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.
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[
1
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[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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e
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
clas
s
A
B
a
m
p
li
f
i
er
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
t
o
ac
t
f
aster
th
a
n
th
e
s
w
i
tch
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
f
ee
d
lo
ad
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
[
5
]
.
A
s
i
n
g
le
s
h
ar
e
d
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
a
n
d
th
e
ti
m
e
l
i
m
ited
p
o
w
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
[
6
]
.
A
p
o
w
er
m
u
ltip
le
x
ed
d
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
m
o
d
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
SIM
O
o
u
tp
u
t
d
c
-
d
c
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
to
n
u
lli
f
y
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
s
tead
y
s
tate
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
sy
s
te
m
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
an
alo
g
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
P
W
M
b
ased
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
8
]
al
o
n
g
w
it
h
i
n
ter
n
al
in
te
g
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
h
as
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
r
ess
i
n
g
th
e
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
s
tea
d
y
s
tate
r
e
g
u
latio
n
er
r
o
r
in
a
s
i
n
g
le
in
d
u
cto
r
d
u
a
l
o
u
tp
u
t
d
c
-
d
c
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
r
ip
p
le
b
ased
ad
a
p
tiv
e
o
f
f
t
i
m
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
er
r
o
r
am
p
li
f
ier
o
r
P
W
M
co
m
p
en
s
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
lo
ck
ed
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
clo
ck
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
v
e
u
s
e
co
m
p
licated
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
ar
e
n
o
t
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
a
m
at
h
e
m
atic
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
co
m
p
lex
cir
cu
its
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
M
o
d
elin
g
o
f
dc
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
p
lay
s
v
i
tal
r
o
le
to
an
al
y
ze
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
w
ill
h
elp
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
o
r
li
n
ea
r
o
r
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
A
C
m
o
d
eli
n
g
an
d
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
a
l
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
i
n
p
u
t
s
in
g
le
o
u
tp
u
t d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
0
]
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
B
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
1
]
,
n
o
v
el
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
a
l
av
er
ag
ed
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
h
e
n
it
o
p
er
ates
a
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
A
g
e
n
er
alize
d
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
ag
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
alo
n
g
w
i
th
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
tif
icial
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
v
al
u
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
en
ab
le
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
s
i
m
u
latio
n
t
i
m
e
[
1
2
]
.
Fo
r
a
d
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t,
a
d
ig
ital
im
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
m
u
l
ti
v
ar
ia
b
le
g
ain
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
s
tead
y
s
ta
te
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
iag
o
n
al
ele
m
en
t
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
o
f
f
d
iag
o
n
al
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
d
el
is
co
m
p
l
ex
a
n
d
r
estricte
d
to
t
w
o
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
A
r
ip
p
le
b
ased
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
s
in
g
le
i
n
d
u
cto
r
d
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
al
s
o
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
a
cr
o
s
s
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
s
tate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
e
r
r
esear
c
h
,
a
n
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
-
b
a
s
ed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ac
cu
r
ately
m
o
d
el
an
d
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
cr
o
s
s
-
co
u
p
li
n
g
,
a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
-
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
g
e
n
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
p
o
r
tr
ay
ed
[
1
5
]
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
ed
is
v
er
y
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
le
n
g
th
y
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
t
h
e
Si
n
g
le
I
n
d
u
cto
r
Qu
ad
O
u
tp
u
t
(
SIQ
O)
c
o
n
v
er
ter
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
a
v
er
ag
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
a
n
y
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
ea
s
il
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
lu
m
p
ed
s
m
all
s
i
g
n
a
l
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
ci
r
cu
it.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
SIM
O
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
ated
o
n
o
p
en
lo
o
p
d
o
n
o
t
g
iv
e
s
a
tis
f
a
cto
r
y
r
e
s
u
lt
s
at
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
s
as
well
as
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
ar
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
ea
ch
o
u
tp
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
s
p
ec
if
icat
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
ev
e
l
o
p
ed
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
NK
®
u
s
in
g
d
is
cr
ete
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
s
a
n
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
a
n
d
it
is
estab
lis
h
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
ex
ce
lle
n
t
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
la
g
a
n
d
la
g
-
lead
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
d
esig
n
ed
is
v
alid
ated
u
s
i
n
g
D
T
9
8
3
4
®
DA
Q
m
o
d
u
le.
2.
SYST
E
M
DIAG
R
AM
AND
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
i
ag
r
a
m
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
in
p
u
t
f
o
u
r
o
u
tp
u
t
d
c
-
d
c
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
s
in
g
le
in
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
in
th
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ct
io
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
,
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M)
a
n
d
p
s
eu
d
o
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
d
e
(
P
C
C
M)
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
is
d
ec
id
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ip
p
les
allo
w
ed
,
t
h
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
atin
g
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
en
ab
les
to
h
a
n
d
le
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
les
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
ip
p
les
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
h
i
g
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
u
t
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
cr
o
s
s
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
o
r
t
in
t
h
is
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
ev
o
l
v
es
to
ar
r
iv
e
at
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
t
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
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