I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
4
~
1
5
9
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v
9
.
i
4
.
pp
1
5
8
4
-
1
5
9
0
1584
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
E
DS
Dev
elo
p
m
e
nt
o
f
R
eg
enerativ
e Bra
k
i
ng
Concept
f
o
r El
ectr
ic
Vehicle E
nha
nce
d w
ith Bidirectio
na
l Con
v
erter
M
.
K
a
v
it
ha
1
,
V.
E
la
na
ng
a
i
2
,
S.
J
a
y
a
pra
k
a
s
h
3
,
V.
B
a
la
s
ub
ra
m
a
nia
n
4
1,
2,
3
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
In
stit
u
te o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
In
d
ia
4
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
t.
J
o
se
p
h
’s
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
4
,
201
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
l
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Sep
10
,
2
0
1
8
Du
e
to
th
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
c
o
n
c
e
rn
f
o
r
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
u
n
c
e
rtain
ty
a
b
o
u
t
o
il
re
se
rv
e
s,
n
o
w
a
d
a
y
s
e
le
c
tri
c
it
y
is
p
la
y
in
g
a
k
e
y
ro
le
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
in
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
t
iv
e
s
e
c
to
r.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
n
o
n
iso
late
d
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
is
u
se
d
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
b
ra
k
in
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
Du
rin
g
m
o
to
rin
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
su
p
p
l
ies
e
n
e
rg
y
to
m
o
to
r
th
ro
u
g
h
b
a
tt
e
ry
.
In
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
b
ra
k
in
g
a
c
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter
su
p
p
l
ies
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
b
a
c
k
e
m
f
to
c
h
a
r
g
e
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
re
c
y
c
led
e
n
e
rg
y
is
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
sto
re
d
in
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
.
T
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
is
c
a
rried
o
u
t
i
n
M
AT
LAB/S
im
u
li
n
k
.
T
h
e
w
o
rth
in
e
ss
o
f
si
m
u
latio
n
is
il
lu
stra
ted
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tall
y
b
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
.
T
h
e
si
m
u
lati
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
re
su
lt
s are
p
re
se
n
ted
i
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
R
eg
e
n
er
ati
v
e
B
r
ak
in
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
M.
Kav
it
h
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Sath
y
ab
a
m
a
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
Scie
n
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
Dee
m
ed
to
b
e
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
)
,
C
h
e
n
n
ai
-
6
0
0
1
1
9
,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
k
av
ee
m
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
H
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll,
s
o
lar
an
d
b
atter
y
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
in
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
in
th
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
-
b
a
s
ed
r
esid
en
tial
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Du
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
ab
o
u
t
o
il
r
eser
v
es,
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
elec
tr
icit
y
i
s
p
la
y
in
g
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
as
an
alter
n
at
iv
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
in
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
s
ec
to
r
.
An
E
lectr
ic
Ve
h
icl
e
(
E
V)
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
d
aily
tr
av
e
lin
g
co
s
ts
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
o
f
t
h
es
e
v
eh
i
c
les
ar
e
lo
w
er
th
a
n
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
o
n
es
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
b
att
er
y
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
p
r
o
p
er
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t is r
e
q
u
ir
ed
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
No
n
-
i
s
o
lated
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
is
o
latio
n
[
7
]
an
d
o
th
er
s
ev
er
al
n
o
n
is
o
lated
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
er
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
8
]
-
[1
0
]
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
ith
s
w
i
tch
ed
t
y
p
e
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[1
1
]
-
[1
2
]
,
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
co
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
cto
r
w
e
r
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
[
1
3
]
-
[
19
]
,
b
u
t it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le.
I
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle,
th
e
elec
t
r
ical
en
er
g
y
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
r
o
tatio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
s
u
itab
le
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ile
s
.
H
en
ce
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
t
w
o
h
al
f
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
et
h
er
an
d
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
b
o
th
in
m
o
to
r
i
n
g
an
d
r
eg
e
n
er
at
iv
e
b
r
ak
in
g
ac
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
in
ci
p
le
an
d
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Sectio
n
3
an
d
4
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f R
eg
e
n
era
tive
B
r
a
kin
g
C
o
n
ce
p
t
fo
r
E
lectric
V
eh
icle
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
w
ith
.
.
.
.
(
M.
K
a
vith
a
)
1585
2.
B
I
DIRE
CT
I
O
NAL D
C
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
Fig
u
r
e
1
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
h
al
f
b
r
id
g
e
c
ells
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
au
x
illar
y
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
a
an
d
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
a
[
20
]
.
M
1
an
d
M
2
ar
e
th
e
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
s
id
e
s
w
itc
h
es
w
h
ich
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
e
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
1
-
D
a
n
d
D
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
M
3
an
d
M
4
ar
e
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
id
e
s
w
itc
h
es
w
h
ic
h
o
p
er
ate
u
n
d
er
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
1
-
D
a
n
d
D
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
L
f
is
t
h
e
f
ilter
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
.
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
ar
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ain
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
h
al
f
b
r
id
g
e
ce
lls
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
is
s
t
ep
p
ed
u
p
an
d
d
eliv
er
s
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
D
u
r
in
g
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
b
ac
k
e
m
f
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
atte
r
y
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e
ac
t a
s
g
e
n
er
ato
r
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
s
w
i
tch
e
s
M
2
a
n
d
M
4
ar
e
o
f
f
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
M
1
i
s
ON
an
d
M
3
is
in
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tep
u
p
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
to
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
co
m
es
in
to
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
in
g
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
s
w
itc
h
es
M
2
an
d
M
4
ar
e
o
f
f
an
d
s
w
i
tch
M
1
is
ON
an
d
M
3
is
i
n
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
DC
m
ac
h
in
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
tep
p
ed
d
o
w
n
a
n
d
g
i
v
e
n
to
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
co
m
es
i
n
to
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
b
ac
k
e
m
f
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
.
2
.
3
.
M
o
de
3
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
e,
s
w
i
tch
e
s
M
1
an
d
M
4
ar
e
o
f
f
,
s
w
i
tch
M
3
is
ON
an
d
M
2
is
i
n
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
co
m
e
s
i
n
to
o
p
er
atio
n
o
n
l
y
w
h
en
b
ac
k
e
m
f
i
s
less
t
h
a
n
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
r
a
k
in
g
ac
tio
n
.
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
cir
cu
i
t
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
DC
m
o
to
r
o
n
lo
ad
s
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
x
illar
y
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
a
=
3
0
µF
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
L
a
=1
2
µH
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
f
=3
7
.
5
µH
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
=3
0
µF
an
d
C
2
=3
0
µF
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
.
I
n
itiall
y
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tep
u
p
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
6
V
to
1
8
V
an
d
t
h
is
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
w
itch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
k
Hz
is
u
s
ed
.
A
t
4
.
5
s
ec
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1
V
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
b
r
ak
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
I
n
t
h
i
s
b
r
ak
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
b
ac
k
e
m
f
o
f
0
.
6
V
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
DC
m
ac
h
i
n
e
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1584
–
1
5
9
0
1586
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
P
ass
iv
e
C
la
m
p
b
ased
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
e
r
ter
f
ed
b
y
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
Mo
d
u
l
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
to
r
in
g
ac
tio
n
an
d
i
n
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
to
r
in
g
ac
tio
n
,
1
8
V
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
b
r
ak
in
g
m
o
d
e,
ab
o
u
t 0
.
6
V
is
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
DC
m
ac
h
in
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f R
eg
e
n
era
tive
B
r
a
kin
g
C
o
n
ce
p
t
fo
r
E
lectric
V
eh
icle
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
w
ith
.
.
.
.
(
M.
K
a
vith
a
)
1587
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
e
g
en
er
ati
v
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
4.
H
ARDWA
R
E
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
AT
I
O
N
T
h
e
w
o
r
th
i
n
es
s
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
tep
d
o
w
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
r
ec
tif
ier
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
,
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
s
en
s
in
g
u
n
it
a
n
d
g
ate
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
2
3
0
V
A
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
s
tep
p
ed
d
o
w
n
to
1
2
V
AC
b
y
a
s
tep
d
o
w
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
1
2
V
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
i
s
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
DC
b
y
a
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
is
g
iv
e
n
to
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
I
C
7
8
0
5
to
o
b
tain
co
n
s
tan
t
5
V
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
h
ich
i
s
g
i
v
en
to
P
I
C
1
6
F8
8
7
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
itc
h
es
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
an
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
d
r
iv
in
g
p
u
l
s
e
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ated
p
u
ls
e
s
ar
e
g
iv
en
to
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
i
tch
.
O
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1584
–
1
5
9
0
1588
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle.
I
n
f
o
r
w
ar
d
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
f
r
o
m
b
atter
y
to
m
o
to
r
w
h
ic
h
tu
r
n
s
t
h
e
w
h
ee
l
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
ic
le
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
k
i
n
etic
e
n
er
g
y
to
m
o
v
e.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
e,
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
6
V
is
s
tep
p
ed
u
p
to
1
2
V
an
d
s
u
p
p
lied
to
f
l
y
w
h
ee
l
m
o
to
r
o
f
r
atin
g
1
2
V,
2
A
,
1
5
0
0
r
p
m
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
D
u
r
in
g
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ac
ti
o
n
,
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
c
u
t
o
f
f
,
t
h
e
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
w
o
r
k
s
as
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
b
ac
k
em
f
o
f
1
.
6
5
V
w
h
ic
h
is
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
So
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
w
h
ich
w
a
s
lo
s
t b
y
b
r
ak
in
g
i
s
r
etu
r
n
ed
to
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sp
ee
d
o
f
f
l
y
w
h
ee
l
DC
m
o
to
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ac
tio
n
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
i
s
o
lated
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
it
h
t
w
o
h
alf
b
r
id
g
e
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
r
eg
e
n
er
ati
v
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
r
es
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
to
b
atter
y
w
h
ic
h
w
a
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
D
C
m
ac
h
i
n
e.
So
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
w
h
ic
h
w
as
lo
s
t
b
y
b
r
ak
i
n
g
is
r
et
u
r
n
ed
to
t
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Dev
elo
p
men
t o
f R
eg
e
n
era
tive
B
r
a
kin
g
C
o
n
ce
p
t
fo
r
E
lectric
V
eh
icle
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
w
ith
.
.
.
.
(
M.
K
a
vith
a
)
1589
[1
]
M
.
Ce
ra
o
lo
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
g
e
n
e
ra
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
e
n
e
rg
y
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
57
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
3
–
1
4
4
1
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
J.
Ba
u
m
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
Ka
z
e
ra
n
i,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
f
u
e
l
-
c
e
l
l
b
a
tt
e
ry
,
f
u
e
l
-
c
e
ll
-
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
-
c
e
ll
-
b
a
tt
e
ry
-
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
v
e
h
icle
s,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Ve
h
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
57
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
7
6
0
–
7
6
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
M.
Ka
v
it
h
a
a
n
d
V.
S
iv
a
c
h
id
a
m
b
a
ra
n
a
th
a
n
,
“
P
V
b
a
se
d
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
Qu
a
d
ra
ti
c
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
in
teg
ra
ted
w
it
h
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Po
we
r,
En
e
rg
y
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(
ICCPE
IC’1
6
)
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
61
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
M
.
A
a
m
ir,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
G
a
in
Zero
-
Vo
lt
a
g
e
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
rter
W
it
h
a
Re
d
u
c
e
d
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
w
it
c
h
e
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Circ
u
it
s
S
y
st.
II,
Ex
p
re
ss
Briefs
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
62
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
8
1
6
–
8
2
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
M
.
Un
o
a
n
d
A
.
Ku
k
it
a
,
“
Bid
ire
c
ti
o
n
a
l
P
W
M
c
o
n
v
e
rter
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
c
e
ll
v
o
lt
a
g
e
e
q
u
a
li
z
e
r
u
sin
g
se
ries
-
re
so
n
a
n
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
r
f
o
r
se
ries
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
c
e
ll
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
3
0(
6
)
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
7
–
3
0
9
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
Y.
Hs
ieh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
-
ra
ti
o
b
i
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
c
o
u
p
led
in
d
u
c
to
r
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
u
e
:
61
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
–
2
2
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
F
.
L
.
T
o
f
o
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
n
o
n
-
iso
late
d
h
ig
h
-
v
o
l
tag
e
ste
p
-
u
p
d
c
–
d
c
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IET
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(
10
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
4
–
2
0
5
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
B.
L
.
Na
ra
si
m
h
a
ra
ju
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
c
o
u
p
led
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
b
i
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
lDC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rto
r
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
iv
e
rsit
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
I
ET
.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
5
(
7
)
,
p
p
.
9
9
8
–
1
0
0
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[9
]
M
.
N.
G
it
a
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
De
si
g
n
o
f
a
S
i
n
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
T
a
p
p
e
d
-
Co
u
p
led
-
I
n
d
u
c
to
r
B
o
o
st
DC
–
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,”
J
.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
13
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
6
3
6
–
6
4
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
J.
Ya
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tee
p
-
g
a
in
b
id
ir
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
a
r
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
sn
u
b
b
e
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
30
(
12
)
,
p
p
.
6
8
4
5
–
6
8
5
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
C.
C.
L
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
iso
late
d
b
i
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IET
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
–
3
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
H.
P
.
L
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
f
u
ll
y
in
teg
ra
ted
s
w
it
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
DC
–
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
46
(
9
)
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
0
–
2
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
3
]
T
.
J.
L
ian
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
ly
sis,
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
b
i
d
ir
e
c
ti
o
n
a
l
d
o
u
b
le
-
b
o
o
st
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
u
stry
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
50
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
3
9
5
5
-
3
9
6
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
V
.
Ba
las
u
b
ra
m
a
n
ian
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ll
e
v
iate
th
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
o
f
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
DC
to
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
si
n
g
q
u
a
si
a
c
ti
v
e
sw
it
c
h
e
d
in
d
u
c
t
o
r
stru
c
t
u
re
f
o
r
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,”
Co
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
Po
we
r,
E
n
e
rg
y
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
in
c
a
ti
o
n
(
ICCPE
IC),
2
0
1
7
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
8
3
5
-
8
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
M.
A
l
M
a
m
u
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
G
a
in
No
n
Iso
late
d
DC
-
DC
S
tep
-
u
p
Co
n
v
e
rters
In
teg
ra
ted
w
it
h
A
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
P
a
ss
iv
e
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
In
d
u
c
t
o
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
9
(
2
),
p
p
.
6
7
9
-
689
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
E.
Dim
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
Nie
lse
n
,
“
A
T
a
p
p
e
d
-
In
d
u
c
to
r
Bu
c
k
-
Bo
o
st
C
o
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
a
Die
lec
tri
c
El
e
c
tro
A
c
ti
v
e
P
o
ly
m
e
r
G
e
n
e
ra
to
r,
”
Pro
c
.
2
9
t
h
I
EE
E
Ap
p
l.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
C
o
n
f
.
Exp
o
.
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
5
–
3
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
M.
Ka
v
it
h
a
a
n
d
V.
S
iv
a
c
h
id
a
m
b
a
ra
n
a
th
a
n
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
in
f
u
z
z
y
b
a
se
d
b
ru
sh
les
s
DC
m
o
to
r
f
e
d
b
y
b
rid
g
e
les
s
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
,”
Co
mp
u
ta
t
io
n
o
f
Po
we
r,
En
e
rg
y
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
i
n
c
a
ti
o
n
(
ICCPE
IC),
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
5
4
9
-
5
5
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
J.
K.
A
b
e
d
,
“
S
m
a
rt
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
S
y
ste
m
o
f
DC
to
DC
Co
n
v
e
rt
e
r
f
o
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
I
J
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
9
(
2
),
p
p
.
7
2
2
-
7
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
M.
Ka
v
it
h
a
a
n
d
V
.
S
iv
a
c
h
id
a
m
b
a
ra
n
a
th
a
n
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Diff
e
re
n
t
Co
n
tro
l
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
In
ter
lea
v
e
d
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
9
(
2
),
p
p
.
6
4
1
-
6
4
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
.
[2
0
]
H
.
Je
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis,
De
s
ig
n
,
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
H
ig
h
Ga
in
S
o
f
t
-
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
–
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter w
it
h
P
P
S
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
p
p
.
4
8
0
7
–
4
8
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M.
Ka
v
it
h
a
h
a
s
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Bh
a
ra
th
iy
a
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
M
.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
A
n
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
1
2
.
S
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
f
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ro
m
2
0
1
4
.
He
r
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
En
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
,
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r,
A
rti
f
icia
l
N
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
n
v
e
rters
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
1584
–
1
5
9
0
1590
V
.
El
a
n
a
n
g
a
i
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
r
o
m
S
t.
P
e
ters
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
in
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
f
ro
m
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
i
n
2
0
06
.
S
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
f
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
S
a
t
h
y
a
b
a
m
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ro
m
2
01
6
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
ter
e
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
Im
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
,
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic,
A
rti
f
icia
l
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
t
w
o
rk
.
S.
Ja
y
a
p
ra
k
a
sh
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
Dip
lo
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
DO
T
E,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
i
n
1
9
9
6
,
B.
E
.
De
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
d
ra
s
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
M
.
E.
De
g
re
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
In
d
u
str
ial
Driv
e
s
f
ro
m
S
a
th
v
a
b
a
m
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
0
7
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
P
h
.
D.
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
a
t
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
C
o
n
v
e
rters
,
P
W
M
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
re
late
d
to
p
ics
.
V.
Ba
las
u
b
ra
m
a
n
ian
h
a
s
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
B.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
S
a
lem
,
Ta
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
M
.
E
d
e
g
re
e
in
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
A
n
d
In
d
u
strial
Driv
e
s
f
ro
m
S
a
th
y
a
b
a
m
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
2
0
1
5
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia i
n
2
0
1
5
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st i
n
c
lu
d
e
s In
v
e
rter,
p
o
w
e
r
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
g
re
e
n
e
n
e
rg
y
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.