I
n
t
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
P
o
w
er E
l
ect
ro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
V
o
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
0
1
7
, p
p
.
186
3
~
18
67
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694,
D
O
I
:
10.
11
591/
i
j
pe
ds
.
v8
i
4
.
pp
18
63
-
1867
1863
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
p
age
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
j
our
nal
.
c
om
/
onl
i
ne
/
i
nde
x
.
ph
p
/
I
J
P
E
D
S
K
a
l
m
a
n
F
il
t
er
Al
g
o
rit
h
m
B
a
s
ed O
pt
i
m
a
l
P
o
w
er Dis
pa
t
ch
i
n
M
ult
ino
de Sy
s
t
e
m
M.
V
ij
a
y
A
lb
e
r
t
W
illia
m
1
,
M
.
R
a
j
eev
K
u
ma
r
2
, K
.
B
h
as
k
ar
3
, K
.
D
u
ra
i
ra
j
4
1,
3
S
ch
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
,
V
e
l T
e
c
h
U
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
I
n
d
ia
2,
4
S
c
ho
ol
of
C
om
put
i
ng
,
V
e
l
T
e
c
h U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
I
ndi
a
A
rt
i
cl
e I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d J
un
23,
201
7
R
e
v
i
s
e
d S
e
p 8,
201
7
A
ccep
t
ed
S
ep
2
2
,
2
01
7
D
er
eg
u
l
at
i
o
n
can
b
e ch
ar
act
er
i
zed
as
t
h
e
w
a
y
t
o
w
ar
d
e
v
acu
at
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
ons
a
nd c
ont
r
ol
s
t
o a
c
c
om
pl
i
s
h f
oc
us
e
d di
s
c
o
unt
c
os
t
s
w
i
t
hout
t
r
a
di
ng
of
f
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
,
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k de
pe
nda
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
nd s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
.
I
n d
e
r
e
g
ul
a
t
i
on
p
r
ep
ar
e t
h
er
e ex
i
s
t
no.
of
pur
c
ha
s
e
r
s
a
nd m
e
r
c
ha
nt
s
.
W
he
r
e
t
he
of
f
e
r
i
ng
a
nd
pur
c
ha
s
i
ng
of
f
or
c
e
ha
ppe
n
t
hr
o
ug
h v
a
r
i
ous
c
om
pone
nt
s
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d c
ont
r
ol
ad
v
er
t
i
s
e.
T
h
e u
t
i
l
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e h
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
t
o
t
ak
e car
e
o
f
t
h
e i
d
eal
pow
e
r
di
s
pa
t
c
h i
s
s
ue
f
or
a
m
ul
t
i
-
hu
b s
e
l
l
of
f
t
he
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
s
pr
op
os
e
d.
T
he
i
de
a
l
p
ow
e
r
di
s
pa
t
c
h i
s
s
ue
i
s
a
non
-
s
tr
a
ig
h
t s
tr
e
a
m
lin
in
g
is
s
u
e
w
ith
a
f
e
w
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
T
he
t
a
r
g
e
t
of
t
he
pr
op
os
e
d he
r
e
di
t
a
r
y
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on i
s
t
o a
m
pl
i
f
y
t
h
e ag
g
r
e
g
at
e
m
e
m
b
er
'
s
ad
v
an
t
ag
e at
al
l
h
u
b
s
i
n
t
h
e f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
ro
pos
e
d c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
o
n i
s
e
a
s
y
t
o
e
xe
c
ut
e
a
nd c
a
n undou
bt
e
dl
y
c
ons
ol
i
da
t
e
ex
t
r
a r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
s
.
T
h
e cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
w
as
t
r
i
ed
o
n
a 1
7
-
hub
,
26
-
l
in
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
.
T
he
out
c
om
e
s
ha
v
e
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d t
ha
t
t
he
pr
o
pos
e
d
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
y
i
el
d
s
g
r
eat
o
u
t
co
m
e
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
t
ead
y
w
i
t
h
t
h
e r
un
of
t
he
m
i
l
l
s
how
c
a
s
e
c
ond
uc
t
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
tio
n
in
1
9
8
8
a
ll
e
le
c
tr
ic
p
o
w
e
r
u
tilitie
s
a
ll th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
w
o
r
ld
w
or
k
e
d
w
i
t
h a
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
m
ode
l
i
n w
hi
c
h
o
ne
i
s
c
ont
r
ol
l
i
ng
e
x
pe
r
t
t
he
u
tility
w
o
r
k
e
d
th
e
e
r
a
,
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on,
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
it
u
a
te
d
in
a
f
i
x
ed
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
i
c r
eg
i
o
n
.
F
i
n
an
ci
al
s
p
eci
al
i
s
t
s
f
o
r
q
u
i
t
e a w
h
i
l
e
h
ad
ad
d
r
es
s
ed
w
he
t
he
r
t
hi
s
s
y
ndi
c
a
t
i
on a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
i
on w
a
s
pr
od
uc
t
i
v
e
.
Ke
y
wo
rd
:
D
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
K
a
l
m
a
n
f
ilte
r
M
ul
t
i
no
d
e
s
ys
t
e
m
O
p
ti
m
a
l p
o
w
e
r
d
is
p
a
tc
h
P
o
w
e
r rra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
C
opy
r
i
g
ht
©
201
7
In
s
t
it
u
te
o
f
A
d
v
anc
e
d E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng an
d Sc
i
e
nc
e
.
A
l
l
ri
g
h
t
s re
se
rv
e
d
.
Co
rre
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
Au
t
h
o
r
:
M
.
V
ij
a
y
A
lb
e
r
t W
illia
m
,
S
ch
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
,
V
el
T
ech
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
400 f
e
e
t
ou
t
e
r
r
i
n
g
r
oa
d,
A
v
a
d
i
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
I
n
di
a
600 0
62.
E
m
a
il: v
ij
a
y
a
lb
e
r
t0
0
7
@
g
m
a
il.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
id
e
a
l p
o
w
e
r
d
is
p
a
tc
h
m
o
d
e
ls
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
a
f
e
w
s
p
e
c
ia
lis
ts
h
a
v
e
th
e
ta
r
g
e
t
to
a
m
p
li
f
y
th
e
ag
g
r
e
g
at
e ad
v
an
t
a
g
e
t
o
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
u
l
t
i
n
o
d
e
s
el
l
o
ff
-
m
ar
k
et
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
u
s
e o
f
a
h
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
cal
c
u
l
at
i
o
n
t
o
t
ak
e
car
e o
f
t
h
e i
d
eal
p
o
w
er
d
i
s
p
at
ch
i
s
s
u
e f
o
r
a
m
u
l
t
i
-
hu
b s
e
l
l
of
f
-
m
a
r
ke
t
.
T
he
m
o
d
e
l
u
tiliz
e
d
a
s
a
p
a
r
t o
f
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
,
a
s
th
e
g
r
e
a
te
r
p
a
r
t o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
ls
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
i
n
w
r
iti
n
g
,
doe
s
n
ot
s
p
eci
f
i
cal
l
y
co
n
s
i
d
er
t
h
e r
es
p
o
n
s
i
v
e p
o
w
er
ad
v
er
t
i
s
es
a
n
d
t
h
e t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
co
s
t
.
T
h
e b
en
ef
i
t
o
f
t
h
e p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
cal
c
u
l
at
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e e
f
f
o
r
t
l
es
s
n
es
s
o
f
t
a
k
i
n
g
car
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
d
ir
e
c
t i
m
p
e
r
a
ti
v
e
s
,
w
i
th
o
u
t s
i
m
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r s
t
re
a
m
re
q
u
i
re
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
-
5
]
.
1.
1.
P
o
w
er F
ra
m
ew
o
rk
D
ereg
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
r
e
g
u
la
tio
n
w
o
r
d
a
llu
d
e
s
to
u
n
-
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
o
f
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l u
ti
l
it
y
o
r
r
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
f
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l u
tilit
y
a
n
d
pe
r
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
pr
i
v
a
t
e
l
y
o
w
ne
d bu
s
i
n
e
s
s
e
s
t
o pa
r
t
a
k
e
.
T
h
e
poi
n
t
of
de
r
e
gu
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
t
o br
i
ng
a
c
o
m
pon
e
n
t
of
r
iv
a
lr
y
in
to
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l v
ita
lit
y
c
o
n
v
e
y
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
tl
y
p
e
r
m
i
t s
h
o
w
c
a
s
e
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
s
to
v
a
lu
e
v
ita
lit
y
a
t
lo
w
r
a
te
s
f
o
r
th
e
c
lie
n
t a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
p
r
o
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
20
88
-
8
694
IJ
PE
D
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
186
3
–
186
7
1864
1.
2.
G
e
n
e
t
ic
C
a
lc
u
la
t
io
n
s
H
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
(
G
A
s
)
w
er
e i
m
a
g
i
n
ed
an
d
cr
eat
ed
b
y
J
o
h
n
H
o
l
l
a
n
d
.
H
e cr
eat
ed
t
h
e
h
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
ch
o
i
ce
h
y
p
o
t
h
es
i
s
f
o
r
d
i
s
cr
et
e
s
p
aces
.
H
o
l
l
an
d
s
t
r
es
s
ed
t
h
e s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
c
e o
f
r
eco
m
b
i
n
at
i
o
n
in
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tia
l p
o
p
u
la
c
e
s
[
6
-
7
]
.
H
e
r
e
d
ita
r
y
c
a
lc
u
la
tio
ns
a
r
e
p
ur
s
ui
t
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
o
n
s
gi
ve
n t
he
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n d
e
t
e
r
m
i
na
t
i
o
n a
nd
r
e
g
u
la
r
h
e
r
e
d
ita
r
y
q
u
a
litie
s
,
m
o
tiv
a
te
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
a
t
u
r
a
l d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
u
r
v
iv
a
l
o
f
th
e
f
itte
s
t a
m
o
n
g
s
tr
i
n
g
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
zed
y
et
,
r
an
d
o
m
i
zed
d
at
a t
r
ad
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e p
o
p
u
l
a
c
e
to
s
h
a
p
e
a
n
in
q
u
ir
y
c
a
lc
u
la
tio
n
w
i
t
h a
p
o
r
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
e
ne
r
g
y o
f
hu
m
a
n h
u
nt
.
1.
3.
A
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
of
H
e
r
e
d
i
t
ar
y C
al
c
u
l
at
i
on
t
o I
d
e
al
P
o
w
e
r
D
i
s
p
at
c
h
F
o
r
a s
o
l
i
t
ar
y
h
u
b
s
el
l
o
f
f
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
,
t
h
e
f
r
ee
m
ar
k
et
ac
t
i
v
i
t
y
b
en
d
s
at
eac
h
s
i
n
g
l
e
h
u
b
can
b
e
re
p
r
es
en
t
ed
as
ap
p
ear
ed
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
1.
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
A
cas
e o
f
t
h
e
f
r
ee
m
ar
k
et
act
i
v
i
t
y
b
en
d
s
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
E
x
a
m
pl
e
of
S
y
s
t
e
m
I
m
pa
c
t
s
A
ccep
t
i
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
er
e ar
e Mk
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
d
N
k
r
eq
u
es
t
o
f
f
er
s
at
t
h
e
k
t
h
h
u
b
.
G
i
v
e
S
i
k
a ch
an
ce t
o
b
e
t
he
i
t
h s
up
p
l
y
o
f
f
e
r
a
t
hub
k a
nd
i
s
gi
ve
n b
y
S
i
k =
{
xs
i
k,
p
s
i
k}
,
w
he
r
e
xs
i
k i
s
t
he
o
f
f
e
r
i
ng c
o
s
t
a
nd
p
s
i
k i
s
t
he
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g a
m
o
u
nt
.
L
i
ke
w
i
s
e
,
l
e
t
B
i
k
b
e
t
he
i
t
h
r
e
q
ue
s
t
o
f
f
e
r
a
t
hub
k
a
nd
i
s
gi
ve
n b
y B
i
k =
{
xd
i
k,
p
d
i
k}
,
w
h
e
r
e
xd
i
k i
s
t
he
p
ur
c
ha
s
i
ng
c
o
s
t
,
a
nd
p
d
i
k i
s
t
he
p
ur
c
ha
s
i
ng
a
m
o
u
nt
.
I
f
m
e
a
ns
t
he
s
p
o
t
c
o
s
t
a
nd
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
s
p
o
t
a
m
o
unt
,
t
he
n t
he
m
o
s
t
e
xt
r
e
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
'
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
,
w
hi
c
h i
s
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
o
f
p
r
o
vi
d
e
r
s
'
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
a
nd
c
us
t
o
m
e
r
s
'
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
,
c
a
n b
e
gi
ve
n a
s
ˆˆ
()
(
)
sd
k
k
ss
d
d
k
k
i
k
i
k
j
k
k
j
k
i
M
j
N
B
x
x
p
x
x
p
∈∈
=
−+
−
∑∑
(
1
)
T
h
e cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
d
i
s
p
at
ch
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t
,
s
ep
ar
at
el
y
,
an
d
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e o
v
er
al
l
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
he
d
p
r
o
vi
d
e
r
s
a
nd
p
ur
c
ha
s
e
r
s
,
i
nd
i
vi
d
ua
l
l
y.
1.
4.
I
s
s
u
e
s
P
or
t
r
ayal
f
or
M
u
l
t
i
-
hub P
o
w
e
r
S
h
ow
c
as
e
I
n a
m
ul
t
i
-
h
u
b
p
o
w
er
s
el
l
o
f
f
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
,
t
h
er
e i
s
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
as
s
o
ci
at
ed
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
hub
s
[
2
]
.
H
e
nc
e
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
n ge
n
ui
ne
p
o
w
e
r
p
k a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
ns
i
ve
p
o
w
e
r
q
k i
nf
u
s
i
o
n t
o
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
ev
e
r
y
hub
.
F
i
gur
e
2
s
ho
w
s
t
he
ex
a
m
p
l
e o
f
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
m
p
act
s
'
()
(
)
sd
k
k
ss
d
d
k
k
i
k
i
k
j
k
k
j
k
k
k
i
M
j
N
B
x
x
p
x
x
p
xp
∈∈
=
−
+
−
−
∑∑
(2
)
I
n
c
a
s
e
of
n
e
w
a
r
r
a
ng
e
m
e
n
t
s
of
a
l
l
di
s
pa
t
c
h
e
d pr
ov
i
de
r
s
a
nd di
s
pa
t
c
h
e
d s
h
oppe
r
s
i
n
di
v
i
d
u
a
l
l
y
,
i
s
t
h
e
n
e
w
s
p
o
t c
o
s
t a
n
d
th
e
la
s
t te
r
m
is
s
u
m
p
a
id
b
y
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
h
ead
l
i
n
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e ag
g
r
e
g
at
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
'
ad
v
an
t
a
g
e at
al
l
h
u
b
s
can
b
e co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
ed
as
'
1
()
(
)
sd
k
k
K
ss
d
d
k
k
i
k
i
k
j
k
k
j
k
k
k
k
i
M
j
N
B
x
x
p
x
x
p
xp
=
∈∈
=
−
+
−
−
∑∑
∑
(
3
)
W
he
r
e
K
i
s
t
he
q
ua
nt
i
t
y o
f
h
u
b
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
P
E
D
S
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
K
al
m
an F
i
l
t
e
r
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
bas
e
d O
pt
i
m
al
P
ow
e
r
D
i
s
pat
c
h i
n
M
ul
t
i
node
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
M
.
V
ija
y
A
lb
e
r
t
W
illia
m
)
1865
1
()
(
)
sd
k
k
K
ss
d
d
k
i
k
i
k
j
k
k
j
k
k
k
k
i
M
j
N
x
x
p
x
x
p
xp
=
∈∈
−
+
−
−
∑∑
∑
(
4
)
1
()
(
)
sd
k
k
K
ss
d
d
k
i
k
i
k
j
k
k
j
k
k
k
k
i
M
j
N
F
x
x
p
x
x
p
xp
=
∈∈
=
−
+
−
−
∑∑
∑
(
5
)
1.
5.
M
i
c
ro
-
g
en
et
i
c
C
a
lc
u
la
t
io
n
H
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
s
ar
e
b
as
i
c,
s
t
r
o
n
g
,
ad
ap
t
ab
l
e,
an
d
r
ead
y
t
o
l
o
cat
e t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
w
i
d
e i
d
ea
l
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e p
ar
t
i
cu
l
ar
l
y
h
el
p
f
u
l
i
n
d
i
s
co
v
er
i
n
g
t
h
e an
s
w
er
f
o
r
i
s
s
u
es
f
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
o
t
h
er
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
ex
p
er
i
en
ce c
h
al
l
e
n
g
e
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3
s
ho
w
s
t
he
G
A
f
l
o
w
c
ha
r
t
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
G
A f
l
o
wc
h
a
r
t
1.
6.
M
i
cr
o
H
ered
i
t
a
ry
C
a
l
cu
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
o
r
s
(a
)
T
o
u
r
n
a
m
e
n
t
S
e
le
c
tio
n
T
o
b
u
ild
th
e
a
s
s
o
r
te
d
q
u
a
litie
s
o
f
s
e
p
a
r
a
te
p
o
p
u
la
c
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
titio
n
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
tio
n
is
u
til
iz
e
d
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
le
tte
w
h
e
e
l c
h
o
ic
e
.
W
ith
th
e
r
o
u
le
tte
w
h
e
e
l c
h
o
ic
e
,
th
e
c
h
o
ic
e
li
k
e
lih
o
o
d
is
r
e
la
tiv
e
l
y
to
th
e
i
nd
i
vi
d
ua
l
w
e
l
l
ne
s
s
va
l
ue
s
(b
)
E
litis
m
N
o
t
wi
th
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
p
la
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
w
e
ll
n
e
s
s
w
o
r
k
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t,
c
o
m
p
e
titio
n
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
tio
n
,
th
e
n
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
h
y
b
r
id
,
M
G
A
u
tiliz
e
s
th
e
e
liti
s
m
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
20
88
-
8
694
IJ
PE
D
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
4
,
D
ecem
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
186
3
–
186
7
1866
1.
7.
C
-
B
lo
c
k
O
u
t
lin
e
-
o
ne
L
i
ne
G
ra
ph
-
1
7
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
t
es
t
F
ra
m
ew
o
r
k
F
i
gu
r
e
4 s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
on
e
l
i
n
e
out
l
i
n
e
of
t
h
e
17
t
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
te
s
t f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
O
ne
l
i
ne
o
ut
l
i
ne
o
f
t
he
1
7
t
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
te
s
t f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
2.
EX
P
ER
IM
EN
TA
L O
U
TC
O
M
ES
T
h
e h
er
ed
i
t
ar
y
ca
l
cu
l
at
i
o
n
w
a
s
act
u
al
i
zed
o
n
w
i
t
h
1
7
h
u
b
s
,
an
d
2
6
l
i
n
es
ap
p
ear
ed
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
4
.
T
he
ge
n
ui
ne
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
f
us
i
o
n a
t
a
gi
ve
n
hub
i
s
m
o
s
t
e
xt
r
e
m
e
w
h
e
n
a
l
l
o
f
f
e
r
i
ng o
f
f
e
r
s
a
r
e
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
he
d
.
S
ub
s
e
q
ue
nt
l
y,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ex
t
r
e
m
e co
n
cei
v
ab
l
e
i
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
i
s
eq
u
i
v
al
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e a
g
g
r
e
g
at
e s
u
m
o
f
f
o
r
ce o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
at
t
h
e
h
u
b.
A
ddi
t
i
on
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
ba
s
e
po
w
e
r
in
f
u
s
io
n
(
i.
e
.
m
o
s
t e
x
tr
e
m
e
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
in
f
u
s
io
n
)
is
th
e
p
o
in
t a
t
w
h
ic
h
n
o
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
o
f
f
er
ed
/
d
i
s
p
at
ch
ed
,
an
d
al
l
p
u
r
ch
as
i
n
g
o
f
f
er
s
ar
e
d
i
s
p
at
ch
ed
.
T
ab
l
e 1
P
o
w
e
r
i
nj
e
c
t
i
o
n,
vo
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
p
h
as
e an
g
l
es
a
nd
T
ab
l
e 2
s
how
s
t
he
p
o
we
r
f
l
o
ws
.
T
ab
l
e 1
.
P
o
we
r
I
nj
e
c
tio
n
,
V
o
l
t
ag
e an
d
P
h
as
e
A
ng
l
e
s
N
od
e
P
(
M
W
)
Q(
M
VA
R
)
V
ol
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
A
n
g
l
e (
d
eg
r
ee
)
1
1
6
2
.
0
0
1
3
9
.
5
1
1
.
0
5
7
.
0
0
2
2
8
1
.
3
4
1
1
.
72
1
.
0
5
8
.
9
9
3
-
5
1
.
1
6
-
3
8
.
1
9
1
.
0
4
9
6
.
9
2
4
-
1
2
3
.
5
5
-
3
9
.
3
7
1
.
0
5
6
.
9
0
5
4
6
.
40
-
3
6
.
9
8
1
.
0
5
5
.
1
8
6
1
5
.
23
3
0
.
54
1
.
0
5
3
.
4
7
7
2
3
4
.
8
4
8
1
.
92
1
.
0
5
2
.
5
0
T
ab
l
e 2
.
P
o
we
r
F
l
o
ws
L
i
n
e
n
o
.
P
kl
(M
W
)
P
lk
(
M
W
)
L
i
n
e
n
o
P
kl
(
M
W
)
P
lk
(
M
W
)
L1
8
5
.
64
-
8
4
.
9
3
L1
4
-
2
0
9
.
0
6
2
0
9
.
3
8
L2
2
8
1
.
3
4
-
2
7
9
.
6
6
L1
5
3
.
3
5
-
3
.
3
3
L3
-
5
7
.
5
0
5
7
.
53
L1
6
3
.
1
4
-
3
.
1
2
L4
6
.
3
3
-
6
.
3
3
L1
7
-
1
0
1
.
0
9
1
0
1
.
7
1
L5
3
3
.
35
-
3
3
.
1
8
L1
8
8
.
1
4
-
8
.
1
1
L6
4
1
.
51
-
4
0
.
4
0
L1
9
-
2
.
1
5
2
.
1
5
L7
7
9
.
59
-
7
8
.
9
6
L2
0
2
4
.
02
-
2
3
.
2
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
P
E
D
S
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
K
al
m
an F
i
l
t
e
r
A
l
gor
i
t
hm
bas
e
d O
pt
i
m
al
P
ow
e
r
D
i
s
pat
c
h i
n
M
ul
t
i
node
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
M
.
V
ija
y
A
lb
e
r
t
W
illia
m
)
1867
3.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
e
h
e
r
e
d
it
a
r
y
c
a
lc
u
la
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
th
e
id
e
a
l p
o
w
e
r
d
is
p
a
tc
h
in
t
h
e
m
u
l
ti
-
hu
b
p
o
w
er
s
h
o
w
cas
e
h
a
s
b
een
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e g
o
al
o
f
t
h
e cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
i
s
t
o
a
ug
m
e
nt
t
he
a
ggr
e
ga
t
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
'
a
d
va
nt
a
ge
a
t
a
l
l
h
ub
s
i
n
t
he
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k,
w
hi
c
h
l
i
ke
t
hi
s
r
e
l
i
e
s
o
n
up
o
n
t
he
ge
n
ui
ne
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
t
o
t
he
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
.
P
r
om
ot
e
,
a
m
ic
r
o
g
en
et
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
is
c
r
e
a
te
d
f
o
r
id
e
a
l p
o
w
e
r
d
is
p
a
tc
h
o
f
m
u
lti
-
hu
b po
w
e
r
s
h
o
w
cas
e
an
d
t
r
i
ed
on 17n
ode
,
26 l
i
n
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
.
S
m
a
l
l
s
c
a
l
e
h
e
r
e
di
t
a
r
y
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
ons
a
r
e
m
or
e
pr
of
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
t
ak
i
n
g
car
e o
f
t
h
i
s
s
o
r
t
o
f
i
s
s
u
e
s
,
as
t
h
e
y
ar
e q
u
i
ck
er
a
n
d
j
o
i
n
t
o
b
et
t
er
i
d
eal
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
D
.L
. P
o
s
t
, S
.
S
. C
o
p
p
i
n
g
e
r
, G
.B
.
S
h
e
b
l
e
,
“
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
a
uc
t
i
ons
a
s
a
pr
i
c
i
ng
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
f
or
t
he
i
nt
e
r
c
ha
ng
e
of
el
ect
r
i
c p
o
w
er
”
,
I
E
E
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r S
y
st
.
1
0 (
19
95
)
15
80
–
1
58
4.
[
2]
U
.D
. A
n
n
a
k
k
a
g
e
, R
.
A
.S
.K
. R
a
n
a
t
u
n
g
a
,
“
O
pt
i
m
a
l
pow
e
r
di
s
pa
t
c
h of
m
ul
t
i
-
n
o
d
e el
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
m
ar
k
et
s
”
,
in
: V
I
S
E
P
O
P
E
,
S
al
v
ad
o
r
,
B
r
azi
l
,
1
9
9
8
.
[
3]
R
.
W
.
F
e
r
r
e
r
o,
S
.
M
.
S
ha
hi
de
h
po
ur
,
“
O
pt
i
m
a
l
i
t
y
c
ondi
t
i
o
ns
i
n p
ow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
i
n
de
r
e
g
ul
a
t
e
d pow
e
r
poo
l
s
”
,
E
l
ect
.
P
o
w
er
S
ys
t
.
R
es
.
4
2 (
19
97
)
20
9
–
2
14.
[
4]
N
. P
a
m
u
d
j
i
, R
.J
. K
a
y
e
,
H
.R
. O
u
t
h
r
e
d
,
“
N
e
tw
o
r
k
e
f
f
e
c
ts
in
a
c
o
m
p
e
titiv
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
: N
o
n
l
i
n
ear
an
d
l
i
n
ear
noda
l
a
uc
t
i
o
n m
ode
l
s
”
,
i
n
S
t
oc
k
h
ol
m
P
ow
e
r
T
e
c
h C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
,
199
5.
[
5]
H
.R
. O
u
t
h
r
e
d
,
R
.J
. K
a
y
e
,
“
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
ti
n
g
n
e
tw
o
r
k
e
f
f
e
c
ts
in
a
c
o
m
p
e
titiv
e
e
le
c
tr
ic
it
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
:
a
n
A
u
s
tr
a
lia
n
p
er
s
p
ect
i
v
e
”
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
T
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
P
r
i
c
i
ng
,
a
n
d T
e
c
hnol
og
y
,
K
l
uw
e
r
,
D
or
dr
e
c
ht
,
199
6.
[
6]
M
.
M
itc
h
e
ll,
“
A
n I
nt
r
od
uc
t
i
o
n t
o
G
e
ne
t
i
c
A
l
g
or
i
t
hm
s
”
,
M
I
T
P
r
e
s
s
,
C
a
m
br
i
dg
e
,
M
A
,
199
6.
[
7]
D
.E
. G
o
l
d
b
e
r
g
,
“
G
en
et
i
c
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
i
n
S
ear
ch
,
O
p
t
i
m
i
zat
i
o
n
an
d
M
ach
i
n
e L
ear
n
i
n
g
”
,
A
ddi
s
on
-
W
es
l
e
y
,
R
ead
i
n
g
,
M
A
,
198
9.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.