Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 10
02
~1
010
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p10
02-
1010
1
0
02
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Theoretica
l
approach mod
e
l
of bui
lding integrated
photovol
taic
thermal air collector
Ah
m
a
d Fud
h
ol
i
1
,
Muha
mma
d
Z
o
h
r
i
2
,
I
van
Ta
sl
im
3
,
M
e
ri
ta
Ay
u I
n
d
r
i
a
nt
i
4
,
In
ta
n N
ovi
an
tar
i
Man
y
oe
5
1,
2
Solar
E
n
ergy Research Institut
e
,
Uni
v
ersiti Kebangsaan Ma
laysi
a
,
Malaysia
3,
4
Un
iv
e
r
s
i
tas M
u
hamm
adiyah
Go
ron
t
alo
,
G
o
ro
ntalo,
Ind
ones
i
a
5
Univers
i
tas
N
e
geri Goro
nt
alo
,
Go
ron
t
alo,
In
do
nes
i
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
M
a
r
1
,
20
19
Re
vise
d N
o
v
8
,
20
19
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
23
, 20
20
Ov
er
re
cent
y
e
ars the
ph
otov
o
l
taic
te
chn
o
log
y
has ob
tain
ed
sign
i
fi
can
t
dev
e
lo
p
m
ent
,
es
peci
ally in bu
ild
i
ng in
teg
r
ated p
h
o
tovo
lta
i
c
th
ermal
(BIP
VT)
syste
m
.
Pho
t
ovol
ta
ic
th
erm
a
l (PVT
) a
i
r col
l
ec
t
o
rs a
r
e adv
a
nt
a
g
e
o
u
s
becau
se
o
f
th
e
i
r
effi
cien
cy
.
Vario
u
s
stud
ies
hav
e
b
een
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
to
deter
m
in
e the
i
d
eal
p
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
of P
V
T
air
c
o
lle
ctors
.
Few
theo
re
tical
app
r
oach
mod
e
ls of
P
V
T
air
co
lle
c
to
r
sy
stems
w
e
r
e
u
s
ed
to
help
detec
t
occu
rren
ces
in
a P
V
T
coll
ecto
r
s
y
s
t
em
and
ca
lc
u
l
ate
th
e op
tim
a
l
param
e
ters
.
Th
e
he
at
tran
sfer
an
d
en
ergy
ba
la
nce
o
f
P
V
T
air
co
lle
c
to
rs w
e
re
a
n
alysed
and
reviewed
bas
e
d
on
the
mod
e
l, q
u
an
tity
of
co
v
e
r,
ch
ann
e
ls
and
f
o
rms of the
collector
. A
ma
th
ema
tic
al mod
e
l w
a
s d
e
veloped
to d
e
scrib
e
a
c
tu
al w
o
rk
ing
situ
ation
s
an
d
to
ex
am
in
e n
e
w
s
hut PV
T col
l
ec
to
rs. Th
e
fir
s
t
law
o
f
th
er
mod
y
n
a
mi
cs is
th
e
p
r
in
c
i
p
a
l
equ
a
ti
on
i
n
th
e
mod
e
l
.
Di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
an
aly
s
is
met
h
ods were ut
il
ised
to evaluate
P
V
T perfor
m
an
ces, wh
ich
ar
e g
e
n
e
ra
lly
bas
e
d o
n
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
ex
ergy
a
n
aly
s
es.
Th
is
r
e
v
i
ew
focu
ses
o
n
theo
r
e
ti
c
a
l
a
p
pro
a
c
h
m
o
de
l of
sin
g
l
e
-
p
as
s P
V
T air
co
lle
c
to
r
.
Ke
yw
ords:
H
e
at
tr
an
sf
e
r
Re
newa
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
Sol
a
r
c
o
ll
ec
to
r
Therma
l mo
de
ll
i
ng
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
I
v
an
Taslim
,
Uni
v
ersi
t
a
s M
uha
mma
di
ya
h Go
ro
nta
l
o
,
Jl
.
Pro
f
. D
r
.
H
.
M
a
n
s
o
e
r P
a
t
e
d
a
No
. D
e
sa
,
Pen
t
a
d
io
Tim
.
,
G
o
r
o
n
t
a
l
o
9618
1,
I
ndo
n
e
sia
.
Emai
l:
iva
n
ta
sl
i
m
@u
mg
o.ac
.i
d
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
The
depl
et
i
o
n
of c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
al
f
o
ssi
l
fue
l
res
o
u
r
ce
s
ha
s re
vi
v
e
d t
h
e
de
ma
nd
for
ut
i
l
i
s
at
i
on o
f
re
ne
wa
bl
e en
e
r
gy
re
so
urce
s. The
r
e
f
ore,
a
n
a
l
t
e
rnat
ive
e
n
ergy
sou
r
ce
must
be
de
t
e
rmi
n
e
d
t
o
sa
ti
sfy
o
u
r
e
n
erg
y
re
qui
re
me
nt
s
a
nd
p
r
eser
ve c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
fo
ssil
fuel
s.
O
n
e
suc
h
re
ne
wab
l
e
ene
r
gy
so
urce
i
s
sol
a
r e
n
e
r
g
y
,
whi
c
h c
a
n
p
o
t
e
nt
ia
l
l
y
su
ppl
y
si
gnific
a
n
t
am
ou
nt
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
rl
d’s ene
r
g
y
d
e
man
d
. R
e
new
a
ble
ene
r
g
y
s
o
urce
s
,
su
ch
as
so
lar
en
ergy
,
p
r
ov
i
d
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
b
e
n
e
f
its
an
d
clea
n
en
erg
y
.
In a
d
d
itio
n
,
so
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
a
n
i
d
e
a
l
al
t
e
rna
t
i
v
e sou
r
ce for
i
m
pov
e
r
i
s
h
e
d
o
r
rural
peo
p
l
e
w
ho ha
ve
n
o
a
cce
s
s
to
m
ode
r
n
ene
r
gy
so
urce
s.
T
h
ermal
a
n
d e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
en
e
r
gy
c
a
n b
e
g
e
n
e
ra
te
d fr
om
so
la
r e
n
e
r
gy
. A
l
t
hou
gh
th
es
e
t
w
o en
e
r
g
y
so
ur
c
e
s a
r
e h
a
ve
di
ffe
re
nt
forms, the
y
c
a
n
be
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d si
mul
t
aneo
usl
y
b
y
us
i
ng h
y
b
r
i
d
col
l
e
c
t
o
rs. T
h
i
s
h
y
b
ri
d s
y
st
e
m
c
o
nsi
s
ts
o
f
a
c
o
mb
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
two typ
e
s
o
f
co
l
l
ec
tors,
n
a
m
e
ly
, th
er
ma
l c
o
l
l
ec
to
rs an
d
p
h
o
t
ovol
tai
c
–
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(PV
T
)
col
l
ect
ors.
PVT c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
rs a
r
e desi
g
n
e
d
t
o
re
cei
ve s
o
l
a
r e
n
er
g
y
an
d c
o
n
v
ert
it
i
n
t
o
th
e
r
mal
an
d el
e
c
t
r
i
cal
e
n
ergy
;
i
n
th
is
d
e
v
i
c
e
,
th
er
ma
l e
n
erg
y
is
t
r
an
sf
err
e
d
i
n
to
f
l
u
i
d
t
h
a
t
fl
ow
s
in
to
t
h
e
c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
. A PVT co
ll
ec
tor
c
o
nsist
s
of
a
PV
p
a
n
e
l
,
an
insu
la
to
r an
d a fr
a
m
e
as
w
e
ll as on
e
or
mor
e
co
v
e
r
(g
l
a
ss
she
e
ts
)
o
r
a tr
a
n
sp
ar
en
t
mat
e
ri
al
pl
ac
e
d
o
v
er
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
rbin
g pl
at
e w
i
t
h
ai
r flo
w
i
n
g aro
u
n
d
i
t
.
T
h
e
effic
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
T
c
o
l
l
ect
ors c
a
n b
e
e
n
h
a
n
ced
by
u
s
in
g h
e
at
t
r
a
n
sf
er
are
a
t
h
roug
h t
h
e
a
b
so
rb
er w
ith
f
i
n
n
e
d
a
b
so
rb
e
r
s, co
rru
g
a
ted
su
rf
a
ces a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
The
o
re
ti
c
a
l
ap
pro
a
c
h
mo
del
of b
u
il
di
n
g
i
n
te
grate
d
p
hot
ovo
l
tai
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(BIPVT
)
air
… (Ah
m
ad
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
)
1
003
p
o
ro
u
s
med
i
a
.
PV
T co
ll
ec
tor
s
ca
n
b
e
cl
ass
i
fied
in
to
f
our
t
y
p
e
s ac
co
rd
ing
t
o
t
h
e
h
e
a
t
tran
s
f
er
med
i
u
m
: air
-
base
d, wa
te
r-b
a
sed, co
mbi
n
e
d
wa
te
r/
ai
r-ba
s
e
d
a
n
d
na
n
o
fl
u
i
d-ba
se
d
P
V
T c
o
ll
ec
tors [1-1
3]
.
The
o
v
eral
l
p
e
rf
ormance
of the
P
V
T syst
e
m
can
be
e
v
al
uat
e
d
ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
t
h
ermo
dy
namic
,
envi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
an
d e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
impac
t
s a
n
a
l
ysis. E
nvi
roe
c
on
omi
c
a
n
d
e
x
erg
o
ec
o
n
o
mi
c a
n
al
yses
fo
r
P
V
T
ai
r
c
o
lle
ct
o
r
s w
e
re
stud
ie
d
[14
]
. Env
i
ro
n
m
en
tal
-
e
c
onomi
c
-
e
x
e
r
gy-
ene
r
gy a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
fo
r d
i
ff
er
en
t
PV
T
ai
r col
l
ect
o
r
s
y
st
ems w
e
re
st
udie
d
[1
5-1
7
]
. Se
ve
ral
ty
p
e
s o
f
P
V
T ai
r c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
rs h
a
ve be
en
de
signe
d,
eva
l
ua
te
d
a
n
d
de
vel
ope
d
i
n
va
ri
ous c
o
unt
ri
es, the
r
eb
y
yi
el
ding
var
y
in
g
de
grees
of t
e
c
hnic
a
l
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
ces
base
d o
n
e
n
ergy
–e
xe
rg
y
a
n
a
l
yses.
In t
h
i
s
r
e
vi
ew, we
foc
u
se
d on t
h
e t
h
e
o
ret
i
cal
ap
pro
a
c
h
m
odel
of si
ngl
e-
pas
s
P
V
T
a
i
r c
o
ll
ec
t
o
r.
2.
T
H
EO
RE
TICA
L
AP
P
R
OAC
H
M
O
D
E
L
O
F
PV
T A
I
R
C
O
LLE
C
T
OR
S
W
I
THOUT
GLA
SS
CO
VER
Sarha
d
di e
t
al
.
[1
8
,
19
] imp
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e t
h
erma
l
an
d
el
ec
tric
al
mod
e
l
fo
r a
P
V
T
ai
r col
l
ect
o
r
,
a
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
1
.
T
h
e
fi
gu
re s
how
s t
h
e c
r
oss-
s
ect
i
onal
vie
w
of t
h
e
P
V
T ai
r c
o
ll
ec
to
r, as
we
ll
as i
t
s eq
u
i
val
e
nt
th
e
r
ma
l
r
e
s
i
stan
t c
i
r
c
u
it an
d
a
n
el
e
m
en
t le
ng
th ‘dx
’
of the
flo
w
c
h
a
n
n
e
l.
Th
e en
ergy
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
T
c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
is e
xpr
ess
e
d
as
fo
llo
ws
.
For
t
h
e
P
V
mo
dul
e:
1
ℎ
ℎ
(1)
F
o
r th
e
b
a
ck
surf
a
c
e
o
f
a Te
d
l
a
r
:
ℎ
ℎ
(2)
F
o
r
th
e a
i
r
fl
ow
ing
b
e
low
a Te
d
l
a
r
:
ℎ
(3)
Fig
u
re
1
.
Sch
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
an
d
h
e
at
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
c
o
ef
fici
en
t
s
o
f
a PVT ai
r c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
In
the
ap
pl
ic
at
i
o
n
of
P
V
T s
y
s
t
em, S
a
hsa
v
ar
et
al
. [
20]
de
v
e
l
ope
d a
bu
i
l
d
i
ng i
n
t
e
gra
t
e
d
p
hot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
(B
IP
V
T
) c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r
by
usin
g
t
h
e
co
ol
i
n
g p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
of
vent
i
l
a
t
i
on
an
d e
xha
ust
ai
r
t
o
re
fri
g
era
t
e t
h
e
P
V
p
a
ne
l
an
d
hea
t
i
n
g
sy
st
em in t
h
e
ve
nt
i
l
a
t
i
on of b
u
il
di
n
g
s. T
h
e e
n
erg
y
ba
la
nce
of t
h
i
s
P
V
T
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r, a
s
s
h
ow
n in
Fi
gu
re
2, i
s
ex
press
e
d
a
s
fol
l
ows
.
For
P
V
pan
e
ls:
1
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
,
(4)
F
o
r th
e
a
i
r
c
h
an
n
e
l:
ℎ
ℎ
(5)
F
o
r
th
e b
o
tto
m p
l
a
t
e
:
ℎ
ℎ
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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: 2
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6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
02
–
1
0
10
1
004
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
h
e
a
t
tra
n
sf
er co
eff
i
c
i
en
t
s
an
d te
mp
era
t
u
r
es
o
f
a
PVT ai
r c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
S
o
hel
et
a
l
.
[2
1]
prop
ose
d
a
d
y
n
amic
m
ode
l
for
P
V
T
a
i
r
col
l
e
c
t
o
r
s,
as
s
h
o
w
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re
3.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
al
dat
a
w
e
r
e
si
mila
r
w
ith
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
l
e
d
ai
r t
e
mper
a
t
u
r
e and
e
l
e
c
tr
ic
a
l
p
e
rfo
rma
n
ce
.
Th
e d
a
ta f
r
o
m
th
e
PVT
sy
s
t
em wer
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
au
th
en
ti
ca
te
th
e
th
eo
re
tic
a
l
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
in
tw
o
bu
il
d
i
ng
s. Th
e
sy
st
em
e
n
e
r
g
y
bal
a
nc
e f
o
r
t
h
e
hea
t
l
o
ss
from
t
h
e t
op
o
f
the
PV
T
i
s
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d as
fol
l
o
w
s
:
ℎ
ℎ
,
. (7)
F
r
om
th
e
PV
pan
e
l
to
t
h
e
a
i
r i
n
th
e
ch
ann
e
l:
ℎ
, (8)
F
r
om
th
e P
V
pan
e
l to
t
h
e
r
oof
t
o
p
:
ℎ
,
.
(9)
The syst
em
en
ergy
bal
a
nc
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
hea
t
l
o
ss
from
a
i
r
t
o
t
h
e
roo
f
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
ro
of t
o
t
h
e
ro
o
m
i
s
det
e
rmi
n
e
d
as
ℎ
, (10)
(11)
The e
n
er
g
y
bal
a
nc
e of
t
h
e ai
r
st
ri
p ca
n
be cal
cul
a
t
e
d as
ℎ
ℎ
. (12)
The e
n
er
g
y
bal
a
nc
e a
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
i
n
fi
nit
e
si
mal
c
ont
rol
v
o
lume
of the
P
V
pa
ne
l ca
n be ca
lc
ula
t
ed
a
s
1
.
.
1
.
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
,
. (13)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
h
e
a
t
tra
n
sf
er co
eff
i
c
i
en
t
s
an
d te
mp
era
t
u
r
es
o
f
a
PVT ai
r c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
Vat
s
et
a
l
. [22
]
a
n
al
yse
d
t
h
e e
n
e
r
g
y
an
d e
x
ergy
pe
rformanc
e
s of a
se
mi-t
r
a
ns
pare
nt B
I
P
V
T s
y
ste
m
usi
ng a
n
i
n
te
grat
e
d
P
V
pane
l,
a
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
4.
The
e
n
e
r
g
y
ba
l
a
nce
of
thi
s
P
V
T c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r i
s
e
x
p
r
esse
d
as
f
o
l
l
o
ws.
For
t
h
e
se
mi
-tr
a
ns
pare
nt P
V
modul
e:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
The
o
re
ti
c
a
l
ap
pro
a
c
h
mo
del
of b
u
il
di
n
g
i
n
te
grate
d
p
hot
ovo
l
tai
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(BIPVT
)
air
… (Ah
m
ad
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
)
1
005
ℎ
ℎ
(14)
F
o
r
th
e ro
om
air
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e:
ℎ
,
1
0.33
(15)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sch
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
h
e
a
t
tra
n
sf
er co
eff
i
c
i
en
t
s
an
d te
mp
era
t
u
r
es
o
f
a
PVT ai
r c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
Yan
g
et
al
.
[23
]
e
x
a
m
i
n
ed
t
h
e
t
h
ermal
fe
at
u
r
es o
f
an
i
n
no
v
a
t
i
ve
tw
o-i
n
l
e
t, o
p
e
n
-l
o
o
p
B
I
PVT
ai
r c
o
ll
ec
tor, as
sho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re 5. T
h
e the
r
ma
l
e
ffi
ci
enc
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
-
inl
e
t
syst
ems w
a
s
5
%
hi
g
h
er t
h
a
n
t
h
at
of
a
c
o
nve
nt
iona
l
one
-i
nl
et
s
y
ste
m
. T
h
e t
h
erm
a
l
effi
ci
enc
y
o
f
the
BIP
V
T
s
y
ste
m
wi
t
h
a
semi
-t
ra
nspa
re
nt
P
V
pa
ne
l
r
eac
hed
a
p
pro
x
i
ma
te
ly
7
.
6
%
. Th
is
s
y
ste
m
can
b
e
ea
sil
y
a
p
p
l
ied
an
d do
e
s
n
o
t
si
gn
i
f
ic
an
t
l
y in
cr
ease
co
st
. Th
e e
n
e
r
gy
bal
a
nc
e o
f
t
h
i
s
PVT
col
l
ect
o
r
i
s
ex
pre
sse
d
a
s
fol
l
o
ws.
For
t
h
e
to
p P
V
pa
nel
sur
f
ac
e:
ℎ
ℎ
(16)
For
t
h
e
fl
ui
d in
t
h
e
B
I
P
V
T:
ℎ
ℎ
(17)
For
t
h
e
li
ni
n
g
i
nne
r
s
u
rfac
e:
ℎ
(18)
F
o
r th
e
PV
p
a
ne
l b
o
ttom
su
rf
a
c
e
:
1
1
(19)
F
o
r
th
e s
o
lar
rad
i
a
t
i
o
n
in
cid
e
nt
in
th
e
in
su
la
tio
n
:
1
(20)
Fig
u
re
5
.
Sch
e
m
a
t
i
c
o
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
an
d
h
e
at
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
c
o
ef
fici
en
t
s
o
f
a PVT ai
r c
o
lle
c
t
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
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-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
02
–
1
0
10
1
006
3.
THE
O
R
E
T
I
C
A
L A
PPR
O
A
CH MO
DE
L
OF P
V
T
AIR
COL
L
E
CT
O
R
S
WIT
H
GL
AS
S
C
O
VE
R
A
s
t
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
in
ve
st
i
g
at
ed
a P
V
T
ai
r c
o
l
l
ect
or.
A
si
mul
a
ti
on mo
de
l w
a
s
de
vel
o
pe
d to c
a
l
c
ul
at
e
t
h
e pe
rfo
r
ma
n
ce o
f
t
h
e
s
y
st
em. T
h
e
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d an
d
e
x
p
e
ri
ment
al
t
h
er
ma
l
a
n
d
el
ec
t
r
i
cal
performa
n
ces o
f
t
h
e PV
T col
l
e
c
t
or
we
re c
onsi
s
t
e
nt
. The
syst
em has
bee
n
a
ppl
ie
d t
o
s
o
l
a
r
ro
oft
o
p
s
an
d
b
u
il
di
n
g
s. T
h
e e
n
erg
y
bal
a
nc
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
ect
or, a
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re
6
,
i
s
e
x
press
e
d
as
foll
ows
.
For
P
V
c
e
l
l
s:
1
∗
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(21)
For
t
h
e
gla
s
s
p
a
rt
of
t
h
e
sa
nd
wi
ch w
i
t
h
out
P
V
c
e
l
l
s insi
de:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(22)
For
t
h
e
ai
r ga
p:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
(23)
For
t
h
e
abs
o
rb
er pl
at
e:
ℎ
,
ℎ
,
ℎ
(24)
F
o
r
th
e PV
,
t
h
e a
c
t
u
a
l t
h
e
r
ma
l
–
sp
ec
tr
al
e
ffi
cie
n
c
y
i
s
∗
, (
2
5)
whe
r
e
i
s
the
t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
po
we
r coe
f
fi
ci
en
t
of PV ce
l
l
s, a
n
d
FS
is th
e sp
e
c
tru
m
co
rr
ecti
o
n
f
a
c
t
or
o
f
PV
effi
ci
enc
y
.
Fi
gu
re 6.
Heat
trans
f
er
c
o
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
ts
an
d t
e
m
p
erat
ure
s
of a
P
V
T a
i
r
c
o
ll
ec
to
r
A
not
he
r
hea
t
t
r
ans
f
er
an
d e
n
e
r
g
y
m
o
del
l
in
g f
o
r P
V
T ai
r
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
rs
wi
t
h
gla
s
s
c
ove
r
w
e
re
p
r
op
ose
d
i
n
[
2
5
-
2
7
]
. T
h
e
anal
yt
ic
al
exp
r
e
s
si
on
fo
r t
h
e el
ec
t
r
i
cal
effi
ci
enc
y
of PVT
hy
b
r
i
d
a
i
r col
l
e
c
t
o
rs
was
est
a
bl
i
s
he
d
.
Ca
se
A
i
s
a
gl
ass-t
o
-gl
a
ss
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
wit
h
an a
i
r
c
h
a
nnel
a
b
o
v
e the
a
b
sor
b
er pla
t
e, an
d Ca
s
e
B
is
a
g
l
ass-to
-g
l
a
ss
P
V
mod
u
le w
ith
a
i
r c
h
a
n
n
e
l
b
e
low
th
e
ab
sorb
er p
l
at
e.
Th
e
e
n
e
r
gy
b
a
la
n
c
e
of
t
h
i
s
PV
T a
i
r
col
l
ect
or,
a
s
s
h
ow
n i
n
F
i
gure
7, i
s
e
x
pre
ssed
as f
o
ll
ow
s:
Case A:
Glass-to-glass P
V
m
o
d
u
le
wi
t
h
a
n
a
i
r
cha
n
n
e
l
ab
o
v
e
t
h
e
ab
so
rbe
r
pl
at
e
For
t
h
e
P
V
mo
dul
e:
,
,
(26)
F
o
r
th
e b
l
ack
en
ed
a
b
sor
b
e
r
pla
t
e
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
The
o
re
ti
c
a
l
ap
pro
a
c
h
mo
del
of b
u
il
di
n
g
i
n
te
grate
d
p
hot
ovo
l
tai
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(BIPVT
)
air
… (Ah
m
ad
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
)
1
007
1
ℎ
(27)
For
ai
r
fl
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
c
h
anne
l:
ℎ
(28)
Ca
se
B
:
Gl
a
s
s-
to-gl
a
ss PV
mod
u
l
e
wi
th ai
r
chan
ne
l
bel
o
w t
h
e ab
so
rbe
r
pl
at
e
For
t
h
e
P
V
mo
dul
e:
,
ℎ
(29)
F
o
r
th
e b
l
ack
en
ed
a
b
sor
b
e
r
pla
t
e
:
1
ℎ
ℎ
(30)
For
t
h
e
ai
r c
h
a
nnel
b
e
l
o
w t
h
e
abs
o
rber
pl
at
e:
ℎ
(31)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
tran
sf
er co
eff
i
c
i
en
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
sy
s
t
em
4.
P
E
RF
ORMAN
C
E
OF
BIPV
T
AIR
CO
LL
EC
TO
R
Tab
l
e 1
sh
ows
t
h
e
com
p
a
r
a
t
ion
o
f
P
e
rfo
r
m
ance
of
ai
r-
b
a
sed
P
V
T sy
st
e
m
s.
Tabl
e 1. Per
f
o
r
manc
e
o
f
a
i
r
-
b
ased PVT
s
y
st
e
m
s
Y
e
a
r
A
u
thor
(s)
St
ud
y
Pe
rf
or
m
a
nce
A
n
al
yses
En
e
r
g
y
Ef
fi
ci
e
n
ci
e
s
(%)
P
V
T E
x
er
g
y
E
f
ficie
n
cy
Th
e
r
m
a
l
PV
O
v
er
al
l
(%)
2007
A
l
f
e
gi
e
t
al
.
[40]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
15.
2-26.
4
11.
4-
12.7
2
6
.
6
-
39.
13
N
A
2008
A
l
f
e
g
i
e
t
al
.
[41]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
an
a
l
y
sis
17-26.
43
10.
5-
12.09
2
7
.
5
-
40.
4
N
A
2009
Joshi e
t
a
l
.
[43]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
an
a
l
y
sis
26.
4-30.
5
9.
5-
11
4
1
.
6
-
47.
4
N
A
2009
A
l
f
e
gi
e
t
al
.
[44]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
NA
N
A
4
9
.
1
-
62.
8
N
A
2009
D
ubey et al.
[
45]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
NA
N
A
9
.
75–1
0.
41
N
A
2010
A
g
ra
w
a
l and
Ti
wa
ri
[4
7
]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
si
s
N
A
NA
5
3
.7
NA
2010
A
g
ra
w
a
l and
Ti
wa
ri
[4
8
]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
conom
ic
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
33.
54
7.
13
NA
N
A
2010
S
a
r
h
addi
et
a
l
.
[
14]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
17.
18
10
4
5
N
A
2010
S
a
r
h
addi
et
a
l
.
[
15]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
17.
18
10
4
5
10.
75
2010
S
h
ahsa
var
and
A
m
eri [
49]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
60
9.
5
7
2
N
A
2011
A
g
ra
w
a
l and
Ti
wa
ri
[5
0
]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
si
s
70.
62
N
A
NA
N
A
2012
A
m
or
i
a
n
d
Al-
N
a
j
j
ar
[51]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
19.
4-22.
8
9-
12.
3
4
7
.
8
-
53.
6
N
A
2012
A
g
ra
w
a
l
et
a
l
.
[
52]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
si
s
35.
7
12.
4
NA
N
A
2013
A
g
ra
w
a
l and
Ti
wa
ri
[5
3
]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy–
e
nvir
o
n
m
enta
l
an
a
l
y
si
s
3
2
NA
N
A
NA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
02
–
1
0
10
1
008
Tabl
e 1. Pe
rfo
r
manc
e of
a
i
r
-
b
a
sed PVT
s
y
ste
m
s
(
c
on
tin
u
e
d)
2014
Y
a
ng
and
Athie
n
itis [
24]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
27.
1
10
NA
N
A
2014
K
i
m
e
t
al
. [
54]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
22
15
NA
N
A
2015
L
i
e
t
al
. [
56]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
50
11.
9-
12.4
7
7
.
7
N
A
2015
G
ood et a
l
.
[
57]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy
an
a
l
y
sis
71.
5
17.
4
NA
N
A
2015
A
hn et a
l
.
[
58]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
23
15
3
8
N
A
2015
Ja
hrom
i
et a
l
.
[
59]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy–
e
c
onom
i
c
ana
l
y
sis
51.
6-52
7.
5-
8.
7
NA
9.
6-
9.
7
2015
K
a
m
e
l
a
nd Fung
[
60]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
32.
8-41
16-
17
NA
N
A
2015
Ra
jor
i
a
et
a
l
.
[
61]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy–
e
nvir
o
-e
conom
ic
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
12.
1-28.
1
3.
1-
9.
1
NA
N
A
2016
G
hola
m
pou
r
a
nd Am
e
r
i [62]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
55
N
A
6
9
.
9
1
8.
66
2016
Rouni
s e
t
a
l
.
[
63]
T
h
eor
e
tic
al E
n
e
r
gy
a
n
alysis
48
16.
5
NA N
A
2016
M
o
jum
d
e
r
et
a
l
.
[
64]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy a
n
alysis
56.
19
13.
75
NA
N
A
2016
H
a
z
a
m
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
65]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
si
s
50
15
NA
14.
8
2017
S
a
le
m et
a
l
.
[
67]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
si
s
31.
6-57.
9
17.
7-
38.4
5
9
.
3
-
9
2
11.
1-
13.
5
2018
F
udh
ol
i
e
t
al.
[
10]
E
xper
i
m
e
nt
al
a
n
d
theor
e
t
i
ca
l
E
n
e
r
gy–e
xer
gy
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
21.
3-82.
9
9.
87-
11.34
3
1
.
21-
94.
2
4
12.
66-
12.
9
1
5.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
NS
PV
T sy
ste
m
s co
mb
in
e so
lar
ene
r
g
y
and
PV
co
ll
ec
to
rs,
w
h
ich
simu
l
t
an
eou
s
ly
pr
oduc
e
h
e
at
an
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
erg
y
.
Th
e e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
and
en
ergy
pro
d
u
c
ts from th
e
c
o
mb
in
atio
n
of
PV
p
a
nel
s
an
d
co
ll
ec
to
r
s
are
hi
ghe
r tha
n
t
h
a
t
of
a
se
para
te
d
syst
em
. Re
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
s a
n
d c
o
m
p
ani
e
s
ha
ve
pr
op
ose
d
va
ri
ou
s desi
gns t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ov
er
al
l e
ffi
cie
n
c
y
o
f
PVT
sy
stems.
How
e
v
e
r
,
th
e
la
ck
o
f
i
n
for
m
a
tio
n o
n
t
h
e
co
mme
r
ci
al
v
i
ab
ili
ty
a
n
d
l
ong-t
e
rm
pe
rformanc
e
of a
P
V
T s
y
st
em
dec
r
ea
ses i
t
s
ac
ce
pta
n
ce
b
y
t
h
e
ma
rket
.
R
e
se
arc
h
e
r
s
ha
ve
de
ve
lo
pe
d
mat
h
emat
i
cal
mo
de
ls t
o
e
v
al
uat
e
t
h
e
pe
rformanc
e
of P
V
T
syst
e
m
s
wi
th
di
ffe
re
nt
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r desi
gn
s.
Energ
y
bal
a
nc
e
is t
h
e
basi
c
conce
p
t
i
n
de
v
e
l
opi
ng
t
h
e
m
a
t
h
emat
i
cal
mode
ls
at
a ste
a
d
y
st
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
pe
rfor
ma
nce
o
f
PVT
s
y
st
e
m
s is
i
n
fl
u
e
nce
d
by
mass
fl
o
w
rat
e
s, col
l
ect
or
ge
omet
ry a
n
d
ot
he
r
para
met
e
rs.
Mo
de
l c
o
n
f
i
r
mat
i
on
h
a
s
b
e
en c
o
nd
uct
e
d
t
o
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
be
h
a
vio
u
r
of
an ac
t
u
a
l
s
y
st
e
m
. T
o
con
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
mat
h
emat
i
cal
mode
l
,
re
se
arc
h
ers
have
as
sessed
ei
t
h
er
e
xpe
ri
me
nt
al
or anal
yt
i
cal
re
sul
t
s.
The
o
re
t
i
c
a
l
an
d ex
pe
ri
me
nta
l
resul
t
s
have
b
een ge
ne
ral
l
y
con
s
i
s
t
e
nt w
h
e
n
the
c
o
rre
c
t
mat
h
emat
ic
al
mo
del
is
empl
o
y
e
d
.
Va
ri
ous a
p
p
r
oac
h
e
s
a
r
e l
i
m
i
t
e
d
bec
a
use
t
h
e
pre
c
i
s
i
on
o
f
several
ke
y
p
a
ra
me
t
e
rs
i
s
l
o
w
an
d
mist
ake
s
oft
e
n
occu
r i
n
obt
ai
n
i
ng e
x
perime
nt
al
resul
t
s
d
u
e t
o
ca
rel
e
ssnes
s.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
We
g
r
a
t
e
f
u
lly
ac
kn
ow
le
dg
e t
h
e f
und
ing
f
r
o
m
US
AID
thro
ugh
the
S
H
ERA
p
r
o
g
ra
m-
Cen
t
r
e
fo
r
De
vel
o
pm
ent
of
S
u
sta
i
n
a
ble
R
e
gi
o
n
(C
DSR
)
.
In
ye
a
r
2
0
1
7
-2
02
1
C
D
S
R
i
s
l
e
d
by
C
e
nt
er for
Energ
y
St
udi
es
-U
G
M
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
A. F
udh
oli,
et al., "En
e
rgy
an
d
ex
ergy
an
al
ys
e
s
o
f
ph
otov
oltaic
t
h
ermal collect
or
wi
th
▽
-g
roove
,
"
So
lar
Ener
g
y
,
vol. 1
5
9
,
p
p
.
742
-50
,
2
018
.
[2]
A.
Fu
dh
o
l
i
,
e
t
al
., "Re
v
ie
w of so
la
r dr
yi
ng
syst
e
m
s
w
i
th
a
i
r-bas
ed
solar co
l
l
e
c
t
o
rs in
M
a
laysia,"
Re
n
e
wabl
e
a
n
d
Sus
ta
in
ab
le
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
evi
ew
,
v
o
l. 5
1
,
pp.
1
1
9
1
-
1204
,
2
0
15.
[3]
A. F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
et a
l
.,
"
T
e
c
h
n
o
-
eco
no
mic of s
o
l
a
r
d
r
ying s
y
stems
with water
ba
s
e
d solar col
l
e
c
tor
s
in Malaysia
:
A
revi
ew
,
"
R
e
n
e
wab
l
e
a
nd S
u
s
t
a
i
nab
le
En
e
r
gy
R
e
v
i
e
w
,
vol
.
5
1
, pp
.
80
9-8
2
0
,
2
0
15.
[4]
A.
Fu
dh
o
li, et a
l
.
,
"Pe
r
f
o
rma
n
ce
s a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
p
o
t
e
ntia
l
of
sola
r d
r
yi
ng sy
st
em
fo
r
p
a
l
m
oi
l
fron
ds,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
ble
Ener
gy
,
vo
l. 78
,
pp
.
5
61-6
5
,
20
1
5
.
[5]
A. F
udh
oli,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
E
n
e
rg
y and
exerg
y
an
aly
s
es
of
so
lar
drying
s
y
stem fo
r red
seaw
e
e
d
,
"
En
e
r
gy
an
d B
u
ild
in
gs
,
vol. 6
8
,
pp
. 1
21-
2
9
,
20
14
.
[6]
A. F
u
dho
li
, et a
l
., "
P
erfo
rma
n
ce
an
alys
is
of
so
lar
dry
i
n
g
s
y
stem for
r
e
d
ch
ili,"
So
la
r En
erg
y
, v
o
l
.
9
9
,
pp.
47
-54
,
2
014
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
The
o
re
ti
c
a
l
ap
pro
a
c
h
mo
del
of b
u
il
di
n
g
i
n
te
grate
d
p
hot
ovo
l
tai
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(BIPVT
)
air
… (Ah
m
ad
F
u
d
h
o
l
i
)
1
009
[7]
A. F
u
dho
li
,
et a
l
., "
P
e
rfo
rman
ce
analys
is o
f
p
hotov
ol
ta
ic t
h
e
r
m
a
l (PVT) wat
e
r c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s,
"
Ener
gy
Con
v
ers
i
on
an
d
Man
ag
ement
,
v
o
l
. 7
8
,
pp
.
64
1-6
5
1
,
20
14
.
[8]
A. Fu
dh
oli,
et
al., "Co
l
l
e
c
t
or
e
ffic
i
en
cy
o
f
th
e d
o
u
b
le-p
ass
so
lar
a
i
r
co
llectors
with
fins
,
"
Pro
ceed
ings
o
f
t
h
e
9
t
h W
S
EA
S
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Sy
ste
m
Sci
e
nc
e a
nd Si
mu
la
ti
on
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g (ICOS
S
S
E
’1
0)
, pp
.
4
2
8
-
34,
20
10
.
[9]
A. F
u
dh
ol
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
E
x
p
er
im
en
ta
l
st
udy
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le-pas
s s
o
lar
air
co
llector
w
ith s
t
ag
g
e
red
fins
,"
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
gs of
t
h
e
9
t
h W
S
EA
S
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
Sy
ste
m
Sci
e
nc
e a
nd Si
mu
la
ti
on
in
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g (ICOS
S
S
E
’1
0)
, pp
.
4
1
0
-
14,
20
10
.
[10]
A. F
u
d
holi,
et
al.
,
"
D
es
ig
n an
d te
s
t
ing of so
lar dr
yer for drying
k
i
netics
o
f
s
e
aw
e
e
d
in M
a
lay
s
ia,"
in
Pro
c
.
o
f
th
e
5t
h
Int.
Con
f
.
on
En
e
r
gy and
D
eve
lo
p
m
en
t- En
vir
o
n
m
ent-Biom
ed
ici
n
e (EDE
P’11
)
,
p
p
. 11
9-12
4
,
20
1
1
.
[11]
A. Ibrah
i
m
et
a
l
., "Efficien
cies
an
d imp
r
ov
eme
n
t po
ten
t
i
a
l of
bu
ilding
int
e
grated
pho
to
vo
lt
a
i
c th
er
mal
(
B
IP
V
T
)
sys
t
em,"
En
er
gy
Co
nvers
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
na
gemen
t
, v
o
l
. 77
,
pp
.
5
27-3
4
, 20
14
.
[12]
A. F
u
dh
oli,
et
al.
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
aly
s
is an
d
impr
ov
emen
t potential of
f
i
nned
doub
le-pass
s
o
lar
co
ll
ecto
r
,"
En
er
gy
Conver
sion
an
d
M
a
n
agem
e
nt
,
v
o
l
.
75
, p
p
.
234
-40
,
2
013
.
[13]
A. F
udh
oli, et
a
l
., "P
erfo
rm
anc
e
an
d
co
st
b
e
n
e
f
its a
n
aly
s
is
of
d
o
ubl
e
-pass solar
coll
ec
to
r
w
ith
an
d wi
t
h
o
u
t
f
i
n
s
,"
Ener
gy Co
n
ver
sio
n
and
M
ana
g
e
m
e
nt
,
vo
l.
76
,
pp
. 8
-
19
, 20
13
.
[14]
Sh
y
a
m
a
n
d
G.N.
Ti
wa
ri, "An
a
ly
si
s
of se
rie
s
co
nn
e
c
t
e
d
p
hotov
ol
ta
ic th
e
r
m
a
l
a
i
r c
o
llec
t
or
s parti
a
lly c
o
v
e
re
d
by
semitr
ans
p
arent
ph
otov
olta
ic
mo
du
le"
,
So
la
r E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
37,
pp.
1
3
7
:
45
2-4
62,
20
16
.
[15]
C.
S.
R
a
j
o
ria,
et
al
., "A
novel
i
n
v
e
sti
g
at
ion o
f
build
ing int
e
grated photovoltai
c
therm
a
l
(
B
i
P
VT) sys
t
em:
A
compar
ativ
e
stu
d
y
,
"
So
la
r Ener
g
y
,
v
o
l. 13
1, pp
. 1
0
7-1
1
8
,
20
16.
[16]
C.S
.
Rajo
ria
,
e
t
al.,"
A
n
e
wer
a
p
p
r
oach
on
cas
h flo
w
d
i
ag
ram
to inv
e
s
t
iga
t
e t
h
e eff
ect o
f
en
e
r
gy
pay
b
a
c
k time
and e
a
rned
ca
rb
on
cred
its
o
n
lif
e
cyc
l
e
cos
t
o
f
dif
f
erent
ph
otov
olt
a
ic
th
ermal
arr
a
y
sy
stems
,
"
So
la
r Ener
gy
,
vo
l. 12
4
,
pp.
25
4-2
6
7
,
20
16
.
[17]
S
.
A
g
raw
a
l and
G.N. Tiwari
,
"
P
erforman
ce an
al
ys
is
in terms
o
f
carbo
n
cred
it ear
ned o
n
annu
a
l
iz
ed un
ifor
m
cos
t
of
g
l
a
z
e
d
h
y
b
r
id phot
ov
ol
t
a
ic th
e
r
ma
l
a
i
r c
o
ll
e
c
to
r,
"
So
la
r Ener
gy
,
v
o
l.
11
5
,
pp.
32
9-34
0,
20
15.
[18]
F
.
S
a
rhad
di
, et a
l
.,
"
A
n
imp
r
ov
ed
therm
a
l and
ele
c
trical mo
del for
a sol
a
r photovoltaic
t
h
erma
l
(P
V/T) air co
ll
e
c
tor,"
A
p
pl
ie
d Ene
r
g
y
,
v
o
l. 8
7
,
pp
.
23
28
-233
9,
20
10
.
[19]
F
.
S
a
rh
add
i
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
E
x
e
rg
etic
p
e
rfo
r
manc
e
asses
s
men
t
of
a s
o
lar
ph
otov
olta
ic
th
e
r
m
a
l
(P
V
/
T)
air
collector
,"
Ener
gy
and Buildings
,
v
o
l. 4
2
,
pp
. 2
184
-
2
1
99,
20
10
.
[20]
A.
Sh
a
h
sa
va
r,
e
t
al
., "E
n
e
rgy sa
vin
g
in b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
b
y
usin
g
t
h
e
e
xha
u
s
t
a
n
d
v
e
n
t
ila
ti
on
a
i
r
for c
o
ol
ing
of p
h
o
t
o
vol
taic
panels,
"
En
e
r
g
y
an
d
B
u
ild
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l. 43
(9)
,
pp
.
22
19
-22
26,
20
11
.
[21]
M
.
I.
So
hel
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"A dy
n
a
m
i
c
m
o
d
e
l fo
r ai
r-b
a
s
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l system
s work
in
g unde
r
re
al o
p
e
r
ating
cond
itio
ns
,"
A
ppl
ie
d E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l. 13
2, pp
. 21
6-2
2
5
,
20
14.
[22]
K.
Va
t
s
a
nd G.
N.
Ti
wa
ri.
"E
ne
rgy
a
n
d
e
x
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
is o
f
a
b
u
i
l
din
g
i
n
te
gra
t
e
d
sem
i
tra
n
spa
r
e
n
t
phot
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
the
r
ma
l
(B
ISPV
T
)
s
y
s
t
em,
"
Ap
plie
d E
n
ergy
, v
o
l. 9
6
,
pp.
40
9-4
1
6
,
20
12.
[23]
T. Yang
an
d
A
.
K. Ath
i
en
it
is.
"
E
x
p
erimen
tal
inves
t
i
g
at
ion
o
f
a
t
w
o
-
in
le
t
air
-
b
as
ed bu
i
l
d
in
g
in
t
e
gr
at
ed
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
ai
c/
th
erm
a
l (BIPV
/
T) sys
t
e
m
,
"
Ap
pl
ied Ener
gy
,
vo
l. 159
,
p
p
.
70-7
9
,
20
1
5
.
[24]
N. A
s
te, e
t
al
., "
D
es
ign
,
d
e
velo
p
m
en
t an
d
perfo
r
m
anc
e
mo
n
i
tor
i
n
g
o
f
a ph
o
t
ovo
ltaic-th
erma
l (P
VT) air
co
ll
ecto
r
,"
Renew
a
b
l
e En
er
gy
,
vo
l.
33
(5
),
p
p
. 914
-92
7
,
20
0
8
.
[25]
S
.
Du
bey
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
and
ex
ergy
an
alys
is
of
P
V
/T a
i
r
collec
t
o
r
s
conn
e
c
ted
in
s
e
ries,"
En
e
r
gy
an
d
B
u
i
l
din
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
41
(8),
pp.
8
6
3-8
7
0
,
20
09.
[26]
S
.
C.
S
o
lan
k
i
,
et
al
.,
"
I
nd
oor
sim
u
lation
an
d
tes
t
i
ng
o
f
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
ic th
erm
a
l
(P
V/
T)
air
co
lle
c
tors
,
"
A
p
plied Energy
,
vol.
8
6
(1
1)
, pp
.
24
21
-242
8,
20
0
9
.
[27]
A.S
.
Jo
sh
i, et
a
l
., "P
erfo
rman
ce
ev
a
l
u
a
tio
n
of
a hyb
rid
ph
ot
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
th
e
r
m
a
l
(PV/T
)
(glass
-to-glas
s) system,
"
Inter
n
a
t
ion
a
l Jo
ur
na
l of T
h
erm
a
l
Sc
ienc
es
, v
o
l
.
48,
p
p
.
15
4-1
6
4
,
20
09
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
A
h
mad
Fu
d
h
o
l
i, Ph
.
D
, M.
S
c
o
b
tain
ed
his S
.
S
i
(2
00
2) in
ph
ysics.
H
e
was b
o
rn
in 1
9
8
0
in
Pe
ka
nb
a
r
u, In
don
e
s
i
a
. He
se
rv
e
d
a
s
wa
s th
e He
ad o
f
t
h
e
Phy
s
i
c
s
De
p
a
rtm
e
nt a
t
Ra
b
Un
iv
e
r
si
t
y
Pe
ka
nb
a
r
u, R
i
a
u
,
Ind
o
n
e
s
ia
, fo
r fou
r
y
e
a
r
s
(20
04–
20
08
).
A.
Fud
h
o
l
i sta
r
te
d h
i
s ma
ste
r
c
o
u
r
se
in
Energy
T
e
ch
no
lo
gy
(20
0
5
–20
07
) a
t
Univers
i
t
i
K
e
ban
g
saan
M
a
la
y
s
ia
(UK
M
).
Aft
e
r ob
ta
inin
g
his
M
a
ster’s,
h
e
b
e
cam
e
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
as
sistant a
t
UK
M
u
n
til.
A
f
ter h
i
s
Ph
. D
(201
2)
in
ren
e
w
a
ble
en
ergy,
h
e
b
ecame po
stdo
cto
r
al
in th
e
S
o
lar
En
e
r
gy Rese
arch
In
stitute (S
ERI)
U
K
M
un
til 20
13
.
H
e
jo
in
ed
the
S
E
RI as
a
l
e
c
t
ur
er
in
20
14
.
He
re
c
e
ived
mor
e
th
an
U
S
D 4
0
0
,
00
0
worth
of
res
e
arch
gra
n
t (1
6
gra
n
t/p
roj
e
ct)
in
2
014
–2
01
8.
He su
p
e
rvi
s
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
te
d
m
o
re th
a
n
3
0
M. Sc
pro
j
e
c
t
s.
T
o
dat
e
,
he
ha
s m
a
na
g
e
d
t
o
su
pe
rv
i
s
e
nin
e
Ph
. D
(se
v
e
n
a
s
ma
i
n
sup
e
rvisors a
n
d t
w
o a
s
co
-sup
erviso
r), o
n
e M
a
ster’s stu
d
en
t by
res
e
arch
mode and
on
e
M
a
ster’s studen
t
by
co
urs
e
work
mo
de. H
e
w
a
s
also an
exam
in
er (fiv
e
P
h
. D
an
d o
n
e M
.
S
c
)
.
His cu
rren
t
r
e
s
e
arch
fo
cu
s is
ren
e
wabl
e en
er
gy
, p
a
rt
icu
l
arly
so
lar en
erg
y
techn
o
log
y
,
mi
c
r
o
p
o
w
er sy
stems, s
o
lar dry
i
ng
s
y
s
t
ems
and
ad
v
a
nced
so
lar
th
erma
l
sy
stem
s
(
s
ola
r-as
s
isted d
r
ying
, s
o
lar
h
eat
pu
mps
,
P
V
T
s
y
s
t
ems).
H
e
ha
s p
u
b
l
ished
mor
e
th
an 12
0
p
eer-
r
ev
iewed
pap
e
rs
, of
w
h
ich
37
p
a
pers
are in
th
e
IS
I index
(mor
e
25
Q1
,
imp
a
ct
facto
r
mor
e
th
an
4
)
an
d
mo
re th
an
80
pap
e
rs
ar
e
in
the
S
c
o
pus
ind
e
x.
He
h
a
s
pu
blish
e
d
more
th
a
n
80
p
a
pers
in
internat
ional
conferences.
He h
a
s
a total
cit
a
ti
on
of 1
2
2
5
a
n
d
a
h-in
de
x
of 1
7
in
S
c
op
u
s
(Aut
ho
r ID:
57
19
54
32
4
9
0
)
.
He
h
a
s a
t
o
ta
l
c
ita
ti
on
of 1
6
8
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
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94
In
t
J
Po
w
Ele
c
&
Dri
Sy
st,
Vol.
1
1
,
No
. 2
,
Jun
e
2
020
:
10
02
–
1
010
1
010
a
n
d a
h
-
in
de
x o
f
2
1
i
n
Go
og
le
S
c
h
o
l
a
r. He
h
a
s be
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
e
d a
s
re
v
i
e
w
e
r
of
hi
g
h
-im
p
ac
t (Q1)
jo
urnals. H
e
h
a
s
als
o
been
a
p
po
in
ted
as
ed
itor
of
jo
urn
a
ls
. He h
a
s receiv
e
d sev
e
r
a
l in
tern
a
t
iona
l
awards
. He h
a
s als
o
be
en
in
v
i
t
e
d as
s
p
e
a
k
e
r i
n
the
Wo
rksh
op
of S
c
ien
t
ific J
o
urnal
Writin
g
;
W
r
it
ing S
c
i
e
nti
f
ic
Papers
S
t
eps
To
wards
S
u
cc
es
sfu
l
P
u
blish
in
High
Impa
ct
(Q1)
Jou
r
nals.
H
e
ow
ns on
e
p
a
t
ent and
tw
o
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py
ri
g
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s.
M
uha
mm
ad Zo
hr
i
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M
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Sc REN
ob
ta
ined
h
i
s
S
.
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i
(2
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9)
in
ph
y
s
ics.
Orig
in
ally
fro
m Lo
mb
ok
,
Ind
ones
i
a, h
e
gr
ad
uat
e
d with
M
.
S
c
(20
17)
in
R
e
n
e
wab
l
e Energ
i
from
S
o
la
r
En
ergy
Res
earch
Ins
t
itute
(S
ERI)
UK
M,
M
a
lay
s
ia.
H
e
was
ap
poin
t
ed a
Gr
ad
uate R
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search
Ass
i
s
t
an
t (GRA) und
er
Dr.
Ah
m
a
d
Fu
dh
ol
i.
Hi
s
M.
Sc
th
e
s
i
s
wa
s
u
n
d
e
r th
e
su
pe
rv
isio
n o
f
Dr.
Ah
m
a
d
F
u
dh
ol
i.
Hi
s M.
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c
diss
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w
a
s on th
e
P
e
rfo
rman
c
e
s of
P
h
ot
ov
oltaic-Th
e
rm
a
l
(P
VT) w
i
th a
n
d
with
out V
-
Co
ll
e
c
t
o
rs. He
ha
s pu
bl
ish
e
d 10
Pa
p
e
rs,
wh
ic
h
7
P
a
pe
r in
Sc
o
p
u
s
In
de
x
wit
h
a
h
-
ind
e
x of 3.
Hi
s
current
r
e
s
ear
ch
focus
is
on
s
o
lar
en
erg
y
te
ch
no
lo
g
y
.
Curr
entl
y,
h
e
is
a PhD
c
a
ndi
date under
t
h
e
main
su
pervisio
n
of Dr.
A
h
mad
F
udh
oli at
th
e S
E
RI i
n
Uni
v
ersiti
Keba
ngsaan M
a
laysia.
Ivan Taslim
,
S.Si,
M.
T
fro
m S
o
u
t
h S
u
lawesi
, In
do
nes
i
a.
He
g
r
ad
uated
with
th
e M
.
T
in
G
e
olo
g
y
En
gine
erin
g fro
m
U
n
iversity
o
f
Has
a
nu
ddin in
20
14
. In
2
015
,
he join
ed
as
lectur
er a
t
th
e
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
of
Geog
raph
y,
F
a
c
u
lty
of
S
c
ien
c
e
and
Tech
no
lo
gy
, U
n
iv
ersity
of
M
u
hammadiy
ah
Go
rontalo
.
His
main
are
a
s
of r
e
search
in
te
rest
are
Ma
n
a
ge
me
nt
Risk
Di
sa
ste
r
, Ge
ospa
t
i
a
l
Data
S
c
ien
ce
a
n
d
Climat
e Chan
g
e
wi
th
no
limited
to
Ren
e
w
a
bl
e En
er
gy. He
is cu
rr
en
tly
one
o
f
th
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
s fro
m
USAID
SHE
R
A wh
o foc
u
se
s on
d
e
ve
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
n
d usin
g re
newa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
gy
i
n
In
do
n
e
si
a
.
Cu
rrent
ly
,
he
i
s
e
n
tru
s
t
e
d to wo
rk wi
th th
e
Goro
n
t
a
l
o Re
gi
o
n
al
Gov
e
rnm
e
nt
a
s
a
sta
ff
in
th
e field
o
f
C
limate Ch
ang
e
an
d
Disas
t
er M
i
tig
ation
.
M
e
ri
ta Ay
u Indr
ia
nti
,
S.
P.
, M.P
from Ba
n
j
a
r
ma
sin
So
ut
h
Bo
rn
e
o
,
In
do
ne
sia.
S
h
e
gra
d
ua
te
d
i
n
Ag
ricultu
r
e
fro
m
Un
iv
ersity
o
f
Has
a
nu
ddin in
2
0
1
6
. S
h
e ha
s wo
rking as a
lec
t
u
r
er
a
t
th
e
De
pa
rtme
n
t
of Ag
ric
u
lt
u
r
e
Unive
r
sit
y
of Mu
ham
m
a
d
iya
h
Goront
a
l
o sin
c
e 2
0
14.
He
r m
a
i
n
a
r
ea
s
of
res
e
arch
int
e
re
s
t
are S
o
cio
-
Eco
n
o
m
ic
in A
g
ricultur
e,
Bio
m
a
s
s and
Bio
g
a
s en
ergy
and
Integra
t
ed
F
a
r
m
ing
S
y
s
t
em for F
o
od
S
ecurity
. In
her
care
e
r, s
h
e
had
serv
ed
as s
e
cretary
of
th
e
Agri
c
u
lt
ura
l
St
u
d
y
Ce
nte
r
(2
015
) a
nd se
c
r
e
t
a
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
Ag
rib
u
sine
ss
st
ud
y p
r
o
g
ra
m
(20
1
6
)
i
n
De
pa
rtme
n
t
of
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
r
e
.
Inta
n Nov
i
anta
r
i
M
a
ny
oe
,
S.
Si
,
M.
T
f
r
om
Gor
o
ntalo
,
In
don
esi
a
. S
h
e
was
bo
rn
in
19
82
,
and
grad
uate
from
Un
iv
ersity
o
f
H
a
sanu
dd
in
w
i
th
a
d
e
gre
e
in
G
e
o
p
hys
ics
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
a
m
a
sters
in
Geo
l
og
y En
g
i
n
e
erin
g in 201
4
.
S
h
e
is
work
in
g
as
a lec
t
u
r
e
a
t
th
e Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
of
Geolog
y
also
Head
of G
e
olog
y Eng
i
n
eering
Lab
o
ratory
at U
n
i
v
ersity
S
t
ate o
f
Go
rontalo
.
H
e
r
main
areas o
f
research
in
terest
are
G
e
o
p
h
y
s
i
cs,
Tec
t
on
ic
,
V
o
l
c
a
no and
G
e
o
t
h
e
r
m
al
.
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