In
te
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ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
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Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
917~
9
2
7
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
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v10
.
i
2.pp
9
17-
92
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917
Jou
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l
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o
me
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ge
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ht
tp:
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score
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com
/
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x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Renewable power interf
ace based rural tel
ecom
W
.
M
argaret Amut
h
a,
H
. C
aleb A
n
d
rew
,
A
. Debie
S
h
a
jie,
J. Pravee
n
I
m
m
a
nu
el
P
a
u
l
r
a
j
Depart
me
nt
o
f
EMT,
Karunya Ins
titute of Technolo
gy
and Sciences
, Ind
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Sep 6,
2018
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
9
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 15,
2
0
1
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To
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Marga
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a
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w
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t
c
.
Y
o
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s
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f
M
o
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m
o
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d
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t
a
l.
[
1]
,
and
P
r
adhan
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t
a
l.
[
2],
ha
ve
d
i
s
cu
ssed
the
p
hot
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lta
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c
m
ode
ll
in
g
a
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a
th
[
3
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[
4
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d
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mode
l
lin
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simu
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A
c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
1
7–
927
91
8
a
c
hie
v
e,
r
elia
ble,
e
n
v
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r
onm
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l
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y
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in
ter
r
up
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s
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p
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t
w
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mor
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numbe
r
o
f
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newa
ble e
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system
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e in
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a
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ter
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A
s
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por
te
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,
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kar
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th
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t
a
l
.
,
[
9-
12]
t
h
e
in
ter
f
ace
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te
m
s
f
or
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w
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t
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uc
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d
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s
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t
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n
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tr
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l
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gh
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co
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I
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a
s
yste
m
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t
h
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s
na
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[
1
3
-
15]
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e
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c
om
e
too
larg
e
for
i
t
s par
tic
ul
a
r
a
pp
lic
at
ion
where
size
an
d
w
eig
h
t
a
re
a
n issue.
A
c
cor
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
16-
2
0]
J
a
f
a
r
M
ar
ja
ni
e
t
al.
,
S
ur
e
s
h
et
a
l.
,
Mar
i
a
B
e
l
l
a
F
e
r
r
a
r
a
e
t
.
a
l
.
,
S
a
j
i
b
e
t
a
l
.
,
a
n
d
Ja
y
a
laks
hmi
e
t
a
l
.
,
a
si
n
g
le
m
ul
t
i
-
p
o
r
t
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
t
o
po
l
o
g
y
ca
n
be
a
n
a
lte
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
t
o
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
ner
g
y
sour
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
fa
c
i
n
g
.
I
t
i
s
mor
e
a
dva
n
t
age
o
us
t
o
use
i
n
tegr
a
t
e
d
c
o
nver
t
er
s
w
i
t
h
m
ul
t
i
p
l
e
p
o
r
ts
i
ns
tea
d
o
f
s
e
ve
r
a
l
in
d
i
v
i
dua
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
a
s
it
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
in
l
e
s
s
co
m
pone
n
t
c
o
u
n
t
,
lo
wer
c
o
st.
I
t
c
an
d
e
l
i
v
er
p
o
w
er
t
o
the
l
o
a
d
e
ithe
r
sim
u
lta
ne
ousl
y
o
r
i
n
di
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
y
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
ba
tt
e
r
y
u
t
i
l
iz
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
o
t
his
pa
per
pr
o
pose
s
a
s
in
gle
c
u
k
-
sepi
c
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d
c
on
ver
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
hybr
i
d
s
o
l
ar
-
w
ind
r
e
ne
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
our
ce
s
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
r
ur
a
l
t
e
l
e
c
o
m
.
A
s
r
e
por
te
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
erat
u
r
e
[21
]
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
m
axi
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
oin
t
t
rack
i
n
g
t
ec
hn
ique
(
MP
PT)
alg
o
ri
thm
is
a
ls
o
necessar
y
t
o
extract
a
s
m
u
ch
p
ower
a
s
possible
f
r
om
t
he
s
olar
a
n
d
w
ind
w
h
e
n
i
ts
i
r
r
adia
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
pe
e
d
c
h
an
ges.
E
x
i
stin
g
l
i
t
er
a
r
ur
e
[2
2]
a
l
s
o
de
a
l
t
ab
ou
t
P
I
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r
,
M
P
P
T
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
f
or
m
ul
tip
le
r
e
n
e
w
able
e
n
er
g
y
s
our
ce
s
w
i
t
h
s
epa
r
a
t
e
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
nve
r
t
er
s.
T
his
pa
per
pr
o
p
o
ses
a
MP
P
T
a
lg
or
it
hm
f
or
h
y
b
r
i
d
so
la
r
-
wi
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
th
a
s
ing
l
e
cu
k-se
p
i
c
int
e
g
r
a
t
ed
DC
-
DC
c
onvert
e
r
.
Most co
m
m
on m
e
tho
d
t
o a
c
h
ie
ve
M
P
P
T in
so
lar
a
nd
w
i
n
d
s
yste
ms
i
s
p
e
r
t
ur
b
&
o
b
se
r
v
e
(
P
&O
)
algor
i
t
hm.
I
n
t
h
is
p
aper
,
the
p
e
rt
urba
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
bse
r
v
e
(
P
&O)
me
t
h
o
d
i
s
u
sed
f
o
r
bot
h
the
s
o
l
a
r
and
w
i
n
d
e
ner
g
y
so
u
r
ce
s
.
Th
is
p
ape
r
i
s
or
ga
nize
d
a
s
f
ol
low
s
.
The
f
i
r
s
t
sec
t
i
o
n
is
a
s
h
o
r
t
o
v
erv
i
ew
o
f
the
liter
a
ture.
In
t
he
se
co
nd
s
ec
t
i
o
n
b
l
oc
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
,
s
ystem
des
c
r
i
pti
o
n
a
n
d
si
m
u
lat
i
on
r
e
s
ult
s
o
f
si
n
g
l
e
c
uk-se
p
i
c
in
t
e
rf
ace
b
a
s
ed
sol
a
r-
wi
n
d
hybri
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
po
w
e
ri
ng
r
u
r
a
l
t
el
eco
m
wi
th
M
PP
T
and
w
it
h
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
a
r
e pr
ese
n
t
e
d.
T
hi
r
d
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
a
l
s
a
bou
t
th
e
si
mu
l
a
ti
on
res
u
lt
s
an
d
ef
fi
c
i
en
c
y
c
omp
a
ri
son
.
F
our
t
h
s
ec
t
i
o
n
c
on
ta
in
s
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
de
sc
r
i
pt
ion
a
n
d
r
e
sult
s.
F
i
na
ll
y,
t
he
f
i
ndi
n
g
s
of
t
he
i
nve
st
i
g
a
ti
o
n
s
ar
e
hig
h
lig
hte
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
onc
l
u
s
i
o
n
.
2.
BL
OCK D
I
AGRAM
The
bloc
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
c
u
k
-
sepic
in
ter
f
ac
e
w
itho
u
t
a
nd
w
i
t
h
M
PPT
f
o
r
p
o
we
ri
ng
r
u
r
al
t
el
eco
m
i
s
show
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
I
t
cont
ai
ns
t
w
o
g
e
n
er
a
tin
g
p
o
w
e
r
pl
a
n
ts,
a
s
olar
s
yste
m
and
a
w
i
nd
s
y
stem
.
A
C
pow
e
r
ob
ta
ine
d
f
r
o
m
w
i
n
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
i
s
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
t
o
dc
p
ow
e
r
u
si
n
g
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
c
i
r
cui
t
a
nd
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
t
he
in
terface
c
irc
u
i
t
.
Sola
r
p
o
wer
is
d
i
r
ect
ly
c
o
n
ne
cte
d
t
o
t
h
e
int
e
r
f
a
ce
c
i
r
c
ui
t.
B
ot
h
t
h
e
sol
a
r
an
d
wind
s
y
s
t
e
ms
a
r
e
incor
p
o
r
at
e
d
t
o
g
et
her
us
in
g
a
sing
le
r
ene
w
able
power
i
nter
f
ac
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
T
he
l
o
a
d
is
s
up
p
l
i
e
d
ma
inl
y
f
r
o
m
wi
nd
s
yst
e
m
du
r
i
n
g
wint
e
r
time
wh
e
r
ea
s
so
l
a
r
sy
st
e
m
i
s
su
ppl
i
e
d
dur
ing
sum
m
e
r
p
er
i
od.
T
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
c
uk-
se
pic
in
terfa
c
e
is use
d
for
char
gin
g
t
he
ba
tter
y
tha
t su
p
p
lem
e
n
ts p
o
w
er t
o
th
e t
e
l
eco
m l
o
a
d
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
gr
am
o
f
cuk-
se
pic
i
n
t
e
rf
a
c
e
(
wit
hou
t/
with
)M
PPT
F
i
gur
e
2.
E
qu
i
v
ale
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
f
s
ola
r
ce
l
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Re
ne
wa
b
l
e
p
o
wer i
n
te
rf
ace
b
a
se
d rura
l te
le
c
o
m
(
W
.
Marg
are
t
Am
ut
ha)
91
9
2.
1.
S
y
stem
d
escr
i
p
tion
2.
1.
1.
S
olar
s
y
s
t
e
m
S
o
lar
cel
l
is
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
e
lem
e
n
t
o
f
a
s
o
lar
phot
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
ys
te
m.
A
s
o
l
a
r
c
e
l
l
i
s
a
s
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
d
i
o
d
e
w
hose
p-
n
j
u
n
c
ti
o
n
i
s
ope
n
to
t
he
l
i
g
h
t
.
Wh
e
n
s
u
n
l
i
g
ht
s
tr
i
k
es
the
so
lar
c
e
ll
ju
nc
t
i
o
n
,
fre
e
e
lec
t
ro
ns
a
n
d
h
ole
s
a
r
e
gene
r
a
te
d
a
nd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
i
s
d
e
l
i
ver
e
d
t
o
t
he
l
oa
d
w
h
en
it
is
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
i
t
e
d
.
A
gr
ou
p
i
ng
o
f
s
olar
c
e
l
l
s
f
or
m
s
a
so
lar
pa
ne
l.
T
o
ob
ta
in
l
arge
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ol
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
a
r
e
fo
r
m
e
d
b
y
co
nnec
t
in
g
s
o
l
a
r
ce
l
l
s
i
n
s
er
ies
and
t
o
a
c
hie
v
e
l
a
r
g
e
ou
tpu
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ell
s
a
r
e
c
o
nne
cted
i
n
pa
r
a
l
l
el
.
F
igur
e
2
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
e
q
u
i
va
l
e
nt
c
ir
cu
i
t
o
f
a
so
l
a
r
cell. Th
e
b
asic eq
u
a
tion
th
a
t
d
escr
i
b
es th
e
I
-
V
c
h
a
r
acteris
tics
o
f the
s
o
l
a
r c
e
ll i
s
gi
v
e
n
a
s,
II
I
e
x
p
∗
∗∗
1
(
1
)
Where
I
s
:
I
n
ci
den
t
s
u
n
l
i
ght
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
d
:
Sh
oc
kl
ey
d
io
de eq
u
a
ti
o
n
q
:E
lec
t
r
on
cha
r
g
e
(
1.
602
x
1
0
-
1
9
C
)
k
:
B
o
lt
z
m
a
n
cons
t
a
n
t
(
1
.
3
806
x
1
0
-
23
J/
K
)
T
:
Tem
p
er
a
t
ur
e
of
t
he
p
-
n
j
unc
t
i
o
n
a
:
Di
o
d
e
idea
li
t
y
c
onsta
n
t
To
o
bser
ve
s
o
l
ar
c
ha
r
a
c
t
er
ist
i
c
s
s
ome
a
ddit
i
ona
l
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
s
ho
uld
be
i
nc
l
u
de
d
in
(
1)
.
Hence
the
e
qua
t
i
o
n
i
s
rep
r
esente
d
as,
II
I
exp
∗
∗
1
∗
(
2
)
Where
V
t
: T
h
e
r
m
a
l vo
l
t
a
ge
R
s
&
R
p
:
E
qui
va
le
n
t
s
e
r
ies
and
pa
r
a
l
l
e
l
r
esist
a
nces
The
i
n
ci
de
nt
l
i
g
h
t
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
solar
ce
ll
de
pe
n
d
s
on
sola
r
ir
r
a
d
ia
t
i
on.
I
t
ca
n be
e
xpr
e
s
se
d
a
s
,
I
I
,
K
∗
Δ
I
∗G
/
G
(
3
)
Where
I
s,
n
:
I
n
c
id
e
n
t
li
ght
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
at
no
min
a
l
c
ond
it
io
n
s
(
2
5οC
a
nd
1
00
0W/
m2)
ΔT
- T
-
T
n
:
(
di
f
f
er
ence
be
t
we
en
act
ua
l
and n
o
m
i
nal
te
m
p
er
ature)
G
and
G
n
:
a
ctua
l
an
d n
o
m
in
a
l
irra
d
i
a
tion
respe
c
tive
l
y
I
I
e
x
p
∗
∗
(
4
)
Where
E
g
:
b
an
d
ga
p
ene
r
gy
o
f
t
he
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
I
on
:
N
omina
l
s
a
t
ur
ati
on
cur
r
en
t
B
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
bove
m
a
t
he
ma
t
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
ons
S
im
ulin
k
m
o
d
e
lli
ng
of
s
ol
a
r
m
odu
le
i
s
do
n
e
a
nd
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
IV
c
h
a
racteris
tics
o
f
s
o
lar
sys
t
em.
Fro
m
F
ig
ure
3
,
it
i
s
cl
ea
r
th
at
t
h
e
o
p
e
n
c
i
rcui
t
c
o
lt
ag
e
i
s
8
0
V
a
nd
the
shor
t
c
i
rcu
it
c
u
rr
ent
is
19A.
So,
t
h
e
to
t
a
l
so
lar
p
o
wer
c
onside
r
ed
f
or
t
he
a
na
lys
i
s
i
s
1
.
5
kW.
F
i
gur
e
4
gi
ves
so
la
r
c
u
r
r
e
nt
a
n
d
s
olar
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
n
d
s
o
l
ar
pow
er
o
f
the
sa
me
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
I
V
cha
r
ac
ter
i
st
i
c
s
o
f
t
he
s
olar
s
yste
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
1
7–
927
92
0
F
i
gur
e
4.
S
olar
c
ur
r
e
nt,
volta
ge
a
nd
pow
er
2
.
1
.
2
.
W
ind sy
s
tem
Wi
n
d
s
ys
tem
is
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
pr
om
is
i
n
g,
e
n
v
ir
onme
n
t
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y,
a
bu
n
da
n
t
a
va
i
l
a
b
le
s
o
u
r
c
es
o
f
a
n
a
l
te
r
n
at
i
v
e
ene
r
gy.
T
he
w
ind
sys
t
em
c
a
n
c
ons
i
s
t
o
f
a
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
ne
c
oup
le
d
w
i
t
h
a
p
e
r
m
a
nent
m
agne
t
syn
c
hr
o
nou
s
g
e
ner
a
t
o
r
(
P
MS
G
)
a
nd
a
r
e
c
t
i
f
ier
cir
c
ui
t
or
a
w
in
d
tu
rb
in
e
c
o
upl
e
d
t
o
a
dc
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
t
o
g
e
t
dc
vo
l
t
age.
W
ind
tur
b
ine
c
onve
r
t
s
t
h
e
kine
ti
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
w
i
n
d
in
t
o
m
echa
n
ic
al
e
ner
gy.
T
h
e
m
agni
tude
o
f
t
h
is
c
o
n
v
er
te
d
m
e
c
h
an
ica
l
e
ner
g
y
depe
n
d
s
on
t
h
e
a
i
r
de
ns
ity
a
nd
the
w
i
n
d
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y.
T
he
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
m
)
t
h
a
t
i
s
de
ve
l
ope
d
b
y
t
he
t
ur
bi
ne
i
s
g
i
ve
n
b
y
t
he
e
qu
a
t
i
o
n,
P
∗C
∗
λ,
β
∗ρ∗A
∗
w
(
5
)
Where
C
p
:
P
er
for
m
anc
e
c
oef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
of
t
ur
b
i
ne
ρ
:
A
i
r
densi
t
y
(
kg/m
3
)
A
:
Area o
f
tu
rb
in
e b
l
ad
es (m3
)
W
:
Wi
n
d
vel
oc
i
t
y
(m
/
sec)
λ
:
Tip
speed
r
at
i
o
of
t
h
e r
o
tor
blade
t
i
p
spee
d
to
w
in
d spee
d
β
:
B
l
a
d
e pit
c
h
a
n
g
l
e (d
eg
)
The
coe
ffic
i
en
t
C
p
i
s
the
fr
ac
t
i
o
n
o
f
k
i
ne
tic
e
nerg
y
wh
ich
is
c
onv
erte
d
by
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
i
n
to
me
ch
a
n
ic
al
e
n
e
rg
y
.
I
t
i
s
r
el
at
ed
t
o
t
h
e
ti
p
spe
e
d
ra
tio
(
λ).
Wi
n
d
t
ur
bi
ne
o
ut
put
t
or
q
u
e
(
T
m
)
c
an
b
e
ca
lc
ula
t
e
d
us
in
g
e
qua
t
i
on,
T
∗C
∗A
∗ρ∗
(
6
)
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
a
bov
e
eq
u
a
ti
on
s
a
S
i
mu
li
nk
m
odel
i
s
i
mp
l
e
ment
e
d
a
nd
F
i
gur
e
s
5
a
nd
6
s
h
o
w
s
gener
a
tor
spee
d
vs
m
e
c
h
a
ni
c
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ow
e
r
(
pu)
c
har
acter
i
s
t
i
cs
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
sy
st
em
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
vo
lt
ag
e
,
c
u
r
re
nt
,
po
wer
ob
ta
ine
d
f
rom
sim
u
l
a
ti
on.
Fi
g
u
r
e 5
.
Gen
e
r
at
o
r
sp
e
ed
Vs M
ech
a
n
i
c
a
l
o
ut
p
u
t
pow
er
F
i
gur
e
6.
W
ind
volta
ge,
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
nd
pow
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rene
wa
b
l
e po
wer inte
rf
ace
b
a
se
d rura
l
te
l
e
com
(W. Marg
are
t
Am
ut
ha)
92
1
2.1.
3. P
&O algor
ith
m
Mo
de
l
i
n
g
o
f
per
t
ur
b
an
d
o
b
serve
(P
&
O
)
ma
xi
m
u
m
pow
e
r
p
oi
n
t
a
l
g
or
it
hm
i
s
d
i
scusse
d
here
.
Re
new
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
so
ur
ces
a
re
a
f
or
m
of
u
ns
tab
l
e
ene
r
g
y
.
S
o,
it
is
n
ec
e
ssar
y
t
o
tra
c
k
the
m
a
x
i
mum
pow
er
po
int
(
M
P
P
)
con
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
i
n
orde
r
t
o
m
a
x
im
ize
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
ou
tp
u
t
from
the
renewable
e
n
e
r
gy
s
ou
rce
s
.
Th
ere
are
seve
ral
M
P
P
tra
c
kin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
at
ure
,
s
uc
h
as
P
er
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
O
b
s
e
r
va
t
i
on
(
P
&O
)
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
,
Incr
em
ental
C
o
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(IN
C
)
a
lg
ori
t
hm
,
neural
n
e
t
wo
rk
c
on
tro
l
,
f
u
zzy
l
og
i
c
c
on
t
r
o
l
a
nd
d
ig
it
a
l
s
ig
n
a
l
proce
ssor
ba
se
d
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
on.
T
h
i
s
w
o
rk
u
se
s
P
e
rturb
and
O
b
se
r
v
e
(P
a
nd
O
)
a
l
g
or
it
hm
a
re
due
t
o
i
t
s
lea
s
t
cos
t
im
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
tio
n.
I
n
P
&
O
a
l
g
o
r
it
hm
,
a
sm
all
pert
urba
ti
on
is
i
n
t
rod
u
ce
d
in
e
ver
y
i
t
e
ra
tio
n
to
a
lter
the
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
in
order
t
o
f
orce
t
he
ope
rat
i
n
g
p
oin
t
t
o
move
n
ear
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
um
p
o
w
er.
This
a
l
g
ori
t
hm
c
o
m
pa
res
the
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
the
pre
v
iou
s
s
t
e
p
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
ne
w
st
e
p
t
o
deter
m
ine
t
he
n
e
x
t
per
t
ur
bat
i
on.
I
f
the
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
s
due
t
o
t
h
e
a
d
d
e
d
pe
rt
urbat
i
o
n
t
h
en
t
he
p
er
tu
rba
t
i
o
n
w
ill
re
ma
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
sa
me
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
.
I
f
po
we
r
d
e
c
r
ease
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
a
d
d
e
d
p
erturba
tio
n
t
h
e
n
t
he
p
er
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
ver
s
es
t
h
e
d
i
rect
io
n
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
st
ead
y-s
t
at
e
i
s
r
e
a
c
h
ed
,
t
h
e
alg
o
ri
t
h
m
osc
i
l
l
ate
s
a
r
oun
d
t
h
e
pe
ak
p
oi
n
t
.
In
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
ma
inta
i
n
sm
al
l
va
r
i
at
i
o
n
,
t
he
p
er
tur
b
a
tio
n
size
i
s
ke
pt
very
s
m
a
l
l
.
T
h
e
w
o
rk
i
ng
of
P
&O
a
lgor
it
hm
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
rate
d
in
t
he
F
i
g
u
re
6
(
a
).
C
ompa
r
i
so
n
o
f
s
ola
r
o
u
t
put
pow
er
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
ith
o
u
t
MP
P
T
,
w
i
nd
o
u
tp
ut
pow
er
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
th
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
6(b)
a
n
d
6
(
c
)
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
F
r
om
t
he
f
ig
u
r
es,
it
is
e
x
p
lic
it
tha
t
t
he
c
uk-se
p
ic
c
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
M
P
P
T
p
roduce
s
m
or
e
rene
w
a
ble
p
o
w
e
r.
(a)
(b)
(c
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
(a).
F
low chart for P
&O alg
or
i
t
hm
F
i
gure
6. Com
paris
on o
f
s
o
l
a
r
a
nd w
i
nd p
o
w
e
r
,
(b)
wi
th
a
nd (
c
) without MP
P
T
2.2.
De
sign
of
cuk
-
se
pic
i
n
ter
f
ace t
o
polo
gy
The
i
n
terface
i
s
opera
t
e
d
i
n
c
on
tin
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
tio
n
mode
o
f
o
p
e
r
at
io
n,
t
he
a
vera
ge
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
con
v
er
t
e
r
can
b
e c
a
lcu
l
a
t
e
d
a
s,
(7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
917
–9
2
7
92
2
the i
n
duc
t
o
r
and c
a
pa
ci
tor
val
u
es
can
b
e
calc
u
la
t
e
d as
f
ol
lo
ws
∆
∗
(8
)
∆
∗
(9
)
∆
∗
(1
0
)
∆
∗
(
1
1
)
∆
∗
(
1
2
)
∆
∆
(1
3
)
Whe
r
e,
D
:
Du
ty
cy
c
l
e
V
o
:
O
ut
pu
t v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
:
Inp
ut v
o
lta
ge
f
: S
w
i
t
c
h
in
g
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q
ue
nc
y of t
he
s
w
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tc
h
= 2
0kH
z
Th
e
t
o
pol
ogy
o
f
cuk
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se
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e
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out
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n
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wi
th
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P
P
T
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s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
7a
a
n
d
7
b
respe
c
t
i
ve
l
y
.
I
t
i
s
al
so
t
he
c
om
bi
na
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of
c
uk
a
nd
se
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i
c
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e
rte
r
s.
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n
or
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e
r
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e
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o
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p
o
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t
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se
e
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ici
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ncy,
c
omp
o
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nts
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a
n
d
se
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i
c
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n
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erter
s
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re
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rrang
ed
i
n
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h
a
w
a
y
t
ha
t
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
on
elem
en
ts a
re
s
hare
d be
tw
e
e
n the
m
se
lve
s
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
7.
C
u
k
-
s
e
p
i
c
in
t
erface
w
it
ho
u
t
(
a) MPP
T,
(
c) w
ith M
P
P
T
I
n
F
igure
7(
a)
a
nd
7(
b),
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
erter
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
p
roce
s
s
p
ow
e
r
f
r
o
m
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r
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nel,
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ep
ic
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on
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s
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t
o
proce
s
s
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
from
w
ind
s
y
ste
m
,
both
the
o
u
t
p
u
t
s
ar
e
con
n
e
cted
t
o
a
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m
on
dc
l
i
nk
w
h
ic
h
i
s
use
d
t
o pow
er the l
oa
d,
t
he
refor
e
it is sui
ta
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e for s
y
ste
m
s w
i
th l
ow
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l
t
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ge rat
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s bot
h
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n
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n
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o
t
h
t
h
e
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i
r
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i
t
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i
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l
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d
w
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t
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e
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L
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o
f
158
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2
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4.
1
6
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L
3
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f
108
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f
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h
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ng
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z
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i
t
s
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
I
t
i
s
d
e
s
i
r
e
d
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
-
48V
a
n
d
2
3
A
fr
om
a
n
in
pu
ts
o
f
8
0
V
and
50V
.
Bat
t
er
y
pow
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
use
d
a
s
ba
ck
u
p
p
ow
er
w
hic
h
c
an
c
o
mp
e
n
sa
t
e
l
oad
d
e
ma
n
d
w
he
n
n
e
e
d
ed
.
The
in
put
a
n
d
out
put
v
olt
a
g
e
re
l
a
tio
n
sh
ip
o
f
t
h
e
cu
k
-
se
p
i
c
i
n
t
e
rf
ace
to
pol
o
gy i
s
de
r
ive
d
by
app
l
y
i
ng
v
o
l
t-se
c
o
n
d
ba
l
a
nce
o
n
i
n
d
u
ct
or
s L
1
,
L
2
a
nd
L
3
.
Induc
tor
L
1
gives
,
d
*V
1-d
*
V
-V
0
(
1
4
)
On
i
nd
u
c
to
r
L
3
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rene
wa
b
l
e po
wer inte
rf
ace
b
a
se
d rura
l
te
l
e
com
(W. Marg
are
t
Am
ut
ha)
92
3
d
∗V
1
d
∗
V
V
V
0
(
1
5
)
On
i
nd
u
c
to
r
L
2
,
d
∗
V
V
1d
∗
V
d
d
∗
V
0
(
1
6
)
B
y
r
earrangi
n
g
the
equa
t
i
ons (14),
(
15) a
nd (16),
the
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
age
ex
pr
es
sion
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
V
V
∗
V
∗
V
(
1
7
)
Whe
r
e,
V
1
= V
s
=Solar
vo
l
t
a
ge
V
2
= V
w
=Wi
n
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
V
c1
, V
c2
a
nd V
c3
=
V
o
lta
ge
a
cross Ca
pa
c
itor
s
C
1,
C
2
a
nd
C
3
d
1
= d
pv
=
d
ut
y cyc
l
e
o
f
sw
i
t
c
h S
1
d
2
= d
w
=d
ut
y c
y
cle o
f
sw
itc
h S
2
3.
OPE
R
A
T
ING
MODES
D
e
pen
d
i
n
g
on
t
he
c
on
duc
ti
ng
s
t
a
tes
o
f
pow
e
r
s
w
itc
hes
S
1
a
nd
S
2,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
f
o
u
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
mode
s. They a
r
e (i) Mode-1 (S
1
O
N,
S
2
O
N
)
,
(
i
i) Mo
d
e-2 (S
1-
ON
,
S
2 OF
F)
(
iii
)
M
o
de-
3
(
S
1-
OFF
, S2 O
N
)
and (
i
v) M
o
d
e-
4 (B
ot
h S
1
,
S
2
-OF
F
).
The
vol
tage a
n
d
curre
nt
w
a
v
e
fo
rms
o
f
cu
k
-
se
pi
c
int
e
rfa
c
e
t
op
ol
ogy
wit
h
MP
P
T
is give
n
in
F
igure
8.
F
i
gure
8.
V
olt
a
ge
a
nd c
u
rre
nt
w
avef
orm
s
(w
ith
M
P
P
T)
The
r
e
are
four
d
iffere
nt
m
od
es
o
f
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
of
c
u
k
-sep
ic
i
nter
f
ac
e
w
i
th
M
P
P
T
depe
ndi
ng
u
p
on
t
h
e
con
d
u
ct
i
on
s
t
a
t
es
o
f
t
h
e
swi
t
c
he
s
S
1
a
nd
S
2
.
T
he
w
o
r
king
pr
inc
i
p
l
e
of
d
iffe
rent
m
o
d
es
o
f
t
h
e
sa
me
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
bel
o
w
.
(i
)
M
o
de
-
1
:
F
i
gure
9(a)
s
h
o
w
s
the
c
u
r
r
ent
d
i
rec
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
nduc
to
r
s
(
I
L
)
when
b
ot
h
swi
t
che
s
S
1
and
S
2
are
c
ond
uc
t
i
n
g
.
T
he
d
i
o
des
D
1
,
D
2
ar
e
r
ever
se
b
ias
e
d.
The p
ow
e
r
del
iv
e
r
ed
fr
o
m
s
o
lar
c
h
a
r
ge
s t
h
e
in
duc
t
o
r L
1
and
t
h
e
w
i
nd
pow
er
c
har
g
es
i
n
d
u
ct
or
L
3
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
L
2
,
and
C
3
i
s
transf
er
red
to
C
2
,
b
a
tt
e
r
y
and
loa
d
.
(
i
i)
M
od
e-2:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
s
w
itc
h
S
1
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
s
,
s
w
i
t
c
h
S
2
i
s
in
O
F
F
positi
on.
T
he
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
c
urre
nt
direc
t
i
o
ns
a
re show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure 9(b).
The
di
o
d
e
D
1
i
s
i
n
r
ev
erse
b
iased
and
D
2
i
s
in forw
a
rd
b
iase
d. The pow
e
r
d
e
liv
e
r
ed
f
ro
m
sol
a
r
ch
a
r
g
e
s
in
du
ct
o
r
L
1
,
en
er
gy
s
tore
d
i
n
i
nd
uc
t
o
r
s
L
2
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
a
l
s
o
cha
r
ges C
2
.
En
er
gy st
ored
i
n
L
3
is transf
er
red
t
o
C
2
and
C
3
w
hic
h
c
har
g
es the
b
a
t
tery
a
n
d
load.
(i
ii
)
Mo
de
-3
:
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
s
w
i
c
h
S
1
i
s
in
O
FF
pos
iti
o
n
a
nd
S
2
is
i
n
O
F
F
posi
t
i
on.
T
h
e
d
io
des
D
1
i
s
forw
a
r
d bia
s
e
d
a
nd D
2
i
s reve
rse bi
a
s
e
d
a
s s
how
n i
n
F
i
g
ure 9(c)
. Ene
r
gy store
d
i
n i
n
du
cto
r
L
1
i
s t
r
an
sf
erre
d
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
9
1
7–
927
92
4
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
C
1
.
The
w
i
nd
s
o
ur
ce
c
har
g
e
s
t
he
i
n
duc
t
o
r
L
3
.
The
ene
r
g
y
s
tor
e
d
in
L
2
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
2
w
hi
c
h
f
e
e
ds
t
he
b
at
ter
y
a
n
d
t
he
l
oa
d.
(
i
v)
M
od
e
-
4:
F
i
gur
e
9(
d)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
e
qui
va
le
n
t
c
i
r
cu
i
t
f
or
t
h
i
s
mo
de
.
I
n
t
his
m
ode
b
oth
the
sw
i
t
ch
e
s
S
1
a
nd
S
2
a
r
e
not
c
o
n
duc
t
i
ng.
S
o
the
d
i
ode
s
D
1
a
nd
D
2
a
r
e
f
or
w
a
r
d
b
ias
e
d.
E
ner
gy
s
t
or
ed
i
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
L
1
i
s
tra
n
sferr
e
d
to
c
a
p
ac
it
or
C
1
.
Ener
g
y
i
n
st
or
ed
i
n
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
L
2
a
nd
L
3
a
re
t
ran
s
f
e
rred
to
C
2
a
nd
C
3
w
h
i
c
h
f
e
e
d
s
the
l
o
a
d
a
nd
c
h
a
r
ges
t
h
e
ba
t
t
er
y.
F
i
gur
e
9(
a)
.
M
ode
-
1
S
1
, S
2
-
ON
F
i
gur
e
9(
b)
.
M
ode
-
2
S
1
-O
N,
S
2
-O
FF
F
i
gur
e
9(
c
)
.
M
ode-
3
S
1
-O
FF
S
2
-
ON
F
i
gur
e
9(
d)
.
Mode-
4
S
1
, S
2
-
O
FF
4.
D
I
SC
U
S
SI
O
N
O
N
SI
M
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
pr
ed
ict
t
h
e
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e
of
t
he
c
u
k
-
s
ep
ic
i
n
t
er
f
a
c
e
to
pol
ogy
a
d
e
t
a
il
ed
MA
TLA
B
/
S
I
MU
LI
N
K
base
d
sim
u
la
t
i
o
n
i
s
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
o
n
bo
t
h
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
wi
t
h
out
M
PPT.
Th
e
out
put
v
olt
a
ge
is
r
egu
l
ated
at -4
8
V
and
cu
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
23
A
in
both
th
e cases. Fig
u
r
e
10 s
h
ow
s
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
nt
t
hr
ou
gh
t
h
e
loa
d
in
b
ot
h
the
ca
ses.
I
t
i
s
o
b
s
er
ved
tha
t
t
he
v
o
l
tage
acr
o
s
s
b
oth
th
e
t
opo
l
o
gi
es
a
re
m
ea
su
red
a
s
-
47
.
8
V
and
t
h
e
c
u
rr
e
n
t
th
ro
ugh
b
oth
t
h
e to
pol
ogi
e
s
a
re
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
as -2
3
A.
F
i
g
u
r
e
10.
V
olt
a
ge
a
c
r
oss
a
nd
cur
r
ent
t
h
r
o
ug
h
the
l
o
a
d
S
o
l
a
r
,
w
ind p
o
w
e
r
w
i
t
h
MP
P
T
a
n
d
w
i
t
ho
ut
M
P
P
T ar
e sho
w
n i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
1
1
(
a
)
and
1
1
(
b
)
.
F
igur
e
11(
a
)
e
x
h
i
bi
ts
t
hat
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
w
i
t
h
MP
P
T
i
s
ha
vin
g
i
ncr
e
ased
s
olar
pow
e
r
.
F
r
om
F
igur
e
1
1
(
b
)
,
i
t
is
c
l
e
ar
t
hat
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
M
P
PT
h
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
as
e
d
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Re
ne
wa
b
l
e
p
o
wer i
n
te
rf
ace
b
a
se
d rura
l te
le
c
o
m
(
W
.
Marg
are
t
Am
ut
ha)
92
5
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
(
a). So
l
a
r
p
o
w
er
w
i
t
h
an
d
w
ithou
t
MPP
T
F
i
gur
e
1
1
(
b
)
.
Wi
n
d
po
w
e
r
w
ith
a
n
d
w
i
t
ho
u
t
M
P
P
T
U
nde
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
ns
o
f
sam
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
pu
t
s
,
loa
d
pow
er
a
nd
t
h
e
de
si
gn
ed
v
a
l
ues
o
f
e
ner
g
y
st
or
a
g
e
el
ement
s
,
th
e
c
o
mp
on
en
t
w
i
s
e
lo
sse
s
are
ca
lc
u
l
at
ed
f
o
r
c
uk
-se
p
i
c
t
op
o
l
og
y
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
i
t
ho
u
t
M
P
P
T.
T
a
b
le
1
sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
ef
fi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
c
as
es.
Ef
fi
cie
n
c
ie
s of
t
he c
uk-
se
pic
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
ce w
i
t
h
out
an
d
w
it
h
MP
P
T
a
r
e
f
ou
nd
to
b
e
89%
a
nd
93%
.
Th
us
i
t
c
a
n
be
c
onc
lu
de
d
tha
t
c
uk-
sep
i
c
in
terfac
e
with
M
P
P
T
is
m
or
e
ef
fi
c
i
e
n
t
.
5.
HARDWARE IMPL
E
MENTAT
ION AND DI
S
C
US
S
I
O
N
Hard
wa
r
e
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
tio
n
of
t
h
e
c
uk
-sepi
c
i
nt
erf
a
c
e
t
opo
log
y
w
i
t
h
M
P
P
T
i
s
d
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
t
w
o
sour
c
e
s eac
h
o
f
1
2V
.
I
t
c
ons
ists of
pow
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
,
g
a
t
e
p
u
l
se ge
n
er
a
t
i
o
n
circ
uit an
d
cuk- sep
ic i
n
t
e
r
fac
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
e
x
p
la
i
n
e
d
i
n
br
ie
f
be
l
o
w
.
T
he
d
e
s
ig
n
of
c
u
k
-
sep
i
c
in
te
rfa
ce
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
e
l
ow:
12
V
o
lt
D
C
pow
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y,
2
A
m
p
s
(
S
ource
1
)
,
1
2
V
o
lt
D
C
pow
e
r
s
u
p
p
ly,
5
A
m
p
s
(S
our
ce
2
)
,
O
pt
oc
o
u
p
l
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
15
V
o
l
t
pow
e
r
s
upp
l
y
,
P
I
C18F
2
5
50
w
i
t
h
5
V
ol
t
pow
e
r
s
upp
ly,
I
ndu
ctor
L
1
–
2
m
H
,
I
nduc
tor
L2
–
3
mH
,
I
nduc
t
o
r
L3
-
2
m
H
,
Capac
itor
C1–
2
2
0
0
µ
F
,
100
V
o
lt,
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C2
–
1
2
0
0
µ
F
,
100
V
o
l
t
,
M
O
SF
ET–I
R
F
8
4
0
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
12a
a
n
d
1
2b
S
h
ow
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
gn
of
c
uk-
se
pic
i
n
te
r
f
a
c
e
a
nd
ga
t
e
p
ul
se
g
e
n
er
at
i
o
n
cir
c
ui
t
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
M
o
sf
et
s
w
i
t
c
h
is
t
r
i
gge
r
e
d
by
t
h
e
p
u
lse
s
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
P
I
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
s
a
r
e
m
a
d
e
t
o
tr
i
gger
t
h
e
sw
i
t
c
h
t
hr
o
u
g
h
t
he
o
p
t
oco
u
p
ler
cir
c
ui
t
.
T
he
h
a
r
d
w
ar
e
r
e
sul
t
s
o
f
t
he
c
uk-
se
pic i
n
ter
f
a
c
e
r
e
cor
d
e
d
i
n
D
S
O
ar
e
give
n
her
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
vol
ta
ge
o
f
1
2
V
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
of
s
ou
r
c
e
vo
lt
ag
e
12
V,
2
A
a
nd
12V
,
5A
.
F
i
gur
e
1
2
(
a
)
.
D
esign
of
c
u
k
-
s
ep
ic
i
n
t
e
r
fa
ce
F
i
gur
e
1
2
(
b
)
.
G
a
t
e
pu
lse
ge
n
e
r
a
tion
cir
c
ui
t
F
i
gur
e
1
3
(
a
)
.
L
oad
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
F
i
gur
e
1
3
(
b
)
.
V
ol
tage
a
c
r
oss
the
sw
i
t
c
h
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
917
–9
2
7
92
6
Tab
l
e
1
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy c
ompa
r
i
so
n
of
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
nergy
i
n
t
e
rfa
ce
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
Cu
k
-
s
e
p
i
c w
i
t
h
M
PP
T
Cu
k
-
s
e
pi
c
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
M
P
P
T
A
ve
r
a
g
e
C
ur
re
nt
22.
45
28.
23
C
urr
e
nt R
ipple
1
3
.
36%
42.51%
Induc
tor
L
1
∆
I
L
3
1
2
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
0.
04
0
.
0
6
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
6.
05
9.
56
A
ve
r
a
g
e
C
ur
re
nt
22.
19
12.
13
C
urr
e
nt R
ipple
4
5
.
07%
82.44%
Induc
tor
L
2
∆
I
L
1
0
1
0
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
0.
02
0
.
0
1
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
5.
91
1.
77
A
ve
r
a
g
e
C
ur
re
nt
22.
66
1
.
9
5
C
urr
e
nt R
ipple
2
2
.
07%
41.03%
Induc
tor
L
3
∆
I
L
5
0
.
8
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
0.
05
0
.
0
0
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
0.
16
0.
05
V
ol
ta
g
e
(
V
c
1
)
52
46.
7
A
ve
r
a
g
e
V
olt
a
g
e
51.
9
46.
6
V
olta
g
e
R
ippl
e
0.
39%
0
.
3
2%
C
a
p
acit
o
r
C
1
∆
V
C
1
0
.2
0
.1
5
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
22.
32
26.
06
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
3.
91
3
.
1
5
V
ol
ta
g
e
(
V
c
2
)
48.
2
46.
8
A
ve
r
a
g
e
V
olt
a
g
e
4
8
46.
45
V
olta
g
e
R
ippl
e
0
.
083%
0
.
1
1%
C
a
p
acit
o
r
C
2
∆
V
C
2
0
.4
0
.0
5
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
17.
65
K
225.
89
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
1.
32
1
.
2
4
V
ol
ta
g
e
(
V
c
3
)
7
4.
5
A
ve
r
a
g
e
V
olt
a
g
e
6
.
7
5
4
V
olta
g
e
R
ippl
e
7.
41%
25.00%
C
a
p
acit
o
r
C
3
∆
V
C3
0
.
5
1
Cop
p
e
r
L
osse
s
0.
55
0.
19
E
ne
rg
y
st
or
a
g
e
0.
01
0
.
0
0
P
ea
k
c
u
rre
nt
32.
04
4
.
6
S
w
i
t
c
h
volta
g
e
5
3
48
Sw
it
c
h
S
1
C
o
nd
u
c
t
i
on
l
osse
s
1.
3
10.
2
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g losse
s
2.
8
10.
8
P
ea
k
c
u
rre
nt
32.
38
26.
95
S
w
i
t
c
h
volta
g
e
5
8
52
Sw
it
c
h
S
2
C
o
nd
u
c
t
i
on
l
osse
s
1.
9
7.
3
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g losse
s
1.
3
4.
3
P
ea
k
c
u
rre
nt
31.
94
7
.
7
D
iode
volta
g
e
4
8
46
D
i
ode
D
1
C
o
nd
u
c
t
i
on
l
osse
s
10.
2
10.
6
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g losse
s
2.
8
3.
1
P
ea
k
c
u
rre
nt
32.
19
13.
7
D
iode
volta
g
e
5
1
48
D
i
ode
D
2
C
o
nd
u
c
t
i
on
l
osse
s
1.
4
1.
9
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g losse
s
1.
9
2.
2
To
t
a
l
L
o
s
s
es
84.
93
154.
48
Ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
93%
89%
6.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
hy
bri
d
w
in
d
a
nd
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
erg
y
s
y
s
tem
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
c
u
k-sep
i
c
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
t
op
olo
gy
i
s
u
sed
.
T
hi
s
to
pol
o
g
y
a
l
low
s
the
tw
o
so
u
r
c
es to s
u
ppl
y th
e
l
o
ad
se
p
ara
t
e
l
y
o
r
si
mult
a
n
eo
u
s
ly
d
ep
endi
ng
o
n
th
e
a
v
ail
a
b
i
li
ty
of
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
sour
ces.
The
o
u
tp
ut
vol
ta
ge
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
fr
om
t
he
h
y
b
ri
d
s
y
ste
m
i
s
the
sum
of
t
he
i
np
uts
of
t
h
e
cuk-se
pi
c
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
s.
T
his
sys
t
em
u
se
s
le
ss
n
um
ber
of
c
o
m
po
ne
nt
s
an
d
im
prove
d
e
f
fic
i
enc
y
.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
a
l
s
o
prese
n
t
s
t
h
e
c
om
paris
o
n
of
e
ffic
i
e
nc
ies
of
c
u
k
-se
p
ic
i
n
t
e
rface
t
o
pol
ogy
wi
th
a
nd
w
it
h
out
M
P
P
Tco
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r.
The
use
o
f
M
P
P
T
contro
l
l
e
r
f
urther
i
m
p
ro
ves
t
h
e
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
t
ha
n
t
he
b
asic
o
ne
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
MP
P
T
c
on
tr
oller
.
F
r
om
t
h
e
a
nal
y
si
s
i
t
has
b
ee
n fo
u
nd t
h
a
t
the eff
i
c
ie
nc
y
o
f
c
uk-
se
pic i
n
t
e
rfa
ce
to
p
o
lo
gy
w
ith MPPT
h
as
h
i
g
h
e
r
efficie
n
c
y
a
nd l
e
sse
r
losses.
S
ol
a
r
a
nd
w
i
nd pow
er are
a
l
s
o plo
t
t
e
d
.
S
wi
t
c
h
i
ng
l
o
sse
s
an
d
co
ndu
c
t
i
o
n
lo
sses
of
cuk-se
pi
c
w
i
t
h
M
P
P
T
is
c
o
m
para
t
i
vel
y
r
e
duce
d
.
S
o
,
cu
k-sep
i
c
c
o
n
verter
w
ith
M
P
P
T
i
s
fo
u
nd
to
b
e
ver
y
attrac
tive
i
n
ter
ms of e
ffic
i
en
c
y
, c
ompone
n
t
s
i
z
e,
and
rip
p
l
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.