ed
sys
tem,
which
was
ver
if
ie
d
through
sim
ula
ti
on
and
im
pl
em
en
te
d
using
a
protot
ype
.
Final
ly,
har
dwa
re
im
p
le
m
en
t
at
i
on
result
s
ar
e
pre
sent
ed
to
che
c
k
the
per
forma
n
ce of t
he
inv
ert
e
r.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
DC
-
DC con
vert
er
Five
-
le
vel in
ve
rter
Flyin
g
ca
pacit
or
H
-
br
i
dg
e
in
vert
er
Sing
le
-
phase
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Leo
nardus
Heru Prat
omo
Dep
a
r
tme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
So
e
gijapra
nata
Ca
tho
li
c
Un
i
ve
rsity
Jl. Paw
i
yatan
Lu
hur IV/
1
Be
nd
a
n D
huw
ur
Semara
ng
50234,
Ind
on
esi
a
Emai
l:
leon
a
rdus@u
nik
a.ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ov
e
r
the
yea
rs,
var
i
ou
s
stu
die
s
ha
ve
bee
n
ca
rr
ie
d
out
to
det
ermine
t
he
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
a
re
duct
ion
total
harmo
nic
disto
rtion
i
n powe
r i
nv
e
rter th
at
use
d
in
in
du
st
rial
appli
cat
ion
. T
he
sin
gle
-
phas
e mu
lt
il
evel in
ver
te
r
s
hav
e
rise
i
n
po
pu
la
rity
f
or
lo
w
-
vo
lt
a
ge
on/o
ff
gri
d
gr
i
d
-
ti
e
d
i
nverters
[1]
-
[3].
T
hese
in
ve
rters
are
e
xp
ec
te
d
t
o
op
e
rate
with
hi
gh
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
l
ow
outp
ut
volt
age/cu
rr
e
nt
tot
al
har
m
onic
di
stortio
n,
sim
pl
e
con
t
ro
l,
a
nd
bette
r
performa
nce
duri
ng
stea
dy
a
nd transi
ent ope
rati
on
s
. The m
ulti
le
vel inv
e
rt
er h
as se
veral
b
ene
fits o
ver
t
he
tw
o
-
le
vel
ty
pe
with
bette
r
powe
r
qu
al
it
y,
re
duce
d
stre
ss
on
the
load
,
a
nd
oth
e
rs.
Ne
ver
t
heless,
the
ne
utral
di
od
e
cl
amped
of
t
he
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rter
[
4
]
,
[
5]
faces
the
i
na
bili
ty
to
pro
duce
la
rg
e
num
be
rs
of
act
iv
e
powe
r
sw
it
ches,
DC
s
ources,
a
nd
ina
dequate
powe
r
bala
ncin
g
i
nput.
Alth
ough
t
he
flyi
ng
ca
pa
ci
tor
of
the
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
[
6
]
-
[
8]
has
a
sig
nifica
nt
DC
po
wer
s
ource,
it
is
fac
ed
with
vo
lt
a
ge
balancin
g
prob
le
m
s
an
d
co
mp
le
x
con
t
ro
l
al
gorithms
.
On
e
of
t
he
man
y
so
l
uti
ons
t
o
ov
e
rcom
e
this
prob
le
m
is
to
us
e
a
sh
i
f
te
d
car
rier
sig
na
l
and
com
bin
at
io
nal
log
ic
gate
[
9
]
-
[11].
T
his
st
udy
is
al
s
o
base
d
on
de
sig
ning
a
sin
gle
-
phas
e
casca
de
d
H
-
br
i
dg
e
conve
rter
f
or
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
PV
ap
plica
ti
ons
[
1
2]
,
[
13]
,
w
it
h
the
casca
de
d
t
opolog
y
i
n
need
of
isolat
e
d
DC
su
ppli
es
a
nd
se
ver
al
powe
r
s
witc
hes.
T
her
e
fore,
this
resea
rch
anal
yzes
a
sing
le
-
phase
s
ym
met
rical
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
t
opol
ogy
co
mpose
d
of
t
wo
part
s,
namely
th
e
le
vel
(
high
-
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
swi
tc
hin
g)
an
d
pola
rit
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
si
ng
le
-
phas
e fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
ert
er
… (
Le
on
ar
dus
H
er
u Pr
atomo
)
903
gen
e
rato
rs
(lo
w
-
f
reque
n
c
y
of
50
Hz)
[
14]
.
S
om
e
as
ym
m
et
rical
topolo
gi
es
of
the
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
rs
us
e
d
t
o
ob
ta
in
seve
ral
ou
t
pu
t
ste
ps
w
it
ho
ut
i
ncr
easi
ng
t
he
s
witc
h
count
are
sho
wn
i
n
[
15
]
-
[
18
],
with
the
DC
vo
lt
a
ge
so
urces
asymm
et
rical
ly r
e
pr
es
ented
i
n geome
tric
p
r
ogres
sio
n.
Thi
s
resea
rc
h
dev
el
op
e
d
a
nd
implem
ente
d
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
to
pology
that
use
s
five
act
ive
switc
hes
a
nd
one
passive
sw
it
ch
[
19
]
,
[
20]
. Previ
ou
s
stu
dies
u
ti
li
zed fo
ur
a
ct
ive sw
it
ches
[21] an
d nee
de
d
tw
o
DC
s
ources.
Howe
ver,
on
e
of
the
dra
wbacks
of
this
t
yp
e
of
i
nv
e
rte
r
is
t
he
numbe
r
of
po
wer
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
,
a
nd
isolat
ed
DC
power
s
ources,
i
ncr
easi
ng
t
he
cost
a
nd
ci
rcui
t
com
plexity
.
T
her
e
fore,
a
hybri
d
mu
lt
il
evel
in
ve
rter
im
pleme
nted
us
in
g
a
n
H
-
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
,
an
d
thre
e
-
le
ve
l
cel
ls
wer
e
de
velo
ped
[
22]
.
This
dev
ic
e
nee
ds
e
igh
t
act
ive
power
s
witc
hes
t
o
create
a
five
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
t
opolog
y,
wh
ic
h
wa
s
de
velo
pe
d
f
rom
the
th
ree
-
le
vel
H
-
bri
dge
us
in
g
a
sin
gle
DC
source
[
23]
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
the
devel
oped
inv
e
rter
nee
ds
seve
n
act
ive
powe
r
s
witc
hes
t
o
generate
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age.
A
si
ng
le
act
ive
powe
r
s
witc
h
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
t
he
balancin
g
ca
pa
ci
tor
with
a
more
c
ompli
cat
ed
c
on
t
ro
l
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n.
A
five
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
is
ac
hi
eved
by
connecti
ng
the
H
-
br
i
dg
e
with
a
two
DC
po
wer
s
ource,
usi
ng
a
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
erter
c
ou
pled
in
se
ries
[
24].
A
five
-
le
vel in
vert
er topo
l
ogy w
as also
desig
ne
d,
w
hich use
d a si
ng
le
DC s
ource
with ei
ghty
-
si
x
act
ive
sw
it
ches
[25].
T
his
in
ve
rter
us
e
d
t
he
spa
ce
vect
or
po
l
ygon
f
ormed
to
con
t
ro
l
the
fiv
e
-
le
vel
i
nv
e
rter
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
th
e
ris
k
of
unbala
nced
capaci
tor
volt
age
exists
w
hen
the
in
ver
te
r
is
no
t
pro
per
l
y
modu
la
te
d.
F
urt
hermo
re,
pre
vious
stud
ie
s
dev
el
oped
a
mu
lt
il
ev
el
inv
erter
w
hich
us
e
s
a
DC
s
ource
wit
hout
sp
li
t
capaci
tors.
This
is
li
kely
to
be
the
m
os
t
wa
nt
ed
t
opolog
y,
howe
ver,
t
his
inv
e
rter
has
n
ot
been
pro
pe
rly,
a
nd
the
dc
co
mpo
nen
t
on
the
inducto
r
cu
rr
e
nt
is
dange
rou
s
for
f
ull
us
e
of
ma
gnet
ic
cor
e
[26],
[
27].
The
fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
erte
r
co
ns
i
sti
ng
of
five
act
ive
po
wer
s
witc
hes
a
nd
tw
o
ca
pacit
or
s
was
de
vel
op
e
d
by
[
28]
,
howe
ver
it
nee
ded
m
ore
c
ontrol
f
or
balancin
g
t
he
capaci
tor
.
T
he
five
-
le
vel
in
ve
rter
(sev
e
n
act
i
ve
s
witc
hes
)
use
d
phase
-
s
hift
ed
ca
rr
ie
r
to
c
on
t
ro
l
and
balance
t
he
bulk
ca
pac
it
or
,
it
us
es
six
act
ive
power
switc
hes
with
ou
t
a
ny
se
nso
rs
f
or
op
e
rate
d
that
inv
e
rter
[
29].
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
PV
-
gr
id
a
ppli
cat
ion
us
e
d
a
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
as
so
ci
at
ed
with
a
DC
s
ource
is
su
it
able f
or thi
s appli
cat
ion
[
1], [3
],
[30
].
This
resea
rc
h
pro
po
se
d
a
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
five
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
us
in
g
a
DC
s
ource
with
a
si
mp
le
volt
age
balance
r
on
a
capaci
tor
t
o
m
ake
a
bett
er
le
vel.
It
al
so
de
pends
on
t
he
three
le
vels
ge
ner
at
or
of
a
F
lying
Ca
pacit
or
DC
-
DC
Co
nv
e
rter
(tw
o
di
od
e
s,
two
act
ive
po
wer
s
witc
hes
,
and
one
ca
pa
ci
tor)
a
nd
H
-
br
i
dg
e
Inver
te
r
(F
C
D
CDC
-
HB
I)
int
o
a
new
si
ng
le
-
phase
fi
ve
-
le
ve
l
inv
e
rter
us
ing
a
sin
gle
D
C
sour
ce
a
nd
a
no
vel
sinu
s
oid
al
pu
ls
e
width
mod
ulati
on
(SPW
M)
strat
egy.
A
n
op
e
rati
on
m
ode
is
analyzed
to
obta
in
a
SP
W
M
patte
rn
t
hat
is
able
to
balan
ce
the
capaci
t
or
volt
age
us
ing
a
phase
-
shi
fted
car
rier
si
gn
al
of
180
0
,
wh
ic
h
automatic
al
ly
enab
le
s
the
e
quil
ibrium
v
olta
ge
on
the
flyi
ng
ca
pacit
or.
T
he
FC
DCDC
use
d
t
o
determi
ne
the
siz
e
of
t
he
ca
pacit
or
is
ca
rri
ed
out
by
st
ori
ng
qual
it
y
va
lued
e
nerg
y
i
n
the
ca
pacit
or
an
d
in
duct
or
.
This
conditi
on
occ
urs
w
hen
c
hargi
ng
a
nd
discha
r
ging
t
he
cha
rge
in
the
ca
pacit
or
,
the
refo
re
,
it
el
imi
nates
t
he
nee
d
for
se
ns
ors
a
nd
a
c
omplex
c
on
t
ro
l
al
go
rith
m
sy
ste
m
to
ba
la
nce
the
volt
age
on
t
he
ca
pa
ci
tor.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
five
-
le
vel
in
ve
rter
a
nd
it
s
c
on
t
ro
ll
er's
pe
r
forma
nce
was
validat
ed
us
i
ng
Powe
r
Si
mu
la
to
r
s
of
tw
are
an
d
protot
yp
i
ng the
laborat
o
ry ex
pe
riments.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
resear
ch
was
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
us
in
g
a
hybri
d
mu
lt
il
evel
to
po
l
ogy,
div
ide
d
i
nto
tw
o
par
t
s.
T
he
Flyi
ng
Ca
pacit
or
DC
-
DC
C
onve
rter
is
t
he
fist
pa
rt,
with
high
-
f
reque
ncy
s
witc
hes
use
d
to
gen
e
rate
t
hr
ee
le
vels.
M
ea
nwhile
,
t
he
H
-
Bri
dg
e
I
nv
erter
is
the
sec
ond
pa
rt,
w
hic
h
op
erates
at
a
low
-
f
reque
ncy o
f
5
0
Hz,
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
1.
V
o
L
R
F
l
y
i
n
g
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
D
C
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
H
i
g
h
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
L
e
v
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
o
w
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
P
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
H
-
B
r
i
g
e
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
V
i
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
V
i
/
2
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
FC
DCDC
-
HBI
to
polo
gy
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
902
–
912
904
The
FCDCDC
-
HBI
in
ver
te
r
al
way
s
has
tw
o
op
e
rati
ng
c
onditi
ons,
na
me
ly
posit
ive
a
nd
neg
at
ive
values
,
w
hich
com
pr
ise
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
i
nv
e
rte
r
w
orkin
g
pri
nc
iple.
Fig
ur
e
2
is
a
posit
ive
op
e
rati
ng
c
ondi
ti
on
,
mode
of
opera
ti
on
1
c
onsist
s
of
al
l
powe
r
s
witc
hes
(
S1
a
nd
S2
)
on
t
he
F
CDCDC
an
d
HBI
to
polo
gy
with
S3
and
S5
s
witc
he
d
“
on,
”
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ure
2
(a
).
Mo
de
of
operati
on
2
co
m
pr
ise
s
of
a
power
s
witc
h
(
S1
or
S2
)
on
t
he
FC
DCD
C
and
HBI
t
opology
with
S3
and
S5
s
witc
he
d
“
on,
”
a
s
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
2
(b)
an
d
Fi
gure
2
(c
)
.
The
capaci
t
or
charges
a
nd
discharg
es
direct
ly,
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2
(
b)
and
Fi
gure
2
(
c),
res
pecti
vel
y.
T
his
op
e
rati
on
mod
e
bala
nces
the
vo
lt
age
on
t
he
capaci
tor
.
Mo
de
of
operati
on
3
c
omp
rises
of
no
po
wer
s
witc
hes
(
S1
a
nd
S2
) on
the FC
DCDC
and H
B
I wit
h
S3
an
d
S5
s
witc
hed
“
o
n,
”
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2
(
d)
.
V
o
L
R
Vi
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
V
i
/
2
D
2
V
o
L
R
Vi
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
V
i
/
2
V
o
L
R
Vi
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
V
i
/
2
V
o
L
R
Vi
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
D
1
D
2
V
i
/
2
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
Figure
2. Mo
de
of
op
e
rati
on
on posit
ive
val
ue
, (a)
1,
(b)
2a
, (
c
)
2b
, (c),
(d)
3
S
1
t
o
f
f
t
on
t
1
V
d
V
i
/
2
i
L
T
out
T
s
T
s
t
t
t
0
t
2
V
i
S
1
t
o
f
f
t
on
t
1
V
d
V
i
/
2
i
L
T
out
T
s
T
s
t
t
t
0
t
2
V
i
(
a
)
(
b
)
Figure
3. S
witc
hing
op
e
rati
on
,
(
a)
on i
nter
val
2
/
1
0
m
, (b)
on i
nter
va
l
1
2
/
1
m
Figure
3
(a)
s
hows
the
oper
at
ion
mode
anal
ys
is
on
3
a
nd
2
us
in
g
a
n
i
nterv
al
2
/
1
0
m
in
wh
ic
h
the
two
-
le
g
H
-
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
rter
V
d
fluctuates
t
he
volt
age
V
i
/2
and
0
an
d
ca
use
s
the
in
du
ct
or
cu
rr
e
nt
to
ris
e.
The
equ
at
io
ns de
riv
ed unde
r
these
conditi
ons are
as (1)
.
o
V
L
v
d
v
+
=
o
V
dt
L
di
L
i
V
+
=
2
o
V
i
V
dt
L
di
L
−
=
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
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88
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8
694
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
si
ng
le
-
phas
e fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
ert
er
… (
Le
on
ar
dus
H
er
u Pr
atomo
)
905
1
2
2
t
o
V
i
V
t
o
V
i
V
L
i
L
−
=
−
=
(1)
Wh
e
n
the
volt
ages
on
t
he
t
w
o
-
le
g
H
-
br
i
dge
,
the
in
ver
te
rs
hav
e
ze
ro
va
lu
es,
the
re
by
le
a
ding
t
o
a
decr
e
ase
in
inducto
r
c
urrent
. Th
e
equati
on
s that ca
n be
de
rive
d under
th
ese co
ndit
ion
s
are as
(
2)
.
d
v
o
V
L
v
−
=
0
−
=
o
V
dt
L
di
L
2
t
o
V
t
o
V
L
i
L
=
=
(2)
Substi
tuti
ng (1
)
int
o
(
2) fo
rm
ulate
s (3).
i
V
m
s
T
on
t
i
V
o
u
t
T
t
i
V
o
V
=
=
=
2
2
1
2
(3)
Figure
3
(
b)
s
hows
the
a
nalys
is
of
operati
on
mode
on
1
a
nd
2
us
in
g
a
n
int
erv
al
1
2
/
1
m
,
there
by
causin
g
the
tw
o
-
le
g
H
-
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
V
d
to
fl
uctuate
the
V
i
an
d
V
i
/2
vo
lt
a
ges.
Thi
s
incr
eases
t
he
inducto
r
c
urre
nt
an
d
the equat
io
ns
de
rive
d
are
as
(4).
o
V
L
v
d
v
+
=
o
V
dt
L
di
L
i
V
+
=
o
V
i
V
dt
L
di
L
−
=
(
)
(
)
1
t
o
V
i
V
t
o
V
i
V
L
i
L
−
=
−
=
(4)
The
volt
ages
on
tw
o
-
le
g
H
-
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
s
are
V
i
/2
a
nd
le
ads
to
a
de
crease
i
n
t
he
inducto
r
cu
rr
e
nt
.
T
he
der
i
ved un
der
t
hese c
onditi
on
s ar
e a
s (5
).
2
i
V
o
V
dt
L
di
L
−
=
2
2
2
t
i
V
o
V
t
i
V
o
V
L
i
L
−
=
−
=
(5)
Substi
tuti
ng (4
)
int
o
(
5) fo
rm
u
la
te
s (6).
i
V
m
s
T
on
t
i
V
o
V
=
=
2
2
(6)
Op
e
rati
on
m
od
e
2
nee
d
to
be
app
li
ed
to
kee
p
the
volt
age
c
apacit
or
co
ns
ta
nt,
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
2
(
b)
and
Fig
ure
2
(
c).
T
he
dec
rea
se
in
volt
age
a
cro
ss
the
DC
c
apacit
or
in
dicat
es
the
power
giv
e
n
to
the
l
oa
d,
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gu
re
2
(c
)
.
The
i
ncr
ease
i
n
ca
pa
ci
tor
volt
age
at
DC
ind
ic
at
e
s
powe
r
abs
or
ption
from
t
he
powe
r
so
urce
(E
),
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2
(b).
The
re
fore,
t
o
e
nsure
the
i
ncr
ease
a
nd
dec
rease
in
powe
r,
the
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
n
e
eds
to be
kep
t c
onst
ant, as
sho
wn in F
i
gure
4.
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8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
902
–
912
906
V
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
W
2
W
1
t
1
t
2
t
3
Figure
4. The
c
hargin
g
a
nd
dischargin
g v
oltage ac
ro
s
s ca
pa
ci
tor
The
ca
pacit
or
transmitt
ed
po
wer
t
o
lo
ad
at
an
i
nter
val
of
1
−
2
,
the
re
by
dec
reasin
g
the
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
. T
he
a
moun
t
of e
nerg
y
is e
xpre
sse
d (7).
(
)
dt
t
P
W
t
t
=
2
1
1
(7)
This
i
nter
val
pro
duces
a
vo
lt
age
ac
r
os
s
the
capaci
tor
known
as
1
.
T
he
ca
pacit
or
a
bs
or
be
d
powe
r
from
the
sourc
e
(E
)
at
an
inte
rv
al
of
2
−
3
,
the
re
by
i
ncr
easi
ng
th
e
capaci
to
r
volt
age.
T
he
am
oun
t
of
e
nerg
y
is ex
pr
esse
d b
y (
8).
(
)
dt
t
P
W
t
t
=
3
2
2
(8)
This
i
nter
val
w
ou
l
d
pro
duce
a
volt
age
ac
ro
s
s
the
ca
pacit
or
known
as
2
c
a
p
V
.
T
he
ba
la
ncin
g
po
wer
us
ed
the m
od
e
of
op
erati
on 2, the
re
fore the
cap
aci
tor's
e
ne
rgy
is
der
i
ved as
(9).
2
1
W
W
W
=
=
(
9)
The
ca
pacit
or
vo
lt
age
is
ob
ta
i
ned usi
ng the
(
10).
2
1
c
a
p
c
a
p
V
V
,
2
3
c
a
p
c
a
p
V
V
,
3
1
c
a
p
c
a
p
V
V
=
.
(10)
The del
ive
ry e
nerg
y process
causes
volt
age
fluctuati
ons
in t
he
capa
ci
tor
a
s
(
11
).
1
2
c
a
p
c
a
p
V
V
V
−
=
(11)
The
ca
pacit
or
was
ca
pa
ble of
stor
i
ng en
e
r
gy w
it
h
a
n
i
ncr
ea
se an
d decrea
s
e in
vo
lt
ag
e as
ob
ta
ine
d usi
ng
(12).
(
)
2
2
1
V
C
W
=
(
)
2
1
2
2
1
c
a
p
c
a
p
V
V
C
W
−
=
(12)
A
ca
pacit
or
volt
age
i
n
a
ba
la
nced
co
ndit
ion
is
nee
de
d
f
or
a
FC
DCDC
-
HBI
i
nv
e
r
te
r,
with
the
equ
il
ib
rium
e
ne
rgy
deter
mine
d
by
t
he
c
ha
rgi
ng
an
d
disc
ha
rg
i
ng
of
the
powe
r
act
ive
s
witc
hes
base
d
on
the
mode
of
operat
ion 2.
T
his h
as
the
a
bili
ty
to
s
tore
ene
r
gy
in
t
he
capaci
to
r
th
at
eq
uals
th
os
e
in
the
i
nducto
r
.
T
he
value o
f
the
ca
pacit
or can
b
e
determi
ned as
(13).
L
C
W
W
=
,
2
2
V
I
L
C
=
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
si
ng
le
-
phas
e fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
ert
er
… (
Le
on
ar
dus
H
er
u Pr
atomo
)
907
The
(
3)
an
d
(
6)
s
how
the
rela
ti
on
s
hip
bet
we
en
t
he
outp
ut
a
nd
in
put
vo
lt
a
ge
of
the
c
onve
ntion
al
an
d
mu
lt
il
evel
inve
rter
(
FCDC
D
C
-
HBI
).
T
he
five
-
le
vel
wa
ve
form
is
base
d
on
the
FC
DCDC
-
HBI
a
nd
t
he
pro
po
se
d
s
che
me of t
he
S
P
W
M
c
ontrol,
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5
a
nd
Fi
gure
6.
S
P
W
M
_
2
(
S
2
)
Z
e
r
o
C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
_
+
(
S
3
,
S
5
)
S
P
W
M
_
1
(
S
1
)
0
V
i
/
2
V
i
0
V
_
t
r
i
1
V
_
t
r
i
2
V
_
S
i
n
t
t
t
t
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
V
m
0
Z
e
r
o
C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
_
-
(
S
4
,
S
6
)
t
V
i
/
2
-
V
i
/
2
-
V
i
/
2
-
V
i
Figure
5.
The
wav
e
f
or
m
of t
he five
-
le
vel
ba
sed o
n
FC
DC
DC
-
HBI
A
b
s
Z
C
D
_
+
Z
C
D
_
-
S
i
g
n
a
l
G
e
n
a
r
a
t
o
r
T
r
i
a
n
g
l
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
Z
e
r
o
C
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
-
1
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
5
S
4
S
6
Figure
6. T
he
pro
po
se
d
s
che
me of a
SPW
M
c
ontrol
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
pro
posed
FCDCDC
-
HB
I
was
ve
rified
usi
ng
the
Powe
r
Simulat
or
Sof
tware
a
nd
im
pl
emented
on
a
protot
yp
e
scal
e.
Ta
ble
1
s
hows
t
he
par
a
me
te
rs
use
d
as
w
el
l
as
the
pro
pose
d
c
on
tr
ol
s
cheme
implem
ented
us
in
g
a
n
A
r
du
i
no
M
e
ga
2560
microc
ontr
oller.
F
ur
t
hermo
r
e,
MOS
FET
I
RFP
46
0
an
d
M
UR
1560
we
re
us
e
d
as
the
act
ive
and
passi
ve
po
wer
s
witc
hes
of
the
FCDC
DC
-
HBI.
M
ea
nwhile
,
B1
212S
-
1Ws
a
nd
T
LP
350s
wer
e
us
e
d
a
s
a
n
is
olate
d
DC
-
DC
c
onver
te
r
and
act
ive
po
wer
switc
h
dri
ver
s
.
T
he
prot
otype
for
e
xp
e
rimental
works is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
7.
Table
1.
Para
m
et
ers
f
or the
va
li
dation wor
ks
Para
m
eter
s
Valu
e
Inp
u
t Voltag
e
1
0
0
Volt DC
Res
istiv
e L
o
ad
2
5
Ohm
Cap
acito
r
4
7
0
uF/4
5
0
V
Ind
u
cto
r
Filter
2
.5 m
H
Op
erate
d
f
requ
en
cy
5
KHz
Figure
7. The
protot
yp
e
for e
xp
e
rime
ntal w
orks
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
902
–
912
908
The
init
ia
l
sta
ge
of
ve
rificat
ion
is
car
ried
out
by
c
omp
utati
on
al
sim
ulati
on.
Fig
ur
e
8
(
a)
s
how
s
t
he
simulat
ion
res
ult
of
an
a
bsolute
S
PWM
gating
sig
nal
us
e
d
t
o
powe
r
sw
it
ch
S1
a
nd
S2
.
An
a
bsolute
SP
W
M
gating
si
gn
al
s
hifts
180
0
between
S
PWM
on
S1
a
nd
S2
.
F
igure
8
(
b)
s
hows
a
pulse
s
ha
per
po
la
rit
y
i
nv
e
rted
(zer
o
-
c
rossin
g
detect
or)
at
50
Hz,
w
hich
is
use
d
t
o
s
witc
h
S3
-
S5
(
posit
ive
cycle)
a
nd
S4
-
S6
(
ne
gative
cycle)
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
po
wer
s
witc
h
S1
a
nd
S2
us
e
d
a
high
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
of
5
K
Hz,
wh
il
e
th
ose
on
S3
-
S5
a
nd
S4
-
S6
wer
e
l
ow.
T
he
se
co
nd
it
io
ns
(
SPWM
a
nd
ze
ro
-
cr
os
si
ng
det
ect
or
wa
veform)
a
re
simi
la
r
to
the
diag
ram
show
n
in Figu
re
4.
(a)
(
b)
Figure
8. Sim
ul
at
ed
wa
veform
s, (a)
SP
W
M si
gnal
:
S1
a
nd
S2,
(b)
z
e
ro
-
cr
os
sin
g detec
to
r
sig
nal: S5
-
S8 an
d
S6
–
S7
Af
te
r
e
ns
uri
ng
that
t
he
S1
-
S6
s
witc
hing
pa
tt
ern
is
pro
pe
rly
r
unning,
th
e
ne
xt
ste
p
is
to
ver
i
fy
the
pro
po
se
d
sc
he
me
of
a
S
PWM
co
ntr
ol,
wh
ic
h
is
i
mp
le
me
nted
t
hro
ugh
the
Ardu
i
no
M
e
ga
25
60
microc
ontrolle
r.
Fig
ur
e
9
(a)
sh
ows
the
im
plementat
io
n
res
ult
of
an
a
bsolute
S
PWM
us
e
d
t
o
powe
r
swi
tc
h
S1
and
S2
with
a
high
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
5
K
Hz.
Fig
ur
e
9
(
b)
s
hows
t
he
po
la
rity
in
ve
rter
wit
h
ze
r
o
-
cro
ssi
ng
detect
or
s
of
50
Hz
us
e
d
t
o
s
witc
h
S3
-
S5
a
nd
S4
-
S6.
T
he
refor
e
,
SP
WM
(
Fig
ur
e
8
(a)
and
Fi
gure
9
(
a))
an
d
zero
-
cr
os
si
ng det
ect
or
s
(F
ig
ure
8 (
b)
a
nd
Fi
gure
9 (
b)) rese
mb
le
eac
h othe
r.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. Im
pl
emented
w
a
ve
f
orm
s, (a)
SP
W
M
si
gn
al
:
S1
(
ye
ll
ow
)
and
S2
(
blu
e
),
(b)
z
e
ro
-
cro
ssi
ng
detect
or
sign
al
on
S5
-
S8
(
yello
w)
a
nd
S6
–
S7
(
blu
e
)
The
pro
posed
FCDCDC
-
HB
I
to
po
l
ogy
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
1
is
us
e
d
to
s
imulat
e
a
SP
W
M
c
on
t
ro
l
scheme
,
as
in
di
cat
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
Fig
ure
10
(a)
s
how
s
the
simulat
ion
re
su
lt
of
the
fiv
e
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
vo
lt
ag
e
ou
t
pu
t
wa
ve
form
(
switc
hi
ng
ope
rati
on
on
the
inter
val
1
0
m
).
The
ma
gnit
ude
vo
lt
a
ge
le
vels
wer
e
at
+1
00
V,
+
50V,
0
V
,
−5
0V,
an
d
−100
V
.
M
ean
wh
il
e,
the magnit
ud
e o
f
t
he
fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
was
relat
ed
to
the
s
witc
hing
oper
a
ti
on
in
(
3)
a
nd
(6),
the
reby
m
inimi
zi
ng
the
vo
lt
age
ha
rm
onic
s
by
enla
rg
i
ng
t
he
filt
er
inducto
r
or
s
witc
hing
frequ
e
nc
y
as
s
hown
i
n
Fig
ur
e
10
(
b).
Fig
ur
e
11
sho
ws
the
si
mu
la
ti
on
res
ult
of
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
si
ng
le
-
phas
e fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
ert
er
… (
Le
on
ar
dus
H
er
u Pr
atomo
)
909
three
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
wa
ve
form
(
switc
hin
g
operati
on
on
t
he
inte
rval
2
/
1
0
m
).
T
he
mag
nitud
e
vo
l
ta
ge
le
vels
we
re
at
+
50V
,
0V,
an
d
−
50V
,
res
pecti
vely
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
al
so
us
e
d
t
o
obta
in
the
induced
filt
er's
fund
a
mental
value.
The
ma
gn
it
ude
of
the
three
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
was
relat
ed
to
the
s
w
it
ching
op
e
rati
on
in
(3
).
(a)
(b)
Figure
10. Si
m
ulate
d wav
e
f
orm
, (a) i
nv
e
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
on the i
nter
val
1
0
m
,
(b)
t
he fu
nda
mental
vo
lt
age
and
cu
rr
e
nt outp
ut
of
the in
ver
te
r
Figure
11. Si
m
ulate
d wav
e
f
orms: i
nverter
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
on the inte
rv
al
2
/
1
0
m
Figure
3
sho
w
s
the
a
nal
ys
es
of
the
s
witc
hi
ng
freq
ue
ncy
operati
on
on
interval
2
/
1
0
m
an
d
1
2
/
1
m
.
It
i
nd
ic
at
es
t
ha
t
in
one
switc
hing
per
i
od
the
re
are
tw
o
patte
rn
s
,
namely
S1
a
nd
S2.
T
his
method
make
s
do
uble
switc
hi
ng
frequ
e
nc
y
(
5KHz
bec
om
e
10
K
HZ
),
with
the
out
put
vo
lt
age
wav
e
f
orms
i
n
Figure
10
(b)
and
Fig
ure
11
extracte
d
us
in
g
a
Fast
F
ouri
er
T
ran
s
f
or
m
(
FFT)
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
12
.
T
h
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
s
pec
trum
bec
om
es
10
K
HZ
at
a
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
of
5KHZ
.
The
a
dva
ntag
e
associat
ed
wi
th
this
method is
in
te
rms o
f
the
size
of the i
nducto
r fil
te
r
us
e
d.
(a)
(b)
Figure
12. T
he
f
re
quenc
y spe
ct
ru
m
,
(a
)
v
olt
age
ou
t
pu
t
wa
ve
form
on the
in
te
rv
al
1
0
m
, (
b)
v
oltage
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
f
or
m
on t
he
inte
rv
al
2
/
1
0
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
902
–
912
910
The
fi
nal
sta
ge
of
this
ve
rific
at
ion
is
t
o
c
on
du
ct
prototype
te
sts
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
five
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter.
In
th
ese
te
sts
,
the
switc
hing
operati
on
on
t
he
interval
1
0
m
is
performe
d
to
get
f
ive
le
vels.
Figure
13
(a)
sh
ows
that
t
he
FCDC
DC
-
HB
I
in
ve
rter
is
ca
pab
le
of
pro
duci
ng
five
le
vel
s
of
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
le
vels,
namely
100V,
50
V,
0V,
−
50V,
a
nd
−
100V
i
n
a
wa
ve
f
orm.
It
al
so
sho
ws
t
hat
the
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
of
Fig
ur
es
10
(a
)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
13
(
a)
resem
ble
e
ach
oth
e
r.
T
he
five
-
le
vel
in
ve
rter
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
wav
e
f
or
m
has
a
good
bala
nc
er
us
in
g
a
ph
ase
-
s
hifted
car
rier
si
gnal
180
0
as
recomme
nd
e
d
in
the
pr
opos
e
d
scheme
of
a
S
PWM
co
ntr
ol
(F
ig
ur
e
5)
.
Fin
al
ly,
Fi
gure
13
(
b)
s
hows
the
imple
mentat
io
n
res
ult
of
fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
vo
lt
a
ge
and c
urren
t
outp
ut w
a
ve
f
or
m af
te
r
f
il
te
rin
g usin
g
a
2.5
m
H
in
duct
or.
(a)
(b)
Figure
13.
Im
pl
emented
w
a
ve
form
,
(
a
)
i
nve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
on the i
nter
val
1
0
m
, (b
) o
ut
pu
t
current
(b
l
ue)
a
nd
vo
lt
age
(y
el
lo
w)
The
perf
or
ma
nc
e
of
the
FCD
CDC
-
HB
I
in
ve
rter
us
in
g
sim
ul
at
ion
an
d
im
pl
ementat
io
n
re
s
emble
eac
h
oth
e
r,
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
13.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
i
t
is
impo
rta
nt
to
bala
nce
the
volt
age
of
a
fl
yin
g
ca
pacit
or
D
C
-
D
C
conve
rter
i
n
c
ontr
olli
ng
the
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rt
er
du
e
to
it
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
c
on
tr
ol
switc
hes
S1
an
d
S2
easi
ly
us
ing
a
ph
a
se
-
s
hifted
trian
gu
la
r
car
rier (180
0
) wit
ho
ut
an
y
c
ombin
at
ion
al
lo
gic g
at
e. Th
e ze
r
o
-
c
rossing
detect
or
of
t
he
H
-
br
i
dg
e
i
nv
e
r
te
r
has
the
a
bi
li
ty
to
con
t
ro
l
switc
hes
S3
-
S5
(
posit
ive
cy
cl
e)
an
d
S4
-
S6
(n
e
gative
c
yc
le
)
at
50
Hz.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
m
ulti
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
t
opol
ogy
prese
nted
in
this
resea
r
ch
de
pends
on
the
th
ree
le
ve
ls
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
(
FC
DCDC)
an
d
po
la
rity
ge
ner
at
ors
(
HBI
).
The
r
esearch
sho
we
d
that
a
pro
pos
ed
fi
ve
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
base
d
on
FCD
CDC
-
HB
I
to
polo
gy
has
m
ore
a
dv
a
ntages
i
n
te
rms
of
e
quil
ibrium
volt
age
on
the
ca
pa
ci
tor,
simple
c
ontr
ol,
an
d
c
os
t
-
ef
fec
t
iveness.
F
urt
he
rm
or
e,
t
he
ne
w
sy
ste
m
is
id
eal
f
or
s
us
ta
ina
ble
powe
r
base
d
on
a
sing
le
-
sta
ge
de
li
ver
y
te
ch
nique.
A
n
a
bs
ol
ute
SP
W
M
f
or
t
he
FCDC
DC
r
equ
i
res
no
vol
ta
ge
balance
r
in
t
he
capaci
tor
a
nd
com
bin
at
io
nal
log
ic
gate.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
t
opology
e
ffec
ti
ve
ly
op
erates
as
a
five
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
with a
novel
m
odulati
on strat
egy.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
grat
efu
ll
y
ac
kn
ow
le
dg
e
th
e
M
inist
r
y
of
R
esearch
a
nd
T
echnolo
gy
of
t
he
Re
public
o
f
Ind
on
esi
a
unde
r
the
sch
e
me P
DUPT
2021, N
umber:
010/L
6/
AK
/SP
2H.
1/P
ENEL
ITIA
N/2019
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Nasrudin
A.
Rah
im
,
Krism
adi
n
ata
Chaniago
and
Jeyra
j
Selv
araj,
“Singl
e
-
ph
ase
se
ven
-
le
v
el
gr
id
-
c
onnec
t
ed
inv
ert
e
r
for
photovoltaic
sys
te
m,
”
IE
EE
T
rans
.
Ind.
El
e
ct
r
on
,
vol
.
58
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
2435
-
2443
,
June
2011
.
[2]
L
.
Heru
Prato
m
o,
F
.
Dana
ng
W
ij
ay
a
and
Ek
a
Fi
rma
nsyah,
“Im
p
eda
nc
e
match
in
g
m
et
hod
in
two
-
stage
conv
ert
e
r
s
for
single
phase
PV
-
grid
sys
te
m,”
Inte
rnat
ional
J
ournal
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
and
Comput
er
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol
.
5,
no.
4
,
pp
.
626
-
6
35,
Aug 2015
,
D
OI
:
10.
11
591/
ij
e
ce
.
v5
i4.
pp626
-
6
35.
[3]
Jia
-
Min
Shen
,
Hurng
-
Li
ahng
J
ou,
Jinn
-
Ch
ang
Wu
and
Kuen
-
Der
Wu,
“Fiv
e
-
l
eve
l
inv
erter
for
ren
ewa
bl
e
power
gene
ra
ti
on
sys
t
em
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ene
rgy
Conv
ersion
,
vo
l.
28
,
no.
2
,
pp.
257
-
266,
Jun
2013
,
DOI
:
10.
1109/TEC.
2013.
2252
35
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
&
D
ri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd im
pleme
nta
ti
on
of
a
si
ng
le
-
phas
e fi
ve
-
le
vel
inv
ert
er
… (
Le
on
ar
dus
H
er
u Pr
atomo
)
911
[4]
M.
M.
R
enge
an
d
H.
M.
Suryaw
anshi,
“Fiv
e
-
le
v
el
diod
e
clamped
inv
erter
to
e
limina
t
e
co
mm
on
mode
voltage
an
d
red
uce
dv/d
t
in
me
d
ium
voltag
e
r
at
ing
indu
ct
i
on
mot
or
driv
es,
”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Powe
r
Elec
tron
,
vol
.
23,
no.
4
,
pp.
1598
-
1160
,
J
ul
2008,
DOI
:
1
0.
1109
/T
PE
L.
20
08.
925423.
[5]
Engi
n
Ozd
em
ir
,
Sule
Ozde
m
ir
a
nd
Le
on
M.
Tolbert
“Fundam
en
ta
l
fr
eque
n
cy
m
odula
t
ed
six
-
l
ev
el
diod
e
-
c
la
mp
e
d
mul
tilevel
inve
r
t
er
for
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
stand
-
al
one
p
hotovol
taic
sys
t
em
,
”
I
EEE
Tr
an
s.
Ind.
El
e
ct
ron
,
vol
56,
no
.
11
,
pp.
4407
-
4415
,
Nov
2009,
DOI
: 10.1109/
TI
E.
20
08.
928096.
[6]
Robert
St
al
a
,
St
ani
slaw
Pirog
,
Marc
in
B
asz
ynski,
Andr
ze
j
Mondzik,
Adam
Pe
ncz
ek
,
Jarosl
aw
Cze
konski,
e
t
al
.
,
“Re
sults
o
f
inves
ti
gat
ion
of
mu
lticell
conve
r
te
rs
with
b
al
an
ci
ng
c
irc
uit
—
Pa
rt
I,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
Elec
tron
,
vo
l.
56,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
26
10
-
2619,
Jul
200
9,
DOI
:
10
.
1109
/T
IE
.
2009.
2021
681.
[7]
Robert
St
al
a
,
St
ani
slaw
Pirog
,
Marc
in
B
asz
ynski,
Andr
ze
j
Mondzik,
Adam
Pe
ncz
ek
,
Jarosl
aw
Cze
konski,
e
t
al
.
,
“Re
sults
of
inves
ti
gat
ion
of
mu
lticell
conve
rt
ers
with
balanc
ing
c
irc
uit
—
Pa
rt
II
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Ind
.
E
le
c
tron
,
vol
.
56,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
26
20
-
2628,
Jul
200
9,
DOI
:
10
.
1109
/T
IE
.
2009.
2022
562.
[8]
Vahid
Darga
h
i,
Arash
Khos
hkbar
Sadigh,
Mos
tafa
Abar
za
deh
,
Mohamm
ad
Reza
Ali
za
de
h
Pahl
ava
ni
and
Abba
s
Shoulai
e
,
“Fly
in
g
ca
p
ac
i
tors
red
uct
ion
in
an
im
p
rove
d
doubl
e
f
ly
ing
c
apa
c
it
or
m
ult
icell
conv
erte
r
cont
ro
ll
ed
by
a
modi
fie
d
modulati
on
m
et
hod,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
O
n
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
,
vol
.
27,
n
o.
9
,
pp
.
3875
-
3887,
Sep
t
201
2,
DOI
:
10
.
1109/TP
EL
.
2012.
21886
47.
[9]
Ans
huma
n
Shukla,
Arinda
m
Gho
sh
and
Avin
ash
Jos
hi,
“
Na
tura
l
b
al
an
ci
ng
of
f
lyi
n
g
c
apa
c
it
or
volta
ges
in
multicell
inve
rt
er
und
er
P
D
ca
rr
ie
r
-
b
ase
d
PWM
,”
I
EEE
T
rans
act
ions
on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
roni
cs
,
vol
.
26,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
1682
-
1693
,
Jun 2010,
DOI
: 10.1109/
TPE
L.
2
010.
2089807.
[10]
Amin
As
hra
f
G
andom
i
,
K
az
e
m
Vare
si
and
Sey
ed
Hos
sein
Hos
seini
,
“
Control
s
tra
t
egy
applied
on
doubl
e
flyi
n
g
ca
pa
ci
tor
mu
lt
i
-
c
el
l
inv
erter
for
i
ncr
ea
sing
nu
mb
er
of
g
ene
r
at
ed
volt
ag
e
le
v
el
s
,”
IET
Pow
er
El
e
c
tronic
s
,
vol
.
8,
no.
6
,
pp
.
887
-
8
97,
June
2015,
DOI
:
10.
1049/
ie
t
-
pel
.
2014
.
0475.
[11]
P.
L
ezana
and
R.
Ac
ei
tón
,
“
Hybrid
multicell
conve
r
te
r
:
topo
logy
and
modu
la
ti
on
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l. 58, n
o.
9
,
pp
.
3938
-
3
945,
Sept
2011,
DOI
:
10.
1109/TI
E.
2010.
2102316
.
[12]
El
en
a
Vi
ll
anu
ev
a,
Pablo
Corre
a,
Jos
É
Rodrigu
ez
and
Mario
Pac
a
s,
“Con
trol
of
a
single
ph
ase
ca
s
ca
ded
H
-
bridg
e
mul
tilevel
inve
r
te
r
fo
r
gr
id
-
con
nec
t
ed
pho
tovoltaic
sys
te
ms
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
In
d.
El
e
ct
ron
,
vo
l.
56
,
no.
11,
pp.
4399
-
4406
,
Nov 2009,
DOI
: 10.1109/
FTIE
.
2
009.
2029579.
[13]
Carl
o
Ce
cati,
Fa
briz
io
C
ia
n
ce
t
ta
and
Pier
lui
gi
Siano,
“A
mul
t
ile
vel
inv
erter
for
photovol
taic
sys
te
ms
with
fuz
zy
logi
c
con
trol
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind.
E
lectro
n
,
vo
l.
57,
no.
12
,
pp.
4115
-
4125,
De
c
2010
,
DOI
:
10.
1109/T
I
E.
20
10.
2044119.
[14]
E.
Naj
afi
,
et
a
l
.
,
“D
esign
and
i
m
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
of
a
new
multil
evel
inve
rt
er
topo
lo
gy,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Ind.
Elec
tron
,
vol.
59
,
no
.
11
,
p
p.
4148
-
4154
,
N
ov
2012.
[15]
E.
Bab
aei
and
M.
S.
Moeinian
,
“Asymme
tr
i
c
c
asc
ade
d
multil
e
vel
inv
erter
wit
h
cha
rg
e
ba
la
nc
e
cont
ro
l
of
a
lo
w
resolut
ion
symm
et
ri
c
subs
ystem,
”
in
En
ergy
Con
ve
rs
ion
Manage
ment
,
vo
l. 51, no
.
11
,
pp
.
2272
-
2
278,
2010
.
[16]
Ebra
hi
m
Babaei
,
Mohammad
F
arh
adi
Kan
gar
lu
and
Mohamma
d
Ali
Hos
seinzade
h,
“Asymmetric
al
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
conve
rt
er
topol
o
gy
with
r
educ
ed
numb
er
of
components,
”
I
ET
P
ower
E
le
c
tronics
,
vol
.
6,
no
.
6,
pp.
1188
-
1196
,
Nov 2013,
DOI
: 10.1049/
i
et
-
pe
l.2012.0497.
[17]
C.
Dhan
am
j
ayu
lu
and
S.
Meik
anda
siva
m
,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
a
nd
com
p
ari
son
of
sym
me
tr
ic
and
asymmetric
mul
tilevel
inv
ert
ers
fo
r
dyna
mi
c
loa
ds
,
”
I
EE
E
Acce
ss
,
vol.
6
,
pp
,
738
-
746,
D
ec
2017
,
DOI
:
10.
1109/ACCESS
.
2017.
2775203.
[18]
S.
Y.
Darm
i
an
a
nd
S.
M
Bara
k
ati
,
“
A
new
asym
me
tric
mu
lt
i
le
ve
l
inve
r
te
r
with
r
educ
ed
nu
mbe
r
of
com
ponen
ts
,
”
IEE
E
Journal
o
f
Eme
rging
and
Selec
t
ed
Topi
c
s
in
Pow
er
E
lectronic
s
,
Vol.
8
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
43
33
-
4342,
2019
,
DOI
:
10.
1109/J
ESTPE.
2019.
29
45757.
[19]
L.
H.
Pratom
o
,
“
One
le
g
cont
rol
strat
egy in
singl
e
-
phase
f
ive
-
l
ev
el
inv
erter,”
The
2019
Inte
rnation
al
Symposium o
n
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
E
le
c
tronic
s E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
2019.
[20]
Suros
o,
Daru
T
ri
Nugroho,
Ab
dull
ah
Nur
Az
is
and
Toshih
iko
Noguchi
,
“Simplifi
ed
f
ive
-
l
evel
vol
ta
g
e
sourc
e
inve
rt
er
wi
th
le
v
el
-
phase
shift
ed,”
Indon
esian
Jo
urnal
of
E
lectrical
Engi
ne
ering
a
nd
Computer
Sc
ie
nc
e
(IJ
E
ECS)
,
vol.
13
,
no
.
pp
.
4
61
-
468,
Feb
201
9,
DOI
:
10
.
1159
1/i
jeec
s.v13
.
i2
.
p
p461
-
468.
[21]
L
.
H.
Pratom
o
,
“A
new
topo
l
ogy
of
a
singl
e
-
phase
fiv
e
-
le
v
e
l
inve
r
te
r
,
“
In
donesian
Journ
al
of
E
lectric
al
Engi
ne
ering
and
Informatic
s (
IJ
EE
I)
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
3,
pp
.
447
-
456
,
Sept
2020,
DOI
:
10.
11591/
ij
e
ei.v
8i3.
1766.
[22]
Domingo
Ruiz
-
Caba
llero,
Ren
é
Sanhue
za,
H
éc
tor
Verga
r
a,
Miguel
Lope
z
,
Marc
e
lo
Lobo
Heldwe
in
and
Sami
r
A
hm
ad
Mus
sa,
“Ca
sc
a
ded
symm
et
ri
cal
hybrid
mu
lt
i
l
eve
l
DC
-
AC
c
onver
te
r
”,
in
P
roc.
o
f
ECCE
,
pp.
4012
-
4019
,
2010,
DOI
:
10
.
1
109/E
CCE
.
2010
.
5617805.
[23]
Suros
o,
Abdullah
Nur
Aziz
and
Toshihi
ko
Nogu
chi
,
“Five
-
le
v
el
PWM
inve
rter
with
a
single
DC
power
source
fo
r
DC
-
AC
power
c
onver
sion,”
Int
e
rnational
Journal
of
Pow
er
E
lec
tronic
s
and
Dr
ive
S
yste
m
(I
JPE
DS)
,
vol
.
8
,
no.
3,
pp.
1230
-
1237
,
Sept
2017,
DOI
:
10.
11591/
ij
peds
.
v8.
i3
.
pp1212
-
1
219.
[24]
R.
S.
Alishah
,
and
S.
H.
Hos
seini,
“A
new
mul
tilevel
inv
er
te
r
struc
ture
for
high
-
power
ap
pli
c
at
ions
using
mul
ticar
r
ie
r
PW
M
sw
it
chi
ng
str
at
egy
”,
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Sy
stem
(IJ
P
EDS)
,
vol.
6,
no.
2
,
pp.
318
-
325
,
Jun
e
2015,
DOI
:
10
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11591/i
jpe
ds
.
v6.
i2.
pp318
-
325.
[25]
P.
Roshankuma
r
,
P.
P.
R
aj
e
eva
n
,
K.
Math
ew,
K.
Gopak
uma
r
,
Jo
se
I.
Le
on
and
Le
opoldo
G.
Fra
nquel
o,
“A
f
ive
-
le
ve
l
inv
erter
to
pology
with
sin
gle
-
DC
supply
by
ca
sc
adi
ng
a
flyi
ng
ca
pa
citor
inve
rt
er
and
an
H
-
bridge
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
ans on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
27,
no.
8,
pp.
35
05
-
3512,
Agus
t 2012,
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1
109/T
PEL
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201
2.
2185714.
[26]
J.
Salm
on
,
J.
Ew
anc
huk
and
A.
Knight,
“PWM
i
nver
te
rs
using
split
wound
coupl
e
d
inductors,”
20
08
IEEE
Industr
y
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons So
c
ie
t
y
Annua
l
M
eeting
,
2008,
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