Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
1759
~
1766
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
1
759
-
1766
1759
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Improve
d dead
-
ti
me elimi
nation m
ethod fo
r three
-
phase
powe
r
inverters
Ra
e
f Ab
oelsa
ud
1
,
Ah
me
d I
brah
im
2
,
Alex
an
der
G.
G
ar
ganeev
3
,
I
van
V
.
A
le
ks
andr
ov
4
1,2
Depa
rt
me
n
t
o
f
Elec
tr
ical
Pow
er
and
Mac
h
ine
s
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Zagaz
ig
Univer
sity
,
Egyp
t
1,2,3
Depa
rt
me
n
t
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Nat
ion
al
R
ese
ar
ch
To
m
sk Polyte
chn
ic
Univer
sity, Russ
ia
4
Novos
ibi
rsk state tec
hn
ical
un
iv
ersit
y,
Novos
ibi
r
sk,
Russ
ia
n
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
7
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
M
a
r
1
,
201
9
Accepte
d
M
a
y
10
, 20
20
In
real
inv
erters'
oper
a
ti
ons,
it
is
essential
to
insert
d
el
ay
t
im
e
i
n
the
pulses
provide
d
to
th
e
inv
ert
e
r
sw
itch
es
to
pro
te
c
t
th
e
DC
l
ink
agai
nst
th
e
short
ci
rcu
it
s.
From
t
his
situation,
th
e
de
ad
ti
m
e
ph
e
nome
non
is
in
tr
oduce
d
that
ca
uses
undesirable
per
for
ma
n
c
e
and
distor
ti
o
n
of
the
outp
ut
signal.
Previously,
rese
arc
her
s
hav
e
pro
posed
var
ious
sc
hem
es
for
com
p
ensa
ti
ng
o
r
el
iminating
de
a
d
-
ti
me.
In
th
is
pape
r,
a
new
d
ea
d
-
t
im
e
el
i
mi
n
at
ion
(DTE
)
sche
me
is
propo
sed
with
a
guar
ant
e
e
al
gori
thm
to
e
li
m
inate
dead
-
ti
me
and
over
come
the
i
ss
ues
produc
ed
at
the
z
ero
-
cur
ren
ts
-
cro
ss
ing
p
oint
(
ZCC).
Thi
s
m
et
hod
do
es
not
r
equi
r
e
a
ddit
ional
h
ard
wa
re
or
f
il
t
ers
to
d
et
er
mi
ne
th
e
p
ola
rit
y
of
the
o
utput
cur
r
ent
,
an
d
i
ts
prin
ci
p
le
is
ver
y
si
mpl
e
to
i
mpl
ement
.
The
develope
d
DTE
m
et
hod
co
mpl
etely
re
moves
the
de
ad
-
time
i
ss
ues
on
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
and
phase
of
the
out
put
voltage
,
and
avoi
d
th
e
probl
em
s
which
ca
n
be
induc
ed
aro
und
the
ZCC.
The
r
esult
s
co
nfirm
the
eff
e
ct
i
vene
ss
an
d
safe
ty
of
th
is m
e
thod.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dead
-
ti
me eli
minati
on
Inver
te
rs
PI
D
-
re
gula
tor
PWM
Transi
stor swit
ch
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
ef Ab
oelsau
d
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er a
nd M
ac
hine
s Enginee
rin
g,
Zagazig
Unive
rsity, Eg
ypt
Emai
l:
r
sah
me
d@
e
ng.z
u.
e
du.
eg
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
of
the
i
nv
e
rters
su
c
h
a
s
IG
BT
an
d
MOSFE
T
are
not
ideal
switc
hes
,
the
y
ha
ve
finite
tur
n
-
O
N/tur
n
-
OF
F
ti
me
s
wh
ic
h
ma
y
pro
vid
e
s
hoot
-
th
rou
gh
on
t
he
D
C
li
nk
[
1]
.
To
ov
e
rc
om
e
this
issue
,
the
dea
dtime
is
introd
uced,
w
hich
as
sures
th
at
the
switc
hes
of
one
le
g
are
no
t
cl
os
ed
at
the
same
ti
me.
Dead
-
ti
me
is
reali
ze
d
by
delayi
ng
the
risi
ng
e
dg
e
of
t
he
pulse
s
pro
vid
e
d
t
o
th
e
switc
he
s
[2]
.
Dea
d
-
ti
me
cre
at
es
a
nonlinea
r
c
onve
rter
c
har
act
e
risti
c
that
ca
us
e
s
a
distor
ti
on
of
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
[3]
,
i.e
.,
it
gen
e
rates
a
low
-
order
ha
rm
on
i
cs
in
the
outp
ut
volt
age
of
the
in
ver
te
r
,
wh
ic
h
le
ads
to
a
dd
it
io
nal
losses
w
hich
i
ncr
ease
sign
ific
a
ntly
w
it
h
increasi
ng
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
[
4]
.
Var
i
ou
s
m
et
ho
ds
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
to
el
imi
nate
the
de
ad
ti
me
or
to
com
pensat
e
for
it
s
ef
fects.
These
meth
ods
can
be
cat
e
gorized
as
fo
ll
ow
s:
a)
meth
ods
base
d
on
a
ver
a
ge
volt
age
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n,
b)
pulse
-
base
d
c
ompen
sat
ion
meth
ods,
c)
meth
ods
base
d
on
ha
r
monic
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n,
d)
D
ead
ti
me
el
im
inati
on
(D
T
E) met
hods.
In
t
he
c
ompen
sat
ion
ba
se
d
on
a
ver
a
ge
vo
lt
age,
t
he
er
r
or
vo
lt
age
bet
wee
n
the
act
ual
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
and
i
deal
outp
ut
volt
age,
du
e
to
the
Dea
d
-
Time
,
is
ave
ra
ged
a
nd
ad
de
d
or
s
ubtract
ed
from
the
refe
ren
ce
vo
lt
age
acc
ord
ing
t
o
t
he
c
urr
ent
pola
rity
[5
-
8]
.
These
met
hods
co
mp
e
nsa
te
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
er
ror
of
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
but t
he
correcti
on
of phase e
rror i
s
not consi
der
e
d
[9]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1759
–
1766
1760
Pu
lse
-
base
d
m
et
hods
co
mp
e
nsa
te
the
vo
lt
ag
e
er
r
or
intr
oduc
ed
by
dea
d
ti
me
for
each
pu
lse
[
10,
11
]
.
In
t
hese
met
hods
,
t
he
vo
lt
age
error
is
detect
ed
a
nd
t
hen
co
rr
ect
ed
in
th
e
ne
xt
pulse
.
T
hi
s
delay
i
n
the
volt
ag
e
correct
ion i
s c
on
si
der
e
d
a
s th
e main
draw
ba
ck of
these
met
hods
[
12]
.
In
the
meth
ods
base
d
on
com
pensat
ing
the
ha
rm
onic
s
induce
d
fro
m
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
inse
rtio
n,
add
it
io
nal
co
nt
ro
l
lo
ops
are
e
mp
lo
ye
d
in
th
e
inv
e
rter
co
nt
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
to
f
il
te
r
these
harmo
nics
[
13
-
15]
.
T
he
dead
-
ti
me
pro
duce
e
ve
n
harm
on
ic
s
an
d
main
ly
the
sixt
h
ord
er
harmo
nics
i
n
t
he
s
ynch
r
onou
s
ref
e
ren
ce
f
rame.
The
sixth
or
de
r
harmo
nic
is
s
uppresse
d
us
i
ng
a
n
inte
gr
al
con
t
ro
ll
er
in
[
16]
a
nd
a
co
m
pensat
or
based
ne
ur
al
netw
orks
i
n
[17]
.
T
he
rep
et
it
ive
c
on
t
ro
l
has
been
use
d
an
d
embe
dd
e
d
wit
h
the
pr
opor
ti
onal
res
onant
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m i
n
[18]
and
[
14]
,
and
use
d wit
h PI
c
ontr
oller in
[
15]
to miti
gate the
dead
-
ti
me
harmo
nics.
All
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
c
ompen
sat
ion
meth
ods
a
re
us
e
d
t
o
c
ompe
ns
at
e
t
he
def
ect
s
pr
oduc
ed
from
the
dead
-
ti
me
in
se
rtion.
T
hey
don't
gi
ve
ide
al
s
olu
ti
ons
beca
use
the
dea
d
ti
m
e
eff
ect
s
va
r
y
with
ma
ny
factor
s
li
ke
the
ci
rc
uit
des
ign
,
de
vice
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs,
l
oad
co
ndit
ion
[19
]
.
More
ov
er,
th
ere
is
no
on
e
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
on
method
ca
n
c
ompe
ns
at
e
al
l
the
dea
d
ti
me
e
ff
ect
s
to
gethe
r,
su
c
h
as
the
e
r
ror
in
ma
gnit
ude
an
d
ph
a
se,
and
t
he
delayin
g
e
ffec
t an
d har
monics
.
The
w
or
k
in
[
20,
21]
pro
po
s
es
a
D
TE
te
ch
nique
t
o
av
oid
the
s
hort
ci
rc
u
it
on
the
DC
li
nk
of
t
he
inv
e
rter
with
out
i
ns
erti
ng
de
ad
-
ti
me.
T
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
e
xe
cuted
by
disa
bling
t
he
PWM
sig
nal
pro
vid
ed
t
o
on
e
switc
h
of
t
he
in
ve
rter
le
g
acco
rd
i
ng
to
a
ntiparall
el
di
ode
co
nductio
n
of
the
othe
r
s
wi
tc
h
in
t
he
sa
m
e
le
g.
To
detect
the
c
onduct
ion
of
diodes,
a
hard
war
e
detect
io
n
ci
rcu
it
is
i
ntr
oduce
d,
res
ulti
ng
in
a
ddit
iona
l
cost,
low
reli
abili
ty,
an
d
no
ise
im
munit
y.
This
method
has
a
high
dep
e
nden
ce
on
the
c
urr
ent
pola
rity
de
te
ct
ion
because
the
w
ron
g
detect
io
n
le
ads
to
seri
ous
distor
ti
on.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
t
his
meth
od
is
no
t
reli
able
ar
ound
the
zero
-
cr
os
si
ng
po
i
nt
of
i
nv
e
rter
c
urre
nt
wh
ic
h
ma
y
c
on
ta
in
hi
gh
ri
pp
le
,
this
will
be
detai
le
d
in
t
he
nex
t
sect
ion
s
.
In
[
19]
, t
he
D
T
E is p
e
rformed
b
y disa
blin
g
the in
ver
te
r
s
witc
hes
acco
r
ding to
t
he po
la
rit
y of
t
he
duty
cycle
pr
ov
i
ded
by
the
c
urre
nt
regulat
or
with
ou
t
requiri
ng
a
dd
it
io
nal
detec
ti
on
hardware
ci
rcu
it
s.
Aro
und
the
zero
-
cr
os
si
ng
po
i
nt
of
the
i
nverter
cu
rr
e
nt,
a
transiti
on
f
r
om
the
DTE
sc
he
me
to
t
he
co
nventio
nal
P
W
M
with
dead
-
ti
me
c
ompen
sat
ion
is
a
pp
li
ed
.
T
he
propo
rtion
al
resonan
t
c
ontrol
is
us
e
d
to
c
omp
ensate
the
dea
d
-
ti
m
e
harmo
nics
i
n
t
his
sit
uatio
n.
T
his
is
a
mi
xed
-
method
that
do
es
n't
giv
e
f
ull
el
imi
nation
of
dead
ti
me
beca
us
e
i
n
50%
of
t
he
s
wi
tc
hin
g
per
io
d
t
he
c
onve
ntio
na
l
PWM
is
ap
plied.
More
over
,
this
meth
od
hig
hl
y
depen
ds
on
the
typ
e
of c
on
tr
ol
te
chn
iq
ue.
The
w
ork
in
[22]
us
es
the
inv
e
rter
c
urre
nt
f
eed
bac
k,
instea
d
of
dut
y
c
ycle
e
sti
mati
on
[
19]
or
hard
war
e
dete
ct
ion
ci
rc
uit
[
20]
,
th
rou
gh
a
double
sec
ond
-
order
ge
ne
rali
zed
i
ntegr
at
or
locke
d
lo
op
(
D
SOGI
-
FLL)
to
mit
iga
te
noise
a
nd minimiz
e
th
e
c
urr
ent d
ist
or
ti
on
a
rou
nd
the
zer
o
-
cro
ssi
ng mome
nt.
This
gi
ves
e
rror
betwee
n
the
filt
ered
feedbac
k
sign
al
a
nd
the
act
ual
value
of
cu
rr
e
nt.
Mor
eov
e
r,
t
his
met
hod
require
d
a
d
el
ay
com
pensat
ion f
or the
filt
ered
s
ign
al
.
To
a
vo
i
d
al
l
the
D
TE
issue
s
,
this
pa
per
of
fer
s
a
sim
ple
DTE
sc
heme
with
act
ual
in
ver
te
r
c
urre
nt
feedbac
k
thr
ou
gh
a
regular
c
urre
nt
sens
or
wi
thout
an
y
preci
se
add
it
io
nal
ha
rdwar
e
detect
ion
ci
rc
uit
or
filt
ers.
A
ne
w
guara
nt
ee
sc
heme
is
pro
posed
to
pr
e
ven
t
the
ove
rlap
betwee
n
the
le
g
s
witc
hes
w
hich
can
be
pr
oduce
d
arou
nd
the
zer
o
-
c
rossin
g
of
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
cu
r
ren
t.
T
he
de
ve
lop
e
d
DTE
me
thod
is
saf
e,
ef
fecti
ve
a
nd
do
es
not
dep
e
nd
on
t
he
method
of
c
on
trol
or
m
odula
ti
on
.
T
h
is
met
hod
is
em
ploy
ed
f
or
a
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
volt
age
so
urce
inv
e
rter
(VSI
) c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
by P
ID
-
co
ntr
oller
with P
W
M
.
2.
DEA
D
-
TI
ME
EFFE
CT
The
to
polo
gy
of
th
ree
-
phase
auto
nomous
V
SI
with
LC
-
filt
er
is
show
n
in
Figure
1
[
23]
.
The
ty
pical
con
t
ro
l sc
heme
w
it
h dea
d
-
ti
m
e insertio
n for
on
e
leg i
nv
e
rte
r
is
dep
ic
te
d i
n Fi
gure
2.
Dea
d
-
ti
me is e
xec
ut
ed
by
app
l
ying
a
del
ay
ti
me
i
n
the
rising
ed
ge
f
or
eve
ry
P
WM
pulse
s.
The
dela
y
ti
me
is
a
bout
2
-
5
µs
acc
ordi
ng
to
the
switc
h
cha
racteri
sti
cs.
Fi
gure
2
s
hows
al
so
the
c
urre
nt
flo
w
directi
on
t
hro
ugh
th
e
anti
-
pa
rall
el
diode
s
durin
g
the d
ea
d
-
ti
me, wher
e
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
pola
rity
is
de
fine
d
as
posit
ive
if
the
cu
rr
e
nt
fl
ows
from
the
i
nve
rter
to
the
loa
ds
,
an
d
vice
ver
sa
.
The
volt
age
dro
ps
of
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
and
f
reewheel
ing
diodes
,
pa
rasit
ic
capaci
ta
nces a
r
e b
e
yond the
s
cop
e
of t
his p
a
per an
d n
ot c
onside
red.
The
switc
hing
sig
nals
(
S
a
,
S’
a
)
befor
e
a
nd
after
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
inse
rtion
(
T
d
),
a
nd
t
he
e
ff
ect
of
t
he
dead
ti
me
on
t
he
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
ages
a
r
e
dem
onstrat
e
d
in
Fig
ure
3.
The
t
urn
-
on
(
T
on
)
an
d
t
urn
-
off
(
T
off
)
delay
ti
mes
of
the in
ver
te
r
s
w
it
ch
es are
not s
how
n bu
t a
re c
on
si
der
e
d
i
n
th
is analysis
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved de
ad
-
ti
me
el
imin
ation met
hod
f
or
t
hr
ee
-
phase
powe
r inverters
(
Raef A
bo
el
s
au
d
)
1761
Figure
1. Th
re
e
-
phase a
uton
omo
us
VSI
with
LC
-
filt
er
Figure
2. Ty
pi
cal
co
nt
ro
l s
ch
eme with
the
intr
oductio
n of
the d
ea
d
ti
me
inser
ti
on
f
or
on
e inv
e
rter le
g
Figure
3. S
witc
hing si
gn
al
s a
nd the
corre
spo
nd
i
ng outp
ut
volt
age
of one l
eg of
the i
nv
e
rt
er, bef
ore a
nd
after
insertin
g
a
dea
d
ti
me,
with
re
sp
ect
to
the
outpu
t c
urre
nt of t
he po
la
rity in
ve
rter.
It
can
be
ob
se
r
ved
that
t
he
i
nverter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
(
e
an
)
de
pends
on
t
he
pola
rity
of
the
outp
ut
c
urren
t
(
i
a
).
Co
mp
a
rin
g
with
t
he
idea
l
case,
w
hen
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
c
urrent
is
po
sit
ive,
t
he
inv
e
rter
out
put
volt
age
is
re
du
ce
d
(volta
ge
loss
),
an
d
w
he
n
i
a
is
ne
gative,
th
e
in
ver
te
r
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is
inc
reased
(vo
lt
age
gai
n).
Figure
3
ind
ic
at
es
the
c
onduct
ions
of
the
tra
ns
ist
ors
(
Qa
a
nd
Q’
a
)
a
nd
their
anti
-
pa
rall
el
diodes
(
Da
a
nd
D’
a
).
It
can
be
ob
s
er
ved
th
at
durin
g
the
dae
d
-
ti
me
the
diodes
are
c
ondu
ct
ing
an
d
al
lo
w
t
he
outp
ut
c
urren
t
to
fl
ow.
At
the
neg
at
ive
pola
rity
of
the
ou
tp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
i
a
,
th
e
di
ode
D’
a
is
cond
ucted
a
nd
pr
ov
i
des
a
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
volt
age
e
an
.
At
the
posi
ti
ve
po
la
rity
of
the
outp
ut
current
i
a
,
the
di
ode
Da
is
c
ondu
ct
ed
an
d
pro
vi
des
a
ne
gative
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
e
an
. In
on
e
sw
it
c
hing
per
i
od
T
sw
, t
he a
ver
a
ge v
oltag
e erro
r
ca
n be
expresse
d
as
[
14]
:
,
0
,
0
d
on
off
dc
a
sw
d
on
off
dc
a
sw
T
T
T
Vi
T
e
T
T
T
Vi
T
−
−
+
=
+−
(1)
and ass
um
in
g
T
on
=
T
off
yields
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1759
–
1766
1762
d
dc
sw
T
eV
T
=
(
2)
W
he
re
T
sw
is
th
e
switc
hing
pe
rio
d
an
d
V
dc
is
the
instanta
neous
DC
volt
age.
From
(2),
to
de
crease
the
vo
lt
age
er
ror
pro
vid
e
d
by
the
dead
-
ti
me,
ei
th
er
decr
ease
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
T
d
or
i
ncr
ea
se
the
switc
hing
per
i
od
T
sw
(i.e.
decr
ease
t
he
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy).
T
he
inv
e
rter
wit
h
lowe
r
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
r
equ
i
res
a
la
r
ge
r
LC
-
fil
te
r
for
filt
ering
t
he
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
ha
rm
on
ic
s
.
O
n
the
ot
her
hand,
with
a
shorte
r
dead
ti
me
per
i
od,
the
conve
rter le
gs
hav
e
r
is
ks
of s
hort
-
ci
rc
uiti
ng.
3.
THE
PROPOSE
D
DTE
ME
THOD
Fr
om
Fi
gure
3,
after
dead
-
ti
m
e
insertio
n,
it
c
an
be
cl
early
obser
ve
d
that
w
hen
t
he
c
urren
t
is
posit
ive,
the
out
pu
t
volt
age
fo
ll
ows
th
e
sh
a
pe
of
the
switc
hi
ng
sig
nal
S
a
.
Wh
e
n
the
c
urren
t
is
neg
at
ive
,
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
fo
ll
ows
the
i
nv
e
rsion
of
the
s
witc
hi
ng
si
gn
al
S'
a
.
This
is
due
t
o
the
fact
that
du
rin
g
t
he
dea
d
-
t
ime
the
two
switc
he
s
a
re
op
e
n,
the
outpu
t
c
urre
nt
i
a
i
n
ne
gative
pola
rity
flo
w
t
hrough
Da,
gi
ving
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
V
dc
/2
,
and
when
i
a
is
in
t
he
posit
ive
directi
on,
the
di
od
e
D'a
is
c
onnected
a
nd
pro
v
ides
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
-
V
dc
/2.
I
t
can
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
wh
e
n
the
current
is
po
sit
ive
or
neg
at
ive,
the
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
f
ollo
ws
only
one
of
the
switc
hing
sig
na
ls,
and
si
nce
this
sign
al
in
cl
ud
es
a
dead
ti
me,
this
affe
ct
s
the
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age.
Fro
m
this
ph
e
nome
non,
the
pr
i
nciple
of
the meth
ods
of eli
minati
on of
dead ti
me is int
rod
uced.
Figure
4. The
s
cheme
of the
prop
os
ed
DTE
Figure
5. The
pro
po
se
d DTE
al
gorithm
The
pro
pose
d
DTE
sc
heme
f
or
on
e
ph
a
se
(
i.e.
phase
a
)
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4.
D
uri
ng
the
posit
ive
po
la
rity
of
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
ia
,
the
switc
hi
ng
s
ign
al
S'a
is
dis
abled
(i.e.
t
he
switc
h
Q'a
is
pe
rma
nen
tl
y
op
ened),
wh
e
reas
no
ch
ang
i
ng
is
a
ppli
ed
t
o
t
he
oth
e
r
swit
chi
ng
si
gnal
.
A
nd
vice
ver
sa
durin
g
t
he
ne
gative
pol
arit
y
of
the
ou
t
put
c
urren
t.
T
his
al
gorithm
is
e
xec
ut
ed
e
very
sam
pling
per
i
od
T
s.
T
he
propose
d
DTE
al
gorithm
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
5.
I
n
this
ca
se,
the
ti
me
int
erv
al
betwee
n
the
two
switc
he
s
is
very
lo
ng
and
is
a
bout
25%
of
the
switc
hi
ng
per
i
od,
with
ou
t
any
disto
rtio
n
in
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
T
her
e
fore,
t
her
e
is
no
need
t
o
in
ser
t
dead
-
ti
me, as
s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
6.
Figure
6. S
witc
hing si
gn
al
s a
nd the
corre
spo
nd
i
ng outp
ut
volt
age
of leg a
with the
pr
opose
d DTE
meth
od
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved de
ad
-
ti
me
el
imin
ation met
hod
f
or
t
hr
ee
-
phase
powe
r inverters
(
Raef A
bo
el
s
au
d
)
1763
4.
THE
POTE
N
TIAL
LIMIT
ATIO
NS
OF
THE
DTE
AND
ITS
PRO
P
OSED
S
OLU
TIONS
As
t
he
ou
t
put
inv
e
rter
c
urre
nt
is
not
pure
s
inu
s
oid
al
a
nd
con
ta
in
s
rip
ples
in
hi
gh
f
requen
ci
es
an
d
amplit
udes,
th
ere
a
re
man
y
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
i
n
the
c
urren
t
pol
arit
y
a
rou
nd
t
he
ze
r
o
-
c
ro
s
sing
po
i
nt
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
7.
T
his
may
le
a
d
to
l
os
s
of
s
witc
hi
ng
sig
nals
in
s
om
e
inte
rv
al
s
and
sto
p
the
di
sabling
al
gori
thm
in
oth
e
r
inte
rv
al
s.
Tha
nks
t
o
th
e
fr
ee
wh
eel
in
g
di
od
es
,
the
ou
t
put
volt
age
is
not
dist
or
te
d
as
rev
eal
e
d
in
Fi
g
ur
e
7.
Howe
ver,
in
th
is
sit
uation,
t
he
ti
me
interval
betwee
n
the
t
wo
switc
hes
m
ay
be
ve
ry
sm
al
l
and
lo
wer
than
t
he
dead
-
ti
me
t
oler
ance
a
nd
res
ulti
ng
in
a
s
hort
c
ircuit
in
the
in
ver
te
r
le
g.
This
pa
per
offer
s
a
gu
a
ra
ntee
al
go
rithm
to
a
vo
i
d
t
his
pro
blem.
This
al
gorith
m
pro
po
s
es
t
wo
f
ee
dforwa
rd
decoup
li
ng
lo
ops
with
off
-
dela
y
bl
ocks
betwee
n
t
he
two
s
witc
hing
s
ign
al
s,
as
s
hown
in
Fi
gure
8.
The
op
e
n
lo
op
t
ran
s
fer
func
ti
on
of
t
he
APS
m
odel
with the
curre
nt
co
nt
ro
l l
oop
c
an be
wr
it
te
n
a
s:
Figure
7. The
issues
a
r
ound t
he
ze
ro
-
cu
rr
e
nt
-
cr
os
sin
g p
oin
t
Figure
8. The
pro
po
se
d g
uar
a
ntee al
gorith
m
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. The
e
ff
ect
of the
gua
ran
te
e al
gorith
m whe
n (a)
t
int
> 5
µs
a
nd (b)
t
int
<5
µs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1759
–
1766
1764
As
t
he
ou
t
put
inv
e
rter
c
urre
nt
is
not
pure
s
inu
s
oid
al
a
nd
con
ta
in
s
rip
ples
in
hi
gh
f
requen
ci
es
an
d
amplit
udes,
th
ere
a
re
man
y
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
i
n
the
c
urren
t
pol
arit
y
a
rou
nd
t
he
ze
r
o
-
c
ro
s
sing
po
i
nt
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
7.
T
his
may
le
a
d
to
l
os
s
of
s
witc
hi
ng
sig
nals
in
s
om
e
inte
rv
al
s
and
sto
p
the
di
sabling
al
gori
thm
in
o
the
r
inte
rv
al
s.
Tha
nks
t
o
th
e
fr
ee
wh
eel
in
g
di
od
es
,
the
ou
t
put
volt
age
is
not
dist
or
te
d
as
rev
eal
e
d
in
Fi
gure
7.
Howe
ver,
in
th
is
sit
uation,
t
he
ti
me
interval
betwee
n
the
t
wo
switc
hes
m
ay
be
ve
ry
sm
al
l
and
lo
wer
than
t
he
dead
-
ti
me
t
oler
ance
a
nd
res
ulti
ng
in
a
s
hort
c
ircuit
in
the
in
ver
te
r
le
g.
This
pa
per
offer
s
a
gu
a
ra
ntee
al
go
rithm
to
a
vo
i
d
t
his
pro
blem.
This
al
gorith
m
pro
po
s
es
t
wo
f
ee
dforwa
rd
decoup
li
ng
lo
ops
with
off
-
dela
y
bl
ocks
betwee
n
the
tw
o
s
witc
hing si
gnal
s,
as
s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
8.
The
pr
opos
e
d
gu
a
ra
n
te
e
al
gorithm
disa
bles
the
s
witc
hing
sign
al
pr
ov
i
de
d
to
one
s
witc
h
w
he
n
the
oth
e
r
s
witc
h
of
the
same
le
g
is
tu
rn
e
d
on
an
d
t
his d
isa
blem
ent
is
c
onti
nue
d
for
5
µs
after
the
fall
in
g
e
nd
of
t
he
oth
e
r
s
witc
hing
si
gn
al
.
T
he
eff
ect
of
this
gu
a
ra
ntee
al
go
rithm
a
pp
ear
s
on
l
y
w
hen
the
ti
me
inter
val
(
t
int
)
betwee
n
t
wo
s
witc
hing
si
gn
a
ls
is
le
ss
tha
n
5
μs
,
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
9.
Figure
10
s
ho
ws
t
he
ty
pical
blo
c
k
diag
ram
of
the
pro
posed
sc
he
me
of
t
he
DTE
f
or
one
le
g
of
the
in
ver
te
r.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
guara
ntee
al
go
rithm
i
s
plac
ed
betwee
n
t
he
switc
h
ga
te
s
an
d
the
pro
po
s
ed
DTE
bloc
k.
T
he
P
WM
is
util
iz
ed
to
prov
i
de
the
s
witc
hing
sign
al
s
f
or
t
he
pro
po
se
d
DTE
blo
c
k.
T
he
P
I
D
c
on
t
ro
l
te
c
hniq
ue
is
us
e
d
t
o
regulat
e
the
l
oad
volt
age
[
24,
25]
.
As
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
10, t
he pr
opos
e
d
DTE
has n
o
i
nf
lue
nce
on th
e
contr
ol
sy
ste
m a
nd P
W
M
[
26]
.
Figure
10. T
op
ologica
l co
ntr
ol
sch
eme
w
it
h t
he pr
opos
e
d D
TE meth
od
for on
e
in
ver
te
r
le
g
5.
SIMULATI
O
N
RES
ULTS
The
pro
posed
DTE
is
te
ste
d
on
a
th
ree
-
pha
se
VSI
with
L
C
filt
er
co
nnec
te
d
to
(a)
resist
ive
loa
ds
(b)
and
i
nductive
loads
.
M
at
hem
at
ic
al
and
sim
ulati
on
m
odel
ing
was
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
M
A
T
LAB
/
SIM
U
LINK
env
i
ronme
nts. The
par
a
mete
r
s u
se
d
i
n
the
s
i
mu
la
ti
on is s
hown in T
able
1.
Table
1.
Sy
ste
m p
a
ramete
rs
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
DC in
p
u
t vo
ltag
e o
f
th
e inv
erte
r
V
dc
=
6
4
0
V
Sam
p
lin
g
tim
e
T
s
=
2
0
µs
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
f
s
=
5
0
0
0
Hz
DC
-
lin
k
capacitan
ce
C
dc
=
1
0
0
0
µF
LC f
ilte
r
L =
2
.5 m
H
,
C=
8
0
µF
Res
istiv
e load
s
R
a
= R
b
=
R
c
=
1
5
Ω
Ind
u
ctiv
e load
s
R
a
= R
b
=
R
c
=
1
5
Ω
L
a
= L
b
= L
с
=
10
mH
In
the
resist
ive
loa
d's
case,
th
e
s
witc
hing
sig
nals,
the
c
orres
pondin
g
l
oa
d
volt
age
of
the
phase
a
a
nd
the D
C
li
nk v
ol
ta
ge
are
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure 1
1
(
a
)
a
nd 1
1
(
b
)
with
the
dea
d
-
ti
me
in
flue
nce
an
d wit
h
the
p
r
opos
e
d
DTE,
re
sp
ect
i
vely.
With
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
insertio
n,
the
load
volt
age
is
disto
rted,
t
he
t
otal
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
(%T
HD)
is
2.8%,
wh
il
e
this
dist
or
ti
on
is
gr
eat
l
y
re
duced
wit
h
the
el
imi
nation
of
the
dea
d
ti
me,
%TH
D=
0.53%.
The
same
te
st
is
pe
rfo
rme
d
i
n
the
case
of
i
nductive
loa
ds,
where
the
pe
rformance
si
gnal
s
without
and
with
the
D
TE
are
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
12
(
a
)
an
d
12
(
b
)
,
r
especti
vely
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
de
ad
-
ti
me
el
imi
nation
reduces
the
%
THD
of
the
lo
ad
volt
age
f
r
om
3.7
7%
to
0.
5%.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
pro
po
se
d
DT
E
re
du
ce
s
the
vo
lt
age
r
i
pp
le
i
n
the
D
C
li
nk, whic
h
le
ad
s to
a d
ec
rease i
n
t
he req
uire
d
siz
e of the
D
C l
in
k
ca
pacit
or.
Fr
om
the
e
nlar
ged
ima
ge
i
n
F
igure
11
(
b
)
an
d
12
(
b
)
it
can
be
see
n
that
th
e
ti
me
in
te
rv
al
betwee
n
the
two
s
witc
hing
sign
al
s
a
the
zero
-
cu
rr
e
nt
-
c
r
os
sin
g
is
m
or
e
than
5
μs.
T
his
co
nf
ir
ms
t
he
ef
fecti
ven
e
ss
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved de
ad
-
ti
me
el
imin
ation met
hod
f
or
t
hr
ee
-
phase
powe
r inverters
(
Raef A
bo
el
s
au
d
)
1765
safety
of
the
pro
posed
DTE
.
Fr
om
the
re
su
l
ts,
it
ca
n
be
ob
serv
e
d
that
the
ri
pp
le
s
of
the
DC
-
li
nk
volt
ag
e
are
highly
re
du
ce
d wit
h
t
he
pro
posed DTE
, r
e
su
l
ti
ng
in
r
e
duci
ng the
size
of
t
he
capacit
or
require
d.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11. L
oa
d vo
lt
age
of
ph
ase a, t
he
c
orre
sp
on
ding s
witc
hing si
gn
al
s,
a
nd volt
ages
in
t
he DC l
in
k of
t
he
VS
I
w
it
h re
sist
ive loa
ds
(a) w
it
ho
ut t
he pr
op
os
e
d
D
TE,
(b)
with the
pr
opose
d DTE
(a)
(b)
Figure
12
.
Loa
d
voltage
of
ph
ase
a, t
h
e corre
spon
ding
sw
it
c
h
ing
s
igna
ls,
and
volta
ges
in the
DC l
in
k
of
th
e
VS
I
wit
h
induc
ti
v
e loa
ds (
a)
withou
t
th
e
pr
oposed
DTE
,
(b)
with the
proposed
DTE
.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
pr
opos
es
a
simp
le
dea
d
-
ti
me
e
li
minati
on
sch
eme
without
a
ny
a
dd
it
io
nal
hard
war
e
or
filt
ers
for
t
he
detect
ion
of
th
e
outp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
po
la
rity.
A
new
gu
a
ra
ntee
al
gorith
m
is
pro
posed
to
s
ol
ve
t
he
pro
blems
w
hich
may
be
i
nduc
ed
from
the
outp
ut
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
s
.
T
his
me
thod
is
ap
plied
f
or
th
ree
-
phas
e
V
SI
with
LC
-
filt
er.
the
met
hod
hi
gh
l
y
re
duce
d
t
he
loa
d
volt
ag
e
disto
rtion.
T
his
met
hod
is
eff
ect
ive
,
safe
,
can
be
easi
ly impleme
nted, an
d
i
ndep
end
e
nt
of the c
on
t
ro
l
or m
odul
at
ion
tech
niqu
e.
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pensa
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ensa
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Zh
ou,
and
H.
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r
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cs
Miti
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d
Time
Eff
e
ct
s
in
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Co
nver
te
rs
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ing
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Repe
titiv
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oll
er
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EEE
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l. P
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