In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
5
2
9
~1
5
3
7
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1529-1537
1
5
29
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Battery management system
on electric bike using
lithium-ion
18650
S
o
ep
rapt
o
1
,
Rin
i
N
u
r
H
asan
ah
2
, Taufik
3
1,
2
E
l
ectri
cal E
ngin
eering
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
, F
acu
lt
y of En
g
i
n
eerin
g,
B
ra
w
ij
aya U
n
i
v
ersity
, In
don
esi
a
3
El
ectrical
En
g
ineerin
g D
e
part
ment,
Ca
lif
orn
i
a Pol
y
t
echni
c S
t
a
t
e
U
niv
e
rsi
t
y,
US
A
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
9
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
2
7
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 1
3
,
2
019
El
ectri
c
bi
ke
(
E-Bik
e
)
is
a
b
i
c
ycle
d
ri
ven
usin
g
an
e
l
ectric
m
o
tor
an
d
uses
bat
t
eri
e
s
as
t
he
e
n
e
rgy
so
urce.
I
t
is
e
nvi
ronm
enta
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
ndl
y
as
n
o
exh
a
ust
gas
is
r
es
u
lted
d
u
rin
g
i
ts
o
perati
on
.
M
o
re
t
h
a
n
on
e
batt
ery
is
normally
requ
ired,
bein
g
arrang
ed
i
n
seri
e
s
o
r
in
p
arall
e
l
co
nnect
io
n.
O
v
e
r
limi
t
o
r
overloaded
c
onditions
o
f
battery
u
sage
w
i
ll
reduce
the
l
i
f
ecycl
e
o
f
b
attery
,
sp
eed
u
p
it
s
rep
l
acem
en
t
and
ad
d
t
o
t
he
m
ain
t
e
n
an
ce
c
o
s
t
of
e
le
ct
ri
c
b
i
k
e
.
Thi
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
ropose
s
t
h
e
p
re
ve
n
t
io
n
o
f
s
uc
h
d
e
gra
d
ing
c
o
nd
it
io
n
u
s
i
ng
a
to
ol
to
m
anag
e
the
b
a
tt
ery
u
s
age
b
o
t
h
d
urin
g
t
h
e
ch
argi
ng
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
ha
rgi
ng
pro
cess
.
T
he
p
rop
o
s
e
d
electro
ni
c
Batt
ery
M
a
nag
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
s
t
e
m
(BM
S
)
serves
to
r
egu
l
at
e,
m
onit
o
r,
a
nd
m
a
int
a
in
t
h
e
c
o
ndi
ti
on
o
f
batt
eries
t
o
prev
ent
any
po
ss
ible
d
amag
e.
T
he
r
es
u
l
ted
BM
S
design
c
o
u
ld
p
rovi
de
a
w
ell
b
alanci
ng
acti
o
n
in
a
b
att
e
ry
s
yst
e
m
consi
s
ting
of
1
3
cells
u
t
ili
zing
t
he
cel
l-t
o
-cell
acti
v
e
bal
a
nci
n
g
met
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
te
s
t
r
es
ults
s
howed
t
hat
th
e
prop
o
se
d
B
M
S
c
o
uld
mo
ni
to
r
th
e
in
dividu
a
l
c
ell
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
ve
ra
ge
e
rro
r
o
f
0
.
03
2
V
(0.8
24
%
)
,
whil
e
read
in
g
the
ch
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
dis
c
harg
e
cu
rr
e
n
t
wi
th
a
n
av
erag
e
error
of
0
.
0
4
A
(6.25%)
,
a
nd
t
he
b
at
tery
p
ack
t
em
p
e
rature
w
it
h
a
n
a
ve
ra
ge
error
of
1
.21
o
C
(2
.
9
%)
.
Ad
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
ly
,
the
BM
S
c
o
uld
offe
r
a
fu
nc
t
i
on
a
l
bat
t
ery
p
ack
p
rotect
io
n
sy
st
em
f
ro
m
con
d
itio
ns
s
u
c
h
as
u
nd
ervol
tage,
ov
ervo
ltag
e
,
o
ve
rheat
,
a
n
d
o
vercurren
t
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
A
c
ti
ve
B
a
l
a
n
c
i
ng,
Ba
tt
e
r
y
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt S
yst
e
m
B
a
t
t
ery
Pa
ck
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
So
ep
rapto
,
Elec
tric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eer
ing
D
e
pa
rt
me
nt
,
Braw
i
j
a
y
a
U
n
i
v
er
si
ty,
Ind
one
si
a
Jala
n
M
T
H
ar
yono
1
67
Mala
n
g
6
5
145
In
do
n
e
sia
Em
ail:
prap
to
@u
b.a
c
.id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Ba
ttery
w
hic
h
i
s
n
o
rm
all
y
u
se
d
to
c
ompo
se
t
he
b
a
t
te
r
y
p
a
c
k
i
n
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
b
i
ke
(
E-Bike
)
is
l
it
h
i
um
-
i
o
n
186
50
[
1
-
8].
It
h
a
s
a
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
3
.
7
V
a
nd
a
cap
a
c
i
ty
w
h
i
ch
v
a
r
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
2
0
0
0
mA
h
-
3
000
mA
h. The
m
ai
n rea
s
o
n
f
or
t
h
e
use
o
f li
t
h
iu
m
-
ion ba
t
t
e
r
y
i
s
d
ue
to
i
ts h
i
gh e
n
e
r
g
y
d
ens
ity
[
9]
. B
atter
y
packs
as
an
e
n
e
rg
y
s
our
ce
on
e
l
ectr
i
c
ve
h
i
c
l
es
s
uch
as
E
-Bi
k
e
ar
e
com
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
num
ber
o
f
L
i-
i
o
n
ba
tter
i
es
a
r
r
a
nge
d
in
s
er
i
e
s
a
nd p
a
ra
ll
e
l
t
o ob
ta
i
n
h
i
gh v
o
l
t
a
g
e and ca
p
a
c
i
t
y
[1
0
-
15
].
F
o
r
s
a
f
e
t
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
o
r
ea
ch
a
l
ong
life-t
i
me
,
e
a
c
h
cell
in
a
b
a
tte
ry
p
ac
k
nee
d
s
to
b
e
in
t
he
s
a
m
e
ene
r
gy
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
[
1
6,
17].
O
n
ce
t
here
i
s
a
ce
ll
w
ith
a
p
r
ohi
b
i
t
e
d
co
nd
i
tio
n
(
o
v
e
r
vo
lta
ge
,
un
derv
ol
t
age
,
o
verc
u
rrent
,
ove
r
hea
t
),
t
h
e
c
harg
in
g
an
d
di
scha
rg
i
ng
proce
s
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
st
o
ppe
d
i
m
m
e
diat
el
y.
I
n
add
i
tio
n,
a
ll
c
ells
i
n
t
h
e
ba
tt
er
y
se
ries
m
ust
be
k
e
p
t
a
t
t
h
e
s
am
e
vo
lta
ge
l
eve
l
,
w
h
ic
h
is
c
a
lle
d
as
‘
ba
lanc
e
’.
If
they
a
re
i
n
‘
un
ba
l
ance
’
c
o
nd
i
tio
n,
t
he
p
rotec
t
io
n
sys
t
e
m
w
il
l
stop
t
he
c
ha
rg
in
g
o
r
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
p
r
o
cess.
W
he
n
o
n
ly
o
n
e
c
el
l
of
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
i
s
i
n
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
r
un
derv
o
lta
ge
c
on
d
i
t
i
on
w
h
i
l
e
the
ot
her
ce
lls
a
re
i
n
a
sa
fe
c
ond
i
t
i
on,
t
he
o
v
e
r
a
ll
ba
t
t
er
y
pa
c
k
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
w
ill
dec
r
ea
se
[
1
8
-2
1].
To
over
c
o
m
e
this
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
the
ba
lanc
ing
pr
oce
ss
is
c
a
rried
o
u
t
o
n
t
h
e
ba
tter
y
p
ac
k,
u
sing
tw
o
ba
sic
m
e
tho
d
s,
e
i
t
he
r
pa
ssi
v
e
or
a
ct
i
v
e
bala
nc
in
g
[21
]
.
The
p
a
ssive
m
e
t
ho
d,
w
hic
h
i
s
c
h
ea
p
a
n
d
w
hos
e
me
cha
n
ism
is
e
a
s
y
eve
n
t
hou
gh
not
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
,
is
i
mple
me
n
t
e
d
by
re
leas
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
f
rom
ea
ch
c
ell
i
n
to
a
resist
or
u
n
til
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
re
ache
s
t
he
e
q
u
al
v
al
ue
a
s
t
h
e
sm
all
es
t
ce
ll’s
vo
l
t
a
g
e
[2
2-
24
]
.
T
he
a
cti
v
e
m
e
tho
d
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1529 –
1
5
37
1
530
rea
l
i
z
e
d
by re
l
e
asi
ng t
h
e ener
gy of the
c
el
l w
i
t
h
t
he l
a
r
ges
t
v
ol
ta
ge i
nto t
h
e o
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
sma
l
l
e
s
t
vol
t
a
ge
u
nt
il
rea
c
hi
ng
the
s
a
m
e
v
o
l
tage
on
ea
c
h
c
e
l
l
.
T
h
i
s
me
t
h
od
i
s
m
ore
e
x
p
en
si
ve
b
e
c
a
u
se
it
re
qu
i
r
es
c
o
m
plex
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
, compl
ica
t
e
d
m
e
c
han
i
sm
s,
but
w
ith
m
or
e
energy
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
[
24-
27].
B
M
S
(Bat
ter
y
M
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
S
y
s
t
em
)
is
a
d
e
v
ice
em
plo
y
e
d
t
o
m
o
nit
o
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
’
s
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
and
i
t
p
er
form
s
ba
tte
ry
p
ac
k
bala
nc
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
t
o
pro
t
ec
t
the
ba
t
t
e
r
y
fro
m
d
am
age
[3,
6,
7
,
1
6
,
17].
T
h
e
B
M
S
prese
n
t
e
d
in
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
use
s
t
he
a
c
t
i
v
e
ba
la
n
c
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
w
it
h
a
c
e
l
l-
to
-
c
e
l
l
b
a
l
a
n
c
in
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
a
n
d
se
r
i
e
s
ca
paci
t
o
r
in
du
c
t
or
c
ircu
it
(
reson
a
n
t
L
C
)
a
s
e
n
erg
y
t
ransfer
m
e
d
ia.
The
r
e
son
a
n
t
L
C
c
i
rc
uit
c
o
nta
i
ns
i
n
duc
t
o
rs
and
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
a
rr
anged
in
s
e
r
ies,
u
t
i
l
i
zi
n
g
t
he
c
harg
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
ch
arg
i
ng
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
c
ap
aci
to
rs
a
s
tem
porary
e
n
er
gy
s
tor
a
ge
a
n
d
t
h
e
ind
u
c
t
or
s
a
s
b
a
l
a
n
ci
n
g
c
urre
n
t
s
u
ppress
o
rs
[
11].
T
h
e
reso
nan
t
f
re
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
the LC c
ircu
i
t
i
s the
fre
q
ue
ncy
t
h
a
t
ca
u
ses the
ma
xi
m
u
m
c
u
rrent
a
nd v
o
l
t
a
g
e am
plit
ud
es in
the c
i
r
c
u
i
t bec
a
us
e
the i
n
duc
t
o
r’s and
capa
c
i
tor
’
s im
pedanc
e va
lue
s
ar
e
t
he
same
bu
t at
d
if
fere
nt
p
hases
(Z
L
= Z
C
).
2.
BM
S
D
E
S
I
GN
The
ac
tive
ba
la
nci
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
w
ith
a
c
e
ll-t
o
-c
ell
ba
la
nci
n
g
m
echa
ni
sm
a
nd
se
ries
c
a
p
ac
itor
in
d
u
c
t
or
circ
u
i
t
(
r
eson
a
n
t
L
C
)
a
s
e
ne
rgy
trans
f
e
r
m
e
d
ia
t
o
be
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
B
M
S
d
e
s
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gure
2.
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ram
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gn
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6
v
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n
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l
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f
10 A
h
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sor
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ig
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3
us
es
t
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pl
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v
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ter
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o
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tte
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e
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m
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n
ed
b
y the
red
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ct
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on o
f
i
t
.
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v
o
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d
i
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ide
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i
r
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s
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er
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s
s
pe
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i
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i
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F
i
gur
e
3.
T
he
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at
i
o
o
f
p
o
te
n
t
i
o
m
e
t
e
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v
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lu
e
s
i
s
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l
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la
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d
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t
h
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t
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maximum
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ou
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o
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e
a
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a
t
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c
k
l
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m
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h
a
n
4
.
5
v
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l
t
s
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n
o
r
d
e
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n
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t
o
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x
c
e
e
d
t
h
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V
in
limits
o
f
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i
p
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xer
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d A
D
C.
The
calcu
la
t
i
o
n
r
esul
t
s
a
r
e
give
n
i
n Tab
l
e
1
.
.
Ω
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
system
on elec
tric b
i
ke us
i
n
g lit
h
i
u
m
-i
on
1
8
6
5
0
(Soe
pra
p
t
o)
1
531
F
i
gure
3.
V
olta
ge
s
ens
o
r c
i
rcuit
Ta
bl
e
1
.
C
a
l
cu
la
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t
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ent
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s
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Ba
tt
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r
y
V
ba
t
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volt
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V
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2
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5
21
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4
6
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2
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5
17.
9
7
29.
4
4.
5
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3
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6
4.
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4
9
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8
4.
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2
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6
The
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m
icroc
ontro
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r
u
t
ilize
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t
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s
o
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t
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g
u
re
4.
F
i
gure
4. F
low
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ge
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sor
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De
si
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IC
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3
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.
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onne
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Me
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56
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y
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ack
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ch
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cur
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n
sor
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use
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is
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i
gur
e
5.
2.3.
De
si
g
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f te
m
p
e
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ture
sens
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r
The
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r
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s
4
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irec
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h
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s
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10-
bi
t re
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u
ti
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2.4.
D
e
sign
o
f the
ce
lls
b
alanc
i
n
g
cir
cuit
The
c
e
l
l
ba
lan
c
i
n
g
circ
u
it
be
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g
use
d
a
s
a
n
e
n
e
rg
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ans
f
er
m
ed
ium
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a
n
L
C
s
er
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e
s
c
i
rc
u
i
t
w
i
t
h
a
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g me
c
h
an
ism
a
t
the
LC res
ona
nc
e f
r
eque
ncy
i
n
order t
o
m
ake
t
h
e ener
gy trans
f
e
r
m
ore
m
a
xim
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l. The
in
duc
t
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va
lue
is de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
a
s
sma
ll
as p
o
ss
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.
o
f 33 u
H,
s
o
th
e
c
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pac
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to
r
v
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l
u
e
can
b
e
cal
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t
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d
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s
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(2)
w
ith
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t
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esponse.
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y
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,
t
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i
t
resona
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q
uenc
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8
k
H
z
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s obta
i
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1529 –
1
5
37
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532
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2
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f
√
(
3
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Th
e
swit
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me
c
h
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i
s
m
i
s
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a
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t
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rg
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s
w
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n
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ircu
it
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2
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h
c
o
nc
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t
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t
t
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h
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a
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w
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2
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o
ns,
as show
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i
n
F
ig
ure
6.
F
i
gure
5.
C
urr
e
nt se
n
sor
circ
u
i
t
F
i
gure
6. Bi
d
ir
ecti
o
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itc
h
N-Mosfet
A
s
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how
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t
he
c
irc
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it
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ompo
ne
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M
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RF
540
in
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xce
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t
t
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up
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l
s
ser
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e
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w
hic
h
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ses
P
-
c
h
ann
e
l
MO
S
F
ET
IRF
9
5
4
0
.
The
P
C8
17
opt
o
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ou
pl
er
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s
u
s
ed
a
s
t
h
e
MO
S
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and
the
op
t
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co
u
p
ler
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t
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t
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t
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T
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2
5
60
m
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ontr
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t
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t
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selec
t
t
he c
el
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bala
nc
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The
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a
l
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s
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r
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F
i
g
u
r
e
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Bala
nc
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ce
ll
circui
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
system
on elec
tric b
i
ke us
i
n
g lit
h
i
u
m
-i
on
1
8
6
5
0
(Soe
pra
p
t
o)
1
533
2.5.
D
e
sign
o
f p
r
ote
c
tion
cir
cu
it
Th
e
pu
rp
ose
of
t
h
e
p
rot
e
c
t
i
o
n
ci
rc
ui
t
is
t
o
d
i
sc
onn
e
c
t
th
e
po
we
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l
i
n
e
s
b
e
t
w
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n
t
h
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b
a
t
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d
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3
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A
m
pe
re
r
elay
a
n
d
f
use
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
8.
F
us
e
is
u
seful
for
pr
eve
n
tin
g
c
o
mp
one
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t
dam
a
ge
w
he
n
a
sud
d
e
n
over
c
urrent
o
c
c
urs.
F
use
is
u
sed
be
ca
u
s
e
i
t
h
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s
a
f
a
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ponse
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o
m
p
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se
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a
use
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i
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s
t
h
e
p
a
t
h
me
chan
ica
lly
t
o
pr
eve
n
t
o
v
er
v
o
lta
ge
,
un
derv
o
lta
ge,
ove
r
h
ea
t
,
ov
e
r
c
urr
e
nt c
on
di
t
i
o
n
s
.
Re
la
y is a
c
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
t
h
ro
ugh
A
TM
eg
a
2
560
p
i
n
d
ig
it
al
b
a
s
ed
o
n
in
form
ation
fro
m
volta
ge
sens
o
rs,
cur
r
ent se
nsor
s
and
t
e
mpe
r
atu
re sensors.
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
P
a
c
k
1
3
S
e
r
i
4
P
ar
al
e
l
Fu
se
3
0
A
‐
+
Ch
a
r
g
e
r
/
L
o
a
d
+
‐
12
V
Ch
a
r
g
e
r
/
L
o
a
d
AB
B
a
tt
e
r
y
M
a
na
g
e
me
n
t
S
y
s
te
m
F
i
gure
8. P
rote
c
t
i
o
n c
i
rcu
i
t
2.6.
Soft
ware
de
v
elopm
e
nt
Th
e
so
ft
wa
re
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
done
u
si
ng
C
-l
ang
u
a
g
e
(
Ar
du
i
n
o ID
E
).
T
he
s
e
q
uence
o
f
opera
tio
nal
ins
t
ruc
t
i
o
ns ha
s
b
een
u
p
l
oa
de
d
int
o
t
he
A
Tm
ega
256
0
m
i
c
rocontroller.
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
DISCU
SSIO
N
3.1.
Vo
l
t
ag
e
s
e
nsor
te
s
ti
n
g
Thi
s
t
est
was
ai
med
to
m
ea
su
re
t
h
e
cell
vo
lt
a
g
e
o
f
e
a
c
h
b
a
tt
e
r
y
i
n
the
ba
t
t
er
y
pa
ck
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
com
p
osed of 13 series.
T
he r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
re
gi
v
en
i
n
Ta
ble
2.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
V
olta
ge
s
ens
o
r test
i
ng re
su
l
t
s
Ba
tt
e
r
y
V
pack
V
M
V
pa
c
k
S
en
so
r
|
∆
V
pa
c
k
|
V
cell
V
M
V
cell
S
e
n
so
r
|
∆
V
cel
l
|
1
3.
94
3
.
93
0.
01
3
.
9
4
3.
93
0
.
0
1
2
7.
85
7
.
85
0
3.
91
3
.
9
2
0.
01
3
11.
88
11.
87
0.
01
4
.
0
3
4.
02
0
.
0
1
4
15.
71
15.
68
0.
03
3
.
8
3
3.
82
0
.
0
1
5
19.
69
19.
63
0.
06
3
.
9
8
3.
95
0
.
0
3
6
23.
68
23.
66
0.
02
3
.
9
9
4.
03
0
.
0
4
7
27.
51
27.
46
0.
05
3
.
8
3
3.
8
0.
03
8
31.
47
31.
33
0.
14
3
.
9
6
3.
87
0
.
0
9
9
35.
46
35.
39
0.
07
3
.
9
9
4.
07
0
.
0
8
10
39.
23
39.
15
0.
08
3
.
7
7
3.
76
0
.
0
1
11
42.
9
42.
79
0.
11
3
.
6
7
3.
64
0
.
0
3
12
46.
8
46.
75
0.
05
3
.
9
3
.
9
6
0.
06
13
50.
7
50.
63
0.
07
3
.
9
3
.
8
9
0.
01
│
Av
er
ag
e
∆V
pa
c
k
│
0.
054
│
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
∆V
ce
ll
│
0.
032
F
r
om
T
a
b
l
e
2,
it
i
s kn
ow
n tha
t
the
pac
k v
o
lt
age
s
t
a
t
e had
a ma
x
i
m
um
d
ifference
of
0
.
1
4
V
f
o
r t
h
e
8
th
bat
t
ery
pa
c
k
w
it
h
a
n
a
vera
g
e
d
i
ffe
re
nc
e
o
f
0
.
054
V
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
t
he
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
cell
vo
l
t
a
g
e
di
ffe
re
nc
e
o
f
0
.09
V
for
the
1
3
th
b
a
t
t
e
ry c
el
l w
i
t
h
a
n ave
r
age
d
i
ffe
r
enc
e
of 0.
032
V
.
The
r
ead
in
g
e
rror
oc
curr
ed
b
eca
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
d
ro
p
o
n
t
he
M
O
S
F
ET
a
nd
m
u
lt
iple
xe
r,
t
he
vo
lta
ge
r
ea
d
i
n
g
e
rror
o
f
0
v
olt,
a
n
d
t
he
a
c
c
u
rac
y
o
f
t
h
e
po
te
nt
io
met
e
r
v
a
lu
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
l
c
ul
at
e
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
val
u
e
in
t
he
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
The
me
tho
d
o
f
ca
lc
ula
t
i
n
g
c
e
l
l
v
o
lta
ge
b
y
k
n
o
w
ing
the
vo
lta
ge
o
f
t
h
e
pa
c
k
b
e
i
ng
fo
l
l
ow
e
d
w
i
t
h
the
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
r
e
l
ate
d
d
i
f
fere
nc
e
w
a
s
pr
o
n
e
t
o
erro
rs,
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
e
r
ro
r
re
ad
i
n
g
vo
lt
age
of
t
he
pac
k w
oul
d a
ffe
c
t
t
he
r
ea
din
g
o
f t
h
e
ce
l
l
's vo
l
tage
a
n
d
a
l
so
t
he f
oll
o
w
i
n
g
ste
ps.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1529 –
1
5
37
1
534
3.2.
Current
senso
r
testing
C
u
rre
nt
s
en
sor
test
i
ng
was
car
ried
o
u
t
d
uri
n
g
t
h
e
char
g
i
ng
p
roc
e
s
s
usi
n
g
a
batter
y
c
har
g
er
a
nd
t
h
e
bat
t
ery
d
i
sc
hargi
n
g proc
ess u
s
i
ng a
re
sist
or.
The
tes
t
i
n
g
resu
lts
o
f
A
C
S
712
se
ns
or
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
Ta
ble
3.
I
t
i
n
dic
a
t
es
a
l
i
n
e
a
r
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tic
t
o
c
u
rre
nt
w
i
t
h
a
sens
i
t
i
v
ity
o
f
6
6
m
V
/
A
a
n
d
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
2.5
V
a
t
t
he
c
ur
rent
o
f
0
A
.
U
s
ing
t
h
e stra
igh
t
-l
i
n
e e
qua
t
i
on ap
pro
x
i
m
a
ti
on, the
s
e
n
sor
out
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n has
be
en
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d.
(
4
)
0.06
6
2
.5
(
5
)
15
37.5
(
6
)
The
m
a
x
i
mum
di
ffe
re
n
c
e
o
f
t
he
A
CS
71
2
3
0
A
sens
or
c
urrent
r
ead
i
n
g
w
a
s
0
.16
A
,
w
it
h
an
a
ver
a
ge
err
o
r
of
0
.04
A
.
T
he
e
r
r
or
o
f
th
e
cu
rre
nt
s
en
so
r
rea
d
ing
o
c
c
u
rr
ed
b
eca
use
t
h
e
se
nsor
o
u
t
pu
t
e
rror
it
s
e
l
f
w
as
1.5%
a
t 2
5
o
C
a
nd t
h
e
A
D
C
reso
l
u
t
io
n w
a
s
used.
Te
stin
g
t
h
e
re
adi
n
g
t
i
m
e
o
f
curre
nt
s
ens
o
r
w
a
s
done
u
s
i
n
g
t
he
m
il
lis
f
u
n
c
tio
n
ava
i
l
a
ble
on
t
h
e
mic
r
oco
n
tro
l
le
r t
o
ens
ure
w
h
e
t
he
r t
h
e
cur
r
ent se
nsor
re
a
di
ng ha
d
bee
n
pe
r
form
ed ever
y
1 se
c
o
nd. F
r
o
m Table
4,
i
t
ca
n
be
s
ee
n
tha
t
t
he
c
urre
n
t
s
en
sor
rea
d
ing
proce
s
s
w
a
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
e
v
e
ry
1
s
ec
ond
w
it
h
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
er
ror
of
1
m
i
l
l
i
se
c
o
n
d
a
nd a
m
a
ximum
e
r
ror
of
1
0
4
m
i
l
l
i
sec
o
nd
s.
Tab
l
e
3.
A
CS
712-
30 tes
t
in
g
re
su
lts
C
h
a
r
ging
I
Am
p m
e
te
r
(
A
)
I
A
C
S712
(A)
∆I
(
A)
4.
02
4
.
0
5
0.
03
D
i
sc
h
a
rging
I
Am
p m
e
te
r
(
A
)
I
A
C
S712
(A)
∆I
(
A)
0.
03
0
.
0
4
0.
01
-
0
.7
5
-0
.7
7
0
.
0
2
-
1
.4
6
-1
.4
3
-
0
.0
3
-
2
.1
6
-2
.1
6
0
-
3
.
4
-
3.
34
-
0.
06
-
4
.5
3
-4
.5
1
-
0
.0
2
-
5
.7
1
-5
.6
8
-
0
.1
6
|
A
ve
ra
ge
∆
I
|
0
.
0
4
Tab
l
e
4. The
resu
l
ts o
f of
c
urr
e
nt se
n
sor
re
adin
g t
i
m
e
D
a
ta
T
im
e
(m
s)
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
(A
)
Da
t
a
T
ime
(m
s
)
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
(A
)
1
999
0.
15
3
4
3400
4
0.
30
2
1999
0
.
3
0
35
3500
5
0.
30
3
2999
0
.
3
0
36
3590
1
0.
30
4
3999
0
.
3
0
37
3690
1
0.
15
5
5000
0
.
1
5
38
3790
1
0.
30
6
6000
0
.
3
0
39
3890
2
0.
15
3.3.
T
e
m
p
er
a
t
ur
e
se
nso
r
te
s
ti
ng
Te
stin
g
t
h
e
t
e
mpe
r
ature
sen
s
or
w
as
d
one
by
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
4
t
e
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
sensors
w
i
t
h
a
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
therm
o
me
ter
TP
300
1,
p
la
ce
d
on
the
he
ater
b
y
co
nd
uc
ti
o
n
.
Test
r
e
su
lts
o
f
4
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
se
nsor
s
a
r
e
sho
w
n
in
Tab
l
e
5,
w
hereas the
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
c
hara
cteris
t
i
c
ob
tai
n
e
d
i
s
g
i
ve
n i
n F
i
gur
e 9.
F
r
om
t
he
r
esul
t
s
s
how
n
,
i
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
t
ha
t
the
di
ffe
renc
e
in
m
ea
s
urem
ent
of
t
he
l
a
r
ges
t
t
em
pera
ture
o
c
cu
rre
d
in
s
en
so
r
2
of
t
h
e
7
th
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
5
.
7
o
C.
T
he
a
ve
rage
s
en
sor
1
differ
e
n
c
e
w
a
s
1.58
o
C,
s
e
n
s
o
r
2
w
a
s
2.1
o
C,
s
e
n
s
o
r
3
w
a
s
1
.
88
o
C,
a
nd
s
ensor
4
was
1.
5
o
C.
F
ig
ure
9
s
h
ow
s
t
h
a
t
t
here
w
a
s
a
sma
l
l
d
i
ffer
enc
e
betwe
e
n
t
he
c
har
acter
ist
i
c
c
u
rve
o
f
t
he
s
e
n
sor
s
a
nd
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
g
ita
l
the
r
m
o
me
t
e
r,
w
ith
a
ma
ximum
diff
ere
n
ce
of 2.
5
o
C of
t
he
7
th
m
ea
s
u
r
e
me
n
t
.
Tab
l
e
5. LM3
5
t
e
mpe
r
ature
sensor
t
es
tin
g
resul
t
s
N
o
T
he
rm
om
e
t
e
r
L
M
35
S
e
nsor
Av
er
ag
e
∆
T
1
2
3
4
1
29.
6
27.
8
27.
8
27.
3
27.
8
27.
7
-1.
9
2
35.
2
34.
2
34.
2
33.
7
34.
2
34.
1
-1.
1
3
38.
1
36.
1
36.
6
35.
6
36.
6
36.
2
-1.
9
4
42.
9
41.
5
42.
9
41
4
2
41,
8
-1.
1
5
44.
5
43.
4
45.
4
42.
9
44.
4
44
-
0.
5
6
53.
3
51.
2
55.
6
51.
7
55.
6
53.
6
0
.
3
7
61.
6
62
67.
3
62
64.
9
64.
1
2
.
5
8
71.
2
68.
3
74.
7
67.
8
72.
2
70.
8
-0.
4
│Ave
ra
g
e
∆T│
1
.
2
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
tt
e
r
y m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
nt sy
ste
m
o
n
e
l
ect
ric
b
i
k
e
us
in
g l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
ion
1
8
650
(
Soe
pra
p
t
o)
1
535
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
e
m
p
e
rat
u
re
sen
so
r ch
arac
t
e
ri
sti
c
3.
4.
Cel
l
s
ba
la
nci
n
g
ci
rcu
i
t
tes
t
in
g
Test
in
g
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
ba
l
a
nc
in
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
w
a
s
car
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
tw
o
h
i
ghe
st-
v
ol
ta
ge
b
a
tte
r
i
es
w
it
h
the
lowe
st-v
ol
ta
ge
b
at
tery.
The
re
sults a
re
g
ive
n
i
n Ta
bl
e
6.
Tab
l
e
6.
C
e
lls ba
l
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
i
r
cu
it te
st
ing
resu
lt
s
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
V
Ba
tt
e
r
y
V
Ba
tte
ry
V
B
a
t
t
e
ry
V
B1
4
.0
5
B2
3
.7
7
B
3
3
.7
9
B4
3
.7
8
B5
3
.7
7
B6
3
.5
9
B
7
3
.7
3
B8
3
.9
0
B
9
4
.
0
4
B
10
3.
77
B
11
3.
77
B
12
3.
92
B
13
3.
8
5
V
avg
=
3
.
77
volt
V
ma
x
:
B
1 =
4.
05 vol
t
V
min
:
B
6 =
3.
59
volt
T
i
m
e
(
h
o
u
r
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
V
ma
x
(
V)
4
.
0
4
4.
03
4
.
0
2
4.
015
4
.
0
11
4
.
005
V
mi
n
(V
)
3.
62
3
.
6
4
3.
65
3
.
661
3
.
6
66
3
.
669
∆
V
(
V
)
0
.
4
2
0.
39
0
.
3
7
0.
354
0
.
3
45
0
.
336
Figure
1
0
.
Outpu
t
s
ig
na
l
The
bala
nc
in
g
pr
oce
s
s
too
k
6
h
o
u
r
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
he
d
if
fe
r
e
nc
e
bet
w
e
e
n
t
he
s
tr
on
g
a
n
d
w
eak
b
a
t
ter
y
vo
l
t
age
fr
om
0
.
46
V
to
0
.
3
36
V
w
ith
e
ffe
c
tiv
e
ba
l
a
nc
i
n
g
cur
r
ent
o
f
2
2
.5
m
A
.
I
n
F
igur
e
1
0
,
th
e
ye
l
l
ow
s
i
g
nal
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
he
s
ig
na
l
of
t
he
M
O
F
ET
switc
h
wh
i
c
h
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
v
o
l
tage
b
at
tery
t
o
t
h
e
ser
i
e
s
L
C
c
i
rcu
i
t.
T
he
b
lue
si
g
n
a
l
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
t
h
e
c
apac
i
t
or
v
o
l
tage
s
i
g
n
a
l,
w
here
as
the
r
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
a
s
t
he
c
ur
r
e
n
t
s
ig
na
l
f
l
ow
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
c
apa
c
i
t
o
r
.
W
he
n
the
M
O
F
ET
sw
itc
h
l
ogic
w
a
s
H
i
gh,
t
he
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
vol
t
a
g
e
r
o
s
es
t
o
4
.
04
V
,
wh
i
c
h
mean
s
th
e
r
e
wa
s
c
h
argi
ng
o
n
t
h
e
c
apa
c
i
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
24
m
A
.
Whe
n
t
he
M
O
F
ET
sw
itc
h
l
o
gi
c
w
a
s
L
o
w
,
t
he
capa
c
i
tor
vol
ta
ge
d
r
o
p
pe
d
to
3
.
8
4
V
,
w
hich
m
eans
d
i
sc
har
g
in
g
the
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
-
24
m
A
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
: 208
8-
869
4
Int J
Pow
El
ec &
D
ri
S
yst
,
Vol
.
10,
N
o.
3
, Se
p
2
019 : 1529 –
1
5
37
1
536
3.5.
Prote
c
tion
cir
cu
it te
s
t
i
n
g
T
h
i
s
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
t
h
e
form
o
f
r
e
lay
work
in
g
a
cco
rdi
n
g
to
the
c
ond
it
i
ons
o
f
the
ba
tte
ry.
T
h
e
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons
w
hi
c
h
n
ee
de
d
to
b
e
pro
t
e
c
te
d
w
e
re
under
vol
ta
ge
,
ove
rv
o
lta
g
e
,
over
h
e
a
t,
a
n
d
ove
rc
urr
e
nt.
U
nder
v
o
l
tage
a
n
d
o
ve
rv
olta
ge
t
es
ts
w
e
r
e
carried
o
u
t
u
s
i
ng
a
v
ar
i
a
b
l
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
source
,
w
hose
limi
t
s
c
o
uld
be
s
et.
T
h
e
u
n
d
ervo
l
t
age
l
i
mit
w
a
s
2
.
7
5
V
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
i
m
i
t
w
a
s
4
.
2
V
.
The
o
b
serva
tio
n
d
u
ri
ng
e
x
perim
e
nt
s
h
o
w
e
d
tha
t
t
he
u
n
d
erv
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n
and
ov
e
r
vo
lt
a
g
e
p
r
ot
ect
i
on
we
re
w
o
rki
n
g by
in
t
e
r
r
uptin
g
the
re
l
a
y w
h
e
n
it e
x
c
eede
d
t
he
v
olt
a
ge
lim
it.
O
v
e
r
hea
t
t
e
s
ti
ng
w
a
s
done
u
sing
a
hea
t
s
ou
rc
e
w
h
ich
c
o
uld
be
a
d
ju
ste
d
,
w
i
t
h
t
he
t
e
m
pe
r
a
ture
lim
it
w
a
s
unde
r
4
5
o
C.
T
he
e
x
p
eri
m
e
n
t
bro
u
g
h
t
t
o
a
c
o
nc
lu
sio
n
t
hat
the
ove
r
h
eat
p
ro
te
c
t
i
o
n
sys
t
em
w
orked
by
in
t
e
rrup
t
ing
t
h
e r
e
lay
w
h
en th
e
t
em
pera
t
u
r
e
w
as a
bove 4
5
o
C.
O
v
e
r
cur
r
ent
te
st
i
n
g
w
a
s
car
ried
o
u
t
d
ur
ing
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
nd
d
i
sc
har
gi
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
tio
ns
w
i
t
h
a
curre
nt
l
im
it
set
to
1
A
w
h
e
n
c
ha
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
4A
d
uri
ng
the
discha
rg
i
ng
pr
oce
s
s.
Cha
r
g
i
ng
pr
ocess
w
a
s
ta
gge
d
b
y
a
p
o
s
iti
ve
curr
ent,
w
her
e
as
d
uri
ng
t
h
e
p
r
oc
ess
o
f
d
i
s
ch
a
r
gi
n
g
,
the
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lew
ne
ga
t
i
ve
ly.
F
r
om
e
xperim
e
n
t
,
i
t
c
oul
d
be
conc
l
ude
d
t
h
at
t
he
ove
rcur
rent
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
ion
s
y
ste
m
w
orked
w
e
ll
d
u
ri
ng
t
he
c
h
a
rgi
n
g
and
di
sc
h
a
rg
i
n
g
pro
c
es
s
w
ith
t
he r
ela
y
d
i
s
co
n
n
e
c
te
d
w
h
en i
t c
r
osse
d the
l
i
ne
.
4.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
The
a
n
a
l
ysis of
re
sults obta
i
ne
d
fr
om the
e
x
p
e
r
im
ent i
n
th
i
s re
sear
ch bring
s
to s
ome
c
o
ncl
u
sio
n
s t
h
at
the
des
i
gne
d
B
M
S
co
ul
d
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
the
v
o
lta
ge
o
f
ind
i
vi
dua
l
ba
t
t
er
y
c
e
l
l
in
a
p
a
c
k
w
i
t
h
an
a
ve
rage
e
r
r
or
o
f
0.03
2
V
(0.82
4
%)
,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
a
nd
di
scha
rgi
ng
c
u
rrents
of
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
pac
k
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
ve
r
a
ge
e
rror
of
0
.
04
A
(6.15%
),
a
nd
the
tem
p
er
a
t
ure
of
t
he
b
a
t
te
r
y
p
a
c
k
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
v
era
g
e
error
of
1
.21
o
C
(2.9
%)
.
The
cons
tructe
d
BMS
a
l
so
c
o
u
l
d
p
ro
vi
d
e
t
he
p
r
o
te
c
t
i
o
n
w
h
en
a
n
un
der
v
olta
ge
,
ov
e
rvo
lta
ge,
o
v
e
r
hea
t
,
or
o
verc
urren
t
con
d
i
t
i
on
occ
u
re
d.
T
he
a
ct
iv
e
ba
la
nc
in
g
c
oul
d
be
w
e
l
l
ac
hie
v
e
d
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
de
s
i
gne
d
B
M
S
,
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
vo
l
t
age
di
ffe
re
nce
be
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
stro
n
g
ba
tter
y
an
d
w
ea
k bat
t
er
y re
achi
n
g
0.
3
3
6
V
w
i
t
hi
n 6
h
our
s.
I
t
i
s
a
l
so
t
o
b
e
s
ugge
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
in
t
he
f
ut
ure
t
h
e
v
o
lta
ge
r
ea
di
ngs
u
se
a
d
i
f
fe
r
e
nt
i
a
l
A
D
C
I
C
s
o
t
h
a
t
i
t
w
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
r
eq
u
i
re
a
r
esis
t
o
r
w
h
ic
h
c
oul
d
a
b
s
o
rb
e
ne
rg
y.
A
ddi
tio
n
of
s
eries
LC
c
ircu
i
t
c
o
u
l
d
als
o
b
e
ma
d
e
,
so
t
h
at
t
wo
b
a
l
a
n
ci
ng
p
ro
ce
sse
s
co
u
l
d
o
c
c
u
r at
on
c
e
t
o
a
cc
el
era
t
e
the ba
l
a
nc
in
g time
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
The
a
u
t
hor
s
w
o
u
l
d
li
ke
t
o
tha
nk
I
n
t
e
rn
at
i
ona
l
S
c
ie
ntific
P
u
b
lic
a
tio
n
Offi
c
e
o
f
B
r
awi
j
aya
Uni
v
er
si
ty
,
Ind
ones
i
a
for
t
h
e
fu
n
d
i
n
g of t
his
pu
blica
tio
n
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
A.
D
evie,
et
a
l
.
,
"
Intri
n
sic
vari
ability
i
n
the
degradati
o
n
of
a
b
at
ch
o
f
comm
erci
a
l
1
86
50
li
thium-i
o
n
cell
s
,"
En
ergi
es
,
vol.
1
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
031,
201
8.
[2]
M
.
S
a
l
am
eh,
et
a
l
.,
"
On
lin
e
t
e
m
p
e
rat
u
re
e
st
imat
io
n
f
o
r
p
h
ase
ch
ang
e
c
o
m
po
site-18
65
0
li
thium
i
o
n
cell
s
-based
bat
t
ery
pack,
"
i
n
IEEE Ap
p
lied
Po
wer Elect
ronics Con
f
er
ence a
nd
Expo
s
i
ti
on
(
A
PEC)
,
p
p
.
312
8-313
3,
2
01
6.
[3]
T.
B
ruen,
et
a
l
.
,
"
An
alys
is
o
f
a
Bat
t
ery
M
a
nag
e
m
e
nt
S
y
s
tem
(BM
S
)
co
nt
ro
l
strat
egy
f
o
r
v
i
bra
t
io
n
aged
n
ick
e
l
m
a
ng
anese
co
ba
l
t
o
x
i
de
(
N
M
C)
l
i
t
hiu
m
-i
on
18
650
b
a
ttery
cell
s
,
"
E
n
er
gi
es
, vo
l
.
9,
n
o. 4
, pp
. 25
5
, 2
0
1
6
.
[4]
X.
C
u
i
,
et
a
l
.,
"A
n
o
v
el
acti
v
e
o
n
lin
e
stat
e
of
c
h
a
rg
e
b
a
sed
bal
a
n
c
in
g
app
r
o
ach
f
or
lithium-
i
o
n
ba
t
t
ery
packs
during
f
a
s
t
charg
ing
p
r
ocess
in elect
ric vehi
cles,
"
Ener
g
i
es,
vo
l
.
10
,
n
o
. 1
1, pp
.
1
1
7
6
, 2
01
7.
[5]
V.-L.
Ph
am,
et al
.,
"
A
n
e
w
c
e
ll-t
o
-cel
l
f
a
st
b
al
a
n
ci
ng
c
i
r
cuit
f
o
r
L
it
hi
u
m
-Ion
b
att
e
ries
i
n
Elect
ric
Veh
i
cles
a
n
d
En
ergy
S
t
orag
e
S
y
st
e
m
,
"
i
n
IE
EE
8t
h In
t
e
rn
ational
Po
wer
E
l
ectr
o
n
i
cs a
n
d
M
o
t
ion
Co
nt
rol Con
f
er
ence (
I
PEM
C
-
ECCE A
s
ia)
,
pp.
2
46
1-24
65
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6]
K.
K
adirvel,
et
a
l
.,
"
A
s
t
ack
able,
6-cel
l,
L
i
-
ion
,
b
att
e
ry
m
an
agem
ent
IC
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
v
ehi
c
les
w
ith
1
3,
1
2-
bit
ΣΔ
AD
Cs,
cell
ba
l
a
nci
ng,
a
nd
d
irect
-conn
ect
c
urrent
-m
od
e
com
m
unica
tions,"
S
y
mp
osium
o
n
VL
SI C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
,
pp
.
C
23
2-C2
33,
20
1
3
.
[7]
Y.
X
i
n
g
,
et al.,
"
Batt
ery
man
a
gem
e
nt
s
yst
e
ms
i
n
electri
c
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icles
,
"
En
erg
i
es
,
vo
l
4,
no.
1
1
,
pp
.
1
840
-18
5
7
, 2
011
.
[8]
W.
C
hu
ng
Lee,
et
al
.
,
"
C
o
m
parison
of
p
assive
cell
b
a
lanci
ng
an
d
a
c
t
i
v
e
cel
l
b
a
lan
c
ing
for
automotive
batteries,
"
i
n
IEEE
V
e
hicl
e
Power and
Propu
l
s
i
on
Con
f
erence
,
pp
. 1-7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[9]
G.
M
uld
e
r,
e
t
al.
,
"Com
pariso
n
o
f
c
omm
e
rcial
b
a
tt
ery
cel
ls
i
n
r
el
ati
o
n
to
m
a
t
erial
prop
erti
es,"
Electr
o
chi
m
. Acta
,
vo
l.
87,
p
p
.
4
73
-488
,
2
01
3.
[10]
Q.
O
uy
a
n
g,
et
al
.,
"
O
ptima
l
cell
-
t
o
-cel
l
balancin
g
t
o
p
o
lo
gy
d
e
s
ig
n
f
o
r
s
e
ria
l
l
y
connected
l
i
t
hium
-ion
b
a
tt
e
r
y
p
acks,
"
IEEE
Tr
ans
ac
t
i
ons
on Sust
a
i
nable
Ener
gy
,
vol.
9
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
0
-3
6
0
,
20
18.
[11]
A.
S
an
i
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
S
w
itch
e
d-capa
c
i
t
o
r
c
harg
e
eq
ual
i
zati
o
n
ci
rc
u
i
t
f
o
r
s
e
ries-c
o
n
n
ecte
d
b
at
teri
es,"
i
n
I
E
EE 2
n
d
An
nu
al
So
ut
hern
Po
wer E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs
Con
f
er
ence
(
S
PEC)
,
p
p
. 1
-5,
20
16
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Ba
ttery
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
system
on elec
tric b
i
ke us
i
n
g lit
h
i
u
m
-i
on
1
8
6
5
0
(Soe
pra
p
t
o)
1
537
[12]
Z.
L
i
u
,
et
al
.,
"
A
n
o
pt
imi
z
a
t
io
n
a
l
go
rit
h
m
f
o
r
equ
a
lizat
io
n
s
c
he
m
e
o
f
seri
es
-con
nect
ed
e
n
e
rgy
sto
r
age
cel
ls
*,"
i
n
IEEE Transpor
tat
i
on
Electri
f
i
cat
i
on Conference and E
x
po,
Asia-
P
aci
f
ic
(
I
TEC
A
s
i
a
-
P
acific
)
,
p
p.
1
-6
, 20
1
7
.
[13]
G.-H.
Min
a
n
d
J.-I.
H
a
,
"
Ac
tive
c
e
ll
ba
la
nc
in
g
a
l
go
rith
m
fo
r
se
ri
a
l
ly
c
on
ne
c
t
e
d
l
i
-
io
n
ba
tte
r
ie
s
ba
se
d
on
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
energ
y
rat
io,
"
I
E
EE Energy Conv
ersi
on
Co
ngress
and E
x
position
(E
CCE
)
,
p
p
.
2
7
4
8
-
275
3,
2
0
17.
[14]
C.
Y.
C
hu
n,
et
a
l
.,
"
S
t
ate-o
f
-ch
a
rge
an
d
rem
a
in
ing
ch
arge
e
s
t
i
m
atio
n
of
s
eri
e
s-c
o
nnect
ed
l
it
hi
u
m
-io
n
b
att
e
ries
f
or
cell
bal
a
ncin
g
schem
e
,
"
i
n
IE
EE
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
e
leco
mmu
ni
cat
i
ons E
n
er
gy
Co
nf
erence
(
I
NT
EL
EC
)
, pp
.
1
-5
, 2
01
5.
[15]
S
.
J
eon,
et
a
l
.,
"Acti
v
e
cell
b
a
lan
c
ing
circu
i
t
f
o
r
s
e
ries-co
n
n
ected
b
att
e
ry
cells,"
9t
h
Interna
tion
a
l Co
n
f
er
ence o
n
Power E
l
ect
r
o
ni
cs
and E
CCE
As
i
a
(
I
C
P
E-
ECC
E
Asia)
,
p
p
.
11
82
-
1
18
7, 20
1
5
.
[16]
G. L.
P
l
et
t
,
"
Ba
ttery M
ana
gem
e
nt Sys
t
ems,
V
o
l
u
me
I: Batter
y
M
o
d
el
in
g
,”
N
o
r
wo
o
d
, M
A:
Ar
t
ech H
ou
se,
2
0
1
5
.
[17]
M
C
Z
hou
(
Eds.
),
"
Adva
nces
i
n
bat
ter
y
m
a
n
u
fa
ctu
r
i
ng, s
e
rvi
ces, an
d
ma
nag
emen
t
systems
,
”
N
e
w
J
e
r
s
e
y
,
N
J
:
I
E
E
E
Press,
Joh
n
Wi
le
y & So
ns
,
In
c.
,
2
0
1
7
.
[18]
Y.
L
i,
et al
.,
"
A
new
pers
pe
cti
v
e
o
n
b
att
e
ry
c
el
l
b
a
lanci
n
g
:
T
herm
al
b
alan
c
in
g
a
n
d
re
la
tive
t
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
c
on
trol,"
IEEE
E
n
ergy Co
nversion Congre
s
s and
Expos
iti
o
n
(
E
CC
E
)
, p
p.
1
-
5
, 20
1
6
.
[19]
X.
P
i
c
hon
,
et al
.,
"Ba
l
anci
ng
c
o
n
t
r
ol
b
ased
o
n
s
t
ates
o
f
ch
arge
a
nd
s
t
ates
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
s
t
i
ma
te
s
a
t
c
e
l
l
le
v
e
l,
"
in
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
Cle
a
n
Elect
r
i
cal Powe
r
(
I
CCEP)
,
pp
. 20
4
-2
11
,
20
15
.
[20]
KM
.
Lee,
et al.
,
"Act
ive
cell
bala
ncing
of
L
i-
i
o
n
batt
eries
u
s
ing
L
C
s
eri
e
s
re
sonant
c
i
r
cuit,"
IE
EE
T
r
an
sactio
ns
o
n
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
El
ectron
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
62
(9),
p
p.
5
4
91-5
5
0
1
,
201
5.
[21]
J.
Q
i
and
D
.
D-C.
L
u
,
"
Review
o
f
battery
cell
bal
a
ncin
g
tech
niq
u
es
,"
i
n
A
u
st
ralas
i
an Uni
versities
Power
En
gi
neeri
ng Co
n
f
er
ence
(
A
U
P
EC)
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
2014.
[22]
A. Z
i
e
g
l
er,
et
a
l
.
,
"Com
pari
so
n of
acti
v
e an
d p
a
ssi
v
e
bal
ancin
g
by a lo
ng
term
t
est
in
clu
d
i
ng a po
st
-m
orte
m
analy
s
is
of
a
ll
si
ngle
b
a
tt
ery
cel
ls
,
"
i
n
In
te
rna
tio
na
l IEE
E
Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
and
Wo
rk
sho
p
in
Ób
ud
a
o
n
Ele
c
tric
a
l
an
d Powe
r
En
gi
neeri
ng (
C
AND
O
-EPE),
p
p
.
1
5
-2
0, 2
01
8.
[23]
L.
W
e
i
,
et
a
l
.,
"
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
p
a
ssive
b
alanci
ng
c
h
a
r
acteris
ti
cs
o
f
seri
ally
c
o
n
n
ected
l
it
h
i
um-ion
b
atter
y
s
tr
ing,
"
in
13
th
IEEE Interna
t
ional Con
f
e
r
ence on
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
c
Measurement
&
Inst
rument
s
(ICEMI
)
,
p
p
.
4
8
9
-495,
2
0
1
7
.
[24]
Ami
n
,
et
a
l
.,
"
P
a
s
s
iv
e
bal
a
ncing
bat
t
ery
man
a
gem
e
nt
s
yst
e
m
us
in
g
M
O
S
F
ET
i
n
t
e
rnal
r
esi
s
tance
as
b
al
a
n
ci
n
g
resi
st
or,
"
i
n
In
ter
natio
nal
Conf
eren
ce on
S
u
st
a
i
na
ble Energ
y
En
gi
neering
an
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
at
io
n
(
I
CSEE
A)
,
pp
.
1
51-1
5
5
,
2
0
1
7
[25]
A.F.
M
og
had
d
am
a
n
d
A
.
v
a
n
de
n
Boss
che,
"
An activ
e
cel
l
eq
ual
i
za
ti
on
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
or
l
it
h
i
u
m
i
on
b
att
e
ri
es
b
as
e
d
o
n
in
du
ctor
b
alan
cin
g
,"
i
n
9t
h In
ter
nat
io
nal Co
nfer
ence
o
n
M
e
c
h
an
ica
l
an
d A
e
ro
sp
ace En
gi
neeri
n
g
(
I
CMAE
),
pp
.
2
74-2
7
8
,
2
0
1
8.
[26]
P
.
D
ost an
d C.
S
ourk
o
u
n
i
s
,
"S
ensor
mi
n
i
m
a
l cel
l
m
o
nito
ring
w
ith
i
nteg
rated
di
rect
act
iv
e cell
bal
a
ncin
g,
"
i
n
T
w
elft
h
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce on
Eco
l
o
g
i
c
al Veh
i
c
l
es
an
d
Renewa
bl
e
En
ergi
es (EVER)
,
pp
. 1
-7,
20
1
7
.
[27]
M
.
R
äber,
et a
l
.,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
ce
es
timatio
n
of
a
cell
-
to
-cell-t
y
p
e
activ
e
balan
c
ing
circuit
for
lit
hium
-
i
on
b
at
t
e
ry
syst
e
m
s,"
IEEE 26t
h Inter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Symp
osiu
m on In
du
stria
l
Elect
ro
n
i
c
s
(
I
SIE)
,
pp.
100
5-1
0
1
0
,
201
7.
B
I
OGRAPHIES
O
F AUTHO
RS
S
o
eprapt
o
was
g
r
ad
uat
e
d
in
e
lectrical
e
ng
in
eeri
ng
f
r
om
B
rawi
jay
a
Un
iv
ersi
ty
,
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
an
d
got
h
i
s
m
a
ster
d
egre
e
i
n
e
lect
rical
e
ng
ineeri
n
g
f
r
om
S
epu
l
u
h
N
ope
m
b
er
I
ns
titut
e
o
f
T
echn
o
lo
gy
i
n
S
u
ra
b
a
ya,
Ind
ones
i
a.
S
h
e
j
o
in
ed
t
h
e
Elect
rical
E
ng
i
n
eeri
n
g
d
e
partm
e
n
t
a
t
Brawijaya
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
,
In
do
nesi
a
in
1
9
89
w
h
ere
sh
e
i
s
c
urren
t
l
y
t
h
e
h
ead
o
f
P
o
wer
El
ec
t
r
on
ics
L
a
bo
ratory
.
Her
research
i
nt
erests
i
n
c
l
ude
p
o
wer
elect
ron
i
cs,
el
ectric
d
r
iv
es
a
n
d
r
enew
abl
e
e
n
e
rg
y,
e
sp
e
c
i
al
ly
e
lect
ric
bi
k
e
s
an
d
roo
f
top
p
h
o
t
ov
oltai
c
power
g
enerati
o
n
and
it
s
i
n
t
e
grat
ion
into
power
g
r
ids
.
Ri
ni
N
u
r
H
as
anah was
g
rad
u
ated
i
n
el
ectri
c
a
l
en
gin
eerin
g
f
r
o
m
B
a
n
dung
I
nstitute
o
f
T
echnology
-
Indo
nes
i
a,
g
o
t
h
er
p
os
tgrad
u
at
e
m
a
st
er
d
eg
re
e
in
e
n
e
rgy
f
r
om
the
Swi
s
s
Federal
Institute
o
f
T
echno
lo
gy
i
n
Laus
ann
e
(
EP
FL
),
S
wit
zerland
,
and
go
t
h
e
r
d
o
c
tora
l
de
g
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
me
uni
v
ersity.
S
h
e
j
o
in
ed
t
h
e
Elect
rical
E
ng
i
n
eeri
n
g
d
e
partm
e
n
t
a
t
Brawijaya
U
n
i
v
e
rsity,
In
do
nesi
a
in
1
9
95
w
h
ere
she
i
s
c
urrent
ly
t
he
C
hai
r
o
f
Elect
rical
P
o
w
er
E
ng
in
ee
ri
n
g
S
ect
io
n
.
H
er
r
esearch
i
nt
eres
ts
i
n
clu
d
e electri
cal
m
ach
in
e
s
a
n
d
d
rives,
pow
er
e
lect
ronics
,
rura
l
elect
rif
i
c
a
tio
n, renewab
le energy
,
en
ergy
man
a
ge
m
e
nt
,
an
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
em
s
.
T
a
ufik
r
eceiv
e
d
his
D
o
cto
r
o
f
En
gi
neerin
g
f
r
o
m
C
l
e
velan
d
S
tate
Universit
y
.
He
j
o
i
ned
the
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
d
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
a
t
C
a
l
P
o
ly
S
ta
t
e
U
n
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
in
1
99
9
wh
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he
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