In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2165~
21
72
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2165-2172
2165
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Universal power conv
erter fo
r low
power applic
ations
M. As
n
a
1
,
H. S
har
eef
2
,
S
. N
. Khalid
3
, A.
O
.
I
dris
4
,
A.
N
.
A
l
d
a
rm
a
k
i
5
,
Basil Hamed
6
1,
2
,
5,6
De
p
art
m
en
t
of
El
ect
ri
c
a
l En
gi
n
e
e
r
ing
,
Un
i
t
e
d
Arab
Emi
ra
t
e
s Un
i
ve
rsi
t
y
3
D
epar
t
m
ent
o
f
Elec
t
r
i
cal
P
o
w
er
Enginee
r
ing,
U
niver
s
it
i Te
kn
olo
gi
M
al
ay
si
a
,
8
1
310
Jo
hor
B
a
h
ru,
Mal
a
ys
ia
4
A
A
D
C
-A
l-A
i
n D
i
stri
b
u
ti
on
C
o
mpa
n
y,
U
nite
d A
r
a
b
Em
i
rates
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
15,
2
0
1
9
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jun
2
,
2
019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
13,
201
9
A
no
ve
l
p
o
we
r
c
o
nv
e
r
te
r
th
a
t
c
a
n
p
e
rform
b
oth
vo
lta
ge
a
nd
f
re
qu
ency
con
v
ers
i
on
w
as
p
rop
o
s
e
d.
I
n
a
pp
ro
pri
a
te
p
o
w
er
s
up
ply
can
d
amag
e
sensitive
su
b-co
mp
on
ent
s
a
nd
rend
er
t
h
e
c
o
nnect
ed
d
evi
ce
i
n
o
p
erabl
e
.
H
e
n
c
ef
ort
h
,
th
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
v
o
ltag
e
–f
req
u
ency
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
acts
as
a
n
i
n
t
e
rf
a
ce
to
p
l
ug
a
ny
elect
rical
d
ev
ice
d
i
rectl
y
i
n
t
o
an
e
lectri
cal
s
ock
e
t
a
nd
pro
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
ag
e
and
f
r
equ
e
ncy
requ
ired.
Th
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
us
ed
a
s
y
n
chro
no
us
r
ef
erence
fr
a
m
e
proportional
–
i
n
tegral
(
SRFPI)
c
o
nt
roller
to
r
egu
l
at
e
the
i
n
stan
ta
n
e
ou
s
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
age
an
d
t
o
i
m
p
rov
e
s
t
eady
st
ate
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce.
B
ec
au
se
t
he
P
I
c
on
tr
o
l
le
r
wo
rks
to
get
h
er
w
it
h
the
sy
nch
r
o
n
o
u
s
ref
e
rence
f
r
am
e
co
nt
roller,
i
t
is
d
i
f
f
i
cult
to
t
un
e
t
h
e
P
I
c
o
n
tro
l
p
aram
eters
.
T
o
o
v
erco
m
e
t
h
i
s
issu
e,
a
n
e
w
met
a
heu
r
is
tic
optimizati
on
techn
i
q
u
e
cal
led
lig
h
t
ening
search
a
l
g
o
r
it
hm
(
L
S
A
)
op
timizati
o
n
wa
s
u
s
ed
t
o
i
d
en
tify
t
h
e
optim
um
P
I
p
a
ramet
e
r
valu
es.
A
det
a
il
ed
d
es
crip
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
syst
em
o
perati
on
and
co
nt
rol
strate
gy
w
a
s
pres
ent
e
d
.
F
i
n
ally,
th
e
perf
o
r
m
a
n
ce
of
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
rter
w
as
a
n
a
lyz
ed
a
nd
veri
fied
b
y
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
on
a
n
d
e
xp
erim
ental
res
u
l
t
s.
T
he
e
x
p
erim
en
t
al
r
e
s
ul
t
h
a
s
sh
ow
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
rop
o
sed
s
y
stem
h
as
s
ati
s
f
a
cto
r
y
out
put
v
ol
tag
e
and
f
r
equ
e
ncy
und
er
d
iff
e
rent
in
p
u
t
vol
tages
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Li
ght
ni
n
g
sea
rch
alg
o
ri
t
h
m
Me
ta
h
euri
stic
s
P
r
op
or
tio
na
l
Integra
l
S
ync
hr
on
o
u
s
refere
nce
fra
m
e
Vo
lt
ag
e–f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
c
onv
ert
e
r
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Hussain S
hareef
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
Eng
i
ne
eri
ng,
U
n
i
t
e
d
A
r
a
b Em
irate
s
U
niv
e
rsi
t
y,
A
l
-A
in,
15
551,
U
nite
d
A
r
ab
E
m
i
r
a
tes.
Em
ail:
sha
r
ee
f@ua
e
u
.a
c.a
e
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Vo
lt
a
g
e-f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
onv
ert
e
rs
a
re
b
ec
o
m
in
g
i
n
c
r
ea
si
ngl
y
po
pul
a
r
as
m
os
t
perso
n
a
l
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
de
vice
s
are
sensi
t
i
v
e
t
o
t
he
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
nd
vo
ltag
e
s
pe
cifie
d
o
n
t
h
e
dev
ic
e.
F
or
i
nsta
nce,
a
6
0
H
z
h
a
i
r
dryer
c
a
n
bur
n
out
on
a
50
H
z
e
lectr
i
city
s
uppl
y.
T
hus,
t
he
v
olt
a
ge-freque
ncy
c
o
nver
t
e
r
c
a
n
act
s
as
a
n
in
ter
f
ac
e
t
o
p
l
ug
a
n
y
elec
tr
ical a
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
o
a
foreig
n
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
soc
k
et
a
n
d
e
nsur
e tha
t
t
he
de
v
ic
e w
o
rks per
f
ec
tl
y.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
ly
,
v
o
lt
a
g
e
an
d
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
co
nv
e
r
sion
w
ere
perf
o
r
med
u
s
i
ng
a
t
r
a
nsfor
m
e
r-ba
s
e
d
c
o
nve
rter
[1],
a
s
i
t
h
as
t
he
a
d
v
an
ta
ges
of
s
im
plic
i
t
y
a
n
d
pro
t
ec
t
i
o
n
.
H
o
w
eve
r
,
it
has
som
e
d
i
s
a
dva
n
t
age
s
s
uc
h
as
i
n
c
r
ea
sed
po
we
r
l
o
ss,
hi
gh
c
o
s
t
,
a
nd
h
e
a
vy
w
ei
ght
.
Thi
s
w
o
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
a
t
r
a
ns
form
erle
ss
p
ower
e
l
e
c
t
ro
ni
c
base
d
vo
lta
g
e
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
for
p
o
rt
able
a
p
p
lic
at
io
ns
t
ha
t
has
lo
w
e
r
c
o
st
,
sm
aller
s
i
z
e
,
a
n
d
lo
w
e
r
pow
er
loss
[2-
3
].
F
i
gure
1
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
gener
a
l
b
l
oc
k
d
i
agra
m
of
t
he
v
o
l
tage
–freq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
nve
r
t
er.
A
r
ectifier
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
su
ppl
y
v
o
lt
ag
e
in
to
D
C
vo
lt
ag
e
and
p
a
sses
it
t
o
a
DC
–
D
C
boo
st
c
onve
r
t
er
t
o
ste
p
u
p
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itude
o
f
vo
lta
ge.
T
h
e
i
n
verte
r
c
o
n
v
erts
t
h
e
vol
ta
ge
b
a
c
k
int
o
a
n
A
C
v
o
l
t
age
a
n
d
c
h
a
nge
s
t
h
e
freq
ue
nc
y
from
5
0
H
z
t
o
60
H
z
o
r
v
i
ce
-
v
ersa.
In
a
dd
i
tio
n,
a
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
P
I
c
on
tro
l
l
e
r
circ
ui
t
i
s
u
sed
to
r
e
gul
at
e
th
e
lo
ad
v
olt
a
ge
a
nd
fre
que
nc
y.
A
l
ow
p
a
s
s
L
C
f
il
ter
i
s
u
se
d
at
t
he
l
oad
si
de
t
o
eli
m
i
na
te
h
ig
h
freq
u
enc
y
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
an
d
henc
e
impr
ove
the
q
u
a
lit
y
of t
he
o
utpu
t v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
165
–
2
172
2
166
F
i
gur
e
1.
G
e
n
er
a
l
b
l
o
ck
d
ia
gr
am
o
f
a
vol
ta
ge
–fr
e
q
u
e
n
cy
c
o
nver
t
e
r
The
most
c
hal
l
e
ng
i
ng
a
s
pec
t
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
eal
iza
tio
n
o
f
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
v
o
lt
age-freq
u
e
n
c
y
con
v
e
rter
a
re
t
h
e
de
sig
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
nver
t
e
r
c
o
n
tr
ol
ler
an
d
the
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
P
I
c
on
t
roll
er.
Many
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
t
h
ods
w
er
e
de
ve
l
ope
d
i
n
r
ec
ent
year
s
t
o
f
i
n
d
a
so
lu
t
i
o
n
t
o
c
on
tr
o
l
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
a
nt
an
eou
s
o
ut
p
u
t
vo
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
fre
qu
e
n
cy
o
f
the
si
n
g
l
e
p
ha
se
i
nve
r
t
er
[
4]
.
LC
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
ce
c
ontr
o
l
[5]
,
d
e
a
d
b
e
a
t
c
ont
ro
l
[
6
],
s
lid
i
n
g
-
m
o
d
e
c
ont
r
o
l
[7
-8
]
,
a
nd
r
e
pet
i
t
i
ve
co
n
tr
ol
[
9]
a
r
e
a
f
e
w
e
xam
p
l
e
s
;
h
o
w
eve
r
,
t
hese
c
on
tr
ol
t
ec
hn
iques are
q
u
i
te comp
l
ex
. In
[10
]
, a n
ew
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
ba
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
s
y
n
c
hr
ono
us
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
f
r
a
m
e
m
eth
o
d
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
f
o
r
a
s
i
n
g
le-
pha
se
s
i
n
e
w
a
ve
in
ver
t
e
r
.
The
sync
hr
o
n
o
u
s
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
fra
me
c
ont
r
o
lle
r
is
w
idel
y
use
d
f
or
t
hr
e
e
-
pha
se
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
;
me
an
wh
i
l
e
,
it
i
s
no
t
we
ll
e
st
a
b
li
sh
ed
f
o
r
s
ing
l
e
-p
h
a
se
c
onv
e
r
t
er
s.
I
t
pr
o
v
i
de
s
s
u
p
e
r
i
or
p
er
for
m
anc
e
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
the
t
i
me
-
i
n
v
ar
i
a
nt
n
a
t
ur
e
of
t
he
c
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
a
nd
t
h
u
s
the
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
co
ntrol
seems
s
i
mil
a
r
to
a
D
C
–
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
[11
-
13
].
The
t
u
ni
n
g
o
f
the
P
I
c
on
tr
ol
l
e
r
is
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
or
a
vo
i
d
i
n
g
l
a
r
g
e
v
a
r
iat
i
o
ns
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
si
gna
l
.
I
n
ap
pr
opr
iate
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
of
P
I
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
m
a
k
es
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
l
o
o
p
s
oper
a
te
i
nade
q
u
a
t
e
l
y,
r
esul
t
i
ng
i
n
a
low
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
pe
r
f
o
r
m
anc
e
[
1
4
]
.
M
any
tu
n
i
n
g
m
et
ho
ds
t
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
te
t
he
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
of
P
I
c
ontr
o
lle
r
s
a
r
e
a
vai
l
a
ble
in
li
tera
tur
e
;
som
e
o
f
them
a
re
m
odel
ba
sed
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
s
[1
5],
o
p
t
i
miza
tio
n
t
uni
ng
m
e
t
h
o
ds
[
16-
1
8
]
a
nd
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
[19-
20]
.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
t
he
se
m
etho
ds
g
ene
r
all
y
do
no
t
gu
a
r
ante
e
a
co
ns
is
t
e
n
t
,
r
e
lia
ble,
a
n
d
r
obust
o
p
tim
a
l
P
I
c
ont
r
o
ller
.
Ther
ef
or
e
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
w
or
k,
a
r
ec
e
n
t
op
tim
i
z
a
t
i
on
me
tho
d
c
a
l
le
d
th
e
l
i
g
h
t
ni
n
g
sea
r
ch
a
lg
or
i
t
hm
i
s
use
d
[
2
1
]
t
o
o
b
ta
i
n
t
he
b
e
s
t
P
I
p
ar
a
m
eter
s,
n
a
m
e
l
y
pr
op
or
tio
na
l g
a
in
k
p
a
nd in
te
gr
al
g
a
i
n
k
i
.
L
S
A i
s
a
m
e
t
aheur
i
s
tic
op
t
i
miza
tio
n
te
c
h
n
i
que
b
a
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
phe
n
o
m
e
no
n
o
f
l
i
ght
n
i
ng,
w
hich
o
r
i
g
i
na
tes
f
r
om
t
hu
nder
s
t
o
r
m
s.
G
e
ner
a
lly
i
t
pr
ov
i
d
es
b
e
t
ter
re
su
l
t
s
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
par
t
ic
le
s
w
a
r
m
opt
imiza
tio
n
(PSO)
with
a
g
rea
t
c
o
n
v
e
rgenc
e
r
a
te
[
2
2
]
.
A
de
ta
ile
d
descr
i
p
t
i
on
of
s
yste
m
oper
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
ontr
o
l
stra
teg
y
i
s
pr
ese
n
te
d
i
n
S
e
c
ti
on
2.
T
h
e
in
ver
t
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
r
is
d
esc
r
ibe
d
i
n
Se
ct
io
n
3.
T
he
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
ce
of
t
h
e
c
o
nve
rt
er
i
s
an
a
l
y
zed
a
n
d
h
e
n
c
e
v
e
r
i
f
ied
by
com
p
ute
r
s
im
ul
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
S
e
c
tion
4.
F
inal
ly,
Sectio
n
5 pre
s
e
n
ts
t
he c
o
n
c
l
u
s
io
n
s
.
2.
OPERA
T
ION
OF
T
HE PROPOSED
VOLT
AGE-FREQ
UENCY
CO
NVERT
ER
The
fl
ow
ch
a
r
t
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
de
scr
i
bes
the
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
v
ol
ta
g
e
-
f
r
e
que
ncy
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
c
a
n
be
d
e
s
cr
i
b
e
d
u
s
i
ng
tw
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ca
se
s
depe
n
d
ing
upon
t
h
e
m
a
g
nit
u
d
e
o
f
in
put
vol
t
a
g
e
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
c
ir
cu
it
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
he
v
o
l
tage-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
con
ver
t
e
r
.
I
n
i
t
i
a
lly
t
he
s
u
ppl
y
vo
lta
ge
i
s
sensed
b
y
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sen
s
or
.
I
n
the
firs
t
ca
se
,
i
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
se
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
i
s
e
qua
l
t
o
2
20
V
/
5
0
H
z,
it
pass
es
t
hr
ou
g
h
t
he
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
t
o
c
onve
r
t
the
fi
xe
d
f
r
e
que
ncy
A
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
nto
D
C
l
i
n
k
vo
l
t
age
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
for
the
i
nver
t
e
r
.
The
in
ver
t
e
r
t
he
n
co
n
v
e
r
ts
t
he
u
nr
eg
ula
t
e
d
D
C
l
i
n
k
v
ol
t
a
ge
b
ac
k
i
n
t
o
a
n
A
C
vo
l
t
age
of
1
10
V
rm
s
a
nd
c
h
a
nge
s
the
fr
e
q
ue
ncy
fr
om
5
0
H
z
t
o
60
H
z
b
y
u
sin
g
t
he
s
yn
ch
ro
nou
s
re
f
e
re
n
ce
f
r
a
m
e
P
I
(S
RF
P
I
)
c
ont
r
o
ller
.
T
he
f
ee
db
a
c
k
con
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
m
a
i
nt
a
i
ns
a
c
ons
ta
nt
l
oa
d
v
o
l
t
age
via
t
h
e
pr
ope
r
tuni
n
g
of
t
he
P
I
pa
r
a
m
e
ter
s
b
y
usi
n
g
the
LS
A
op
t
i
m
iza
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
od
[2
3]
.
A
n
A
r
du
i
no
micr
oco
n
tr
ol
l
e
r
b
o
ar
d
i
s
u
se
d
to
ge
n
er
a
t
e
t
h
e
ga
te
c
on
tr
o
l
si
gna
ls
t
o
dr
i
v
e t
h
e
in
ver
t
e
r
[
2
4
]
.
Fina
ll
y, a l
o
w
pass fi
lter
i
s
c
on
nec
t
ed
a
t th
e
l
o
a
d
si
de
t
o
el
im
in
a
t
e
t
h
e
h
i
gh
f
r
eque
nc
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
n
the
ou
tp
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
nd
the
r
e
b
y
i
m
pr
ove
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
qua
lit
y.
I
n
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
c
a
s
e
,
i
.
e
.
,
i
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
e
n
s
e
d
i
s
n
o
t
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
2
2
0
V
A
C
(
e
.
g
.
,
1
1
0
V
/
6
0
H
z
)
,
t
h
e
n
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
D
C
c
o
nv
e
r
sion
o
f
t
h
e
s
upp
ly
vol
ta
g
e
a
nd
t
h
e
i
nv
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
t
h
e
D
C
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
a
c
k
i
n
t
o
2
3
0
V
A
C
w
i
t
h
a
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
of
5
0
H
z
.
Un
l
i
k
e
t
he
f
i
r
st
c
a
s
e,
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
p
l
a
c
e
d a
t
t
he
i
np
ut s
i
d
e
o
f
t
he
i
nver
t
er
to s
t
e
p
u
p
t
h
e
r
e
c
tif
ie
d
vo
l
t
a
g
e
to
4
00
V
D
C
by
va
r
y
in
g
the
du
t
y
c
ycle.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Uni
v
ers
a
l po
we
r conv
er
ter f
o
r lo
w po
wer a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
(M.
Asn
a
)
2
167
M
a
i
n
s
Supp
l
y
S
e
nsi
n
g
t
h
e
V
o
lta
g
e
S
u
pp
l
y
=
2
20
V
a
c
?
R
e
c
t
if
ie
r
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
60
H
z
Lo
w
P
a
s
s
Fi
l
t
e
r
11
0 V
a
c
, 6
0 H
z
R
e
c
t
if
ie
r
Bo
o
s
t
Co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(4
00
D
C
V
o
l
t
s
)
I
nve
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
50
H
z
Lo
w
P
a
s
s
Fi
l
t
e
r
22
0 V
a
c
, 5
0 H
z
No
Ye
s
V
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Se
ns
or
s
(A
C
S
71
2)
A
r
dui
no
UN
O
I
nve
r
t
e
r
D
r
i
ve
r
I
R
S2
18
64
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
an
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
Se
ns
or
s
(A
C
S
712
)
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
UN
O
I
nve
r
t
e
r
D
r
i
ve
r
I
R
S
218
64
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
UN
O
Fi
g
u
re
2
.
Fl
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
F
i
gur
e
3.
C
ir
c
u
it
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
p
r
o
p
o
sed
co
n
v
er
te
r
3.
I
N
V
E
R
T
E
R
C
ONTROLLER
D
ESCRIP
T
IO
N
F
i
gur
e
4
i
l
l
u
st
r
a
tes the
c
o
ntr
o
l
schem
e
used in t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
vo
lta
ge
–f
r
e
q
u
e
nc
y
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
incl
ude
s
a
n
S
RFP
I
c
ontro
ller
t
o
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
in
st
a
n
ta
neo
u
s
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e,
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
ner
cur
r
e
nt
l
oo
p
a
nd
a
n
o
u
t
e
r
vo
l
t
age
l
o
o
p
w
it
h
a
P
I
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
t
o
impr
o
v
e
bo
t
h
t
r
a
nsie
n
t
a
nd
s
tea
d
y-
st
a
t
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s,
t
he
r
e
b
y
i
mpr
o
v
i
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
2
165
–
2
172
2
168
sys
t
em
r
obus
t
n
ess
[
25]
.
The
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
sig
n
al
f
or
t
he
i
n
n
er
l
oo
p
i
s
the
o
u
t
put
s
ig
nal
o
f
t
h
e
v
ol
t
a
ge
l
oo
p
.
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
s
i
gna
l
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r
c
u
rren
t
a
nd
out
pu
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
re
g
iv
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
nner
a
nd
o
u
t
e
r
lo
o
p
s,
r
espe
ct
ive
l
y.
Bec
a
u
se
t
he
c
a
p
ac
it
or
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
dir
e
c
t
l
y
p
r
o
por
ti
ona
l
to
r
ate
of
c
h
a
ng
e
of
out
put
v
olt
a
g
e
f
o
r
a
ny
s
li
g
h
t
di
st
o
r
tio
n
i
n
o
utp
u
t
vol
ta
ge
,
t
h
e
i
nner
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
p
e
r
for
m
s
f
aster
an
d
com
p
en
sates
the
e
rror.
F
or
a
s
in
g
l
e
pha
se
s
ys
tem
,
a
P
a
r
k
tr
ansfor
ma
t
i
o
n
f
or
o
b
t
a
i
ni
ng
the
var
i
able
s
i
n
a
sync
h
r
on
ou
s
(DQ)
r
e
f
ere
n
ce
f
rame
i
s
gi
ve
n
i
n
E
qua
t
i
on
1.
(
1
)
The
P
I
p
a
r
amete
r
s
in
t
he
v
ol
t
a
ge
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
s
ar
e
tu
ne
d
b
y
t
he
L
S
A
o
p
t
im
iz
at
i
on
tec
hni
que
.
S
i
milar
to
o
t
h
e
r
me
t
aheur
i
st
ic
a
lg
ori
t
hms,
t
h
e
L
SA
r
e
quire
s
a
p
o
pul
at
ion
t
o
i
nit
i
a
t
e
a
searc
h
.
It
c
o
n
s
id
ers
t
h
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
o
f
f
as
t
pa
r
t
i
c
les
kn
ow
n
a
s
p
r
o
jec
t
i
l
es
t
o
per
f
o
r
m
u
n
i
q
u
e
e
x
pl
or
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
exp
l
oi
t
a
tio
n
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
ies
an
d
se
arc
h
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
pti
m
u
m
s
ol
uti
o
n
.
T
h
e
t
un
ed
P
I
c
o
nt
ro
ll
er
p
a
ramet
e
rs
(
k
p
a
n
d
k
i
)
ba
se
d
on
t
h
e
LS
A
op
t
i
miza
tio
n
t
e
chn
i
que
can
y
ie
l
d
a
b
et
ter
dist
ur
ba
nc
e
r
e
jec
t
ion
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
o
t
h
er
c
on
ve
n
t
i
o
nal
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s.
Fig
u
r
e 4
.
B
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
SRFPI co
n
t
r
o
ller
H
e
nc
e,
t
he
m
odu
l
a
ted
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
sig
n
a
l
f
or
t
he
i
n
v
er
te
r
i
s
g
ene
r
a
t
ed
by
a
p
p
l
yin
g
t
he
i
nve
r
s
e
P
a
r
k
t
r
an
sfo
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
o
f
th
e
cu
rre
n
t
c
o
nt
roll
e
r
.
T
h
erea
f
t
e
r,
t
h
e
P
u
l
se
w
id
th
m
odul
a
t
ed
(
PWM
)
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
to
d
r
i
ve
t
he
i
n
v
er
t
e
r
sw
itc
he
s
a
r
e
ob
ta
i
n
ed
b
y
c
o
mpa
r
ing
t
h
e
mo
dul
at
e
d
s
wit
c
h
i
ng
s
ig
n
a
l
w
i
th
a
t
r
i
an
gul
ar
carr
i
e
r sig
n
a
l.
4.
SI
M
U
L
A
T
I
ON
A
N
D
E
X
P
ER
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
R
E
SU
L
T
S
I
n
t
h
i
s
sec
tio
n
,
t
o
ver
i
f
y
t
he
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
,
bot
h
s
y
st
e
m
s
i
m
ula
t
i
on
a
n
d
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
r
esu
l
ts
h
a
v
e
bee
n
p
r
e
se
nte
d
.
4.
1.
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
ul
t
s
The
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
is
c
o
n
duc
te
d
us
in
g
t
h
e
MATLAB
/
SIMULI
NK
too
l;
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
de
pic
t
s
t
h
e
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
odel
of
t
he
p
r
o
pose
d
v
o
lta
ge–
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
c
on
ver
t
er
.
S
i
m
u
lat
i
on
s
a
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
p
u
t
vo
l
t
age
s
,
110
V
/
6
0
H
z
and
220
V
/
50
H
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
ive
r
s
a
l po
w
e
r c
onver
ter
fo
r
l
o
w p
o
we
r app
li
ca
tio
n
s
(M.
Asna
)
2
169
Figure 5.
S
im
ul
ation
model
of pr
oposed conver
t
er
F
i
gure
6
s
how
s
the
ou
tpu
t
vol
ta
ge
w
a
v
eform
o
f
v
a
r
io
us
s
t
a
ge
s
of
t
he
v
olta
ge
-fr
e
q
u
en
c
y
c
o
nve
r
t
er
f
o
r a
n
i
npu
t
of 1
10
V/
6
0
H
z
a
n
d
a res
i
stiv
e
lo
a
d
of
10
0
Ω
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
F
i
gure
6.
S
imula
t
i
on r
e
su
lts
f
or the
pro
po
se
d
con
v
erte
r for
a
n
i
n
put
v
ol
t
a
g
e
o
f 110
V
rm
s
.
(a) Rect
ifier output
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
(b)
B
oos
t c
o
n
v
erter
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
(c)
Inve
rter
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
1
6
5
– 2
172
2
170
F
i
gure
6(a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
w
a
vefor
m
o
f
the
rec
tif
i
e
r
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
110
V
rm
s
i
s
con
v
er
t
e
d
int
o
1
56
V
D
C
.
The
vo
l
t
a
g
e
is
t
he
n
ste
p
p
e
d
u
p
t
o
4
0
0
V
D
C
in
t
he
b
oos
t
sta
ge
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
a
ve
for
m
o
bta
i
ned
is
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gure
6(b).
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
c
prese
n
ts
t
he
o
utp
u
t
w
a
vefor
m
a
t
the
i
n
ve
r
t
e
r
s
t
a
ge
w
her
e
t
he
D
C
l
i
n
k
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
con
v
er
t
e
d
back
i
n
t
o
2
20
V
A
C
w
i
t
h
a
fre
q
u
e
ncy
of
5
0
H
z
.
It
i
s
c
lea
r
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ste
a
dy-s
t
at
e
e
rror
in
t
he
o
ut
put
vo
lta
ge i
s ne
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
y
s
ma
ll.
F
i
gure
7
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
v
ol
t
a
ge
w
a
v
efor
ms
f
or
a
n
inp
u
t
o
f
22
0
V
/
5
0
H
z
.
A
f
ter
rec
tifi
c
a
t
ion,
t
he
D
C
v
ol
tage
i
s
c
o
n
v
erte
d
d
i
re
ctly
i
nt
o
1
1
0
V
rm
s
w
i
t
h
a
fre
que
nc
y
of
6
0
H
z
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gure
7(
b).
Bec
a
u
se
the r
ect
ifier
prov
i
d
es t
he
re
quire
d D
C
li
n
k v
o
l
t
a
g
e
for
t
h
e
i
n
v
er
te
r ope
rat
i
on, the
b
o
o
s
t
s
ta
ge is
omi
t
t
e
d her
e
.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
7.
S
imula
t
i
on r
e
su
lts
f
or the
pro
po
se
d
con
v
erte
r for
a
n
i
n
put
v
ol
t
a
g
e
o
f
220
V
rm
s
.
(a) Rect
ifier output
vo
l
t
age.
(b)
In
v
e
r
ter
ou
t
p
u
t
v
ol
ta
ge.
4.2.
Ex
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
Res
ul
ts
The
pr
o
p
ose
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
–
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
c
o
nve
rt
er
s
yste
m
w
a
s
set
u
p
i
n
a
l
ab
ora
t
or
y.
T
he
o
ve
ra
l
l
s
yste
m
ca
n be
d
ivi
d
e
d
i
n
t
o t
w
o
par
t
s,
nam
ely
the
po
w
e
r
c
i
r
c
uit an
d
t
h
e
c
ontr
o
l c
i
r
c
ui
t. The
pow
er circui
t
c
onsis
ts of a
low
pow
er
D
C
so
urce
,
fu
ll
br
id
g
e
r
ec
t
i
fi
e
r
m
od
u
l
e
,
b
o
o
st
c
i
r
cu
i
t,
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
c
i
rcui
t,
L
C
fi
l
t
e
r
,
a
nd
se
nso
r
s.
T
he
con
t
ro
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
com
p
rises
t
h
e
dri
v
er
c
ircui
t
s
and
micr
oc
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r
f
or
p
e
r
fo
rm
ing
t
h
e
c
o
ntr
o
l
al
gor
it
hms.
T
he
con
t
ro
l
al
g
o
ri
thm
w
a
s
imple
m
ented
o
n
t
he
A
rdui
n
o
M
e
g
a
25
60
m
i
cr
oc
o
n
tr
ol
ler
b
o
ar
d,
w
hic
h
i
s
base
d
on
t
h
e
A
T
m
e
ga25
6
0
p
roce
ss
or.
I
t
i
s
a
low
-
c
o
st
m
i
c
r
o
co
ntro
l
l
e
r
t
ha
t
ca
n
a
c
t
a
s
an
i
n
t
e
r
fac
i
ng
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
be
tw
e
e
n
softw
a
re
a
n
d
h
ardw
a
r
e
com
pone
n
t
s.
T
he
g
a
t
e
sig
n
a
l
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
onvert
e
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rt
e
r
a
re
g
e
n
era
t
ed
thr
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
n
b
u
i
lt
P
W
M
m
o
du
le
o
f
the
m
i
c
r
oco
n
tro
l
ler.
T
he
s
i
g
na
l
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
d
fr
om
s
i
m
ul
i
n
k
is
u
p
l
o
a
ded
to
the
m
i
croc
on
trol
ler
ch
i
p
.
A
s
t
he
l
i
b
ra
ry
f
or
t
he
A
rdu
i
n
o
i
s
ava
i
l
a
b
le
i
n
MATLA
B
,
t
h
e
m
athem
a
t
i
ca
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
alg
o
ri
t
h
m
ca
n
be
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
m
ore
ea
si
ly.
A
r
duin
o
p
ro
v
i
de
s
the
a
d
va
n
t
a
g
es
o
f
l
o
w
cos
t
,
sim
p
li
c
ity,
a
n
d
a
cle
a
r
pro
g
ra
mm
ing
env
i
ro
nm
en
t.
T
a
b
le
1
lis
ts
t
he
r
a
tin
gs
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
duc
t
o
rs
a
nd
ca
pac
i
t
o
rs
u
se
d
to
d
e
v
e
l
op
th
e
expe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
p
rot
o
ty
pe
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Uni
v
ers
a
l po
we
r conv
er
ter f
o
r lo
w po
wer a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
(M.
Asn
a
)
2
171
Tab
l
e
1: E
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
P
ar
ameter
s
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
rs
V
a
l
ue
I
n
p
u
t
In
duc
t
a
nce
1.
5 m
H
O
u
tput
I
nduc
ta
n
c
e
350
µH
Inp
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
3000
µF
D
C
link
c
a
p
a
c
ita
n
c
e
100
µF
O
u
t
put
c
a
p
ac
it
a
n
ce
60
µF
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
ri
me
nt
al
w
av
efo
r
ms
a
t
th
e
re
c
t
ifi
e
r,
b
oo
st
,
an
d
in
ve
rt
e
r
stage
s
o
f
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
c
on
ve
r
t
er
a
r
e
s
how
n
in F
ig
ure
8.
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
(
d
)
F
i
gur
e
8.
E
xpe
r
i
m
e
nta
l
r
esul
ts
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
po
sed
co
nver
t
er
f
or
a
n
in
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
1
1
0
V
rm
s
.
(
a
)
r
e
c
t
if
ie
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
ltage
(
b)
b
o
o
s
t
co
nve
r
t
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
.
(
c
)
I
nver
t
e
r
outp
u
t
vol
t
a
g
e
w
it
ho
ut
snub
b
e
r
.
(
d
)
In
v
e
rt
er o
ut
pu
t
vo
lta
ge
w
i
t
h
s
n
u
b
b
er
F
i
gur
e
8(
a)
s
how
s
t
h
e
r
e
c
tif
i
e
d
vo
lta
ge
f
or
a
n
in
pu
t
of
1
1
0
V
rm
s
f
e
e
d
i
n
g
a
1
0
0
0
μ
F
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
.
F
r
o
m
the
w
a
vef
o
r
m
s,
it
is
obse
r
ve
d
t
h
a
t
t
ha
t
t
h
e
r
i
pp
le
f
ac
t
o
r
ob
ta
i
ne
d
is
5.3
%
o
n
e
a
c
h
s
i
d
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
cce
pt
ab
le
lim
i
t
s.
F
ig
ur
e
8(
b)
d
e
p
i
c
ts
t
he
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
ta
ge;
F
i
g
u
r
e
s.
8
(
c
)
an
d
8(
d)
r
e
p
r
e
sen
t
t
he
in
ver
t
e
r
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
ta
ge
.
H
e
r
e
,
an
R
C
sn
ubb
er
n
et
wo
rk
i
s
ut
i
l
i
z
ed
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
ol
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
t
r
a
ns
ien
t
s
c
a
u
s
e
d
b
y
the
fa
st
s
witc
hin
g
o
f
the
MO
SF
ET.
It
c
an
b
e
se
e
n
t
ha
t
t
h
e
inve
r
ter
o
u
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
r
em
ain
s
s
in
u
s
o
i
da
l
wit
h
on
l
y
a
s
ma
l
l
d
istort
i
o
n
o
b
se
r
v
ab
le
w
he
n
it
s
tar
t
s
co
n
duc
ti
ng.
F
urt
h
erm
o
re
,
it
i
s
c
l
ear
t
hat
al
l
ex
per
i
m
e
nta
l
r
e
sults
a
re
in goo
d a
g
ree
m
e
n
t
with t
he
s
im
u
l
a
tio
n
resul
t
s.
5.
C
O
NCLUS
IO
NS
Th
is
p
ape
r
h
a
s
p
r
opo
se
d
a
si
mple
a
nd
a
c
o
m
pati
b
l
e
por
ta
bl
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
–
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
o
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
l
o
w
pow
e
r
a
pp
lica
tio
ns.
The
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
e
n
sur
e
s
the
pr
ope
r
f
u
nc
ti
on
i
n
g
o
f
p
e
r
sona
l
el
ec
t
r
ic
al
a
pp
l
i
anc
e
s
whi
l
st
tr
a
v
e
l
i
ng,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
ng
t
he
v
ol
ta
ge
a
nd
fr
e
q
ue
ncy
spec
if
i
e
d
on
t
he
d
e
v
ice.
A
n
S
R
F
P
I
contr
o
l
l
er
i
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
gu
late
t
he
s
y
s
te
m
fr
e
q
ue
nc
y
a
n
d
i
n
sta
n
t
a
neo
u
s
ou
t
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
.
M
or
e
o
ver
,
t
o
simp
l
i
f
y
t
he
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
he
P
I
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
par
a
m
e
ters,
the
LSA
op
t
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
alg
o
ri
t
h
m
i
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
,
the
r
e
by
r
e
d
u
c
i
ng
th
e
st
e
a
d
y
s
ta
te
e
rr
or
an
d
h
e
n
c
e
i
m
pro
v
i
n
g
t
h
e c
ontro
ll
er
p
erfo
r
m
an
c
e
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on
,
si
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
la
b
o
r
a
tor
y
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
s
co
nf
ir
m
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
ess
of
t
h
e
p
ropo
sed
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
.
C
ont
rol
a
l
gori
t
h
m
w
a
s
im
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d
on
the
A
r
du
i
n
o
M
e
ga
m
i
cr
oc
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
boa
r
d
t
ha
t
in
t
e
r
f
ace
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
S
i
m
u
li
nk
mo
de
l
a
n
d
th
e
h
a
rd
w
a
r
e
p
ro
t
o
t
y
p
e
.
Th
e
e
x
p
e
ri
me
n
t
al
r
e
sult
has
s
h
o
w
n
tha
t
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
sed
sys
t
e
m
h
as
s
at
is
fac
t
or
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
c
o
n
t
r
ol
u
nder
di
ffe
r
e
nt
i
np
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
1
6
5
– 2
172
2
172
vo
lta
ge
s
w
ith
a
r
ipp
l
e
fa
ct
or
o
f
5
%
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
i
n
ac
cepta
ble
li
m
it.
H
ow
e
v
er,
to
a
c
h
ieve
b
et
t
e
r
pe
rf
orm
a
nc
e
for
a
w
i
de
r
a
n
ge
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ges,
S
RF
P
I
c
on
tro
l
ler
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
s
ys
tem
ca
n
be
i
mpro
ve
d
w
i
t
h
adva
nc
e
d
c
on
tr
ol tec
h
n
i
q
ues,
that f
o
rm
a
p
l
a
n
for
fut
u
re
re
s
e
a
r
ch.
A
C
K
N
OW
LE
DG
EM
E
N
T
Th
is
w
ork
w
a
s
su
pp
orte
d
b
y
t
he
U
n
i
t
e
d
A
r
ab
E
mira
t
e
s
U
n
i
v
er
si
t
y
(
U
A
E
U
)
u
n
d
e
r
G
r
a
n
t
3
1
N
3
4
8
-
1
6_7
_
S
URE+
20
18
REF
E
R
E
NC
ES
[1]
E.
R
.
R
o
na
n
,
et al
.
,
“
A
p
o
w
er
e
lectro
nic
b
a
sed
d
i
stri
butio
n
t
r
ansform
e
r,”
IEE
E
Po
wer En
g
i
neer
in
g
Revi
ew
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
no
.
3,
p
p
.
6
1,
M
ar
200
2.
[2]
C.
R
os
a,
et
al.
,
“A
t
ransf
o
rm
erless
p
ow
er
e
lect
ronic
conv
erter
topol
og
y
f
o
r
PD
LC
a
pplications.” 9
t
h
I
n
t
ernati
onal
Conf
erence
on
Compatibi
lity
and Power
E
lectronics
,
pp
. 3
59
-3
63
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3]
P
.
Z
i
ogas,
et
al.,
“
Op
timu
m
s
y
s
t
e
m
design
o
f
a
three
phase
rect
ifier-i
nverter
typ
e
o
f
f
requ
ency
c
hang
er,
”
IEE
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns
on
In
dus
trial A
p
p
l
icati
ons,
v
o
l
.
I
A
-
2
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1215-1
2
2
5
,
1
98
5.
[4]
R.
O
rtega,
et al.,
“
C
on
trol
t
echn
i
q
u
es
f
or
r
edu
c
tion
of
t
h
e
t
o
t
al
h
arm
o
n
i
c
disto
r
t
io
n
in
v
ol
ta
ge
a
pp
lie
d
t
o
a
sin
g
l
e
-
p
h
as
e
in
vert
er
w
ith
non
li
near
l
oad
s
:
Review
,”
R
e
newa
ble and
S
u
st
a
i
na
ble Energy Reviews
,
vo
l.
16,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
1
7
5
4
-1
76
1,
A
pr 2
01
2.
[5]
J
.
A
rgo,
et
a
l
.,
“A
c
o
n
t
r
ol
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
i
ngl
e
p
h
ase
PW
M
i
n
v
e
rters,
”
4t
h
IEEE
In
ter
nat
io
nal Co
n
f
erence
on
Po
wer
E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs a
nd Dri
ve System
s,
p
p
.
28
2-2
85,
2
0
0
1
.
[6]
P.
M
a
t
t
a
velli,
et al
.
,
“
An
i
mpro
ve
d
de
a
d
-b
e
a
t
c
on
tro
l
f
o
r
U
PS
usin
g
d
i
s
t
u
r
ba
n
c
e
ob
s
ervers
,”
IEE
E
Trans
.
Ind.
E
l
ect
ro
n
.
,
vol.
52,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
2
06-212
,
F
eb
.
2
0
05
[7]
A.
A
b
r
is
ha
mi
fa
r
,
et a
l
.
,
“
F
ixed
s
witch
i
ng
freq
u
en
cy
s
li
d
i
ng
m
ode
c
ont
rol
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
le-p
has
e
u
nipol
ar
i
nv
e
r
t
e
rs",
IEE
E
Tran
sa
c
t
io
ns on
Po
we
r
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
vol.
27,
n
o
.
5
,
pp.
2
50
7-25
14
,
N
ov
2
0
11.
[8]
J
.
M
at
as,
et al
.,
“
A
d
i
s
c
ret
e
s
l
i
ding
m
o
de
c
o
n
t
r
ol
o
f
a
b
u
ck
-bo
o
st
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r,
”
IE
EE
,
2
0
0
2
, p
p.
14
0
-
1
4
4
.
[9]
K.
Z
ho
u,
et al.
,
“Zero-phase
odd-harmonic
repe
titive
contro
ll
er
f
or
a
s
ing
l
e-p
h
a
s
e
P
W
M
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns
on
Po
wer E
l
ectro
nic
s
, vo
l
.
21
,
no
. 1
,
p
p
. 1
93
-20
1
, Ja
n
2
00
6.
[10]
M
.
J
.
Ryan
a
nd
R.
D
.
Lo
renz,
“
A
s
ynchron
ou
s-f
r
am
e
con
t
roller
f
o
r
a
s
i
ng
le-p
hase
s
in
e
w
a
ve
i
n
verter,”
P
r
o
ceedin
gs
o
f
APEC 97-A
p
p
l
i
e
d
P
o
wer
Elect
ro
n
i
cs Co
nfer
ence
,
pp.
8
1
3
-8
19,
1
9
9
7
.
[11]
A
.
R
osh
a
n,
et a
l
.
,
“
A
D
-
Q
f
r
a
m
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
a
f
u
l
l
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
n
s
m
a
l
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
ge
n
e
ra
tion
s
y
s
t
e
ms,”
APE
C
07-T
w
ent
y
-Seco
n
d
An
nu
a
l
IE
EE Ap
plied
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
Co
nfer
ence
an
d
E
x
po
siti
on
,
p
p
.
641
-6
47
,
2
007
.
[12]
M.
M
onfrared,
et
al
.,
“
An
aly
s
is,
Desi
gn,
a
nd
E
x
p
eri
m
e
n
tal
Veri
ficat
ion
of
a
S
yn
chron
ou
s
Re
f
e
rence
F
r
am
e
V
o
ltag
e
C
on
tro
l
f
or
S
ingle-P
h
ase
In
verters
,
”
IEEE
Trans.
Ind. Elect
ron.,
vo
l. 61
, n
o
.
1
, p
p.
2
58
-
2
6
9
, Jan
20
1
4
.
[13]
D.
D
o
n
g
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
On
zero
stead
y-s
t
ate
erro
r
v
o
lt
age
co
nt
rol
o
f
s
in
g
l
e-ph
a
s
e
P
W
M
inverters
w
i
th
d
iff
e
rent
l
oa
d
ty
pe
s
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
P
o
w
e
r El
ect
ro
n
.
,
vol.
26,
n
o
.
1
1,
p
p
.
3
2
85–
329
7,
N
ov
20
11
.
[14]
L
. Y
un
,
et
a
l
.
,
“P
ID
con
trol
s
ystem
an
aly
s
is
an
d
d
esi
gn,
”
IE
E
E
C
o
n
t
ro
l Sy
s
t
e
m
s Ma
ga
zine
,
vol.
2
6
,
p
p
.
32-4
1
,
F
e
b
20
06
.
[15]
P
.
V
.
Go
ppi,
et al.
,
“M
od
el
b
ased
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
P
ID
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r,”
Jo
urnal
of Co
ntro
l a
n
d
Ins
t
r
u
m
e
ntati
o
n
,
vo
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
2
2
9
-6
97
2,
J
an 2
01
3.
[16]
B.
N
agraj,
et
al
.,
“
T
uning
a
lgorthims
f
o
r
PID
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
t
ech
ni
qu
es,
”
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal jo
ur
nal
of c
o
mpu
t
e
r
sc
ie
nc
e
a
n
d
ne
two
r
k
the
o
ry
,
v
o
l
.
08,
n
o.
6
,
p
p
1
40
-145,
A
pril
2
0
0
8
.
[17]
G.
A
ru
nk
um
a
r
,
et al
.
,
“
P
aram
eter
o
p
timi
zati
on
of
t
hree
ph
ase
b
o
o
s
t
in
vert
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
g
enet
ic
a
l
g
o
r
ithm
f
o
r
li
near
lo
a
d
s
,
”
E
n
er
gy Pro
c
ed
ia
, vo
l
.
9
0
,
pp
.
5
5
9
-5
65
, Dec 20
1
6
.
[18]
T.
H
.
K
i
m,
et al.
,
“
R
obu
st
P
ID
c
o
n
t
r
oll
e
r
tu
nin
g
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
ns
train
e
d
part
ic
l
e
s
wa
rm
opt
i
mi
zation
,
”
A
u
to
ma
ti
c
a
,
vol.
4
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
104-1
1
1
0
,
A
pr
2
008.
[19]
N
.
T
.
Ng
uy
en
a
nd
H
.
H.
L
ee,
“
F
u
zzy
P
I
Cont
ro
l
l
er
f
o
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
ct
ed
I
nv
erter
s
,”
I
nt
ernati
on
al
Co
nfer
ence o
n
Intelli
gent Comp
uti
n
g
,
pp.
3
00
-3
08
,
2
01
1.
[20]
S.
M
.
Ay
ob
,
et a
l
.,
“
Invert
er
C
ont
rol
usi
n
g
A
Si
m
p
li
fi
ed
F
uzzy
P
I
Controll
er,”
IET
In
t
e
rn
ation
a
l Co
nf
eren
ce
o
n
P
o
wer
El
ectr
onics, M
a
ch
in
es
a
n
d
Drives
, p
p
.
19
-
21
, Ap
r
il 20
10
.
[21]
H.
S
ha
r
e
e
f
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
L
i
ghtn
i
ng
s
earch
a
lg
orith
m,
”
Ap
pl
ied Soft
Co
mput
in
g
,
vol.
3
6
,
pp
.
3
1
5
-3
33
,
Nov
201
5.
[22]
H
.
S
h
a
reef
,
et al
.,
“
A
Na
tu
r
e
I
n
s
p
i
r
e
d
He
ur
ist
i
c
O
p
timizati
o
n
A
l
gorit
h
m
B
as
ed
o
n L
i
g
ht
ni
n
g
,
”
T
h
ird
In
ter
nat
io
nal
Conf
erence on A
r
t
ifici
a
l
In
t
e
l
lig
ence, M
odeling and Si
mulation
,
p
p
. 9-1
4
, 2
01
5.
[23]
M.
A
sna
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
nal
y
s
i
s
an
d
des
i
g
n
o
f
si
ngle
ph
ase
vo
ltag
e
-f
requen
c
y
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
with
o
p
timi
zed
P
I
cont
roller,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Jour
na
l o
f
P
o
wer
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
52
2-52
9,
M
ar
2019.
[24]
S.
A
.
Zulki
f
li
,
et a
l
.
,
“
M
A
T
LAB-Ard
u
in
o
as
a
l
ow
c
o
s
t
mi
croco
n
tro
l
l
e
r
fo
r
3
ph
ase
in
v
ert
e
r,”
IEEE
Student
Co
nf
erence on Res
e
a
r
ch
an
d
D
evelo
p
men
t
, p
p.
1
-
5
, 20
1
4
.
[25]
N
.
M
.
Ab
del
-
Ra
him
and
J.
E
.
Quai
coe,
“
A
n
al
ysis
a
nd
d
esig
n
o
f
a
m
u
lti
p
l
e
f
eedb
ack
l
oo
p
con
t
rol
strat
e
gy
f
o
r
sing
le
-p
ha
se
v
o
lta
ge
-so
u
rc
e
UPS
in
ve
r
t
e
r
s,”
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
cti
o
n
s
on
P
o
wer E
l
ectron
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
1
1,
pp.
5
3
2
-5
41,
J
ul
y
19
96
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.