In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
11, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
20,
p
p.
107~
1
1
8
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
1
07-
11
8
107
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Renewable energies evaluati
on and linking to sm
art grid
B
e
no
ua
z Idri
ss Ya
s
si
ne
1
,
A
l
l
aou
a B
o
u
m
ed
i
e
n
e
2
1
Lab
o
rato
ry
o
f
An
aly
s
i
s
,
Co
n
t
ro
l
and
Op
tim
i
zation
of Elect
ro-E
n
e
r
g
e
t
i
c
S
ys
te
m
s
,
T
a
h
r
i
M
o
ha
mmed Univers
ity, A
lgeri
a
2
S
m
art
Grids and
renew
a
bl
e ene
r
gi
es Labo
r
ato
r
y, T
ahri
M
oh
am
med
U
nive
rs
ity
,
A
lg
e
r
ia
.
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jul 8,
2019
Re
vise
d A
ug
4
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
2
2
,
2
019
To
t
ackl
e
t
h
e
w
id
esp
r
ead
c
h
a
l
l
eng
e
s
en
coun
tered
d
u
ri
ng
t
he
m
ana
gem
e
nt
o
f
po
wer
f
l
ow
i
n
el
e
c
t
r
ical
n
et
works,
t
h
e
i
nteg
rati
on
o
f
sm
art
gri
d
(S.G
)
is
pro
p
o
s
ed
a
s
a
v
i
ab
le
s
o
l
uti
on
t
o
a
d
d
ress
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
on
mental
a
nd
eco
no
mi
c
concerns.
In
o
r
d
er
t
o
enhance
overal
l
f
unction
a
lity
o
f
the
el
ec
tr
i
c
p
ow
e
r
d
e
live
ry
s
y
s
te
m,
o
pe
ra
tio
n
o
f
th
e
sma
r
t
g
r
id
i
s
go
ve
rn
e
d
b
y
da
t
a-d
r
iven
alg
o
rithms
w
here
v
ario
us
s
en
so
rs
a
n
d
s
m
a
rt
m
eters
are
us
ed
t
o
c
ol
lect
t
h
i
s
dat
a
.
O
n
o
th
er
h
an
d,
t
h
e
f
lu
c
t
ua
t
i
n
g
c
ost
of
f
o
s
sil
f
u
els
and
i
ts
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
act
o
n
th
e
envi
ron
n
em
ent
h
a
s
incen
ti
v
i
ze
d
th
e
exp
l
oi
tatio
n
o
f
r
e
ne
w
a
b
l
e
energ
i
es
i
n
t
h
e
sm
art
grid.
In
t
he
p
resen
t
p
ap
er,
a
hy
brid
P
ho
t
ov
o
l
ta
i
c
/Wi
nd
(PV/Wi
nd
)
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
ste
d
t
o
su
pp
ly
a
s
m
a
rt
g
r
i
d.
T
h
e
o
bje
c
t
iv
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
stud
y
is
to
a
sses
t
he
f
easibi
lity
o
f
a
s
m
ar
t
gri
d
s
uppl
i
e
d
s
o
l
e
ly
b
y
ren
ew
abl
e
e
nergy
so
urces
.
Co
ncep
t
u
al
s
t
a
nd
in
gs
o
f
this
n
ew
ly
s
u
g
g
e
st
ed
m
o
d
el
a
re
v
ali
d
ated
by
s
i
m
u
l
ati
ons.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Hy
b
r
id
pho
tovo
l
t
a
i
c
/
W
i
n
d
f
a
rm
Sm
a
r
t
g
r
id
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gies
S
e
nsor
s
Sm
a
r
t
meters
Town servers
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Be
no
uaz
Idriss
Y
a
s
sine,
Depa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
i
c
a
l E
n
egi
n
iri
ng,
Tahri
Mo
ha
mm
ed
U
niversi
t
y,
B
P
417,
08000 Bechar,
Algeria.
Em
ail:
ener
gy.
ben
o
u
az
@
g
ma
il
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
term
“
sma
r
t
gri
d
”
de
fi
n
e
s
a
se
lf-
h
e
a
l
i
n
g
ne
tw
or
k
us
in
g
sens
ors,
t
w
o
-w
ays
com
m
unica
t
i
ons,
com
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
na
l
abi
l
ity,
con
t
r
o
l
a
n
d
dyna
m
i
c
o
p
timiz
a
t
i
o
n
tec
hni
q
ues
t
h
at
u
se
r
ea
l-t
i
m
e
m
ea
sur
e
ment
s
to
mi
n
i
mi
ze
n
et
wo
rk
l
o
s
se
s,
m
a
i
nt
ai
n
vol
t
a
g
e
l
ev
el
s,
i
n
c
rea
s
e
re
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
impr
o
v
e
ass
e
t
ma
na
ge
me
nt
[
1]
.
F
u
r
t
he
rm
o
r
e,
t
he
w
or
l
d
w
i
de
e
ner
g
y
infrastr
u
c
t
ur
e
de
pe
n
d
s
hea
v
i
l
y
o
n
b
u
r
ni
ng
f
o
s
s
i
l
fu
els.
G
i
v
en
t
ha
t
t
h
o
s
e
resour
ces
a
r
e
n
o
n
-re
new
a
b
l
e
and
are
cons
ide
r
ed
t
o
be
t
h
e
m
ain
s
ource
o
f
p
o
l
l
u
t
i
on,
e
xte
n
s
i
ve
r
ese
a
rc
h
i
s
con
d
u
cte
d
t
o
loo
k
f
or
n
ew
c
l
e
an
s
o
u
r
ces
o
f
ene
r
g
y
a
n
d
t
o
impr
o
v
e
t
h
e
al
re
a
d
y
exi
s
ti
n
g
ren
e
wa
b
l
e
en
e
r
gy
source
s
(
R
ES
s)
[
2].
In
c
om
p
a
riso
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
r
em
ainin
g
R
ES
s,
t
he
W
i
nd
a
nd
P
V
sou
r
ce
s
a
r
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ted
fre
que
n
tly
a
s
a
n
a
u
x
il
iary
s
ys
t
e
m
to
t
he
m
a
i
n
co
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
prod
uc
t
i
o
n
r
esource
s
[
3
].
F
urtherm
o
re,
t
h
e
e
x
ce
ss
of
e
ne
rgy
h
a
rv
este
d
fr
om
t
he
R
ES
s
i
s
s
t
o
red
for
use
in
c
ase
of
loa
d
s
h
e
dd
i
ng
to
gua
r
a
ntee
t
he
c
ont
i
n
u
i
t
y
of
s
e
r
v
i
ce
[4].
Th
e
con
t
i
n
uous
g
ro
w
t
h
of
r
esid
e
n
ti
al
a
nd
i
n
du
st
ri
al
a
nd
c
o
n
s
u
me
r
s
i
nc
rea
s
e
s
t
h
e
bur
den
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
el
ect
ri
cal
p
o
w
er
g
rid
a
n
d
cre
a
t
e
s
n
e
w
i
s
su
es
l
ik
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
us
b
la
c
k
o
u
t
s
a
nd
i
n
cr
easi
ng
c
a
rbo
n
em
issi
on
s
[
5
].
T
w
o
-w
a
y
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
str
a
teg
y
a
l
o
ng
w
i
t
h
u
s
e
of
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
s
m
a
r
t
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
S
.
G
i
s
apo
t
e
d
f
or
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
the
s
e
i
ssu
es
a
n
d
t
o
a
dd
inte
lli
ge
nce
a
n
d
au
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
w
a
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
in
S
.
G
.
The
main
i
nte
r
est
in
t
his
pa
pe
r
is
t
o
asses
the
use
hy
b
ri
d
P
V
/Wi
nd
fa
rm
a
s
a
sol
e
s
up
ply
of
a
s
m
a
rt
gri
d
,
di
f
f
er
ent
pow
er
de
m
a
n
d
ca
se
s ar
e
consid
e
r
e
d
t
o sim
u
l
a
te
f
or
a
r
ea
l
beha
vi
our
o
f
an
e
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l
ne
tw
ork.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
107
–
11
8
10
8
2.
HYBRID RENEWABLE
E
N
E
RGY
PV/W
IND
2.
1.
S
o
lar
en
er
gy
The
so
lar
ene
r
gy
is
h
ar
ves
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
C
o
n
c
e
n
tra
t
ed
S
o
l
ar
P
a
n
el
s
(
CS
P
)
o
r
P
hot
ov
o
l
ta
i
c
(
P
V
)
pa
nels
.
U
s
in
g
the
P
V
p
ane
l
s
the
s
o
la
r
r
a
di
a
t
i
o
n
is
c
on
ver
t
e
d
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
e
n
er
gy
[
6
,
7]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
tie
a
n
ar
r
a
y
of
s
o
l
a
r
pa
ne
ls
t
o
the
ut
i
lit
y
gr
i
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
fr
e
que
ncy
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
l
e
vel
,
t
he
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
e
n
e
r
gy
fr
om
t
he
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
i
s
co
n
v
e
rt
ed
f
ro
m
d
i
rec
t
c
u
r
re
n
t
(
D
C
)
to
a
lt
e
r
n
a
ti
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
C)
f
or
m
usi
n
g
a
n
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
e
nt
i
r
e
sys
t
em
i
s
il
lu
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
igur
e
1
[8]
.
F
i
gur
e
1.
G
r
i
d
con
n
e
c
tio
n
to
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
system
2.
2.
Wind
e
n
e
r
g
y
Tha
nks
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
c
o
n
duc
te
d
on
t
he
w
i
n
d
ener
gy
s
yst
e
m,
e
n
e
rgy
c
o
nv
e
r
s
i
on
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
h
a
s
r
aised
s
i
g
n
i
fic
a
n
tl
y
an
d
th
e
r
efore
sev
e
ral
win
d
f
a
r
m
s
ha
s
be
en
i
mp
lem
e
nte
d
a
nd
t
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
ne
t
w
or
ks
w
he
r
e
w
in
d
po
te
nt
i
a
l
is
h
i
gh.
T
he abu
da
nce of
w
i
n
d i
n
s
o
m
e
l
oc
ati
o
ns has hel
p
e
d
to pr
o
vi
de
a
lmos
t
co
nt
i
nuo
us
s
ou
rce
of
e
l
e
ct
r
i
ci
ty
.
Whi
l
e
w
in
d
fa
rms
do
n
o
t
n
eed
bat
t
e
r
i
e
s
for
bac
kup
st
or
age
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
,
sm
all
w
i
nd
s
y
stem
s
does
ne
ed
b
a
c
k
u
p
b
a
tte
r
i
es
[
9]
.
K
i
ne
ti
c
E
n
er
g
y
(
K
E
)
of
t
he
w
i
nd
is
c
o
nver
t
e
d
i
nt
o
m
e
c
h
ani
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy
b
y
m
ea
ns
o
f
bla
d
e
s
o
f
th
e
w
i
n
d
t
ur
b
i
ne
,
the
n
a
ge
ne
r
a
t
o
r
is
c
o
n
n
ect
e
d
t
o
th
e
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
bi
ne
to c
o
n
v
erts m
ec
han
i
ca
l
ener
g
y
to e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
ene
r
g
y
[10]
as
show
n
in
F
igur
e
2.
F
i
gur
e
2.
W
i
n
d
pow
e
r
c
onver
s
io
n
t
o
e
lec
t
r
i
ci
t
y
i
n
a
w
i
n
d
t
ur
bi
n
e
3.
HYBRID S
YST
E
M M
O
DELING
3.
1.
P
h
o
t
ovol
t
a
ic
g
en
e
r
at
or
m
od
el
G
i
ve
n
tha
t
t
he per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic sys
t
e
ms
i
s
af
fe
c
t
e
d
b
y
i
r
r
a
dia
n
ce
le
ve
ls
a
nd
te
mpe
r
at
ur
e
,
m
a
ny s
i
m
p
lif
ie
d
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
on
mode
ls
h
as
b
e
e
n
c
once
i
ve
d t
o
i
m
p
r
ove
t
h
e
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
P
V
sy
st
ems.
A
n
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
of
t
he
s
o
l
ar
c
ell
cir
c
u
i
t
mode
l
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
S
ol
a
r
c
ell
w
i
t
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
di
ode
a
n
d
s
er
i
e
s
r
e
si
sta
n
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Re
ne
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
ev
alu
a
t
i
o
n an
d l
i
nk
i
ng
t
o
sm
art gr
i
d
(Be
n
o
u
a
z
Idriss
Yass
i
n
e
)
10
9
Th
is
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
p
ane
l
c
an
b
e m
odeled
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
fo
ll
ow
i
n
g
equa
ti
on
s:
e
T
rK
A
N
s
K
V
oc
q
I
scr
I
rr
1
(1)
e
T
aK
T
rK
A
K
q
E
g
T
rK
T
aK
I
rr
I
d
1
1
3
(2)
100
S
T
rK
T
aK
K
i
I
scr
I
pv
(3)
1
0
0
0
R
s
I
V
T
aK
K
A
N
s
q
e
I
d
N
p
I
pv
N
p
I
(4)
3.2.
Win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
mod
e
l
The
wi
nd
tur
b
i
n
e
sys
t
em
s
ar
e
also
a
f
f
ec
ted
by
the
we
at
her
.
W
in
d
t
ur
b
i
ne
s
are
usu
a
l
l
y
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
in
para
l
l
e
l
.
A
n
e
qui
va
len
t
c
ircu
i
t
of
w
in
d
turb
i
n
e
is r
epre
se
nte
d
a
s
s
how
n i
n
F
igure
4 [1
1].
F
i
gure
4.
E
qui
va
l
e
n
t
c
irc
u
it o
f
w
in
d turb
i
n
e
Th
is
w
in
d tur
b
ine pa
ne
l c
a
n b
e
m
odeled
u
s
i
n
g the
fo
ll
ow
in
g
equa
tio
ns:
]
0
[
3
2
1
0
Au
P
(5)
2
*
*
*
*
5
.
0
*
*
)
(
Vr
A
CP
a
g
w
t
P
(7)
4.
SM
A
R
T
GRID DES
CRIPTION
The
sm
ar
t
s
y
st
em
i
s
a
c
o
mb
i
n
at
i
on
o
f
f
o
u
r
ma
i
n
p
a
r
ts:
Sm
ar
t
Hou
s
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
(
S
.
H
)
,
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
(S
.M),
T
ow
n
S
e
rver
(
T.S
)
a
nd
Ma
in
S
erve
r
(M.S
).
T
he
c
ol
l
a
bora
t
i
ve
a
nd
pro
p
er
ope
rati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
y
ste
m
s
w
ill
hel
p
o
p
tim
ize
the
c
ons
umpt
i
on o
f
e
ner
g
y
and
miti
ga
te t
he
p
oll
u
ti
on
.
4.1.
S
mar
t
h
ou
se
s
ystem
A
sm
a
r
t
home
is
a
n
a
p
p
l
ic
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
u
b
i
q
u
i
t
o
u
s
c
om
pu
t
i
n
g
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
he
h
om
e
e
n
v
i
ro
nme
n
t
i
s
mo
n
ito
re
d
by
a
mb
i
e
nt
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
t
o
p
rovi
de
c
o
n
t
e
xt
-awa
re
s
erv
ices
a
n
d
f
ac
i
lita
te
r
e
m
ot
e
hom
e
con
t
ro
l
[12]
.
It
i
s
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
w
it
h
a
ll
sma
r
t
a
ppl
ianc
es.
Th
e
i
n
sta
l
lat
i
on
o
f
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
c
a
r
ds
i
s
ne
e
d
e
d
t
o
m
a
ke
t
he
d
e
v
ice
s
sma
r
t.
T
hese
c
a
r
ds
a
re
c
onsis
tin
g
of
w
ireless
cards,
s
ensor
s
,
m
ic
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
s
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
ta
l
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
U
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
e
sma
r
t
a
pplia
nc
es,
the
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
be
t
w
e
e
n
the
dev
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
S
.M
w
ill
no
lo
nge
r
need
a
s
m
a
r
t
s
oc
ket
[1
3,
14].
The
pow
er
c
o
n
sum
p
ti
on
is
s
en
se
d
b
y
t
he
s
e
n
so
r
de
vi
c
e
,
i
t
als
o
d
e
c
i
de
t
he
s
t
a
tu
s
of
c
urr
e
nt
.
The
con
s
um
ed
p
o
w
er
a
nd
it
s
pr
i
c
e
a
r
e
show
n
by
a
d
i
gi
ta
l
m
e
ter.
T
he
po
w
e
r
flow
i
s
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
ed
by
t
h
e
m
i
cro
con
t
ro
l
l
er
d
e
v
i
ce.
T
he
p
ow
er
r
e
quir
e
d
for
a
p
p
l
ianc
e
is
a
l
s
o
kno
w
n
t
o
th
e
m
i
cro
c
o
ntr
o
ll
e
r
,
t
h
i
s
i
nf
o
r
ma
ti
o
n
w
ill
be
s
e
n
d
to
a
S
.
M
t
hrou
g
h
a
w
i
r
eless
ca
rd.
Sma
r
t
car
d
and
s
ma
rt
m
et
er
a
re
c
on
nect
ed
w
it
h
wirele
ss
c
ar
d
by w
i
re
les
s
co
m
munic
a
tio
n
[15].
4.2.
S
mar
t
Mete
r
The
bas
i
c pur
pose
s
o
f
S
.
M
syste
m
s a
r
e
[16]:
2
0
2
1
u
u
m
P
w
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
107
–
11
8
11
0
4.2.
1.
Power
man
a
g
e
ment a
nd
mea
suring
The
i
n
p
u
t
from
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
/
p
o
w
e
r
sta
t
io
n
is
t
ake
n
b
y
t
h
e
S
.
M
t
ha
t
has
inf
o
rm
ation
o
f
t
ota
l
pow
e
r
am
oun
t
re
q
u
ir
ed
b
y
the
sm
ar
t
ap
pl
ica
t
i
o
n
[
1
7]
.
If
t
he
p
r
o
vide
d
p
o
w
e
r
fr
om
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
g
ri
d/
pow
er
s
t
a
tio
n
is
in
su
ffic
i
en
t
i
t
w
ill
try
to
f
u
l
f
i
l
r
e
qu
irem
ent
by
e
x
t
r
act
i
ng
po
we
r
f
r
o
m
r
eg
e
n
erat
iv
e
source
(
R
.
S),
a
n
d
i
f
R
.Ss
are
not
a
b
l
e
t
o
s
at
isfy
p
ow
e
r
r
equ
i
re
me
nt
the
n
the
T.
S
w
ill
r
e
c
eive
a
s
i
gna
l
fr
om
S
.
M
t
o
pr
ov
i
d
e
d
i
ffere
n
ce
of
requ
ire
d
pow
e
r
a
nd
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
pow
e
r
.
I
f
t
he
pow
er
r
eq
uire
d
is
l
e
ss
t
ha
n
the
pow
er
p
ro
v
i
de
d
b
y
T
.
S
,
it
b
roa
d
c
a
s
t
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
t
o
T
.
S
t
h
a
t
T
.
S
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
so
T
.S
c
a
n
r
ed
u
c
e
p
o
w
er
w
h
i
ch
i
s
mo
re
tha
n
r
equ
i
re
p
o
w
er
by S
.
H
[18]
.
4.2.
2. Un
i
t m
e
asuremen
t a
n
d
pri
c
e
The
p
o
w
e
r c
onsum
p
tio
n
un
it i
s
m
ea
sured
by the
S
.
M
,
this o
p
era
t
i
o
n
w
ill b
e
done
i
n t
h
ree
leve
ls
P
o
w
e
r un
its pr
o
v
i
ded
b
y
serv
i
c
e
pr
ovi
de
r to
e
stim
ate
t
h
e
pr
ic
e.
P
o
w
e
r un
its e
xtr
acte
d
f
rom
R.S
.
The
u
t
i
l
i
zat
i
on
of
t
h
e
p
ow
e
r
uni
ts ex
t
ra
cte
d
from
R.S
by
se
rvic
e
pr
ov
i
d
er
t
o run
an
ot
her
S.
H.
S.
M w
i
l
l
c
a
l
c
u
la
te the
p
r
i
ce
up
to
t
im
e us
in
g a
b
o
v
e m
e
nt
i
o
n
e
d r
eadi
ngs.
It w
il
l be
v
i
s
i
b
le
t
o
cu
st
ome
r
[19].
4.2.
3. Commu
nication
I
n
o
rde
r
t
o
se
nd
a
n
d
r
ece
i
v
e
t
h
e
m
e
ssa
ge
s
ig
n
a
l,
T
.S
h
as
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
e
w
ith
S
.
M
.
This
i
s
do
n
e
us
i
n
g
P
u
b
l
ic
s
w
i
tc
hed
te
l
e
p
h
one
n
e
t
w
o
rk
(
P
S
TN
).
P
S
T
N
tec
h
nol
o
g
y
u
sa
ges
rem
ove
t
he
h
i
gh
p
o
w
e
r
radi
a
t
i
o
n
prese
n
t
i
n
S
.M
c
om
munic
a
t
i
o
n
[20,
2
1].
T.S
w
ill
r
e
cei
ve
t
he
p
ri
ce
a
nd
un
i
t
s
numbe
r
from
the
S
.
M
so
t
he
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
c
a
n
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
p
a
y
t
h
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
.
A
l
l
T
.
S
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
nec
t
e
d
t
o
a
M.S
usin
g
P
S
TN.
While
f
or
pow
e
r
transm
i
s
s
i
on,
S
.
M
i
s
also c
o
n
n
e
cted
t
o
T.S
via
power
l
i
n
e
.
4.3.
Town
ser
ver
In a
s
m
a
r
t
grid
the
to
w
n
s
er
ve
r
i
s
t
he bas
ic unit
of
managem
ent
, it
is
a com
pl
ete s
e
r
v
er
w
hich i
s able
t
o
t
a
k
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
i
t
s
u
s
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
T
.
S
h
a
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
n
M
.
S
t
o
se
nd
t
he
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
te
d
pow
er
u
n
its
u
p
t
o
t
h
at
t
i
m
e
ea
ch
h
ou
r,
w
h
i
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
all
d
a
t
a
w
il
l
b
e
s
a
v
ed
a
t
t
he
M
.
S
w
hile
T
.S
k
ee
ps
o
n
l
y
the
c
u
rrent
mont
h
da
ta
f
or
e
ffic
i
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g.
T
he
m
ea
n
pur
pose
o
f
s
en
di
n
g
d
a
t
a
e
a
c
h
h
o
u
r
is
t
o
r
e
m
o
ve
t
he
pos
sib
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
over
bur
de
ni
ng
o
f
ba
n
d
w
i
dth
and
als
o
t
o
re
d
u
ce
the
ba
n
d
w
i
dth
t
o
c
ons
ide
r
abl
y
l
ow
l
e
v
e
l
t
ha
n
prev
i
ous
s
m
a
rt
syste
m
.
In
case
tha
t
t
he
M
.
S
goes
to
l
in
k
d
o
w
n
s
tate,
T.
S
sw
i
t
c
h
au
t
o
ma
ti
c
a
l
ly
t
o
adm
i
n
i
s
t
rat
i
v
e
m
od
e
an
d
beha
ve
s
li
ke
m
ain
serve
r
f
or
itse
l
f
an
d
kee
p
s
data
u
n
t
i
l
M
.
S
a
g
a
i
n
g
o
es
t
o
l
i
n
k
u
p
s
ta
t
e
,
w
h
ic
h
is
w
hy
t
h
e
T.S
is
opera
t
e
d
by
m
ult
i
t
a
s
kin
g
r
eal
t
ime
o
p
er
at
ing
sys
t
em
a
n
d
r
eal
t
i
m
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
.
S
s
a
r
e
con
n
ec
ted
to
e
ach
o
t
h
er
v
ia
P
S
T
N's
an
d
via
power
l
i
n
es
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
s
e
b
o
t
h
l
i
n
k
s
a
r
e
impor
ta
nt
f
or
t
he
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
betw
ee
n
T.
S
s
.
The
dra
w
b
a
c
k
s
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
ys
t
e
m
an
d
lat
e
st
n
e
e
d
s
are
t
h
e
one
st
r
o
nge
st
r
ea
so
n
w
h
ic
h
ap
pea
l
s
t
o
u
se
P
S
T
N
is
t
he
ore
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
u
n
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
ban
d
w
i
d
th
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
li
ty
[
18
].
S
h
a
n
non
the
o
re
m
gi
ve
s
ban
d
w
i
d
t
h eq
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
s gi
ven
be
l
o
w
[2
2]:
PIN
I
BW
b
ps
2
log
(8)
A
nd b
it pe
r sec
o
n
d
is g
i
ven
by
e
qua
ti
on
:
N
s
R
s
b
ps
2
log
(9)
I
n
itia
l
l
y, t
h
e
S
.M
s
e
n
d
a
m
e
ssage
c
o
n
ta
i
n
i
n
g
the
am
o
u
n
t
o
f pow
e
r
nee
d
e
d
by
i
t
s
S
.
H,
t
hes
e
m
essage
s
w
ill
be
r
ece
i
v
e
d
b
y
T.
S
from
a
ll
of
its
S
.
M
s,
s
o
T.S
w
i
l
l
b
e
in
for
m
e
d
w
hen
the
p
o
w
e
r
r
e
qu
ired
f
or
a
n
S
.
H
dec
r
ea
se
o
r
inc
r
ea
se
i
nsta
nt
l
y
.
Whe
n
e
v
er
a
n
S
.
M
send
a
m
e
ssage
t
o
T
.
S
t
o
r
e
duce
its
p
o
w
er
a
nd
o
t
her
one
t
o
incre
a
se
i
ts,
T.S
w
ill
r
e
duce
the
pow
er
s
ug
g
e
ste
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
fi
r
s
t
o
n
e
a
n
d
s
e
nd
s
it
t
o
t
he
s
econ
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
ng
o
n
its
r
e
q
ui
r
e
m
e
n
t
.
In
c
ase
t
h
at
t
he
pow
er
s
u
gge
ste
d
f
rom
t
h
e
firs
t
on
e
i
s
i
n
s
uf
fi
ci
e
n
t
fo
r
t
h
e
re
qui
re
me
n
t
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
,
T
.
S
w
i
l
l
c
h
e
c
k
o
t
h
e
r
S
.
H
s
t
h
o
s
e
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
te
p
ow
e
r
d
e
f
ic
i
e
ncy.
W
he
n
the
r
e
ar
e
no
S
.
H
s
can
p
r
ovi
de
pow
e
r
o
r
the
pow
e
r
r
e
g
ener
a
t
ed
i
s
l
e
ss
t
he
n
i
t
br
oa
dc
as
t
a
m
e
ssag
e
s
i
gna
l
to
i
t
s
n
ea
rest
T
.
S
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
I
f
t
h
e
n
e
a
r
e
s
t
t
ow
n
ser
v
er
c
a
n
dona
t
e
pow
er
f
r
o
m
it
s
grid
s
it
w
ill
b
o
rr
ow
f
r
o
m
nex
t
T
.S
f
or
t
he
f
irst
o
ne
.
I
f
t
here
i
s
pro
b
le
m
a
t
M
.S
o
r
any
/
few
T.
S
s
,
t
h
e
o
t
he
r
T
.
S
s
w
ill
w
o
rk
p
roper
l
y
it c
a
n
be se
e
n
i
n F
i
gure
6.
Th
is
i
s
a
n
a
dv
a
n
t
a
ge
o
f
sm
ar
t
s
y
s
t
em
o
ve
r
any
ot
he
r
sys
t
em
s.
T
.
S
may
o
r
m
a
y
not
b
e
con
n
ect
ed
direc
t
l
y
t
o sma
r
t
gri
d
or
c
o
n
v
e
nt
iona
l
pow
er
sta
tio
n or b
oth
,
t
h
i
s
c
onn
ec
ti
on
i
s
don
e
a
s
s
imp
l
e
as
c
o
n
n
ect
i
n
g
a
ma
in ce
n
t
r
al c
ompu
ter
of
s
ma
rt grid t
o
t
he
sm
a
rt gr
i
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rene
w
a
b
l
e ene
r
g
i
es eval
u
at
io
n an
d
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
t
o
sm
art
gr
id (
B
e
nou
az I
d
riss
Yass
ine
)
11
1
4.
4.
M
ain
s
e
r
ver
F
r
om
t
he
p
r
e
v
i
ous
s
e
c
t
i
on
s
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
a
s
i
l
y
s
e
e
n
t
ha
t
the
M.
S
i
s
the
br
ai
n
o
f
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
sy
stem
.
I
t
ke
ep
c
os
t
u
me
r
re
cords,
b
il
ls,
to
pol
o
g
y
o
f
d
i
v
isi
o
n
o
f
a
ll
t
h
e
p
ow
er
o
f
sm
a
r
t
gr
i
d
s
/
p
o
w
e
r
st
a
t
i
o
ns
f
or
r
eleva
n
t
sma
r
t
t
o
w
n
s,
e
t
c
.
As
m
e
n
ti
one
d
b
e
fo
re,
M
.
S
i
s
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
to
a
ll
T
.
Ss
v
ia
P
ST
N
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
een
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
M.
S
can
s
t
a
rt
o
r
sto
p
a
ll
th
e
fu
nct
i
ona
lit
y
of
a
p
a
r
tic
ula
r
T
.S
/S
.
H
i
n
a
ny
se
ve
r
e
c
a
s
e
by
s
o
me
t
ype
o
f
c
o
mm
ands
a
nd
p
assw
or
d
s
e
v
e
n
i
f
i
t
is
o
per
a
ted
b
y
d
e
f
er
ent
hea
d
o
f
f
i
c
e
s
of
s
e
r
v
i
ce
p
r
o
vi
der
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
unde
r
si
ng
le
u
mbr
e
l
l
a
.
A
t
the
e
n
d
o
f
t
he
m
on
th
a
c
om
ple
t
e
s
u
mm
ar
y
is
ge
ner
a
te
d
an
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
ed
b
y
the
M.
S
fo
r
ea
ch
T.
S
a
nd
ea
ch
S
.
H
.
I
t
i
n
f
or
m
s
t
he
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
a
b
o
u
t
a
l
l
the
i
r
pow
er
c
ons
u
m
pti
o
n
an
d
th
eir
b
i
l
l
s
us
in
g
the
i
r
sel
ected
m
ed
i
a
(email
,
sms
,
b
y
p
o
s
t
,
et
c
.)
[
1
6
]
.
F
i
gur
e
5.
F
low
c
h
ar
t
of
s
m
a
r
t
s
ys
tem
F
i
gur
e
6.
T
op
o
l
og
y
of
s
m
a
r
t
s
yste
m;
u
p
p
e
r
p
a
r
t
show
s
w
a
y
of
c
o
n
ne
ct
ion
betw
ee
n
TS
a
nd
als
o
w
it
h
MS
w
h
i
l
e
low
e
r
pa
r
t
s
how
s
the
w
a
y
of
c
o
n
n
ec
t
i
on
o
f
S
H
to
T
S
t
hr
o
u
g
h
lo
cal
P
N
ST.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
107
–
11
8
11
2
5.
S
I
MULAT
I
ON R
E
S
UL
TS
AND
D
I
S
CU
SSION
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
per
,
a
h
ybr
i
d
P
V
/
Wi
n
d
f
ar
m
i
s
e
x
p
l
o
i
t
e
d
t
o
sup
p
l
y
a
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
sy
st
e
m
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
i
on,
ba
tte
r
i
es
a
r
e
u
sed
t
o
s
t
o
c
k
t
he
e
xc
es
s
of
e
ne
r
g
y.
T
he
b
loc
k
d
ia
gr
am
o
f
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
s
ystem
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
7
.
F
i
gur
e
7.
B
l
o
c
k
d
ia
gr
a
m
o
f
th
e
pr
op
osed
s
ys
tem
.
5
.
1
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
rid PV/
Win
d f
a
r
m
pro
p
o
s
ed t
o
supply
o
u
r s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
5.
1.
1.
PV
f
ar
m
A
s
i
ll
us
tr
ate
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
8,
i
t
ca
n
be
s
een
t
hat
:
F
r
o
m
t
=0
s
to
t
=2
s,
kno
wi
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
radi
a
t
i
o
n
was
10
00
W/m2
,
t
h
e
P
V
v
ol
tage
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
si
ng
t
o
r
e
ach
2
9
kV
,
the
cour
a
n
t
is
a
lm
ost
co
n
s
ta
nt
i
n
3
00
A
and
the
p
o
w
e
r
is
i
n
c
r
ea
si
ng
unt
i
l
8
.
5
M
W.
F
r
om
t
=
2
s
t
o
t
=4
s,
t
he
w
eat
he
r
has
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
a
dia
t
i
on
ha
s
de
c
r
e
a
sed
to
8
5
0
W
/m
2,
t
he
P
V
vo
l
t
age
is
s
t
i
l
l
i
ncr
e
as
in
g
to
r
eac
h
32
k
V
b
u
t
t
he
c
o
u
r
a
n
t
h
as
de
cr
e
a
se
d
t
o
2
4
6
A
a
nd
b
e
ca
me
c
ons
ta
n
t
.
The
p
o
w
e
r
has
dec
r
ea
se
d
i
n
t
h
e
b
egi
n
nin
g
t
o
7
M
W
a
nd
inc
r
ea
se
a
gai
n
t
o
r
eac
h
7.
9
M
W
.
F
r
o
m
t=4
s
t
o
t
=6
s,
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
h
a
s
g
o
n
e
(at n
ight
)
so
th
e
P
V
fa
rm
h
as
s
toppe
d
t
h
e
pow
e
r
g
e
n
er
a
tion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Rene
w
a
b
l
e ene
r
g
i
es eval
u
at
io
n an
d
l
i
n
k
i
n
g
t
o
sm
art
gr
id (
B
e
nou
az I
d
riss
Yass
ine
)
11
3
(a)
(
b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
8.
T
he
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
fa
r
m
s
im
ulat
io
n
r
e
sul
t
s
:
(
a)
V
oltage
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d,
(
b)
C
ur
r
e
nt
p
r
o
duc
e
d
,
(
c
)
P
o
w
e
r
pr
o
duc
ed
5.
1.
2.
Win
d
f
a
rm
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
9,
it
c
a
n
b
e
obser
ve
d
tha
t
:
F
r
om
t
=
0
s
t
o
t
=
0
.
5
s,
know
in
g
t
h
at
t
he
w
i
n
d
spee
d
w
a
s
5
m
/s
t
he
w
i
nd
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
has
incr
e
a
se
t
o
1
0
0
V
i
n
be
gi
nn
i
ng
a
n
d
decr
ease
a
f
ter
t
h
at
u
nt
il
1
0
V
,
the
c
o
ur
an
t
h
a
s
r
e
a
c
h
6
A
a
n
d
g
o
b
a
c
k
t
o
a
l
m
o
s
t
0
A
.
T
h
e
pow
e
r
i
ncr
e
a
s
e
to
1
1
0
0
W
a
n
d
go
ba
c
k
t
o
0
W.
F
r
om
t
=0.
5
s
t
o
t
=3s,
t
h
e
w
e
a
t
he
r
has
c
h
a
n
ge
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
s
pee
d
h
as
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
o
12
m/
s,
t
h
e
w
i
nd
vo
l
t
age
ke
e
p
s
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
s
tar
t
i
ng
fr
o
m
1
0
V
inc
r
ea
sing
t
o
1
05
V
f
r
o
m
t
=
0.
9s
t
o
t
=
1
.
6s
d
e
c
r
e
asin
g
to
0
V
a
t
t
=2s
a
nd inc
r
ea
sin
g
a
ga
i
n
t
o
1
0
0
V
f
r
o
m
t=2.
5s
t
o
t
=
3s,
the
sa
me
t
h
i
nk
for
t
h
e
co
ura
n
t
start
i
n
g
from
0
A
at
t
=
0
.
5
s
inc
r
ea
si
n
g
t
o
3
8
A
a
t
t
=
1.
4s,
de
cr
e
a
sing
to
0
A
at
t
=2s
a
n
d
in
cr
e
a
se
a
gai
n
t
o
r
e
ach
35
A
at
t
=
3s.
The
pow
er
h
as
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
o
6
3
0
0
W
a
t
t
=
1.
5s,
de
cr
e
a
s
ed
t
o
0
W
at
t
=
2
s
a
nd
i
n
cr
ease
d
a
ga
i
n
t
o
r
e
ac
h
58
00
a
t
t
=3s.
F
r
om
t
=3s
to
t
=
6
s,
t
he
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
ha
s
chan
ge
d
agai
n
an
d
the
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
h
as
d
e
c
re
as
ed
t
o
9
m
/
s
,
t
h
e
wi
nd
vo
l
t
age has be
en
i
ncr
e
as
in
g
u
n
t
il
r
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
1
60
0
V
a
t
t
=6s,
t
he
c
o
ur
an
t
ke
e
p
s
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
A
t
o
23 A
a
nd
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
keep
s
chan
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
W
to
45
k
W
.
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
9.
T
he
w
in
d
f
a
r
m
s
imul
a
tio
n
r
e
su
lts:
(
a
)
V
o
lta
ge
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
(
b
)
Curren
t
p
ro
du
ce
d
,
(
c
)
Po
w
e
r
pr
o
duce
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
107
–
11
8
11
4
5.1.
3.
Loa
d
e
n
e
rgy d
e
man
d
The
lo
ad
c
har
g
e
dem
a
nd
w
a
s
9
.1
M
W
unt
i
l
t
=
4
s,
i
t
w
a
s
i
n
cre
a
sed
t
o
r
eac
h
1.26
M
W
from
t
=4s
t
o
t=
5s and go ba
c
k again to 9.
1
MW
f
r
om
t=5s
to t=
6
s.
The
d
etail
is
h sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
1
0
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f
)
Figu
re
10
.
T
he
l
oa
d
de
ma
nd
s
i
m
ula
tion
re
su
lts: (
a
) Vo
lta
g
e
de
m
a
nd
,
(
b)
Z
oom
o
f
vo
ltag
e
d
em
an
d f
r
om
0
s to
0
.
2
s,
(c)
Cu
rrent dema
n
d
, (d
)
Z
o
o
m o
f
cur
ren
t
d
eman
d
f
r
o
m
3
.9s
t
o
4.1
s,
(
e)
P
o
w
er d
em
an
d
, (f
)
Zo
o
m
of power
d
em
and
f
r
om
3
.
9s
to
4
.
1s.
5.1.
4. Comp
a
ring
resu
l
t
s
A
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
1
1
t
he
P
V
farm
a
nd
t
h
e
w
i
nd
farm
a
re
w
or
ki
n
g
t
oge
t
h
er
a
s
hy
br
i
d
P
V
/
Win
d
ene
r
g
y
sourc
e
t
o fu
l
f
il
t
h
e
loa
d
d
em
and,
t
he
r
esults sh
o
w
tha
t
:
F
r
o
m
t
=
0
s
t
o
t
=
4
s
,
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
P
V
f
a
r
m
p
o
w
e
r
h
a
d
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
t
t
=
2
s
th
e
w
i
nd
far
m
pow
e
r
h
ad
i
n
c
r
ea
sed
t
o
comp
e
n
s
at
e
t
h
e la
ck
o
f
po
we
r.
F
r
om
t
=
4s
t
o
t
=
5
s
the
c
h
arge
d
e
m
a
nd
had i
n
cre
a
sed
a
nd the
P
V
f
a
r
m
p
o
w
e
r
h
a
d
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
o
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
far
m
pow
er
h
a
d
i
nc
rea
s
e
d
to
sup
p
l
y the
cha
r
ge
d
em
and b
y
itse
l
f.
F
r
om
t
=
5
s
t
o
t
=
6
s
,
t
h
e
char
ge
d
em
an
d
ha
d
g
one
b
ac
k
t
o
n
orm
a
l
b
u
t
t
h
e
P
V
f
a
r
m
h
a
d
n
o
p
o
w
e
r
t
o
gener
a
te
s
o
th
e
w
i
nd
far
m
pow
er
h
ad c
onti
n
ue
t
o s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
de
ma
nd by
it
self.
To su
p
p
l
y th
is
l
oa
d t
h
e
fo
l
l
ow
in
g
eq
uat
i
o
n h
a
d
t
o
b
e
che
c
k
ed:
P
batteries
P
wind
P
pv
P
load
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Re
ne
wa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
ev
alu
a
t
i
o
n an
d l
i
nk
i
ng
t
o
sm
art gr
i
d
(Be
n
o
u
a
z
Idriss
Yass
i
n
e
)
11
5
F
i
gure
1
1
.
The
c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
hybr
id
P
V
/
Wi
nd
farm
a
nd po
w
e
r de
ma
nd
5.2.
Th
e
sm
art
grid
p
rop
o
sed
The
sm
ar
t
gr
id
p
rop
o
se
d
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
five
s
m
a
rt
house
s
(
neig
h
b
o
u
rh
o
od),
fo
ur
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
e
s,
one
h
ea
v
y
in
dus
try
and t
h
e
rest of the
sy
ste
m
.
5.2.
1. Smart hou
s
e
s
H
ouse
five
i
s
t
a
ken
as
a
n
e
x
a
m
ple
t
o
d
isc
u
s
s
t
he
r
e
s
ults.
T
h
is
h
o
u
s
e
i
s
s
up
pli
e
d
by
th
e
g
r
id
p
o
w
e
r
,
w
i
n
d
g
e
n
era
t
or
w
it
h
a
ca
pac
i
t
y
o
f
1K
W
a
n
d
so
lar
pa
nels
w
ith
a
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
of
4
,5K
W
.
The
resul
t
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
2
.
F
i
gure
1
2
.
S
m
art ho
use
si
m
u
la
ti
o
n
re
s
ul
ts
A
f
ter
fo
ll
ow
i
n
g
the pr
ogram
for t
w
e
nty-f
o
ur hours,
it c
a
n b
e
se
en
t
h
a
t
:
F
r
om
00:0
0
t
o
0
8
:
0
0,
t
he
h
o
u
se
p
ow
e
r
c
on
sump
t
i
o
n
i
s
supp
lie
d
b
y
b
o
t
h
of
g
r
i
d
pow
e
r
a
nd
w
i
nd
gener
a
tor.
F
r
om
8
:00
t
o
09:
4
0
,
fo
l
l
ow
in
g
t
h
e
a
p
pe
ara
n
ce
of
t
he
d
a
y
t
he
s
ol
a
r
p
o
w
er
i
nt
erv
e
n
e
s
so
i
t
c
a
n
s
upp
l
y
t
he
ho
use
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
m
a
nd
w
i
th
t
h
e
w
in
d
pow
e
r
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
pe
rio
d
t
he
g
ri
d
w
as
d
i
s
char
ge
d
fro
m
sup
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
ho
use
so
t
he
co
n
sum
e
r
ca
n sel
l
o
r st
o
r
e
t
h
e ex
ce
ss po
wer.
F
r
om
09:
40
t
o
1
0
:
00
,
a
pea
k
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
onsum
pt
ion
w
a
s
o
b
ser
v
e
d
,
th
e
so
lar
p
o
we
r
and
the
w
i
n
d
pow
er
ca
nno
t
su
pp
l
y
i
t by
the
m
s
elf s
o
t
he
gr
i
d
pow
e
r
i
nter
ve
ne
t
o
fu
l
f
il
l
th
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
po
we
r.
Fro
m
1
0
:
0
0
t
o
1
8
:
00
,
th
e
po
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
hous
e
wa
s
sup
pl
i
e
d
by
the
s
o
la
r
an
d
the
w
i
n
d
ene
r
g
y
e
xc
ep
t
at
1
3:
3
0
a
nd
15:
3
0
w
he
re
w
e
c
a
n
se
e
t
h
at
t
he
p
ow
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
wa
s
in
cre
a
s
e
d
so
t
he
gri
d
pow
e
r
ha
d
i
nt
e
r
vene
d t
o
sup
p
l
y i
t
.
F
r
om
18:
00
t
o
t
he
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
day,
t
he
s
o
l
ar
e
ne
rg
y
ha
d
dec
r
ease
d
(su
n
d
o
w
n)
s
o
the
gri
d
p
ow
er
a
n
d
t
he
w
i
n
d
pow
er
ha
d
i
nsur
ed t
he
p
ow
er
f
or
t
hi
s
h
o
us
e
.
5.2.
2.
Ind
u
stries
To
d
isc
u
ss
t
h
e
r
e
sult,
i
nd
us
t
r
y
tw
o
w
a
s
ta
k
e
n
as
a
n
exa
m
ple.
T
h
is
i
n
d
u
stry
i
s
s
upp
l
i
ed
b
y
t
h
e
gr
id
pow
er
,
w
i
nd
g
e
nera
tor
w
i
t
h
a
c
apac
ity
o
f
1
K
W
a
nd
s
o
lar
pa
ne
ls
w
i
t
h
a
c
a
pac
i
ty
o
f
4,5
K
W.
T
he
r
e
s
u
l
ts
a
r
e
show
n in F
igur
e13.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
107
–
11
8
11
6
F
i
gure
1
3
.
I
ndu
s
t
ry
s
i
m
u
l
at
io
n
resul
t
s
A
f
ter
fo
ll
ow
i
n
g the
p
r
ogram
for t
w
e
n
t
y-f
o
ur hours,
it c
a
n b
e
ob
serve that:
F
r
om
00:0
0
t
o
08
:48,
the
i
n
d
u
s
try c
o
nsum
pt
i
o
n
i
s
s
up
plie
d
by b
o
th o
f
gri
d
pow
er
a
nd
w
ind ge
ne
rat
o
r.
F
r
om
08:
48
t
o
1
2
:
3
6,
f
o
llow
i
ng
t
he
a
p
p
ear
ance
o
f
the
day
t
h
e
s
o
l
a
r
power
interve
n
es
s
o
it
c
an
s
upply
the
ind
u
s
t
ry
p
o
w
er
d
em
and
w
i
t
h
t
he
w
in
d
po
w
e
r,
i
n
t
h
is
p
e
r
io
d
t
he
g
ri
d
w
a
s
di
sc
harg
e
d
from
sup
p
l
y
i
n
g
the i
n
du
st
r
y
.
F
r
om
12:
3
6
t
o
15:
36,
t
he
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
p
o
w
e
r
con
s
ump
t
i
o
n
i
n
cr
e
a
si
ng
a
n
d
decr
easi
ng,
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
e
r
i
od
t
h
e
gri
d
pow
er
i
n
t
e
r
ve
n
e
s
on
l
y
w
he
n
the
pow
e
r
c
onsum
pt
ion
inc
r
ea
se.
F
r
om
15:
3
6
t
o
16
:
00,
a
b
ig
p
eak
o
f
11K
W
ha
s
bee
n
obse
r
ved,
i
n
t
h
i
s
cas
e
t
h
e
g
r
id
p
o
w
er
i
nt
erv
e
n
e
s
imm
e
dia
t
el
y
to
f
ul
fi
l
t
h
e la
c
k
of p
o
w
e
r
.
F
r
om
16:0
0
t
o
1
8
:
30,
t
he
s
ola
r
p
ow
er
d
e
c
re
ase
gra
dua
l
l
y
(su
n
d
o
w
n
)
so
t
he
g
ri
d
pow
e
r
i
ncre
ase
grad
ua
ll
y
t
o
f
u
l
fi
l
l
t
he
l
ac
k
of
pow
er,
in
t
his
perio
d
t
he
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
s
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
,
w
i
n
d
and
sola
r pow
e
r
s.
F
r
om
18:3
0
t
o
20:1
8
,
the
p
o
w
e
r
consump
t
i
on
of
t
he
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
has
been
s
upp
l
i
ed
b
y
t
h
e
gr
i
d
a
n
d
w
in
d
pow
ers.
F
r
om
20:1
8
t
o
the
e
n
d
o
f
t
he
d
ay,
the
ind
u
s
t
ry
p
ow
e
r
i
n
c
re
ased,
i
n
t
h
is
p
e
r
io
d
the
gr
id
pow
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
t
by i
t
sel
f.
5.2.
3.
Heavy indust
r
y:
The
he
a
v
y
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
is
s
u
pp
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e
gri
d
pow
er,
w
i
nd
f
ar
m
w
i
t
h
a ca
pa
c
ity o
f 1MW
a
nd s
o
l
a
r far
m
with
a
capa
c
i
t
y
of
8
MW.
The r
e
sul
t
s
are
sho
w
n in F
ig
ure
14.
F
i
gure
1
4
.
heavy
in
du
stry
s
i
m
ul
a
t
ion
resu
l
t
s
A
f
ter
tw
ent
y
-f
ou
r
h
ours
of o
b
s
er
vat
i
o
n
,
the
resu
lts
h
a
d
s
h
o
w
n
t
ha
t:
F
r
om
00:0
0
t
o
13
:
15,
a
f
ew
m
in
ute
s
i
n
t
h
e
be
gi
n
n
i
ng
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
s
t
o
ck
ed
b
y
th
e
sol
a
r
h
a
d
h
e
lp
ed
t
h
e
g
rid
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
the
h
e
a
vy
ind
u
s
t
ry
t
hen
t
h
e
gr
id
p
ow
e
r
a
nd
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
p
ower
t
a
k
e
t
h
e
ta
sk.
We
can
s
e
e
i
n
t
h
is
peri
od t
h
a
t
w
hen
t
h
e
hea
v
y i
n
dustry
dem
a
n
d
de
cre
a
ses
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er s
up
ply
i
t
by
i
t
s
el
f.
F
r
om
1
3
:
1
5
t
o
23
:0
0,
t
he
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
m
a
nd
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
vy
in
d
u
s
t
ry
i
nc
rea
s
e
s
a
nd
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
grid
p
ow
e
r
c
an
supply
i
t.
F
r
om
23:
00
t
o
t
h
e
e
n
d
of
t
he
d
a
y
,
t
h
e
s
u
pp
l
y
d
em
an
d
de
cre
a
ses
a
n
d
it
ca
n
be
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
by
t
h
e
gr
id
and
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
rs
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